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volume/issue, medical specialty or clinical topic</h1> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-1 pane-bmj-archive-home-articles" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Articles archive </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="intro-copy"> Every article published since the <em>The BMJ</em>’s first issue in 1840 is now available online. You can browse different print issues. In June 2008 <em>The BMJ</em> became a fully online first journal, with all articles published on the website in advance of print. You can browse all articles published online in consecutive seven day periods.</div> <h2 class="last-seven-days btn-link"> <a href="/archive/sevendays">Browse all articles from last 7 days</a></h2> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-issue-archive-years accordion-group" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Full online archive </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="issue-browser years"><li class="first"><a href="/archive/online/2025">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/online/2015">2015</a></li> <li><a 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href="/archive/online/1994">1994</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-issue-archive-years accordion-group" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Print archive: Jan 1994 - current </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="issue-browser years"><li class="first"><a href="/archive/print/2025">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1995">1995</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/archive/print/1994">1994</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-issue-archive-years accordion-group" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Print archive: Oct 1840 - Dec 1993 </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="issue-browser years"><li class="first"><a href="/archive/print/1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1976">1976</a></li> 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href="/archive/print/1955">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1953">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1952">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1949">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1947">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1939">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1938">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1935">1935</a></li> 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href="/archive/print/1914">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1913">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1912">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1911">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1910">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1909">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1908">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1907">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1906">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1904">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1903">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1902">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1900">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1899">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1898">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1897">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1896">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1895">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1894">1894</a></li> 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href="/archive/print/1873">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1872">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1871">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1870">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1869">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1868">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1867">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1866">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1865">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1864">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1863">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1861">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1860">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1859">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1858">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1857">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1856">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1854">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1853">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1852">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1851">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1850">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1848">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1847">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1846">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1845">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1844">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1843">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1842">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/print/1841">1841</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/archive/print/1840">1840</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-bmj-print-cover-archive accordion-group" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Print cover archive </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_bmj_print_cover_archive"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-issue-archive-issues" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-list-wrapper bmj-issue-cover"><div class="highwire-list"><ul class="bmj-issue-cover-list"><li class="first odd"><div class = "cover-issues"><div class = "cover-issues-hear">Current Issue:</div><div class = "cover-issue-image"><a href="/content/388/8457"><img class="issue-cover-bmj-archive-cover-full" src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/styles/bmj_archive_cover_full/public/highwire/bmj/388/8457.cover-source.jpg?itok=Ijvq71CA" /></a></div><div class = "cover-issue-date"><a href="/content/388/8457">February 22, 2025</a></div><div class = "cover-issue-meta">Vol. 388 Num. 8457</div></div></li><li class="even"><div class = "cover-issues"><div class = "cover-issues-hear">Recent Issues:</div><div class = "cover-issue-image"><a href="/content/388/8456"><img class="issue-cover-bmj-archive-cover-full" src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/styles/bmj_archive_cover_full/public/highwire/bmj/388/8456.cover-source.jpg?itok=DdqYaxKr" /></a></div><div class = "cover-issue-date"><a href="/content/388/8456">February 08, 2025</a></div><div class = "cover-issue-meta">Vol. 388 Num. 8456</div></div></li><li class="last odd"><div class = "cover-issues"><div class = "cover-issue-image"><a href="/content/388/8455"><img class="issue-cover-bmj-archive-cover-full" src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/styles/bmj_archive_cover_full/public/highwire/bmj/388/8455.cover-source.jpg?itok=uEPjN3kO" /></a></div><div class = "cover-issue-date"><a href="/content/388/8455">January 25, 2025</a></div><div class = "cover-issue-meta">Vol. 388 Num. 8455</div></div></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-issue-archive-years" > <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="issue-browser years"><li class="first"><a href="/archive/covers/2025">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/archive/covers/2003">2003</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/archive/covers/2002">2002</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-bmj-comments-archive" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Comment archive </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-bmj_comments_archive"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-2" > <div class="pane-content"> <h2 class="blog-archive btn-link"><a href="rapid-responses">Rapid responses archive</a></h2> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-3" > <div class="pane-content"> <h2 class="blog-archive btn-link"> <a href="//blogs.bmj.com/bmj">Blogs archive</a></h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-panel col-right col-md-6 col-lg-6"> <div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-bmj-archive-home-specialities" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Specialties </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-bmj_archive_home_specialities"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-4" > <div class="pane-content"> <p>You can browse specialties from across BMJ, including articles and resources from our specialty journals and BMJ Learning.<br /> Our topic and series collections consist of articles from <em>The BMJ</em> journal only.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet accordion-group" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Browse specialties from across BMJ </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="bmj-specialities-portal" id="bmj-specialities-portal"> <div class="snippet-content"> <div class="specialities specialities-children-col-1"> <div class="item-list"> 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