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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hachures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contour_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contour_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contour lines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contour_lines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contour lines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contour_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanaka_(relief)_contours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanaka_(relief)_contours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tanaka (relief) contours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanaka_(relief)_contours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypsometric_tints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypsometric_tints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hypsometric tints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypsometric_tints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaded_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaded_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shaded relief</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shaded_relief-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shaded relief subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shaded_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illuminated_shading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminated_shading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Illuminated shading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminated_shading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-directional_shading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-directional_shading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Multi-directional shading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-directional_shading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texture/bump_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture/bump_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Texture/bump mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texture/bump_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution_mixing_or_bumping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_mixing_or_bumping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Resolution mixing or bumping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_mixing_or_bumping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oblique_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oblique_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oblique view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oblique_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raised-relief_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raised-relief_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Raised-relief map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raised-relief_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rendering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rendering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rendering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rendering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rendering subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rendering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Texture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeletal,_structural,_or_break_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal,_structural,_or_break_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Skeletal, structural, or break lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal,_structural,_or_break_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forums_and_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forums_and_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Forums and associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forums_and_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartographic_relief_depiction&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographic relief depiction">Cartographic relief depiction</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Representation of surface shape on maps</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_design" title="Cartographic design">Cartographic design</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic_map_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Topographic_map_example.png/310px-Topographic_map_example.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Topographic_map_example.png/465px-Topographic_map_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Topographic_map_example.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> topographic map of <a href="/wiki/Stowe,_Vermont" title="Stowe, Vermont">Stowe, Vermont</a> with contour lines at 20-foot intervals</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Terrain cartography</b> or <b>relief mapping</b> is the depiction of the shape of the surface of the Earth on a map, using one or more of several techniques that have been developed. <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a> or relief is an essential aspect of <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_design" title="Cartographic design">cartographic design</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">geovisualization</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hill_profiles">Hill profiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hill profiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Higuey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Higuey.jpg/220px-Higuey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Higuey.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>From a 1639 map of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vingboons" title="Johannes Vingboons">Johannes Vingboons</a>, showing use of hill profiles</figcaption></figure> <p>The most ancient form of relief depiction in cartography, <b>hill profiles</b> are simply illustrations of mountains and hills in profile, placed as appropriate on generally small-scale (broad area of coverage) maps. They are seldom used today except as part of an "antique" styling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiographic_illustration">Physiographic illustration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physiographic illustration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raisz_1941_Olympic_Peninsula_Puget_Sound.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raisz_1941_Olympic_Peninsula_Puget_Sound.png/300px-Raisz_1941_Olympic_Peninsula_Puget_Sound.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raisz_1941_Olympic_Peninsula_Puget_Sound.png/450px-Raisz_1941_Olympic_Peninsula_Puget_Sound.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raisz_1941_Olympic_Peninsula_Puget_Sound.png/600px-Raisz_1941_Olympic_Peninsula_Puget_Sound.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Section of Raisz' 1941 map of the Northwestern United States, showing his style of landform illustration</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1921, A.K. Lobeck published <i>A Physiographic Diagram of the United States</i>, using an advanced version of the hill profile technique to illustrate the distribution of landforms on a small-scale map.<sup id="cite_ref-lobeck_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lobeck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a> further developed, standardized, and taught this technique, which uses generalized texture to imitate <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> shapes over a large area.<sup id="cite_ref-raisz1948_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raisz1948-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A combination of hill profile and shaded relief, this style of terrain representation is simultaneously idiosyncratic to its creator—often hand-painted—and found insightful in illustrating <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_oblique_relief">Plan oblique relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plan oblique relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USPhysical-Web5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/USPhysical-Web5.jpg/220px-USPhysical-Web5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/USPhysical-Web5.jpg/330px-USPhysical-Web5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/USPhysical-Web5.jpg/440px-USPhysical-Web5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Web version of Patterson's <i>Physical Map of the Coterminous United States</i> featuring plan oblique relief. Note the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in the full-size version.</figcaption></figure> <p>More recently, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Patterson_(cartographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Patterson (cartographer) (page does not exist)">Tom Patterson</a> developed a computer-generated technique for mapping terrain inspired by Raisz's work, called <i>plan oblique relief</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jennypatterson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jennypatterson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tool starts with a shaded relief image, then shifts pixels northward proportional to their elevation. The effect is to make mountains "stand up" and "lay over" features to the north, in the same fashion as hill profiles. Some viewers are able to see the effect more easily than others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hachures">Hachures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hachures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dufour-karte-bern_1-880x803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dufour-karte-bern_1-880x803.jpg/220px-Dufour-karte-bern_1-880x803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dufour-karte-bern_1-880x803.jpg/330px-Dufour-karte-bern_1-880x803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dufour-karte-bern_1-880x803.jpg/440px-Dufour-karte-bern_1-880x803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Dufour map of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> (1907); this is a shaded hachure map.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hachure_map" title="Hachure map">Hachure map</a></div> <p><b>Hachures</b>, first standardized by the Austrian topographer Johann Georg Lehmann in 1799, are a form of shading using lines. They show the orientation of slope, and by their thickness and overall density they provide a general sense of steepness. Being non-numeric, they are less useful to a scientific survey than contours, but can successfully communicate quite specific shapes of terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-raisz1948_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raisz1948-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are especially effective at showing relatively low relief, such as rolling hills. It was a standard on topographic maps of Germany well into the 20th Century. </p><p>There have been multiple attempts to recreate this technique using digital GIS data, with mixed results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contour_lines">Contour lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contour lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">Contour line</a></div> <p>First developed in France in the 18th Century, <b>contour lines</b> (or isohypses) are isolines of equal elevation. This is the most common way of visualizing elevation quantitatively, and is familiar from <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic maps</a>. </p><p>Most 18th- and early 19th-century national <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveys</a> did not record relief across the entire area of coverage, calculating only spot elevations at survey points. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) topographical survey maps included contour representation of relief, and so maps that show relief, especially with exact representation of elevation, came to be called topographic maps (or "topo" maps) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the usage has spread internationally. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berninapass_1877_Siegfriedkarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berninapass_1877_Siegfriedkarte.jpg/290px-Berninapass_1877_Siegfriedkarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berninapass_1877_Siegfriedkarte.jpg/435px-Berninapass_1877_Siegfriedkarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berninapass_1877_Siegfriedkarte.jpg/580px-Berninapass_1877_Siegfriedkarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Siegfried map of <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Pass" title="Bernina Pass">Bernina Pass</a> (1877) with black, blue and brown contour lines at 30-meter intervals</figcaption></figure> <p>On maps produced by <a href="/wiki/Swisstopo" title="Swisstopo">Swisstopo</a>, the color of the contour lines is used to indicate the type of ground: black for bare rock and <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a>, blue for ice and underwater contours, and brown for earth-covered ground.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanaka_(relief)_contours"><span id="Tanaka_.28relief.29_contours"></span>Tanaka (relief) contours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tanaka (relief) contours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Tanaka (relief) contours</b> technique is a method used to illuminate contour lines in order to help visualize terrain. Lines are highlighted or shaded depending on their relationship to a light source in the Northwest. If the object being illustrated would shadow a section of contour line, that contour would be represented with a black band. Otherwise, slopes facing the light source would be represented by white bands. </p><p>This method was developed by Professor Tanaka Kitiro in 1950, but had been experimented with as early as 1870, with little success due to technological limitations in printing. The resulting terrain at this point was a grayscale image.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartographer <a href="/wiki/Berthold_K.P._Horn" title="Berthold K.P. Horn">Berthold Horn</a> later created software to digitally produce Tanaka Contours, and Patrick Kennelly, another cartographer, later found a way to add color to these maps, making them more realistic.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of issues with this method. Historically, printing technology did not reproduce Tanaka contours well, especially the white lines on a gray background. This method is also very time-consuming. In addition, the terraced appearance does not look appealing or accurate in some kinds of terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypsometric_tints">Hypsometric tints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hypsometric tints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypsometric_tints" title="Hypsometric tints">Hypsometric tints</a></div> <p><b>Hypsometric tints</b> (also called layer tinting, elevation tinting, elevation coloring, or hysometric coloring) are colors placed between <a href="/wiki/Contour_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Contour lines">contour lines</a> to indicate <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>. These tints are shown as bands of color in a graduated scheme or as a <a href="/wiki/Color_gradient" title="Color gradient">color scheme</a> applied to contour lines themselves; either method is considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">Isarithmic map</a>. Hypsometric tinting of maps and <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globes</a> is often accompanied by a similar method of <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetric</a> tinting to convey differences in water depth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shaded_relief">Shaded relief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shaded relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geomorphometry#Illumination/Shaded_Relief/Analytical_Hillshading" title="Geomorphometry">Terrain analysis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWtopo_shading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WWtopo_shading.jpg/220px-WWtopo_shading.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WWtopo_shading.jpg/330px-WWtopo_shading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WWtopo_shading.jpg/440px-WWtopo_shading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Top: map of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a> area.<br />Bottom: the same map with sun shading.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shaded relief</b>, or hill-shading, shows the shape of the terrain in a realistic fashion by showing how the three-dimensional surface would be illuminated from a point light source. The <a href="/wiki/Shadow" title="Shadow">shadows</a> normally follow the convention of <a href="/wiki/Top-left_lighting" title="Top-left lighting">top-left lighting</a> in which the light source is placed near the upper-left corner of the map. If the map is <a href="/wiki/Map#Orientation_of_maps" title="Map">oriented</a> with north at the top, the result is that the light appears to come from the north-west. Although this is unrealistic lighting in the northern hemisphere, using a southern light source can cause <a href="/wiki/Multistable_perception" title="Multistable perception">multistable perception</a> illusions, in which the topography appears inverted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shaded relief was traditionally drawn with <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrush</a> and other artist's media. The Swiss cartographer <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Imhof" title="Eduard Imhof">Eduard Imhof</a> is widely regarded as a master of manual hill-shading technique and theory. Shaded relief is today almost exclusively computer-generated from <a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">digital elevation models</a> (DEM). The mathematical basis of <i>analytical hillshading</i> is to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Normal_(geometry)" title="Normal (geometry)">surface normal</a> at each location, then calculate the angle between that vector and the vector pointing to the illumination using the <a href="/wiki/Dot_product" title="Dot product">Dot product</a>; the smaller that angle, the more illumination that location is receiving. However, most software implementations use algorithms that shorten those calculations. This tool is available in a variety of GIS and graphics software, including <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/QGIS" title="QGIS">QGIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRASS_GIS" title="GRASS GIS">GRASS GIS</a> or <a href="/wiki/ArcMap" title="ArcMap">ArcMap</a>'s Spatial Analyst extension. </p><p>While these relatively simple tools have made shaded relief almost ubiquitous in maps, many cartographers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (June 2023)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> have been unhappy with the product,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> and have developed techniques to improve its appearance, including the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminated_shading">Illuminated shading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Illuminated shading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imhof's contributions included a multi-color approach to shading, with purples in valleys and yellows on peaks, which is known as “illuminated shading.” Illuminating the sides of the terrain facing the light source with yellow colors provides greater realism (since direct sunlight is more yellow, and ambient light is more blue), enhances the sense of the three-dimensional nature of the terrain, and make the map more aesthetically pleasing and artistic-looking.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much work has been done in digitally recreating the work of <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Imhof" title="Eduard Imhof">Eduard Imhof</a>, which has been fairly successful in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-directional_shading">Multi-directional shading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Multi-directional shading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zion_NP_shaded_relief.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zion_NP_shaded_relief.png/400px-Zion_NP_shaded_relief.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zion_NP_shaded_relief.png/600px-Zion_NP_shaded_relief.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zion_NP_shaded_relief.png/800px-Zion_NP_shaded_relief.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, showing the effect of multi-directional hillshading. Left: one light source, standard northwest azimuth; Middle: average of two light sources, northwest + vertical; Right: average of 32 light sources from all directions but concentrated in the northwest, each with shadows added. Note the decreasing starkness, increasing realism, and increasing clarity of cliffs, canyons, and mountains in this area of over 1,000 m of local relief.</figcaption></figure> <p>A common criticism of computer-generated analytical hillshading is its stark, artificial look, in which slopes facing the light are solid white, and slopes facing away are solid black. Raisz called it "plastic shading," and others have said it looks like a moonscape.<sup id="cite_ref-raisz1948_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raisz1948-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One solution is to incorporate multiple lighting directions to imitate the effect of ambient lighting, creating a much more realistic looking product. Multiple techniques have been proposed for doing this, including using <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">Geographic information systems</a> software for generating multiple shaded relief images and averaging them together, using 3-d modeling software to <a href="/wiki/Terrain_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain rendering">render terrain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and custom software tools to imitate natural lighting using up to hundreds of individual sources.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique has been found to be most effective for very rugged terrain at medium scales of 1:30,000 to 1:1,000,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texture/bump_mapping"><span id="Texture.2Fbump_mapping"></span>Texture/bump mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Texture/bump mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NPS_crater-lake-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NPS_crater-lake-map.jpg/220px-NPS_crater-lake-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NPS_crater-lake-map.jpg/330px-NPS_crater-lake-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NPS_crater-lake-map.jpg/440px-NPS_crater-lake-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake_National_Park" title="Crater Lake National Park">Crater Lake National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, using texture mapping to subtly indicate vegetation cover</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bump_mapping" title="Bump mapping">Bump mapping</a></div> <p>It is possible to make the terrain look more realistic by imitating the three-dimensional look of not only the bare land surface, but also the features covering that land surface, such as buildings and plants. Texture mapping or bump mapping is a technique adapted from <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> that adds a layer of shaded texture to the shaded surface relief that imitates the look of the local land cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Blinn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blinn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This texture can be generated in several ways: </p> <ul><li><b>Texture substitution</b>: Copying, abstracting, and merging <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> imagery of land cover.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Texture generation</b>: Creating a simulated land cover elevation layer in GIS, such as a random scattering of "trees," then generating a shaded relief of this.<sup id="cite_ref-nighbert_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nighbert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Elevation measurement</b>: Using fine resolution remote sensing techniques, especially <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">Lidar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drones</a>, to directly or indirectly (through <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a>) measure the height and or shape of land cover features, and shade that elevation surface.</li></ul> <p>This technique is most useful at producing realistic maps at relatively large scales, 1:5,000 to 1:50,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_mixing_or_bumping">Resolution mixing or bumping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Resolution mixing or bumping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resolution_bumping,_Bitterroot_Mountains.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Resolution_bumping%2C_Bitterroot_Mountains.png/350px-Resolution_bumping%2C_Bitterroot_Mountains.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Resolution_bumping%2C_Bitterroot_Mountains.png/525px-Resolution_bumping%2C_Bitterroot_Mountains.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Resolution_bumping%2C_Bitterroot_Mountains.png/700px-Resolution_bumping%2C_Bitterroot_Mountains.png 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the resolution bumping technique of shaded relief, <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains" title="Bitterroot Mountains">Bitterroot Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)" title="Salmon River (Idaho)">Salmon River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>. Left: 200 m resolution shaded relief, middle: shaded relief after 7000 m smoothing filter, right: 65%/35% mix. The original image looks uniformly rugged, while the one on the right emphasizes the larger mountains and canyons.</figcaption></figure> <p>One challenge with shaded relief, especially at small scales (1:500,000 or less), is that the technique is very good at visualizing local (high-frequency) relief, but may not effectively show larger features. For example, a rugged area of hills and valleys will show as much or more variation than a large, smooth mountain. Resolution bumping is a hybrid technique developed by <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">NPS</a> cartographer Tom Patterson to mitigate this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fine-resolution DEM is averaged with a heavily smoothed version (i.e., significantly coarser resolution). When the hillshading algorithm is applied to this, it has the effect of blending the fine details of the original terrain model with the broader features brought out by the smoothed model. This technique works best at small scales and in regions that are consistently rugged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oblique_view">Oblique view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oblique view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Paris_by_Claes_Jansz._Visscher_-_Harold_B._Lee_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_Paris_by_Claes_Jansz._Visscher_-_Harold_B._Lee_Library.jpg/220px-Map_of_Paris_by_Claes_Jansz._Visscher_-_Harold_B._Lee_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_Paris_by_Claes_Jansz._Visscher_-_Harold_B._Lee_Library.jpg/330px-Map_of_Paris_by_Claes_Jansz._Visscher_-_Harold_B._Lee_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_Paris_by_Claes_Jansz._Visscher_-_Harold_B._Lee_Library.jpg/440px-Map_of_Paris_by_Claes_Jansz._Visscher_-_Harold_B._Lee_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20207" data-file-height="13139" /></a><figcaption>1618 oblique map of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claes_Jansz._Visscher" title="Claes Jansz. Visscher">Claes Jansz. Visscher</a>. </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pictorial_map" title="Pictorial map">Pictorial map</a></div> <p>A three-dimensional view (projected onto a two-dimensional medium) of the surface of the Earth, along with the geographic features resting on it. Imagined aerial views of cities were first produced during the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, but these "bird's eye views" became very popular in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the 1800s. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">GIS</a> (especially recent advances in 3-D and global visualization) and <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">3-D graphics modeling software</a> has made the production of realistic aerial views relatively easy, although the execution of quality <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_design" title="Cartographic design">Cartographic design</a> on these models remains a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raised-relief_map">Raised-relief map</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Raised-relief map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatry_Mapa_Plastyczna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tatry_Mapa_Plastyczna.JPG/250px-Tatry_Mapa_Plastyczna.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tatry_Mapa_Plastyczna.JPG/375px-Tatry_Mapa_Plastyczna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tatry_Mapa_Plastyczna.JPG/500px-Tatry_Mapa_Plastyczna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Hand-made raised-relief map of the <a href="/wiki/High_Tatras" title="High Tatras">High Tatras</a> in scale 1: 50 000</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raised-relief_map" title="Raised-relief map">Raised-relief map</a></div> <p>This is a map in which relief is shown as a three-dimensional object. The most intuitive way to depict relief is to imitate it at scale. Hand-crafted dioramas may date back to 200BCE in China, but mass production did not become available until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">vacuum-formed plastic maps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer numerical control">computerized machining</a> to create molds efficiently. Machining is also used to create large custom models from substrates such as high-density foam, and can even color them based on aerial photography by placing an <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">inkjet</a> printhead on the machining device. The advent of <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> has introduced a much more economical means to produce raised-relief maps, although most 3D printers are too small to efficiently produce large dioramas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rendering">Rendering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rendering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_island.stl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Penang_island.stl/220px-Penang_island.stl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Penang_island.stl/330px-Penang_island.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Penang_island.stl/440px-Penang_island.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><figcaption>Upright=1.3<a href="/wiki/STL_(file_format)" title="STL (file format)">STL 3D model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> terrain based on <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer#ASTER_Global_Digital_Elevation_Model" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER Global DEM</a> data</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Terrain rendering</b> covers a variety of methods of depicting real-world or <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginary world">imaginary world</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">surfaces</a>. Most common <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Artistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic rendering">rendering</a> is the depiction of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface. It is used in various applications to give an observer a <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a>. It is also often used in combination with rendering of non-terrain objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, etc. </p><p>There are two major modes of terrain rendering: <a href="/wiki/Top-down_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down perspective">top-down</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(geometry)" title="Perspective (geometry)">perspective</a> rendering. Top-down terrain rendering has been known for centuries in the way of <a href="/wiki/Cartographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographic">cartographic</a> maps. Perspective terrain rendering has also been known for quite some time. However, only with the advent of computers and <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> perspective rendering has become mainstream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outerra_(PC)_screenshots_(35277781514).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Outerra_%28PC%29_screenshots_%2835277781514%29.jpg/220px-Outerra_%28PC%29_screenshots_%2835277781514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Outerra_%28PC%29_screenshots_%2835277781514%29.jpg/330px-Outerra_%28PC%29_screenshots_%2835277781514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Outerra_%28PC%29_screenshots_%2835277781514%29.jpg/440px-Outerra_%28PC%29_screenshots_%2835277781514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A landscape rendered in <a href="/wiki/Outerra" title="Outerra">Outerra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A typical terrain rendering application consists of a terrain <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU), a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> (GPU), and a display. A <a href="/wiki/Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software application</a> is configured to start at initial location in the <a href="/wiki/World_space" class="mw-redirect" title="World space">world space</a>. The output of the application is screen space representation of the real world on a display. The software application uses the CPU to identify and load terrain data corresponding to initial location from the terrain database, then applies the required <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (geometry)">transformations</a> to build a <a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">mesh</a> of points that can be rendered by the GPU, which completes geometrical transformations, creating screen space objects (such as <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygons</a>) that create a picture closely resembling the location of the real world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texture">Texture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Texture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of ways to <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture</a> the terrain surface. Some applications benefit from using artificial textures, such as elevation coloring, <a href="/wiki/Checkerboard" title="Checkerboard">checkerboard</a>, or other generic textures. Some applications attempt to recreate the real-world surface to the best possible representation using <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_splatting" title="Texture splatting">texture splatting</a> is used to texture the terrain surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generation">Generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scenery_generator" title="Scenery generator">Scenery generator</a></div> <p>There are a great variety of methods to generate terrain surfaces. The main problem solved by all these methods is managing number of processed and rendered polygons. It is possible to create a very detailed picture of the world using billions of data points. However such applications are limited to static pictures. Most uses of terrain rendering are moving images, which require the software application to make decisions on how to simplify (by discarding or approximating) source terrain data. Virtually all terrain rendering applications use <a href="/wiki/Level_of_detail_(computer_graphics)" title="Level of detail (computer graphics)">level of detail</a> to manage number of data points processed by CPU and GPU. There are several modern algorithms for terrain surfaces generating.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terrain rendering is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game">computer games</a> to represent both Earth's surface and imaginary worlds. Some games also have <a href="/wiki/Terrain_deformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain deformation">terrain deformation</a> (or deformable terrain). </p><p>One important application of terrain rendering is in <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic vision">synthetic vision</a> systems. Pilots flying aircraft benefit greatly from the ability to see terrain surface at all times regardless of conditions outside the aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skeletal,_structural,_or_break_lines"><span id="Skeletal.2C_structural.2C_or_break_lines"></span>Skeletal, structural, or break lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Skeletal, structural, or break lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a> and watershed streams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forums_and_associations">Forums and associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Forums and associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portrayal of relief is especially important in <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountainous</a> regions. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountaincartography.org">Commission on Mountain Cartography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association" title="International Cartographic Association">International Cartographic Association</a> is the best-known forum for discussion of theory and techniques for mapping these regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographic labeling">Cartographic labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorial_maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictorial maps">Pictorial maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomipmapping" title="Geomipmapping">Geomipmapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipmap" title="Clipmap">Geometry Clipmaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROAM" title="ROAM">ROAM</a> (Real-time optimally adapting mesh)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lobeck-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lobeck_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lobeck, A.K. (1921) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~234507~5510052"><i>A Physiographic Diagram of the United States</i></a>, A.J. Nystrom & Co., digital scan at David Rumsey Map Collection, List No.7129.000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raisz1948-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raisz1948_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raisz1948_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raisz1948_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaisz1948" class="citation book cs1">Raisz, Erwin (1948). <i>General Cartography</i> (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 103–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Cartography&rft.pages=103-123&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Raisz&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jennypatterson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jennypatterson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennyPatterson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jenny, Bernhard; Patterson, Tom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shadedrelief.com/plan_oblique/plan_oblique.pdf">"Introducing Plan Oblique Relief"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cartographic Perspectives</i> (57): 21–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14714%2FCP57.279">10.14714/CP57.279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Introducing+Plan+Oblique+Relief&rft.issue=57&rft.pages=21-40&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14714%2FCP57.279&rft.aulast=Jenny&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shadedrelief.com%2Fplan_oblique%2Fplan_oblique.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Swisstopo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf">Conventional Signs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528053109/http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fundamentals of Cartography. Misra R. P. and A. Ramesh. Concept Publishing Company. 1989. pp. 389-390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Kennelly & A. Jon Kimerling (2001) Modifications of Tanaka's Illuminated Contour Method, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28:2, 111-123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"RELIEF (TERRAIN) DEPICTION." UNBC GIS LAB: GIS & Remote Sensing. University of Northern British Columbia, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduard_Imhof2007" class="citation book cs1">Eduard Imhof (2007-06-01). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartographicreli0000imho"><i>Cartographic relief presentation</i></a></span>. Esri Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58948-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58948-026-1"><bdi>978-1-58948-026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartographic+relief+presentation&rft.pub=Esri+Pr&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58948-026-1&rft.au=Eduard+Imhof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcartographicreli0000imho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennyHurni2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jenny, Bernhard; Hurni, Lorenz (2006). "Swiss-Style Colour Relief Shading Modulated by Elevation and by Exposure to Illumination". <i>The Cartographic Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 198–207. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006CartJ..43..198J">2006CartJ..43..198J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F000870406X158164">10.1179/000870406X158164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cartographic+Journal&rft.atitle=Swiss-Style+Colour+Relief+Shading+Modulated+by+Elevation+and+by+Exposure+to+Illumination&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=198-207&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F000870406X158164&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006CartJ..43..198J&rft.aulast=Jenny&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft.au=Hurni%2C+Lorenz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Patterson, "See the light: How to make illuminated shaded relief in Photoshop 6.0," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.shadedrelief.com/illumination/">http://www.shadedrelief.com/illumination/</a> (accessed 30 October 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huffman, Daniel P. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountaincartography.org/activities/workshops/banff_canada/papers/huffman.pdf">Shaded Relief in Blender</a>, 9th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennelly, J., & Stewart, J. (2006). A Uniform Sky Illumination Model to Enhance Shading of Terrain and Urban Areas. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 33(1), 21–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1559/152304006777323118">https://doi.org/10.1559/152304006777323118</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blinn-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blinn_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blinn, James F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=507101">"Simulation of Wrinkled Surfaces"</a>, Computer Graphics, Vol. 12 (3), pp. 286-292 <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a>-ACM (August 1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patterson2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patterson2002_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Tom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14714%2FCP43.536">"Getting Real: Reflecting on the New Look of National Park Service Maps"</a>. <i>Cartographic Perspectives</i> (43): 43–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14714%2FCP43.536">10.14714/CP43.536</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Getting+Real%3A+Reflecting+on+the+New+Look+of+National+Park+Service+Maps&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=43-56&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14714%2FCP43.536&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14714%252FCP43.536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nighbert-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nighbert_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNighbert2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nighbert, Jeffrey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/cp36-nighbert/pdf">"Using Remote Sensing Imagery to Texturize Layer Tinted Relief"</a>. <i>Cartographic Perspectives</i> (36): 93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14714%2FCP36.827">10.14714/CP36.827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Using+Remote+Sensing+Imagery+to+Texturize+Layer+Tinted+Relief&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14714%2FCP36.827&rft.aulast=Nighbert&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcartographicperspectives.org%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fcp36-nighbert%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, Tom., "Resolution bumping GTOPO30 in Photoshop: How to Make High-Mountains More Legible," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.shadedrelief.com/bumping/bumping.html">http://www.shadedrelief.com/bumping/bumping.html</a> (accessed 24 September 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Tom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/view/cp52-patterson/pdf">"Looking Closer: A Guide to Making Bird's-eye Views of National Park Service Cultural and Historical Sites"</a>. <i>Cartographic Perspectives</i> (52): 59–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14714%2FCP52.379">10.14714/CP52.379</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Looking+Closer%3A+A+Guide+to+Making+Bird%27s-eye+Views+of+National+Park+Service+Cultural+and+Historical+Sites&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=59-75&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14714%2FCP52.379&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcartographicperspectives.org%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fcp52-patterson%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2019" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Aaron (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/2d2ba6f6f378dab8c217440f2d608e96/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y"><i>A Comparative Usability Assessment of Augmented Reality 3-D Printed Terrain Models and 2-D Topographic Maps</i></a>. New Mexico State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Usability+Assessment+of+Augmented+Reality+3-D+Printed+Terrain+Models+and+2-D+Topographic+Maps&rft.place=New+Mexico+State+University&rft.date=2019-07&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F2d2ba6f6f378dab8c217440f2d608e96%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrain+cartography" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart J. (1999), “Fast Horizon Computation at All Points of a Terrain With Visibility and Shading Applications”, IEEE Transactions on visualization and computer graphics 4(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bashkov E., Zori S., Suvorova I. (2000), “Modern Methods of Environment Visual Simulation”, In Simulationstechnik, 14. Symposium in Hamburg SCS, pp. 509-514. Europe BVBA, Ghent, Belgium,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bashkov E.A., Zori S.A. (2001), “Visual Simulation of an Earth Surface by Fast Horizon Computation Algorithm”, In Simulation und Visualisierung, pp. 203-215. Institut fur Simulation und Graphik, Magdeburg, Deutschland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruzinoor Che Mat & Norani Nordin, 'Silhouette Rendering Algorithm Using Vectorisation Technique from Kedah Topography Maps', Proceeding 2nd National Conference on Computer Graphics and Multimedia (CoGRAMM’04), Selangor, December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30969013/449317633605827_1.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1505553957&Signature=7GA1T7nvGM5BOhLQ0OCELIKVYbY%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3D3D_Silhouette_Rendering_Algorithms_using.pdf">https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30969013/449317633605827_1.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1505553957&Signature=7GA1T7nvGM5BOhLQ0OCELIKVYbY%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3D3D_Silhouette_Rendering_Algorithms_using.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrain_cartography&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Topographic_shading" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Topographic shading">Topographic shading</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shadedrelief.com">Shaded Relief</a>, a website by Tom Patterson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefshading.com">Relief Shading</a>, a website of the Institute of Cartography at <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphic_Lab/Resources/Optimizing_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Graphic Lab/Resources/Optimizing relief">Wikipedia Graphic Lab</a>, a tutorial on creating shaded relief maps using free and open source software</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photoshoproadmap.com/Photoshop-blog/2006/07/17/rendering-a-map-using-relief-shading-technique-in-photoshop/">Rendering a map using relief shading technique in Photoshop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vterrain.org/">Virtual Terrain Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fishing-app.gpsnauticalcharts.com/i-boating-fishing-web-app/fishing-marine-charts-navigation.html?hillshading=1&under-water-imagery=1&google-street-view-water=1&reliefshade=1#12.08/44.0266/-69.0165">Underwater Relief Shading</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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