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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1919 Canales investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919_Canales_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_West_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_West_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Old West image</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_West_image-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old West image subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_West_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"One_Riot,_One_Ranger"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"One_Riot,_One_Ranger""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"One Riot, One Ranger"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"One_Riot,_One_Ranger"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-profile_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-profile_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>High-profile cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-High-profile_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle High-profile cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-High-profile_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sam_Bass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sam_Bass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sam Bass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sam_Bass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Wesley_Hardin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Wesley_Hardin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>John Wesley Hardin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Wesley_Hardin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taft-Díaz_assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taft-Díaz_assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Taft-Díaz assassination attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taft-Díaz_assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandit_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandit_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bandit War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandit_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonnie_and_Clyde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonnie_and_Clyde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bonnie and Clyde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonnie_and_Clyde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irene_Garza_murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irene_Garza_murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Irene Garza murder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irene_Garza_murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texas_Rangers_rank_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_Rangers_rank_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Texas Rangers rank structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_Rangers_rank_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Badges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rangers_killed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rangers_killed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rangers killed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rangers_killed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Hall of Fame and Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Ranger Division</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_Division" title="Texas Rangers Division – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Texas Rangers Division" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тэхаскія рэйнджэры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэхаскія рэйнджэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тэхаскія рэйнджэры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэхаскія рэйнджэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тексаски рейнджъри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тексаски рейнджъри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_de_Texas" title="Rangers de Texas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rangers de Texas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers" title="Texas Rangers – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Texas Rangers" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(Polizei)" title="Texas Rangers (Polizei) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Texas Rangers (Polizei)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_de_Texas_(polic%C3%ADa)" title="Rangers de Texas (policía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rangers de Texas (policía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers" title="Texas Rangers – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Texas Rangers" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers" title="Texas Rangers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Texas Rangers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8D%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%A0%80_%EB%94%94%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84" title="텍사스 레인저 디비전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텍사스 레인저 디비전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%A1_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7)" title="טקסס ריינג'רס (סוכנות אכיפת חוק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסס ריינג'רס (סוכנות אכיפת חוק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="テキサス・レンジャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テキサス・レンジャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%BCnicy_Teksasu" title="Strażnicy Teksasu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strażnicy Teksasu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Техасские рейнджеры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Техасские рейнджеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers" title="Texas Rangers – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Texas Rangers" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тексашки ренџери – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тексашки ренџери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksa%C5%A1ki_rend%C5%BEeri" title="Teksaški rendžeri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teksaški rendžeri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Texas Ranger Division" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(polismyndighet)" title="Texas Rangers (polismyndighet) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Texas Rangers (polismyndighet)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Техаські рейнджери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Техаські рейнджери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%B0_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Texas" title="Sư đoàn Biệt động Texas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sư đoàn Biệt động Texas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E%E9%A8%8E%E8%AD%A6" title="德克薩斯州騎警 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德克薩斯州騎警" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q510865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Texas law enforcement agency</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Police" title="Texas State Police">Texas State Police</a> or <a href="/wiki/Texas_Highway_Patrol" title="Texas Highway Patrol">Texas Highway Patrol</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Texas Rangers (disambiguation)">Texas Rangers</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Law enforcement agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Texas Ranger Division</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TX_-_Ranger.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Patch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/TX_-_Ranger.png/140px-TX_-_Ranger.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/TX_-_Ranger.png/210px-TX_-_Ranger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/TX_-_Ranger.png/280px-TX_-_Ranger.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="335" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Patch</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_rangers_crest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Texas_rangers_crest.jpg/140px-Texas_rangers_crest.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Texas_rangers_crest.jpg/210px-Texas_rangers_crest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Texas_rangers_crest.jpg/280px-Texas_rangers_crest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="315" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Badge_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division.png/140px-Badge_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Badge_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division.png/210px-Badge_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Badge_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division.png/280px-Badge_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Badge</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common name</th><td class="infobox-data">Texas Rangers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">October 17, 1835<span class="noprint">; 189 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1835-10-17</span>)</span> (modeled after <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a>'s 1823 ranger companies)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Police" title="Texas State Police">Texas State Police</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Jurisdictional structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operations jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Ranger_Division_companies_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Texas_Ranger_Division_companies_map.png/250px-Texas_Ranger_Division_companies_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Texas_Ranger_Division_companies_map.png/375px-Texas_Ranger_Division_companies_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Texas_Ranger_Division_companies_map.png/500px-Texas_Ranger_Division_companies_map.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Map of Texas Ranger Division's jurisdiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">268,820 square miles (696,240 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">27,469,114 (2015 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstUS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">General nature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency#civpol" title="Law enforcement agency">Civilian police</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Operational structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Texas Rangers</th><td class="infobox-data">234<sup id="cite_ref-txdps_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txdps-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Support employees</th><td class="infobox-data">68<sup id="cite_ref-txdps_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txdps-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Jason Taylor, Chief<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Texas Department of Public Safety</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Companies</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dps.texas.gov/section/texas-rangers">dps.texas.gov/texas-rangers</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Texas Ranger Division</b>, also known as the <b>Texas Rangers</b> and nicknamed the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Diablos Tejanos</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for 'Texan Devils'),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/State_bureau_of_investigation" title="State bureau of investigation">investigative law enforcement agency</a> with statewide <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, based in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>. In the time since its creation, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption, acted in <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a> and as detectives, protected the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">governor of Texas</a>, tracked down fugitives, served as a security force at important state locations, including <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission" title="Alamo Mission">the Alamo</a>, and functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> force at the service of both the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic</a> (1836–1846) and the State of Texas. </p><p>The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a> in a call-to-arms written in 1823. After a decade, on August 10, 1835, Daniel Parker introduced a resolution to the <a href="/wiki/Consultation_(Texas)" title="Consultation (Texas)">Permanent Council</a> creating a body of rangers to protect the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border#Prior_to_the_Mexican–American_War" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexican border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit was dissolved by the federal authorities after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> but was quickly reformed upon the reinstitution of home government. Since 1935, the organization has been a division of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Texas Department of Public Safety</a> (TxDPS); it fulfills the role of Texas' <a href="/wiki/State_bureau_of_investigation" title="State bureau of investigation">state bureau of investigation</a>. As of 2019, there are 166 commissioned members of the Ranger force.<sup id="cite_ref-txdps_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txdps-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rangers have taken part in many of the most important events of Texas history, such as stopping the assassination of presidents <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, and in some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a>, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">gunfighter</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a>, bank robber <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bass_(outlaw)" title="Sam Bass (outlaw)">Sam Bass</a>, and outlaws <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde" title="Bonnie and Clyde">Bonnie and Clyde</a>. </p><p>Scores of books have been written about the Rangers, from well-researched works of nonfiction to <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp novels</a> and other such fiction, making the Rangers significant participants in the mythology of the Wild West and modern culture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger" title="Lone Ranger">Lone Ranger</a>, perhaps the best-known example of a fictional character derived from the Texas Rangers, draws his alias from having once been a Texas Ranger. Other well-known examples include the radio and television series <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Texas_Rangers" title="Tales of the Texas Rangers">Tales of the Texas Rangers</a></i>, Augustus McCrae and Woodrow Call from the <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a> novel series <i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove_series" title="Lonesome Dove series"> Lonesome Dove</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> portraying Cordell Walker in <i><a href="/wiki/Walker,_Texas_Ranger" title="Walker, Texas Ranger">Walker, Texas Ranger</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB) team <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> is named after the division. </p><p>The Rangers are legally protected against disbandment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a museum dedicated to the Texas Rangers known as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum">Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco, Texas</a>, which celebrates the cultural significance of the Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division" title="History of the Texas Ranger Division">History of the Texas Ranger Division</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texrangers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Texrangers.jpg/220px-Texrangers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Texrangers.jpg/330px-Texrangers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Texrangers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">An early depiction of a group of Texas Rangers, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1845</span></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The rangers were founded in 1823 when Stephen F. Austin, known as the Father of Texas, employed ten men to act as rangers to protect 600 to 700 newly settled families who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>. While there is some discussion as to when Austin actually employed men as "rangers", Texas Ranger lore dates the year of their organization to this event.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Texas Rangers were formally constituted in 1835, and in November, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McAlpin_Williamson" title="Robert McAlpin Williamson">Robert McAlpin Williamson</a> was chosen to be the first Major of the Texas Rangers. Within two years the Rangers comprised more than 300 men. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, newly elected president <a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a> (the second elected president of the Republic) raised a force of 56 Rangers to fight the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, partly in retaliation for the support they had given the Mexicans at the <a href="/wiki/Cordova_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordova Rebellion">Cordova Rebellion</a> against the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten Rangers were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stone_Houses" title="Battle of Stone Houses">Battle of Stone Houses</a> in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the Ranger force was increased from 56 to 150 men by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, as President of the Republic, in 1841 (the second time he was elected president of the Republic). </p><p>The Rangers continued to participate in skirmishes with Native Americans through 1846, when the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a> to the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> saw several companies of Rangers mustered into federal service. They played important roles at various battles, acting as guides and participating in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare#Counter-guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">counter-guerrilla warfare</a>, soon establishing a fearsome reputation among both Mexicans and Americans. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a> in September 1846, famous Texas Rangers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee_Hays" title="John Coffee Hays">John Coffee "Jack" Hays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_McCulloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben McCulloch">Ben McCulloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigfoot_Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigfoot Wallace">Bigfoot Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hamilton_Walker" title="Samuel Hamilton Walker">Samuel Hamilton Walker</a> played important roles in the battle, including advising General <a href="/wiki/William_Jenkins_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jenkins Worth">William Jenkins Worth</a> on the tactics required to fight inside a Mexican city. Richard Addison Gillespie, a famed Texas Ranger, died at Monterrey, and General Worth renamed a hill "Mount Gillespie" after him.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Regiment_of_Texas_Mounted_Rifle_Volunteers" title="First Regiment of Texas Mounted Rifle Volunteers">First Regiment of Texas Mounted Rifle Volunteers</a> was also known as "Hays' Texas Rangers". Colonel Hays organized a second regiment of Texas Rangers, including <a href="/wiki/Rip_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Rip Ford">Rip Ford</a>, who fought with General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> in his Mexico City Campaign and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War#Anti-guerrilla_campaign" title="Mexican–American War">Anti-guerrilla campaign</a> along his line of communications to Vera Cruz.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p><p>John Jackson Tumlinson Sr., the first <a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">alcalde</a> of the Colorado district, is considered by many Texas Ranger historians to be the first Texas Ranger killed in the line of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his most urgent issues was protection of settlers from theft and murder by marauders. On his way to San Antonio in 1823 to discuss the issue with the governor, Tumlinson was killed by Native Americans. His traveling companion, a Mr. Newman, escaped. Tumlinson's body was never found.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the war in 1848, the Rangers were largely disbanded, but the election of <a href="/wiki/Hardin_Richard_Runnels" title="Hardin Richard Runnels">Hardin Richard Runnels</a> as governor in 1857 meant US$70,000 (equivalent to $2,289,000 in 2023) was allocated to fund the Rangers under <a href="/wiki/John_Salmon_Ford" title="John Salmon Ford">John Salmon "Rip" Ford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223">: 223 </span></sup> a veteran of the Mexican war. The now 100-strong Rangers participated in campaigns against the Comanche and other tribes, whose raids against the settlers and their properties had become common. Ford and his Rangers fought the Comanche in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Robe_Creek" title="Battle of Little Robe Creek">Battle of Little Robe Creek</a> in 1858 and then <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cortina" title="Juan Cortina">Juan Cortina</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Grande_City" title="Battle of Rio Grande City">Battle of Rio Grande City</a> the following year with Capt. Peter Tumlinson.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 236, 275">: 236, 275 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of a series of campaigns in the 1860s marked a turning point in Rangers' history. The U.S. Army could provide only limited and thinly-stretched protection in the enormous territory of Texas. By contrast, the Rangers' effectiveness when dealing with these threats convinced both the people of the state and the political leaders that a well-funded and organized state Ranger force was essential. Such a force could use the deep familiarity with the territory and the proximity with the theater of operations as major advantages in its favor. This option was not pursued, in view of the emerging national political problems (prelude to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>), and the Rangers were again dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Texas_State_Police.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Badge_of_the_Texas_State_Police.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Badge of a Texas State policeman</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Historical_Marker_for_the_Roberts_Camp_in_Blanco_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Texas_Historical_Marker_for_the_Roberts_Camp_in_Blanco_Canyon.jpg/220px-Texas_Historical_Marker_for_the_Roberts_Camp_in_Blanco_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Texas_Historical_Marker_for_the_Roberts_Camp_in_Blanco_Canyon.jpg/330px-Texas_Historical_Marker_for_the_Roberts_Camp_in_Blanco_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Texas_Historical_Marker_for_the_Roberts_Camp_in_Blanco_Canyon.jpg/440px-Texas_Historical_Marker_for_the_Roberts_Camp_in_Blanco_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Texas Historical Marker for Texas Ranger <b>Camp Roberts</b> in <a href="/wiki/Blanco_Canyon" title="Blanco Canyon">Blanco Canyon</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Txrangers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Txrangers.jpg/375px-Txrangers.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Txrangers.jpg/563px-Txrangers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Txrangers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Members of the Frontier Battalion, a company of Texas Rangers, ca. 1885<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Many Rangers enlisted to fight for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Secede#Confederate_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Secede">secession</a> of Texas from the United States in 1861 during the Civil War. The 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment was also known as <a href="/wiki/Terry%27s_Texas_Rangers" title="Terry's Texas Rangers">Terry's Texas Rangers</a>. In 1870, during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, the Rangers were briefly replaced by a Union-controlled version called the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Police" title="Texas State Police">Texas State Police</a>; supplemented by the 30 man <a href="/wiki/Texas_Special_Police" title="Texas Special Police">Texas Special Police</a>. Both organizations were disbanded only three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state election of 1873 saw newly elected Governor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coke" title="Richard Coke">Richard Coke</a> and the state <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">legislature</a> recommission the Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these times, many of the Rangers' myths were born, such as their success in capturing or killing notorious criminals and <i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">desperados</a></i> (including bank robber <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bass_(outlaw)" title="Sam Bass (outlaw)">Sam Bass</a> and gunfighter <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a>), their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Horrell_Brothers" title="Horrell Brothers">Horrell</a>-<a href="/wiki/John_Higgins_(gunman)" title="John Higgins (gunman)">Higgins</a> Feud, and their decisive role in the defeat of the Comanche, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> peoples. The Apache "dreaded the Texas Rangers...whose guns were always loaded and whose aim was unerring; they slept in the saddle and ate while they rode, or done without...when they took up our trail they followed it determinedly and doggedly day and night."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during these years, the Rangers suffered the only defeat in their history when they surrendered at the <a href="/wiki/Salinero_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinero Revolt">Salinero Revolt</a> in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the fame of their deeds, the conduct of the Rangers during this period was illegally excessive. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Leander_H._McNelly" title="Leander H. McNelly">Leander H. McNelly</a> and his men used ruthless methods that often rivaled the brutality of their opponents, such as taking part in <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> and confessions induced by <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangers1915.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Rangers1915.JPG/220px-Rangers1915.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Rangers1915.JPG/330px-Rangers1915.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Rangers1915.JPG 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Capt. Monroe Fox and two other Rangers on horseback with their lariats around the bodies of dead Mexicans, after the Norias Ranch Raid August 8, 1915.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The Rangers next saw serious action at the summit of <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> in 1909, preventing an assassination of both presidents, and during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200426_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200426-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009213_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009213-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakdown of law and order on the Mexican side of the border, coupled with the lack of federal military forces, meant the Rangers were once again called upon to restore and maintain law and order, by any necessary means, which again led to excesses. However, the situation necessitated the appointment of hundreds of new special Rangers by the state, which neglected to carefully screen aspiring members. The Rangers were responsible for several incidents, ending in <a href="/wiki/Porvenir_Massacre_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porvenir Massacre (1918)">the January 28, 1918 massacre</a> of the male population<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (15 Mexican men and boys ranging in age from 16 to 72 years) of the tiny community of <a href="/wiki/Porvenir,_Texas" title="Porvenir, Texas">Porvenir</a>, Texas, on the Mexican border in western <a href="/wiki/Presidio_County,_Texas" title="Presidio County, Texas">Presidio County</a>. Before the decade was over, thousands of people died, Texans and Mexicans alike. In January 1919, an <a href="/wiki/Canales_investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canales investigation">investigation</a> launched by Texas lawmaker <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Canales" title="José Tomás Canales">José Tomás Canales</a> found that from 300 to 5,000 people, mostly of Hispanic descent, had been killed by Rangers from 1910 to 1919, and that members of the Rangers had been involved in many acts of brutality and injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rangers were reformed by a resolution of the Legislature in 1919, which saw the special Ranger groups disbanded and a complaints system instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> forced both the federal and state governments to cut down on personnel and funding of their organizations, and the number of commissioned officers was reduced to 45, with the only means of transportation afforded to Rangers being free railroad passes or using their personal horses. The agency was again damaged after supporting Governor <a href="/wiki/Ross_S._Sterling" title="Ross S. Sterling">Ross Sterling</a> in his re-election campaign—after his opponent <a href="/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson" title="Miriam A. Ferguson">Miriam Amanda "Ma" Ferguson</a> won, she proceeded to discharge all serving Rangers in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ensuing disorganization of law enforcement in the state caused the Legislature to engage a firm of consultants to reorganize the state security agencies. The consultants recommended merging the Rangers with the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Highway_Patrol" title="Texas Highway Patrol">Texas Highway Patrol</a> under a new agency called the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Texas Department of Public Safety</a> (DPS). This change took place in 1935, with an initial budget of US$450,000 (equivalent to $10,000,485 in 2023). With minor rearrangements over the years, the 1935 reforms have ruled the Texas Rangers' organization until present day. Hiring new members, which had been largely a political decision, was achieved through a series of examinations and merit evaluations. Promotion relied on seniority and performance in the line of duty. Today, the historical importance and symbolism of the Texas Rangers is such that they are protected by statute from being disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1919_Canales_investigation">1919 Canales investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1919 Canales investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 31, 1919, the Joint Committee of the Senate and the House convened at the state capitol in Austin, Texas, to begin an investigation of the Texas Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation was prompted by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Canales" title="José Tomás Canales">José Tomás Canales</a>, a state representative from <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>. Canales filed 19 charges against the Texas Rangers and declared a state of emergency as a result of the violent policing practices that he alleged were routinely used by the state force against Mexican Americans and Mexican nationals living along the US-Mexico border.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canales also introduced a piece of legislation, House Bill 5, which proposed reorganizing the Texas Rangers and increasing the minimum qualifications and pay.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January 31 to February 13, 1919, the committee heard testimony from people across the state, including victims of state violence, witnesses or surviving relatives, and members of the Texas Rangers. The Texas State Library and Archives Commission has preserved the full transcript of the investigation, which consists of over 1600 pages of testimony and evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The testimony revealed many issues within the Texas Rangers and highlighted several high-profile cases of abuse. For example, in January 1918, a group consisting of Texas Rangers belonging to Company B and four local ranchers executed 15 innocent Mexican men and boys in <a href="/wiki/Porvenir_massacre_(1918)" title="Porvenir massacre (1918)">Porvenir</a>, a small community in West Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, Texas Ranger Captain James Monroe Fox falsified official reports to Adjutant General James Harley to claim that the Porvenir residents had fired on the group of Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox would later amend his statements and ultimately resigned under pressure in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other Texas Rangers involved in the massacre remained on the force. </p><p>Another incident that came to light during the 1919 Investigation was the murder of Toribio Rodriguez, a Brownsville police officer, in December of 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodriguez encountered a group of Texas Rangers and county law enforcement traveling in a hack with no lights. After Rodriguez asked the men to light the lamps on the hack, they began shooting at him. He returned home with a minor wound. However, the group of men went to Rodriguez's house, shot him in the back, and took him to the jail. Rodriguez died a few days later on November 14, 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the investigation, at least one of the Rangers involved, Captain John J. Sanders, was still active on the force.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both particularly egregious cases offered a small sample of the many accounts of abuse that appear throughout the transcript. Witnesses also testified that violence by Texas Rangers extended beyond the US-Mexico border region and that other racial groups, and particularly African Americans, were subject to harassment and violence from the state agents.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 19, 1919, the committee presented its findings to the Texas House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the revelations, the 1919 investigation did not produce the sweeping changes in the organization's culture that policymakers like Canales had wanted. Ultimately, no Texas Rangers were prosecuted for their involvement in acts of violence like the Porvenir Massacre or the murder of Toribio Rodriguez.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the committee acknowledged that “the conduct of certain members of the ranger force... is most reprehensible,” they justified the Rangers’ continuing presence along the border and praised the majority of the state agents for their “great service... in the protection of property.”<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there were a few notable changes. The state legislators decided to reduce the force from well over 1,000 men to just 68 Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the reduction came from eliminating the "Loyalty Rangers," a group of unpaid volunteer Rangers that was established during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to monitor acts of "disloyalty" in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the investigation, there were approximately 800 Loyalty Rangers still in service.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the men who were dismissed moved into careers in local law enforcement or later in the <a href="/wiki/US_Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="US Border Patrol">US Border Patrol</a>, which was established in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_West_image">Old West image</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old West image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its earliest days, the Rangers were surrounded with the mystique of the Old West. Although popular culture's image of the Rangers is typically one of rough living, tough talk and a quick draw, Ranger Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Salmon_Ford" title="John Salmon Ford">John "Rip" Ford</a> described the men who served him as this: </p> <blockquote><p>A large proportion ... were unmarried. A few of them drank intoxicating liquors. Still, it was a company of sober and brave men. They knew their duty and they did it. While in a town they made no braggadocio demonstration. They did not gallop through the streets, shoot, and yell. They had a specie of moral discipline which developed moral courage. They did right because it was right.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Despite the age of the agency, and the many contributions they have made to law enforcement over their entire history, Texas Rangers developed most of their reputation during the days of the Old West. Of the 79 Rangers killed in the line of duty, 30 were killed during the Old West period of 1858 through 1901. Also during this period, two of their three most high-profile captures or killings took place, the capture of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a> and the killing of <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bass_(outlaw)" title="Sam Bass (outlaw)">Sam Bass</a>, in addition to the capture of Texas gunman <a href="/wiki/Billy_Thompson_(gunman)" title="Billy Thompson (gunman)">Billy Thompson</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American historian Andrew Graybill has argued that the Texas Rangers resemble the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> in many ways. He argues that each organization protected the established order by confining and removing Native Americans, by tightly controlling the mixed blood peoples (the African Americans in Texas, and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> in Canada), assisted the large-scale ranchers against the small-scale ranchers and farmers who fenced the land, and broke the power of labor unions that tried to organize the workers of industrial corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""One_Riot,_One_Ranger""><span id=".22One_Riot.2C_One_Ranger.22"></span>"One Riot, One Ranger"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "One Riot, One Ranger""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Txrangers3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Txrangers3.jpg/200px-Txrangers3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Txrangers3.jpg/300px-Txrangers3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Txrangers3.jpg/400px-Txrangers3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Texas Rangers gathered at <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> to stop the illegal <a href="/wiki/Fitzsimmons-Maher_Prizefight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzsimmons-Maher Prizefight">Maher–Fitzsimmons fight</a>, 1896. At the front row from the left are Adj. General W Mabry, and Capts. J Hughes, J Brooks, Bill McDonald (coiner of the phrase) and J Rogers.</figcaption></figure> <p>A famous phrase associated with the Rangers is <i>One Riot, One Ranger</i>. It is a sensationalized <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha#Non-religious_use" title="Apocrypha">apocrypha</a> in that there was never actually a riot; rather, the phrase was coined by Ranger Captain William "Bill" McDonald, who was sent to <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas</a> in 1896 to prevent the illegal <a href="/wiki/Fitzsimmons-Maher_Prizefight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzsimmons-Maher Prizefight">heavyweight prize fight</a> between <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maher_(boxer)" title="Peter Maher (boxer)">Pete Maher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a> that had been organized by Dan Stuart and patronized by the eccentric "Hanging Judge" <a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a> of <a href="/wiki/Langtry,_Texas" title="Langtry, Texas">Langtry</a>, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the story, McDonald's train was met by the mayor, who asked the single Ranger where the other lawmen were. McDonald is said to have replied: "Hell! Ain't I enough? There's only one prize-fight!"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some measure of truth lies within the tale, it is largely an idealized account written by author Bigelow Paine and loosely based on McDonald's statements, published in Paine's 1909 book <i>Captain Bill McDonald: Texas Ranger</i>. In truth, the fight had been so heavily publicized that nearly every Ranger was on hand, including all captains and their superior, Adjutant General Woodford H. Mabry. Many of them were undecided on stopping the fight or attending it; and other famous lawmen, such as <a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a>, were also present. The orders of the governor were clear, however, and the bout was stopped. Stuart then tried to reorganize it in El Paso and later in Langtry, but the Rangers thwarted his attempts. Finally, the fight took place on the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> near Langtry.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motto appears on the pedestal of a bronze Texas Ranger statue that was at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a> airport also titled <a href="/wiki/One_Riot,_One_Ranger" title="One Riot, One Ranger">One Riot, One Ranger</a>. The statue was contributed in 1961 by Earle Wyatt and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Texas Ranger statue was removed from the airport and put in storage in 2020 after publication of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Glory" title="Cult of Glory">Cult of Glory</a></i>, which details a number of unsavory incidents involving the Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-npr-cult_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-cult-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Cult of Glory</i>, the statue was modeled after Jay Banks, a pro-segregation Ranger of the era. Banks was on good terms with <a href="/wiki/White_Citizens%27_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="White Citizens' Councils">White Citizens' Councils</a> and was involved in resistance to <a href="/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States" title="School integration in the United States">school integration</a> after <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cultofglory_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultofglory-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final status on the location of the statue is awaiting a "community dialogue".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High-profile_cases">High-profile cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High-profile cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Texas Rangers have assisted in many high-profile cases throughout the years. Some cases are deeply entrenched in the Rangers' lore, such as those of outlaw <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a>, bank robber <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bass_(outlaw)" title="Sam Bass (outlaw)">Sam Bass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde" title="Bonnie and Clyde">Bonnie and Clyde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sam_Bass">Sam Bass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sam Bass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bass_(outlaw)" title="Sam Bass (outlaw)">Sam Bass (outlaw)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Sambass.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bank robber Sam Bass</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1878, Sam Bass and his gang, who had perpetrated a series of bank and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">stagecoach</a> robberies beginning in 1877, held up two stagecoaches and four trains within 25 miles (40 km) of Dallas. The gang quickly found themselves the object of pursuit across North Texas by a special company of Texas Rangers headed by Captain Junius "June" Peak. Bass was able to elude the Rangers until a member of his party, Jim Murphy, turned informer, cut a deal to save himself, and led the law to the gang. As Bass's band rode south, Murphy wrote to Major John B. Jones, commander of the Frontier Battalion of Texas Rangers. </p><p>Jones set up an ambush at <a href="/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a>, where the Bass gang had planned to rob the <a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas" title="Williamson County, Texas">Williamson County</a> Bank. On July 19, 1878, Bass and his gang scouted the area before the actual robbery. They bought some tobacco at a store, and were noticed by Williamson County Sheriff Ahijah W. "Caige" Grimes, who approached the group and was shot and killed. A heavy gunfight ensued between the outlaws and the Rangers and local lawmen. A deputy named Moore was mortally wounded, as was Bass. The gang quickly mounted their horses and tried to escape while continuing to fire, and as they galloped away, Bass was shot again in the back by Ranger George Herold. Bass was later found lying helpless in a pasture north of town by the authorities. They took him into custody; he died from his wounds the next day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Wesley_Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: John Wesley Hardin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_Hardin.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Wesley_Hardin.gif/170px-John_Wesley_Hardin.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Wesley_Hardin.gif/255px-John_Wesley_Hardin.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/John_Wesley_Hardin.gif 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>One of Texas's deadliest outlaws, John Wesley Hardin, was reputed to be the meanest man alive, an accolade he supposedly earned by killing a man for snoring. He committed his first murder at age 15, and admitted to killing more than 40 men over 27 years. In May 1874, Hardin killed Charles Webb, the deputy sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas" title="Brown County, Texas">Brown County</a> and a former Texas Ranger. <a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_Armstrong" title="John Barclay Armstrong">John Barclay Armstrong</a>, a Texas Ranger known as "McNelly's Bulldog" since he served with the Special Force as a sergeant and Captain Leander McNelly's right hand, received permission to arrest the outlaw. He pursued Hardin across <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and caught up with him in <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>. </p><p>After Armstrong, Colt pistol in hand, boarded a train that Hardin and four companions were on, the outlaw shouted, "Texas, by God!" and drew his own pistol. When it was over, one of his gang members was killed, and his three surviving friends were staring at Armstrong's pistol. Hardin had been knocked unconscious. Armstrong's hat had been pierced by a bullet, but he was uninjured. Hardin was charged for murder, convicted, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Seventeen years later, Hardin was pardoned by Governor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hogg" title="Jim Hogg">Jim Hogg</a> and released from prison on March 16, 1894. He moved to <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, where he began practicing law. On August 19, 1895, he was murdered during a poker game at the Acme Saloon over a personal disagreement.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taft-Díaz_assassination_attempt"><span id="Taft-D.C3.ADaz_assassination_attempt"></span>Taft-Díaz assassination attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taft-Díaz assassination attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909, Private C.R. Moore of Company A, "performed one of the most important feats in the history of the Texas Rangers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200426_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200426-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> planned a summit in El Paso, Texas and <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, Mexico, a historic first meeting between a U.S. president and a Mexican president and the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20091_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20091-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But tensions rose on both sides of the border, including threats of assassination, so the Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> agents and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals</a> were all called in to provide security.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200915_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200915-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, the celebrated scout, was put in charge of a 250-person private security detail hired by <a href="/wiki/John_Hays_Hammond" title="John Hays Hammond">John Hays Hammond</a>, a nephew of Texas Ranger <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee_Hays" title="John Coffee Hays">John Coffee Hays</a>, who in addition to owning large investments in Mexico was a close friend of Taft from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and a U.S. Vice-Presidential candidate in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampton1910_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampton1910-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaily_Mail19097_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaily_Mail19097-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham and Private C.R. Moore discovered a man holding a concealed <a href="/wiki/Protector_Palm_Pistol" title="Protector Palm Pistol">palm pistol</a> standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200916_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200916-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1935565–66_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1935565–66-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burnham and Moore captured, disarmed, and arrested the would-be assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200426_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200426-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009213_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009213-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandit_War">Bandit War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bandit War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bandit_War" title="Bandit War">Bandit War</a>, a small but major campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Border_War_(1910%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border War (1910–19)">Border War</a>, was fought in 1910–1915 in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict was a series of violent raids conducted by Mexican revolutionaries in the American settlements of Tamaulipas, Coahuila and Chihuahua. The Texas Rangers became the primary fighting force and protection of the Texans during the operations against the rebels. The Mexican faction's incursion in the territory was carried out by the Seditionistas and <a href="/wiki/Carrancistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrancistas">Carrancistas</a>, and led by major political leaders such as Basilio Ramos and Luis de la Rosca; however, the Seditionistas were never able to launch a full-scale invasion of the United States so they resorted to conducting small raids into Texas. Much of the fighting involved the Texas Ranger Division though the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> also engaged in operations against the rebels. The Texas Rangers were led by Captain Harry Ransom on the orders of the Governor of Texas, <a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">James E. Ferguson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonnie_and_Clyde">Bonnie and Clyde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bonnie and Clyde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankHamerEarly1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/FrankHamerEarly1920s.jpg/220px-FrankHamerEarly1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/FrankHamerEarly1920s.jpg/330px-FrankHamerEarly1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/FrankHamerEarly1920s.jpg/440px-FrankHamerEarly1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamer" title="Frank Hamer">Frank Hamer</a>, known in popular culture for tracking down and killing <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde" title="Bonnie and Clyde">Bonnie and Clyde</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde" title="Bonnie and Clyde">Bonnie and Clyde</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamer" title="Frank Hamer">Frank Hamer</a>, the longtime Ranger Sergeant, left the Rangers in 1932. In 1934, at the request of Col. Lee Simmons, head of the Texas prison system, Hamer was asked to use his skills to track down Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, whose <a href="/wiki/Barrow_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow gang">Barrow gang</a> had engineered a successful breakout of associates imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Eastham_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastham Unit">Eastham Prison Farm</a> in Houston County. Prisoner and Barrow friend Joe Palmer had killed a guard while escaping, and the Barrow gang was responsible for many murders, robberies, and <a href="/wiki/Car_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Car theft">car thefts</a> in Texas alone. Nine law enforcement officers had already died in confrontations with the gang. </p><p>After tracking the Barrow gang across nine states, Hamer, in conjunction with officials in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, learned Bonnie and Clyde had visited a home in <a href="/wiki/Bienville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bienville Parish, Louisiana">Bienville Parish</a> on May 21, 1934, and that Clyde had designated a rendezvous point in the vicinity with gang member <a href="/wiki/Henry_Methvin" title="Henry Methvin">Henry Methvin</a>, in case they were later separated. Methvin, allegedly cooperating with law enforcement, made sure he was separated from them that evening in <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a>, and the posse set up an ambush along the route to the rendezvous at Highway 154, between <a href="/wiki/Gibsland,_Louisiana" title="Gibsland, Louisiana">Gibsland</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailes,_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailes, Louisiana (page does not exist)">Sailes</a>. Led by former Rangers Hamer and B. M. "Manny" Gault, the posse included <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Jordan_(Louisiana_sheriff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henderson Jordan (Louisiana sheriff)">Sheriff Henderson Jordan</a> and Deputy Prentiss Oakley of Bienville Parish, Louisiana, and Dallas County Deputies Bob Alcorn and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hinton" title="Ted Hinton">Ted Hinton</a>. They were in place by 9:00 that night, waiting all through the next day, but with no sign of Bonnie and Clyde. </p><p>Around 9:00 a.m. on May 23, the posse, concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, heard Clyde's stolen Ford V-8 approaching. When he stopped to speak with Henry Methvin's father (planted there with his truck that morning to distract Clyde and force him into the lane closest to the posse), the lawmen opened fire, killing Bonnie and Clyde while shooting a combined total of approximately 130 <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">rounds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irene_Garza_murder">Irene Garza murder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Irene Garza murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Irene_Garza" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Irene Garza">Death of Irene Garza</a></div> <p>The Texas Rangers have received widespread coverage for their role in the investigation of the death of Irene Garza, a Texas beauty queen. In 1960, Garza was last seen going to Sacred Heart Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a> where Father John Feit heard her confession. Her body was found five days later in a canal. Autopsy results showed she had been raped while unconscious and died of asphyxiation, likely from suffocation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feit was the primary suspect, but the case stalled for many years as the <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas" title="Hidalgo County, Texas">Hidalgo County</a> district attorney did not feel that the evidence was sufficient to secure a conviction. Texas Ranger Rudy Jaramillo started working on the case in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Unholy_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unholy-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, under a new district attorney, Feit was indicted for murder. In December 2017, Feit was found guilty of murder with malice aforethought. Feit, aged 85, was sentenced to life imprisonment, bringing to close the longest unsolved criminal case in Hidalgo County. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties">Duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The duties of the Texas Ranger Division consist of conducting criminal and special investigations; apprehending wanted <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felons</a>; suppressing major disturbances; the protection of life and property; and rendering assistance to local law enforcement in suppressing crime and violence. The Texas Ranger Division is also responsible for the gathering and dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">criminal intelligence</a> pertaining to all facets of <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. The Texas Ranger Division joins with all other enforcement agencies in the suppression of the same; under orders of the Director, suppress all criminal activity in any given area, when it is apparent that the local officials are unwilling or unable to maintain law and order; also upon the request or order of a judge of a court of record, Texas Rangers may serve as officers of the court and assist in the maintenance of decorum, the protection of life, and the preservation of property during any judicial proceeding; and provide protection for elected officials at public functions and at any other time or place when directed. The Texas Rangers, with the approval of the Director, may conduct investigations of any alleged misconduct on the part of other Department of Public Safety personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Texas Rangers' internal organization maintains the basic outlines that were set in 1935. The agency is divided into seven companies: six District Companies lettered from "A" to "F", and Headquarters Company "H". The number of personnel is set by the Texas Legislature; as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Texas Rangers number 150 commissioned officers, one forensic artist, one fiscal analyst and 24 civilian support personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Legislature has also made a provision for the temporary commissioned appointment of up to 300 Special Rangers for use in investigative or emergency situations. The statewide headquarters of the Texas Rangers is located in Austin at the Texas DPS headquarters. As of 1 October 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Chief of the Texas Rangers is Assistant Director of DPS Randall Prince. </p><p>The District Companies' headquarters are distributed in six geographical locations:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a> is the headquarters for Company A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland</a> is the headquarters for Company B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a> is the headquarters for Company C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weslaco,_Texas" title="Weslaco, Texas">Weslaco</a> is the headquarters for Company D</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> is the headquarters for Company E</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a> is the headquarters for Company F</li></ul> <p>"Field Rangers" are supervised by a Senior Captain (Chief), Headquarters Captain (Assistant Chief), company majors and lieutenants.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergeants and agents are also part of the rank structure of the Rangers. </p><p>Division Headquarters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> is the home of Division Headquarters, commanded by Chief Randall Prince. The Special Operations Group includes Special Weapons and Tactics Team (SWAT), Bomb Squad, Ranger Reconnaissance Team, Special Response Teams (SRT), Crisis Negotiation Teams (CNT), and Border Security Operations Center (BSOC) – Joint Operations and Intelligence Centers (JOIC). Specialized programs include the Unsolved Crimes and Public Corruption/Public Integrity investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_Rangers_rank_structure">Texas Rangers rank structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Texas Rangers rank structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sergeant</li> <li>Lieutenant</li> <li>Captain</li> <li>Major</li> <li>Assistant Chief</li> <li>Chief</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern-day Rangers (as well as their predecessors) do not have a prescribed uniform <i>per se</i>, although the State of Texas does provide guidelines as to appropriate Ranger attire, including a requirement that Rangers wear clothing that is western in nature. Currently, the favored attire includes white shirt and tie, khaki/tan or gray trousers, light-colored western hat, "ranger" belt, and cowboy boots. Historically, according to pictorial evidence, Rangers wore whatever clothes they could afford or muster, which were usually worn out from heavy use. While Rangers still pay for their clothing today, they receive an initial stipend to offset some of the costs of boots, gunbelts and hats. </p><p>To carry out their horseback missions, Rangers adapted tack and personal gear to fit their needs. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the greatest influence was from the <i><a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">vaqueros</a></i> (Mexican <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a>). Saddles, spurs, ropes and vests used by the Rangers were all fashioned after those of the <i>vaqueros</i>. Most Rangers also preferred to wear broader-brimmed <i><a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">sombreros</a></i> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">cowboy hats</a>, and they favored square-cut, knee-high boots with a high heel and pointed toes, in a more Spanish style. Both groups carried their guns the same way, with the <a href="/wiki/Holster" class="mw-redirect" title="Holster">holsters</a> positioned high around their hips instead of low on the thigh. This placement made it easier to draw while riding a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Badges">Badges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Badges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TXAS_RANGERS-F%26B-W.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TXAS_RANGERS-F%26B-W.JPG/220px-TXAS_RANGERS-F%26B-W.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TXAS_RANGERS-F%26B-W.JPG/330px-TXAS_RANGERS-F%26B-W.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TXAS_RANGERS-F%26B-W.JPG/440px-TXAS_RANGERS-F%26B-W.JPG 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>The modern-day badge of a Texas Ranger is shown beside the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse and reverse</a> of a 1948 Mexican <i>cinco pesos</i> coin from which it is made.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wearing of badges became more common in the late 1800s. Historians have suggested several reasons for the lack of the regular use of a badge; among them, some Rangers felt a shiny badge was a tempting target. Other historians have speculated there was no real need to show a badge to a hostile <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or outlaw. Additionally, from a historical viewpoint, a Ranger's pay was so scanty that the money required for such fancy accoutrements was rarely available. Nevertheless, some Rangers did wear badges, and the first of these appeared around 1875. They were locally made and varied considerably from one to another, but they invariably represented a star cut from a <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican silver coin</a> (usually a five-peso coin). The design is reminiscent of Texas's <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Lone Star flag</a>. </p><p>Although present-day Rangers wear the familiar "star in a wheel" badge, it was adopted officially only recently. The current design of the Rangers' badge was approved in 1962, when Ranger Hardy L. Purvis and his mother donated enough Mexican five-peso coins to the DPS to provide badges for all 62 Rangers who were working at that time as commissioned officers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On rare occasions, a Texas Department of Public Safety Commissioner's Medal of Valor has been issued. According to the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum, the "Medal of Valor has been awarded to four Texas Rangers - Sgt. William R. Gerth, Sgt. Stanley Keith Guffey, Sgt. John Aycock, Sgt. Danny V. Rhea." Aycock was awarded the Medal of Valor twice, in 1987 and 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rangers_killed">Rangers killed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rangers killed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the establishment of the Texas Department of Public Safety Texas Rangers Division, 124 Rangers have been killed in the line of duty. The following list also contains officers from the Texas Rangers, which was merged into the Texas Department of Public Safety.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The causes of death are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Causes of death </th> <th>Number of deaths </th></tr> <tr> <td>Assault </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">26</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Automobile accident </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Duty related illness </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drowned </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">3</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gunfire </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">76</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gunfire (accidental) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stabbed </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Struck by train </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Struck by vehicle </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum">Hall of Fame and Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hall of Fame and Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum">Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum</a></div> <p>The Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum opened in Waco in 1968. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Rangers" title="Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Rangers" title="Colorado Rangers">Colorado Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza_(1910%E2%80%931920)" title="La Matanza (1910–1920)">La Matanza (1910–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Texas" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Texas">List of law enforcement agencies in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Mounted_Patrol" title="New Mexico Mounted Patrol">New Mexico Mounted Patrol</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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Harvard University Press. pp. 254–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674989382" title="Special:BookSources/9780674989382"><bdi>9780674989382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Injustice+Never+Leaves+You%3A+Anti-Mexican+Violence+in+Texas&rft.pages=254-255&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780674989382&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Monica+Mu%C3%B1oz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Mike, <i>The Texas Rangers</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, Walter Prescott, <i>The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odmp.org/officer/18578-private-lewis-f-scheuster">"Private Lewis F. Scheuster, Texas Rangers, Texas"</a>. <i>Odmp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odmp.org&rft.atitle=Private+Lewis+F.+Scheuster%2C+Texas+Rangers%2C+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odmp.org%2Fofficer%2F18578-private-lewis-f-scheuster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214430/http://www.battleofmonterrey.com/famoustexans.html">"Mexico, Sep. 20–23, 1846 | Texan Volunteers at Monterrey"</a>. The Battle of Monterrey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleofmonterrey.com/famoustexans.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexico%2C+Sep.+20%E2%80%9323%2C+1846+%26%23124%3B+Texan+Volunteers+at+Monterrey&rft.pub=The+Battle+of+Monterrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battleofmonterrey.com%2Ffamoustexans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ford_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ford_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ford_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford, J.S., 1963, Rip Ford's Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292770340" title="Special:BookSources/0292770340">0292770340</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research, Captain Peter F. Tumlinson: Texian Ranger and Mason. Doyle, Brett Laird XXXIX (2004–2005) 83–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ftu29">"Tumlinson, John Jackson, Sr. | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)"</a>. <i>Tshaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tshaonline.org&rft.atitle=Tumlinson%2C+John+Jackson%2C+Sr.+%26%23124%3B+The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online%26%23124%3B+Texas+State+Historical+Association+%28TSHA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fftu29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research, Captain Peter F. Tumlinson: Texian Ranger and Mason. Doyle, Brett Laird XXXIX (2004–2005) 83–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, Frederick, <i>Defending the Borders: The Texas Rangers, 1848–1861</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Captain <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odmp.org/officer/7238-captain-frank-jones">Frank Jones</a> killed 1893 is 3rd from right front row</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, Walter Prescott, <i>The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Justice</i>, University of Texas Press, 1965, second edition, pp. 219–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Utley, Robert M., <i>Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers</i>, <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley Books</a>, 2003, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillett, J.B., Six Years with the Texas Rangers, 1875–1881, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Native Americans, 1870–1879, Von Beockmann-Jones Company, pp. 115–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/el-paso-salt-wars.htm">"El Paso Salt Wars (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=El+Paso+Salt+Wars+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fel-paso-salt-wars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, Chuck & Hall Little, Marianne E., <i>Captain L. H. McNelly, Texas Ranger: The Life and Times of a Fighting Man</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200426-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200426_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200426_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200426_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2004">Harris 2004</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009213-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009213_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009213_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2009">Harris 2009</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042243/1918-02-08/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=01%2F24%2F1918&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Porvenir&proxdistance=5&date2=02%2F31%2F1918&ortext=&proxtext=Porvenir&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1">"The Bismarck tribune. (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916–current, February 8, 1918, Image 2 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov</i>. February 8, 1918<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.atitle=The+Bismarck+tribune.+%28Bismarck%2C+N.D.%29+1916%E2%80%93current%2C+February+8%2C+1918%2C+Image+2+%C2%AB+Chronicling+America+%C2%AB+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1918-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85042243%2F1918-02-08%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F%23date1%3D01%252F24%252F1918%26index%3D1%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dadvanced%26language%3D%26sequence%3D0%26words%3DPorvenir%26proxdistance%3D5%26date2%3D02%252F31%252F1918%26ortext%3D%26proxtext%3DPorvenir%26phrasetext%3D%26andtext%3D%26dateFilterType%3Drange%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Charles H. III & Sadler, Louis R., ibid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsl.texas.gov/treasures/law/index.html#Canales">"The 1919 Ranger Investigation"</a>. Texas State Library. April 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1919+Ranger+Investigation&rft.pub=Texas+State+Library&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsl.texas.gov%2Ftreasures%2Flaw%2Findex.html%23Canales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/texas-ranger">"The Texas Ranger Story | Texas State History Museum"</a>. <i>www.thestoryoftexas.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thestoryoftexas.com&rft.atitle=The+Texas+Ranger+Story+%7C+Texas+State+History+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestoryoftexas.com%2Fdiscover%2Fcampfire-stories%2Ftexas-ranger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The division relating to the Texas Rangers may not be abolished". Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 147, Sec. 1, September 1, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Senate and the House in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force," Adjutant General Records, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas, 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tsl.texas.gov/sites/default/files/public/tslac/treasures/images/law/1919rangerVolume1.pdf">https://www.tsl.texas.gov/sites/default/files/public/tslac/treasures/images/law/1919rangerVolume1.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/canales-jose-tomas">"Canales, José Tomás [J. T.]"</a>. <i>Texas State Historical Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Canales%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Tom%C3%A1s+%5BJ.+T.%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fentries%2Fcanales-jose-tomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Texas Legislature, <i>House Journal</i>, 36th Leg., Reg. Sess., 23 January 1919, accessed October 29, 2021, 163. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Housejournals/36/01231919_8_158.pdf">https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Housejournals/36/01231919_8_158.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsl.texas.gov/treasures/law/index.html">"Rangers and Outlaws | TSLAC"</a>. <i>www.tsl.texas.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Porvenir+Massacre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fentries%2Fporvenir-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monica Muñoz Martinez, <i>The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James M. Fox Ranger File, Texas Adjutant General's Department Service Records, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas, accessed November 5, 2021, 10.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tsl.texas.gov/apps/arc/service/viewdetails/7157">https://www.tsl.texas.gov/apps/arc/service/viewdetails/7157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert M. Utley, <i>Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers</i> (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007), 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063730/1912-11-15/ed-1/seq-1/">"Brownsville herald. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Department+of+Public+Safety+%E2%80%93+Texas+Rangers+Personnel&rft.pub=Txdps.state.tx.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txdps.state.tx.us%2Fdirector_staff%2Ftexas_rangers%2Fpersonnel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasranger.org/today/rangerstoday.htm">"Texas Ranger Hall of Fame & Museum – Texas Rangers Today"</a>. <i>Texasranger.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texasranger.org&rft.atitle=Texas+Ranger+Hall+of+Fame+%26+Museum+%E2%80%93+Texas+Rangers+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasranger.org%2Ftoday%2Frangerstoday.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasranger.org/texas-ranger-museum/history/brief-history/">"Brief History"</a>. <i>Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Ranger+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Brief+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasranger.org%2Ftexas-ranger-museum%2Fhistory%2Fbrief-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dps.texas.gov/TexasRangers/rangerresponsibilities.htm">"Ranger Responsibilities"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Public Safety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Public+Safety&rft.atitle=Ranger+Responsibilities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dps.texas.gov%2FTexasRangers%2Frangerresponsibilities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Circelli, Jerry, op. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curtrich.com/gs.txrangcost1.html">"The Texas Ranger Costume"</a>. Curtrich.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Texas+Ranger+Costume&rft.pub=Curtrich.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curtrich.com%2Fgs.txrangcost1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasranger.org/texas-ranger-museum/texas-rangers/medal-of-valor/">"Medal of Valor"</a>. <i>Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Ranger+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Medal+of+Valor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasranger.org%2Ftexas-ranger-museum%2Ftexas-rangers%2Fmedal-of-valor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odmp.org/agency/3825-texas-department-of-public-safety---texas-rangers-texas">"Texas Department of Public Safety – Texas Rangers, Texas, Fallen Officers"</a>. <i>Odmp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odmp.org&rft.atitle=Texas+Department+of+Public+Safety+%E2%80%93+Texas+Rangers%2C+Texas%2C+Fallen+Officers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodmp.org%2Fagency%2F3825-texas-department-of-public-safety---texas-rangers-texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odmp.org/agency/4777-texas-rangers-texas">"Texas Rangers, Texas, Fallen Officers"</a>. <i>Odmp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odmp.org&rft.atitle=Texas+Rangers%2C+Texas%2C+Fallen+Officers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodmp.org%2Fagency%2F4777-texas-rangers-texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStopkaAgler2019" class="citation web cs1">Stopka, Christina; Agler, Dan (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasranger.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KIADISSOasof11-6-19.pdf">"Texas Rangers Killed or Died While on Duty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum">Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Ranger+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Texas+Rangers+Killed+or+Died+While+on+Duty&rft.date=2019-11&rft.aulast=Stopka&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Agler%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasranger.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FKIADISSOasof11-6-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barrow, Blanche Caldwell & John Neal Phillips (ed.). <i>My Life With Bonnie & Clyde</i>, University of Oklahoma Press (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3625-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3625-1">0-8061-3625-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1960" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, Henry W. (1960). "The United States Cavalry and the Texas Rangers". <i>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 495–510. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30236145">30236145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Cavalry+and+the+Texas+Rangers&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=495-510&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30236145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boessenecker, John. <i>Texas Ranger: The Epic Life of Frank Hamer, the Man Who Killed Bonnie and Clyde</i>, St. Martin's Press (2016) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250131591" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250131591">978-1250131591</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaballero2015" class="citation book cs1">Caballero, Raymond (2015). <i>Lynching Pascual Orozco, Mexican Revolutionary Hero and Paradox</i>. Create Space. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1514382509" title="Special:BookSources/978-1514382509"><bdi>978-1514382509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lynching+Pascual+Orozco%2C+Mexican+Revolutionary+Hero+and+Paradox&rft.pub=Create+Space&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1514382509&rft.aulast=Caballero&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cox, Mike. <i>Texas Ranger Tales: Stories That Need Telling</i>, Republic of Texas, (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-537-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-537-7">1-55622-537-7</a></li> <li>Cox, Mike. <i>The Texas Rangers: Wearing the Cinco Peso, 1821–1900</i> (vol. 1, 2009)</li> <li>Cox, Mike. <i>Time of the Rangers: Texas Rangers: From 1900 to the Present</i> (2010)</li> <li>Cantrell, Gregg. <i>Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas</i>. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09093-2">978-0-300-09093-2</a>.</li> <li>Dishman, Christopher. <i>A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico</i>. University of Oklahoma Press (2010). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806141404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806141404">978-0806141404</a></li> <li>Doyle, Brett. Laird Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research, Captain Peter F. Tumlinson: Texian Ranger and Mason. Doyle, Brett Laird XXXIX (2004–2005) 113–24 Published by the Texas Lodge of Research A. F. & A. M. 2006.</li> <li>Ford, John Salmon. <i>Rip Ford's Texas</i>, University of Texas Press (1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77034-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77034-0">0-292-77034-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraybill2004" class="citation journal cs1">Graybill, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25442969">"Texas Rangers, Canadian Mounties, and the Policing of the Transnational Industrial Frontier, 1885–1910"</a>. <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 167–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25442969">10.2307/25442969</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25442969">25442969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Texas+Rangers%2C+Canadian+Mounties%2C+and+the+Policing+of+the+Transnational+Industrial+Frontier%2C+1885%E2%80%931910&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-191&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25442969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25442969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Graybill&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F25442969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hays_Hammond" title="John Hays Hammond">Hammond, John Hays</a> (1935). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofj0001hamm"><i>The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond</i></a></span>. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-05913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-05913-1"><bdi>978-0-405-05913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+John+Hays+Hammond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar+%26+Rinehart&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-0-405-05913-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=John+Hays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofj0001hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton1910" class="citation journal cs1">Hampton, Benjamin B (April 1, 1910). "The Vast Riches of Alaska". <i>Hampton's Magazine</i>. <b>24</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hampton%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Vast+Riches+of+Alaska&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1910-04-01&rft.aulast=Hampton&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2004" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/texasrangersmexi0000harr"><i>The Texas Rangers And The Mexican Revolution: The Bloodiest Decade. 1910–1920</i></a></span>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-3483-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-3483-0"><bdi>0-8263-3483-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Texas+Rangers+And+The+Mexican+Revolution%3A+The+Bloodiest+Decade.+1910%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8263-3483-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.+III&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Louis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftexasrangersmexi0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). <i>The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920</i>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-4652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War+in+El+Paso%3A+Mexican+Revolutionary+Intrigue%2C+1906%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4652-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.+III&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Louis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Johnson, Benmamin Herber. <i>Revolution in Texas: How a Forgotten Rebellion and Its Bloody Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans</i>, Yale University Press (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09425-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09425-6">0-300-09425-6</a></li> <li>Keil, Robert. (2002). <i>Bosque Bonito: Violent times along the borderland during the Mexican Revolution</i>. Alpine, TX: Sul Ross State University, Center for Big Bend Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0970770905" title="Special:BookSources/978-0970770905">978-0970770905</a></li> <li>Knight, James R. & Davis, Jonathan. <i>Bonnie and Clyde: A Twenty-First-Century Update</i>, Eakin Press (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57168-794-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57168-794-7">1-57168-794-7</a></li> <li>Levario, Miguel. (2012). <i>Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603447584" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603447584">978-1603447584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Mu%C3%B1oz_Martinez" title="Monica Muñoz Martinez">Martinez, Monica Muñoz</a>. <i>The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas</i>. Harvard University Press (2018). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674976436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674976436">978-0674976436</a></li> <li>Miller, Rick. <i>Texas Ranger John B. Jones and the Frontier Battalion, 1874–1881</i> (University of North Texas Press; 2012) 401 pages; a history of the battalion that focuses on Jones</li> <li>Moore, Stephen L. <i>Texas Rising: The Epic True Story of the Lone Star Republic and the Rise of the Texas Rangers, 1836–1846</i>. William Morrow, (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062394309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062394309">978-0062394309</a></li> <li>Parsons, Chuck & Marianne E. Hall Little. <i>Captain L. H. McNelly, Texas Ranger: The Life and Times of a Fighting Man</i>, State House Press (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880510-73-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-880510-73-1">1-880510-73-1</a>.</li> <li>Robinson, Charles. <i>The Men Who Wear the Star: The Story of the Texas Rangers</i>, Modern Library, (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75748-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75748-1">0-375-75748-1</a></li> <li>Swanson, Doug, J. <i><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Glory:_The_Bold_and_Brutal_History_of_the_Texas_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of Glory: The Bold and Brutal History of the Texas Rangers">Cult of Glory: The Bold and Brutal History of the Texas Rangers</a></i>. Viking Press, (2020). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101979860" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101979860">978-1101979860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Utley" title="Robert M. Utley">Utley, Robert M</a>. <i>Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers</i>. Oxford University Press (2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195154443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195154443">978-0195154443</a></li> <li>Villanueva, Nicholas. (2017). <i>The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands</i>. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826358387" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826358387">978-0826358387</a></li> <li>Webb, Walter Prescott. <i>The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense</i>, University of Texas Press (1989). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-78110-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-78110-5">0-292-78110-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1994" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Harold J. (1994). "The Texas Rangers Revisited: Old Themes and New Viewpoints". <i>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>97</b> (4): 620–640. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30242465">30242465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Texas+Rangers+Revisited%3A+Old+Themes+and+New+Viewpoints&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=620-640&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30242465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Harold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilkins, Frederick. <i>Defending the Borders: The Texas Rangers, 1848–1861</i>, State House Press, (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880510-41-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-880510-41-3">1-880510-41-3</a></li> <li>Wilkins, Frederick. <i>The Law Comes to Texas: The Texas Rangers 1870–1901</i>, State House Press, (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880510-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-880510-61-8">1-880510-61-8</a>.</li> <li>Wilkins, Frederick. <i>The Legend Begins: The Texas Rangers, 1823–1845</i>, State House Press, (1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880510-41-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-880510-41-3">1-880510-41-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaily_Mail1909" class="citation news cs1">"Mr. Taft's Peril; Reported Plot to Kill Two Presidents". <i>Daily Mail</i>. London. October 16, 1909. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-7578">0307-7578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Mr.+Taft%27s+Peril%3B+Reported+Plot+to+Kill+Two+Presidents&rft.date=1909-10-16&rft.issn=0307-7578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas+Ranger+Division" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Texas_Ranger_Division" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Texas Ranger Division">Texas Ranger Division</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dps.texas.gov/section/texas-rangers">Official Texas Rangers website (Texas Department of Public Safety)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasranger.org/">Official Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/met04">Texas Rangers</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qqf01">"Frontier Battalion"</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5833"><i>Rangers and Sovereignty</i></a>, published 1914, hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Portal_to_Texas_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal to Texas History">Portal to Texas History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasranger.org/ReCenter/popular.htm"><i>In the Ranging Tradition: Texas Rangers in Worldwide Popular Culture</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/conquest3.html">Excerpt detailing Ranger misconduct during the Mexican–American War.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/young/educators/rangers/index.shtml"><i>Lone Stars and Gun Smoke</i></a> a Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by the Portal to Texas History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5831"><i>The Adventures of Big-Foot Wallace, the Texas Ranger and Hunter</i></a>, Published 1870, hosted by the Portal to Texas History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211133726/http://collections.lib.ttu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fhtc&CISOPTR=2&CISOBOX=1&REC=2">Full text digital copy of Captain Bill McDonald, Texas ranger: a story of frontier reform</a> by Paine, Albert Bigelow, 1861–1937</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214430/http://www.battleofmonterrey.com/famoustexans.html">Texas Rangers at Monterrey - Battle of Monterrey.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FcKR6Pux3Q"><span class="plainlinks">Guns of the Texas Rangers 1824 to 1870 - duelist1954</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTG1G15Em88"><span class="plainlinks">Guns of the Texas Rangers 1870 to 1900 - duelist1954</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highway_patrol" title="Highway patrol">Highway patrol</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Highway_Patrol" title="Alabama Highway Patrol">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_State_Troopers" title="Alaska State Troopers">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Arizona Department of Public Safety">Arizona</a></li> <li>Arkansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_Police" title="Arkansas Highway Police">Highway Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_Police" title="Arkansas State Police">State Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol" title="California Highway Patrol">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Patrol" title="Colorado State Patrol">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Police" title="Connecticut State Police">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_State_Police" title="Delaware State Police">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol" title="Florida Highway Patrol">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Patrol" title="Georgia State Patrol">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Law_Enforcement" title="Hawaii Department of Law Enforcement">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_State_Police" title="Idaho State Police">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_State_Police" title="Illinois State Police">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Police" title="Indiana State Police">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Patrol" title="Iowa State Patrol">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Highway_Patrol" title="Kansas Highway Patrol">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_State_Police" title="Kentucky State Police">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Police" title="Louisiana State Police">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Police" title="Maine State Police">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_Police" title="Maryland State Police">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police" title="Massachusetts State Police">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Police" title="Michigan State Police">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Patrol" title="Minnesota State Patrol">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Highway_Patrol" title="Mississippi Highway Patrol">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Highway_Patrol" title="Missouri State Highway Patrol">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Highway_Patrol" title="Montana Highway Patrol">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Patrol" title="Nebraska State Patrol">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Police" title="Nevada State Police">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_State_Police" title="New Hampshire State Police">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Police" title="New Jersey State Police">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Police" title="New Mexico State Police">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Police" title="New York State Police">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Highway_Patrol" title="North Carolina State Highway Patrol">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_Patrol" title="North Dakota Highway Patrol">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Highway_Patrol" title="Ohio State Highway Patrol">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Highway_Patrol" title="Oklahoma Highway Patrol">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Police" title="Oregon State Police">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police" title="Pennsylvania State Police">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_State_Police" title="Rhode Island State Police">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_Patrol" title="South Carolina Highway Patrol">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_Patrol" title="South Dakota Highway Patrol">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Highway_Patrol" title="Tennessee Highway Patrol">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Highway_Patrol" title="Texas Highway Patrol">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Highway_Patrol" title="Utah Highway Patrol">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_Police" title="Vermont State Police">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Police" title="Virginia State Police">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol" title="Washington State Patrol">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Police" title="West Virginia State Police">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Patrol" title="Wisconsin State Patrol">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_Patrol" title="Wyoming Highway Patrol">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="American Samoa Department of Public Safety">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_Police_Department" title="Guam Police Department">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Police Department">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands_Police_Department" title="United States Virgin Islands Police Department">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Texas_police_departments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_police_departments" title="Template:Texas police departments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_police_departments" title="Template talk:Texas police departments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_police_departments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas police departments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Texas_police_departments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Texas police departments</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Dep't of Public Safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas Ranger Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Highway_Patrol" title="Texas Highway Patrol">Texas Highway Patrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Police_Department" title="Austin Police Department">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroe_Police_Department_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conroe Police Department (Texas)">Conroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Police_Department" title="Dallas Police Department">Dallas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dallas_Police_Department" title="Template:Dallas Police Department">Template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Police_Department" title="El Paso Police Department">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Police_Department" title="Fort Worth Police Department">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Police_Department" title="Houston Police Department">Houston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Houston_Police_Department" title="Template:Houston Police Department">Template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Police_Department_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasadena Police Department (Texas)">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Police_Department" title="San Antonio Police Department">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="Harris County Sheriff's Office">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_County_Sheriff%27s_Office_(Texas)" title="Hidalgo County Sheriff's Office (Texas)">Hidalgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This does not include police departments of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_colleges_and_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas colleges and universities">colleges and universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Texas" title="List of school districts in Texas">school districts</a>, and transportation agencies, nor does it include the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice" title="Texas Department of Criminal Justice">Texas Department of Criminal Justice</a> (TDCJ) or <a href="/wiki/Texas_Juvenile_Justice_Department" title="Texas Juvenile Justice Department">Texas Juvenile Justice Department</a> (TJJD).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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