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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Maanwentelprogram" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Maanwentelprogram" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ruimtetuie_en_substelsels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruimtetuie_en_substelsels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ruimtetuie en substelsels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruimtetuie_en_substelsels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ruimtetuie 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id="toc-Sendingresultate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beskikbaarstelling_van_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beskikbaarstelling_van_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beskikbaarstelling van data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beskikbaarstelling_van_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_skandering_en_digitalisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_skandering_en_digitalisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Data skandering en digitalisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_skandering_en_digitalisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maanwentelprogram</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 32 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="برنامج المتتبع القمري – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج المتتبع القمري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Лунар Орбитър – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лунар Орбитър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programa Lunar Orbiter – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Program Lunar Orbiter – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter-programmet" title="Lunar Orbiter-programmet – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lunar Orbiter-programmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter" title="Lunar Orbiter – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lunar Orbiter program" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programa Lunar Orbiter – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_programa" title="Lunar Orbiter programa – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lunar Orbiter programa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="برنامه مدارگرد ماه – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه مدارگرد ماه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter" title="Lunar Orbiter – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programme Lunar Orbiter – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fithiseoir%C3%AD_Geala%C3%AD" title="Fithiseoirí Gealaí – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fithiseoirí Gealaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programa Lunar Orbiter – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programa Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8" title="לונר אורביטר – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לונר אורביטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter-program" title="Lunar Orbiter-program – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lunar Orbiter-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80)" title="Լունար օրբիտեր (ծրագիր) – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լունար օրբիտեր (ծրագիր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Program Lunar Orbiter – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Program Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programma Lunar Orbiter – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="ルナ・オービター計画 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルナ・オービター計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лунар орбитер – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лунар орбитер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter" title="Lunar Orbiter – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiterprogramma" title="Lunar Orbiterprogramma – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lunar Orbiterprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Program Lunar Orbiter – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programa Lunar Orbiter – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Лунар орбитер (программа) – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лунар орбитер (программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter-programmet" title="Lunar Orbiter-programmet – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lunar Orbiter-programmet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலா வட்டணைக்கலத் திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலா வட்டணைக்கலத் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programang_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programang Lunar Orbiter – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Programang Lunar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лунар орбітер – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лунар орбітер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbiter" title="Lunar orbiter – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lunar orbiter" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="月球軌道計畫 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="月球軌道計畫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q583625#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maanwentelprogram" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Maanwentelprogram" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking 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href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lunar_orbiter_1_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lunar_orbiter_1_%28large%29.jpg/300px-Lunar_orbiter_1_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lunar_orbiter_1_%28large%29.jpg/450px-Lunar_orbiter_1_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lunar_orbiter_1_%28large%29.jpg/600px-Lunar_orbiter_1_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Lunar orbiter ruimtetuig (NASA)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <b>Maanwentelprogram</b> was 'n reeks van vyf onbemande, robotiese <a href="/wiki/Ruimtetuig" title="Ruimtetuig">ruimtetuie</a> wat om die <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Maan</a> gewentel het vanaf 1966 tot 1967 en deur <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a> in Amerika gelanseer is. Die hoofdoelwit was om geskikte landingsplekke vir die <a href="/wiki/Apollo-program" title="Apollo-program">Apollo</a>-ruimtetuie te identifiseer deur die Maan se oppervlakte te karteer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die ruimtetuie het die eerste foto's van die Maan se oppervlakte geneem terwyl hulle om die Maan gewentel het asook foto's van die Maan en <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">Aarde</a>. </p><p>Al vyf sendings was suksesvol en 99 persent van die Maan se oppervlakte is gekarteer vanaf foto's wat geneem is met 'n resolusie van 60 m of beter. Die eerste drie sendings was gebruik om twintig potensiële landingsplekke te fotograveer, gebaseer op waarnemings gedoen vanaf die Aarde. Dié is teen laehellingbane gevlieg. Die vierde en vyfde missies is aan breër wetenskaplike doelwitte gewy en is in hoë-hoogte polêre bane gevlieg. <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">Lunar Orbiter 4</a> het die hele nabykant en nege persent van die verkant gefotografeer, en <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">Lunar Orbiter 5</a> het die dekking van die verkant voltooi en medium (20 m) en hoë (2 m) resolusiebeelde van 36 voorafgekose gebiede verkry. Al die Lunar Orbiter-ruimtetuie is deur <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Atlas-Agena</a>-D lanseervoertuie gelanseer. </p><p>Die Lunar Orbiters het 'n vernuftige fotografiesestelsel aanboord gehad. Dit het bestaan uit 'n <a href="/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera">kamera</a> met twee lense, 'n filmverwerkings eenheid, 'n aftaster en meganisme wat die films hanteer het. Die kamera het 'n 610 mm nouhoek hoë-resolusie en 'n 80 mm wyehoek medium-resolusie lens bevat, waarvan beide hulle beelde op enkelrol 70 mm film geplaas het. Die asse van die twee kamers het saamgeval sodat die foto's geneem deur die hoë-resolusie lens gesentreer was binne die foto's wat met die medium-resolusie lens geneem is. Die film is ook beweeg gedurende die beeldvasleggingsproses om te kompenseer vir die ruimtetuigsnelheid wat deur 'n elektro-optiese sensor geskat is. Die film is dan ontwikkel, afgetas en die beelde na die Aarde gestuur. </p><p>Gedurende die Lunar Orbiter-sendings is die eerste foto's van die Aarde as 'n geheel geneem; dit het begin met die foto's van die Aarde-opkoms oor die Maan se oppervlakte geneem deur <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a> op 1 Augustus 1966. Die eerste vol foto's van die Aarde is deur Lunar Orbiter 5 geneem op 8 Augustus 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Tweede foto van die hele Aarde is op 10 November 1967 geneem, ook deur die Lunar Orbiter 5. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruimtetuie_en_substelsels">Ruimtetuie en substelsels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Ruimtetuie en substelsels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ruimtetuie en substelsels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lunar_Orbiter_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Orbiter_diagram.png/220px-Lunar_Orbiter_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Orbiter_diagram.png/330px-Lunar_Orbiter_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Orbiter_diagram.png/440px-Lunar_Orbiter_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Lunar Orbiter diagram (NASA)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lunar_Orbiter_Engineering_Mock-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lunar_Orbiter_Engineering_Mock-up.jpg/220px-Lunar_Orbiter_Engineering_Mock-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lunar_Orbiter_Engineering_Mock-up.jpg/330px-Lunar_Orbiter_Engineering_Mock-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lunar_Orbiter_Engineering_Mock-up.jpg/440px-Lunar_Orbiter_Engineering_Mock-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3175" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption>Lunar Orbiter ingenieursmodel</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Boeing-Eastman Kodak voorstel is op 20 Desember 1963 deur NASA aangekondig. Die hoofraam van die Lunar Orbiters het die algemene vorm van 'n afgeknotte keël gehad en 1,65 m hoog en 1,5 m in diameter by die basis. Die ruimtetuig was saamgestel uit drie dekke wat deur kappe en 'n boog ondersteun is. Die toerustingdek op die basis het die <a href="/wiki/Battery" title="Battery">battery</a>, transponder, vlugprogrammeerder, posisieverwysingseenheid, <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a> ster opspoortoestel, beheerdekodeerder, multipleks en kodeerder, loopgolfbuisversterker en die fotografiese stelsel. Daar was vier <a href="/wiki/Sonpaneel" title="Sonpaneel">sonpanele</a> gemonteer, 3,72 m wyd, wat by hierdie dek uitgesteek het. Daar was ook 'n hoëwins-<a href="/wiki/Antenne" title="Antenne">antenne</a> op 'n 1,32 m balk gemonteer en 'n laewins-antenna wat op 'n 2,08 m balk gemonteer was. Bo die onderste dek, die middeldek, was die snelheidbeheerenjin, brandstof, <a href="/wiki/Oksidasie" title="Oksidasie">oksideermiddel</a> en druktenks, sonsensors en mikro-meteoroïdise sensors. Die boonste dek het bestaan uit 'n hitteskild om die ruimtetuig te beskerm wanneer die snelheidbeheerenjin ontbrand. Die neus van die enjin het deur die skild gesteek. Bo-op en aan die kante van die boonste dek was die vier posisiebeheerstuwers. </p><p>Die vier sonpanele met 10,856 n/p sonselle het krag van 373 <a href="/wiki/Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt">W</a> verskaf wat direk die ruimtetuig se stelsels aangedryf het en ook die 12 A.h nikkel-kadmium battery gelaai. Die batterye is gebruik gedurende kort periodes wanneer sonbedekking (verduistering) plaasvind het en geen sonkrag beskikbaar was nie. Aandrywing vir groot maneuvers was verskaf deur die kompasbeuel gemonteerde snelheidbeheerenjin, 'n <a href="/wiki/Hipergoliese_dryfmiddel" title="Hipergoliese dryfmiddel">hipergoliese</a> aangedrewe vuurpylenjin van 440 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(eenheid)" title="Newton (eenheid)">N</a>. Stabilisasie oor die drie asse en posisiebeheer was verskaf deur <a href="/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof">stikstofaangedrewe</a> stuwers van 4 N elk. Navigasie-inligting is verskaf deur vyf sonsensors, die Canopus stersensor en die posisieverwysingseenheid. Kommunikasie is verskaf deur 'n 10 W sender en 'n gerigte, een meter diameter, hoëwins-antenne vir die stuur van foto's en 'n 0.5 W en omnigerigte laewins-antenne vir ander kommunikasie. Beide senders het in die S-band gewerk teen ongeveer 2295 MHz. Termiese beheer is verkry deur 'n multilaag-termiese kombers wat bestaan het uit aluminium bedekte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poli%C3%ABster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliëster (bladsy bestaan nie)">poliëster</a> produkte soos <i>Mylar</i> en <i>Dacron</i>. Die kombers het die groot romp, spesiale verf, isolasie en klein verwarmers bedek. </p><p>Die aanboordkamera het twee lense gelyktydig gebruik om 'n wye hoek en 'n hoë resolusie beeld op die film vas te lê. Die wyehoek, medium-resolusie modus het 'n 80 mm F 2.8 Xenotar lens gebruik wat deur Schneider Kreuznach van <a href="/wiki/Wes-Duitsland" title="Wes-Duitsland">Wes-Duitsland</a> vervaardig is. Die hoë-resolusie modus het 'n 610 mm F 5.6 Panoramic lens, vervaardig deur die Pacific Optical Company, gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die film is ontwikkel met 'n half-droë proses terwyl die ruimtetuig in sy <a href="/wiki/Wentelbaan" title="Wentelbaan">wentelbaan</a> was. Dit is dan afgetas, wat die foto in elektriese formaat omskakel en dan na die aarde gestuur het. Hierdie stelsel is aangepas met die toestemming van die <i>National Reconnaissance Office</i> (NRO) waar dit op die SAMOS E-1 verkenningskamera gebruik was. Die stelsel is vervaardig deur <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> vir die <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_Lugmag" title="Amerikaanse Lugmag">Amerikaanse Lugmag</a> se kortstondige amper-werklike-tyd satellietfotoprojek.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aanvanklik het die Lugmag aan Nasa verskeie spaarkameras gebied wat deel was van die KH-7 GAMBIT-program maar toe het die owerhede hulle bekommernis uitgespreek oor die sekuriteit aangaande die kameras. Hulle was bang dat die foto's geneem deur die kamera sy resolusie kon weggee. Daar was voorgestel dat die wentelbaanbesonderhede van die Lunar Orbiter nie gepubliseer word nie sodat die resolusie van die foto's nie bereken kan word deur die hoogtedata nie. Op die ou end is Nasa se bestaande kamera-stelsel, alhoewel die resolusie kleiner was, gebruik en die resultate was aanvaarbaar vir die sendings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moontlike_rugsteun">Moontlike rugsteun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Moontlike rugsteun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Moontlike rugsteun"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As moontlike rugsteun, indien die Maanwentelprogram sou faal, het Nasa en die NRO saamgewerk met die Maan Kartering en Opmeting Stelsel (MKOS), gebaseer op die KH-7 verkenningsatelliet. Die gedagte was dat dit die <a href="/wiki/Apollo-maanmodule" title="Apollo-maanmodule">Apollo-maanmodule</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> sal vervang en die Apollo ruimtemanne dan die MKOS sal werk via afstandbeheer terwyl hulle om die Maan wentel. Nasa het die projek gekanselleer in 1967 nadat die Maanwentelprogram suksesvol voltooi was.<sup id="cite_ref-day20101129_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day20101129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sendingresultate">Sendingresultate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Sendingresultate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sendingresultate"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Maanwentelprogram het bestaan uit vyf ruimtetuie wat daarin geslaag het om 99 persent van die oppervlakte van beide kante van die Maan te gefotografeer met 'n resolusie van tot 1 m. Die ruimtetuie het altesaam 2180 hoë-resolusie en 882 medium-resolusie foto's van die maan geneem en na die Aarde gestuur. Die mikro-meteoroïdise eksperimente het 22 impakte geïdentifiseer en die data het bewys dat die gemiddelde meteoroïdes deeltjies naby die Maan twee keer die orde grootte was as in die oop ruimte, maar ietwat minder as naby die Aarde. Die radiasie eksperimente het bevestig dat die ontwerp van die Apollo-tuie genoegsame beskerming aan die ruimtemanne sal verleen teen die gemiddelde kort blootstelling aan partikels vanaf die Son. </p><p>Die Lunar Orbiters was ook gebruik om die bemande ruimtevlugopsporingsnetwerk en die Apollo wentelbaan bepalings program te evalueer, met sukses. Al drie die Lunar Orbiters (2, 3 en 5) was gelyktydig gevolg vanaf Augustus tot Oktober 1967. Al die Lunar Orbiters het teen die Maan gebots nadat sodanige instruksies aan die ruimtetuie gestuur is. Dit is gedoen om seker te maak dat hulle posisiebeheerbrandstof nie opraak en die ruimtetuie in die pad van die volgende ruimtetuie soos die <a href="/wiki/Apollo-program" title="Apollo-program">Apollo-program</a> beland nie. Die Maanwentelprogram is bestuur deur die Nasa Langley Navorsingsentrum teen 'n koste van ongeveer $200 miljoen. </p><p>Die ruimtetuie was gevolg deur van die <a href="/wiki/Doppler-effek" title="Doppler-effek">Doppler-effek</a> gebruik te maak wat die voordeel gehad het dat die graviatasievelde van die Maan gekarteer kon word. <a href="/wiki/Maskon" title="Maskon">Maskons</a> was ook ontdek weens die gebruik van die Doppler-effek, die meeste van hulle (nie almal nie) was in die middel van <a href="/wiki/Maansee" title="Maansee">Maanseë</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lunar_Orbiter_camera_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lunar_Orbiter_camera_%28large%29.jpg/220px-Lunar_Orbiter_camera_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lunar_Orbiter_camera_%28large%29.jpg/330px-Lunar_Orbiter_camera_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lunar_Orbiter_camera_%28large%29.jpg/440px-Lunar_Orbiter_camera_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Lunar Orbiter kamera (NASA)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die vluginligting van elk van die vyf ruimtetuie is as volg:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a> <ul><li>Gelanseer op 10 Augustus 1966</li> <li>Maan gefotografeer: 18 tot 29 Augustus 1966</li> <li>Bots teen die Maan: 29 Oktober 1966</li> <li>Apollo landingsplekondersoeksending</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">Lunar Orbiter 2</a> <ul><li>Gelanseer op 6 November 1966</li> <li>Maan gefotografeer: 18 tot 25 November 1966</li> <li>Bots teen die Maan: 11 Oktober 1967</li> <li>Apollo landingsplekondersoeksending</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">Lunar Orbiter 3</a> <ul><li>Gelanseer op 5 Februarie 1967</li> <li>Maan gefotografeer: 15 tot 23 Februarie 1967</li> <li>Bots teen die Maan: 9 Oktober 1967</li> <li>Apollo landingsplek ondersoek sending</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">Lunar Orbiter 4</a> <ul><li>Gelanseer op 4 Mei 1967</li> <li>Maan gefotografeer: 11 tot 26 Mei 1967</li> <li>Bots teen die Maan: Ongeveer 31 Oktober 1967</li> <li>Maan karteringsending</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">Lunar Orbiter 5</a> <ul><li>Gelanseer op 1 Augustus 1967</li> <li>Maan gefotografeer: 6 tot 18 Augustus 1967</li> <li>Bots teen die Maan: 31 Januarie 1968</li> <li>Maankarteringsending en hoë-resolusie landmetingsending</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beskikbaarstelling_van_data">Beskikbaarstelling van data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Beskikbaarstelling van data" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Beskikbaarstelling van data"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foto's vanaf die Lunar Orbiters is na die Aarde gestuur in analoogformaat nadat die foto's afgetas is in 'n reeks van dun lyne. Die data is op 'n magneetband en ook op 'n film geskryf. Die filmdata is gebruik om handgemaakte mosaïeke van Lunar Orbiter-rame te skep. Elke kamerablootstelling het twee foto's tot gevolg gehad: een medium-resolusieraam soos vasgelê deur die 80-mm brandpuntlens en 'n hoë-resolusie foto soos vasgelê deur die 619-mm brandpuntlens. As gevolg van hulle grootte was die hoë-resolusie foto's in drie sub-gedeeltes opgebreek. Groot formaat foto's (410 mm × 510 mm) is gedruk en deur Nasa se foto- en beeldbiblioteke regoor Amerika versprei, in wat bekend gestaan het as <i>Regional Planetary Information Facilities</i>. Die gevolglike uitstaande fotos was oor die algemeen van baie hoë ruimtelike resolusie en het 'n aansienlike gedeelte van die maanoppervlak bedek, maar hulle het gely aan 'n "venesiese blinde" strepe, ontbrekende of gedupliseerde data, en gereelde versadigingseffekte wat die gebruik daarvan belemmer het. Vir baie jare was hierdie fotos die basis van baie van maanwetenskaplike navorsing. Omdat hulle by lae tot matige sonhoeke verkry is, is die Lunar Orbiter fotografiese mosaïeke veral nuttig om die <a href="/wiki/Geomorfologie" title="Geomorfologie">morfologie</a> van maantopografiese kenmerke te bestudeer. </p><p>Verskeie atlasse en boeke met die foto's van die Lunar Orbiter is gepubliseer. Die mees bekende is die atlas van <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bowker and Hughes</i> (1971); dit bevat 675 fotografiese plate wat bykans die hele oppervlakte van die maan dek. As gevolg van die groot navraag na die data en ook omrede die boek uitdruk was, was die taak onderneem om kopies van die grootformaat fotos van die Lunar Orbiter data by die <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i> Lunar and Planetary Institute</i> te maak.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Hierdie kopies was beskikbaar gestel aanlyn as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/">Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_skandering_en_digitalisering">Data skandering en digitalisering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Data skandering en digitalisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Data skandering en digitalisering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Comparison_between_original_and_LOIRP_result.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Comparison_between_original_and_LOIRP_result.jpg/220px-Comparison_between_original_and_LOIRP_result.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Comparison_between_original_and_LOIRP_result.jpg/330px-Comparison_between_original_and_LOIRP_result.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Comparison_between_original_and_LOIRP_result.jpg/440px-Comparison_between_original_and_LOIRP_result.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Vergelyking van die oorspronklike beeld bo met die verwerkte weergawe onder gedoen met <i>LOIRP</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2000 was die <a href="/wiki/Astrogeologie" title="Astrogeologie">Astrogeologise</a> Navorsing Program van die Amerikaanse Geologiese Opmeting in <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, befonds deur Nasa (as deel van die <i>Lunar Orbiter Digitization Project</i>), getaak om met 'n 25 mikrometer resolusie Lunar Orbiter positiewe film rolle wat ontwikkel was van die oorspronklike data, te skandeer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die doelwit was om 'n globale mosaïek van die Maan te skep deur die beste beskikbare rame van Lunar Orbiter films te gebruik - dit moes dieselfde dekking as Bowker and Hughes, 1971 se weergawe gee. Elke raam was opgebou vanaf geskandeerde film rolle, hulle was digitaal opgebou, geometries beheer en kaartgeprojekteer sonder die strepe wat op die oorspronklike rame was. Omrede daar gefokus was op die konstruksie van 'n globale mosaïek is met hierdie projek slegs 15% van die beskikbare Lunar Oribiter fotografiese rame geskandeer. Data van Lunar Oribiter sendings <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a> was ingesluit in die globale mosaïek.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Amerikaanse Geologiese Opmeting digitalisering program het ook nuwe rame van fotos van die Lunar Orbiter's met 'n groter resolusie geskep van plekke wat as wetenskaplik belangrik beskou was. Hierdie plekke was reeds in 1960 geidentifiseer as die landingsplekke van die Apollo-program. Rame van die <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> landingplek, die Marius-heuwels en die Sulpicius Gallus-ril was vrygestel. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 het die <a href="/wiki/LOIRP" title="LOIRP"><i>Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project</i></a> (LOIRP) begin met 'n proses om Lunar Orbiter beelde direk vanaf die oorspronklike Ampex FR-900 analoog vidoe opnames van die ruimtetuie na 'n digitale formaat om te skakel. Die omskakeling was 'n groot verbetering wat 'n baie beter resolusie as die oorspronklike beelde van die 1960's gehad het. Die eerste van hierdie digitalisering beelde was in 2008 vrygestel. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Die meeste van die Lunar Orbiter beelde is suksesvol omgeskakel teen Februarie 2014 en was op daardie stadium besig om digitaal verwerk te word alvorens dit in Nasa se Planitêre Databasis gelaai is.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="width: 491px; margin: 0 auto;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 402px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon.jpg/400px-First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon.jpg/600px-First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon.jpg/800px-First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3061" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 77px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon_-_reprocessed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon_-_reprocessed.png/75px-First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon_-_reprocessed.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon_-_reprocessed.png/113px-First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon_-_reprocessed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon_-_reprocessed.png/150px-First_View_of_Earth_from_Moon_-_reprocessed.png 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="3673" /></a></span> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Die eerste foto van die Aarde geneem vanaf die Maan. Links is die oorspronklike foto, regs is digitaal omgeskakelde beeld deur LOIRP. </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanwentelprogram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowker, David E. and J. Kenrick Hughes, Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/book/lopam.pdf">[1]</a>, NASA SP-206 (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4308/ch10.htm#352">"Whole Earth"</a>. <i>Lunar Orbiter V</i>. NASA. 8 Augustus 1967. p. 352<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Desember</span> 2008</span>. <q>Clearly visible on the left side of the globe is the eastern half of Africa and the entire Arabian peninsula.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lunar+Orbiter+V&rft.atitle=Whole+Earth&rft.pages=352&rft.date=1967-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4308%2Fch10.htm%23352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMaanwentelprogram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFByers1977" class="citation web cs1">Byers, Bruce K. (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411153526/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/TM-3487/top.htm">"DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar Orbiter Program"</a>. NASA. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/TM-3487/top.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 11 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DESTINATION+MOON%3A+A+History+of+the+Lunar+Orbiter+Program&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1977-04&rft.aulast=Byers&rft.aufirst=Bruce+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FTM-3487%2Ftop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMaanwentelprogram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411153531/http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/programs/docs/prog-hist-01.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/programs/docs/prog-hist-01.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 11 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Desember</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nro.gov%2Fhistory%2Fcsnr%2Fprograms%2Fdocs%2Fprog-hist-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMaanwentelprogram" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-day20101129-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-day20101129_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDay2010" class="citation web cs1">Day, Dwayne A. (29 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1734/1">"Black Apollo"</a>. www.thespacereview.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 Desember</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Apollo&rft.pub=www.thespacereview.com&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Dwayne+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F1734%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMaanwentelprogram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFP._M._Muller,_W._L._Sjogren1968" class="citation journal cs1">P. M. Muller, W. L. Sjogren (1968). "Mascons: Lunar Mass Concentrations". <i>Science</i>. <b>161</b> (3842): 680–684. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...161..680M">1968Sci...161..680M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.161.3842.680">10.1126/science.161.3842.680</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17801458">17801458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mascons%3A+Lunar+Mass+Concentrations&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=3842&rft.pages=680-684&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17801458&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.161.3842.680&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Sci...161..680M&rft.au=P.+M.+Muller%2C+W.+L.+Sjogren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMaanwentelprogram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, T.P. (1970). Guide to Lunar Orbiter Photographs. Washington DC: NASA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/book/lopam.pdf">Bowker and Hughes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey J. Gillis, Paul D. Spudis, Mary Ann Hager, Mary Noel, Debra Rueb, and James Cohen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC99/pdf/1770.pdf">Digitized Lunar Orbiter IV Images: A Preliminary Step to Recording the Global Set of Lunar Oribter Images in Bowker & Hughes</a>, Lunar and Planetary Science XXX, Abstract #1770(1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey J. Gillis, Debra Rueb, James Cohen, and Mary Ann Hager, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC2000/pdf/1815.pdf">The Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas Digital Archive</a>, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI, Abstract #1815 (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L.R. Gaddis, T. Sucharski, T. Becker, and A. Gitlin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1892.pdf">Cartographic Processing of Digital Lunar Orbiter Data</a>, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Becker, L. Weller, L. Gaddis, D. Cook, B. Archinal, M. Rosiek, C. Isbell, T. Hare, R. Kirk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/2357.pdf">Lunar Orbiter Mosaic of the Moon</a>, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Weller, T. Becker, B. Archinal, A. Bennett, D. Cook, L. Gaddis, D. Galuszka, R. Kirk, B. Redding, D. Soltesz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/2092.pdf">USGS Lunar Orbiter Digitization Project: Updates and Status</a>, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-111408a.html">"Repaired data drives restoring the Moon"</a>. collectSPACE.com. 14 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Desember</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Repaired+data+drives+restoring+the+Moon&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectspace.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-111408a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMaanwentelprogram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moonviews.com/2014/02/">LOIRP Moon Views</a>, February 2014</span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maanwentelprogram" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Maanwentelprogram" title="Sjabloon:Maanwentelprogram"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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