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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Allied surrender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forced March</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forced_March-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forced March subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forced_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualty_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualty_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Casualty estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualty_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_public_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_public_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wartime public responses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wartime_public_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wartime public responses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wartime_public_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War crimes trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_commemorations,_apologies,_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_commemorations,_apologies,_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-war commemorations, apologies, and memorials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_commemorations,_apologies,_and_memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-war commemorations, apologies, and memorials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_commemorations,_apologies,_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>New Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diego_Garcia,_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diego_Garcia,_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diego_Garcia,_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_captives_and_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_captives_and_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable captives and survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_captives_and_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bataan Death March</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataansk%C3%BD_pochod_smrti" title="Bataanský pochod smrti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bataanský pochod smrti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dsmarchen_p%C3%A5_Bataan" title="Dødsmarchen på Bataan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dødsmarchen på Bataan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todesmarsch_von_Bataan" title="Todesmarsch von Bataan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Todesmarsch von Bataan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_de_la_Muerte_de_Bata%C3%A1n" title="Marcha de la Muerte de Bataán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcha de la Muerte de Bataán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A2%D9%86" title="راه‌پیمایی مرگ باتاآن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه‌پیمایی مرگ باتاآن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche_de_la_mort_de_Bataan" title="Marche de la mort de Bataan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marche de la mort de Bataan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deademars_fan_Bataan" title="Deademars fan Bataan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Deademars fan Bataan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%94%ED%83%84_%ED%96%89%EC%A7%84" title="죽음의 바탄 행진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="죽음의 바탄 행진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81" title="Մահվան երթ Բաթաանից – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահվան երթ Բաթաանից" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawai_Kematian_Bataan" title="Pawai Kematian Bataan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pawai Kematian Bataan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_della_morte_di_Bataan" title="Marcia della morte di Bataan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcia della morte di Bataan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="צעדת המוות בבטאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צעדת המוות בבטאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ბატაანის სასიკვდილო მარში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბატაანის სასიკვდილო მარში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataanas_N%C4%81ves_mar%C5%A1s" title="Bataanas Nāves maršs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bataanas Nāves maršs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodenmars_van_Bataan" title="Dodenmars van Bataan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dodenmars van Bataan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%AD%BB%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%B2" title="バターン死の行進 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バターン死の行進" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dsmarsjen_fra_Bataan" title="Dødsmarsjen fra Bataan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dødsmarsjen fra Bataan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataa%C5%84ski_marsz_%C5%9Bmierci" title="Bataański marsz śmierci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bataański marsz śmierci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_da_Morte_de_Bataan" title="Marcha da Morte de Bataan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcha da Morte de Bataan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C8%99ul_mor%C8%9Bii_din_Bataan" title="Marșul morții din Bataan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marșul morții din Bataan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Батаанский марш смерти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Батаанский марш смерти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bataan Death March" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataanski_pohod_smrti" title="Bataanski pohod smrti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bataanski pohod smrti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataanin_kuolemanmarssi" title="Bataanin kuolemanmarssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bataanin kuolemanmarssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6dsmarschen_fr%C3%A5n_Bataan" title="Dödsmarschen från Bataan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dödsmarschen från Bataan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martsa_ng_Kamatayan_sa_Bataan" title="Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="การเดินมรณะบาตาอัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเดินมรณะบาตาอัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm_y%C3%BCr%C3%BCy%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Bataan ölüm yürüyüşü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bataan ölüm yürüyüşü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1942 Japanese war crime in the Philippines</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bataan Death March</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades,_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/300px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/450px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/600px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2199" /></a></span><br />A burial detail of American and Filipino prisoners of war uses improvised litters to carry fallen comrades at <a href="/wiki/Camp_O%27Donnell" title="Camp O'Donnell">Camp O'Donnell</a>, Capas, Tarlac, 1942, following the Bataan Death March.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9–17 April 1942</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Mariveles,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariveles, Bataan">Mariveles, Bataan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagac,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagac, Bataan">Bagac, Bataan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Capas,_Tarlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Capas, Tarlac">Capas, Tarlac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzon Island">Luzon Island</a>, Philippines</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Exact figures are unknown. Estimates range from 5,500 to 18,650 <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POW</a> deaths.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bataan Death March</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the forcible transfer by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> of 75,000<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American and Filipino <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POW) from the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Bagac" title="Bagac">Bagac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariveles" title="Mariveles">Mariveles</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> Peninsula to <a href="/wiki/Camp_O%27Donnell" title="Camp O'Donnell">Camp O'Donnell</a> via <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando</a>. </p><p>The transfer began on 9 April 1942 after the three-month <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a> in the Philippines during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The total distance marched from Mariveles to San Fernando and from the Capas Train Station to various camps was 65 miles (105 km). Sources also report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching Camp O'Donnell: from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march. </p><p>The march was characterized by severe <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> and wanton killings. POWs who fell or were caught on the ground were shot. After the war, the Japanese commander, General <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Homma" title="Masaharu Homma">Masaharu Homma</a> and two of his officers, Major General Yoshitaka Kawane and Colonel Kurataro Hirano, were tried by United States <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military commissions</a> for war crimes and sentenced to death on charges of failing to prevent their <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">subordinates from committing atrocities</a>. Homma was executed in 1946, and Kawane and Hirano in 1949. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_discusses_surrender.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/King_discusses_surrender.gif/220px-King_discusses_surrender.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/King_discusses_surrender.gif/330px-King_discusses_surrender.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/King_discusses_surrender.gif/440px-King_discusses_surrender.gif 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._King" title="Edward P. King">Edward P. King</a> discusses surrender terms with Japanese officers to end the Battle of Bataan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> returned to active duty, the latest revision of plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands—<a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange 3</a> (WPO-3)—was politically unrealistic, as it assumed a conflict only involving the United States and Japan, not the combined <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. However, the plan was tactically sound, and its provisions for defense were applicable under any local situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under WPO-3, the mission of the Philippine <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> was to hold the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> and deny its use to Japanese naval forces. If the enemy prevailed, the Americans were to hold back the Japanese advance while withdrawing to the <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> Peninsula, which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay. It was to be defended to the "last extremity".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacArthur assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> army in July 1941 and rejected WPO-3 as defeatist, preferring a more aggressive course of action.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recommended—among other things—a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago. His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main force of General <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Homma" title="Masaharu Homma">Masaharu Homma</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Fourteenth_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Fourteenth Area Army">14th Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf">came ashore at Lingayen Gulf</a> on the morning of 22 December 1941. The defenders failed to hold the beaches. By the end of the day, the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain. Late in the afternoon of 23 December General <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)" title="Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)">Jonathan Wainwright</a> telephoned MacArthur's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and informed him that any further defense of the <a href="/wiki/Lingayen" title="Lingayen">Lingayen</a> beaches was "impracticable". He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the <a href="/wiki/Agno_River" title="Agno River">Agno River</a>. MacArthur decided to abandon his own plan for defense and revert to WPO-3, evacuating President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, High Commissioner Francis B. Sayre, their families, and his own headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a> on 24 December. A rear echelon, headed by the deputy chief of staff, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marshall_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Richard Marshall (United States Army officer)">Richard J. Marshall</a>, remained behind in Manila to close out the headquarters and to supervise the shipment of supplies and the evacuation of the remaining troops.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 December Manila was officially declared an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a>, and MacArthur's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a> began on 7 January 1942 and continued until 9 April when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East" title="United States Army Forces in the Far East">United States Army Forces in the Far East</a> (USAFFE) commander, Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._King" title="Edward P. King">Edward P. King</a>, surrendered to Colonel Mootoo Nakayama of the 14th Army.<sup id="cite_ref-GMA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King went against his superior's orders and told his troops to lay down their arms, accepting personal responsibility for the surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made the following statement: "You men remember this. You did not surrender … you had no alternative but to obey my order."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_surrender">Allied surrender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Allied surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homma and his staff encountered almost twice as many captives as his reports had estimated, creating an enormous <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistical</a> challenge: the transport and movement of over 60,000 starved, sick, wounded and debilitated prisoners and over 38,000 equally weakened civilian noncombatants who had been caught up in the battle. He wanted to move the prisoners and refugees to the north to get them out of the way of Homma's final assault on Corregidor, but there was simply not enough mechanized transport for the wounded, sick, and weakened masses.<sup id="cite_ref-woolfe_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woolfe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forced_March">Forced March</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forced March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataan_Death_March_route_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bataan_Death_March_route_vector.svg/220px-Bataan_Death_March_route_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bataan_Death_March_route_vector.svg/330px-Bataan_Death_March_route_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bataan_Death_March_route_vector.svg/440px-Bataan_Death_March_route_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Route of the death march. The section from <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando</a> to <a href="/wiki/Capas" title="Capas">Capas</a> was by rail cars.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_March_of_Death._Along_the_March_(on_which)_these_prisoners_were_photographed,_they_have_their_hands_tied_behind..._-_NARA_-_532548.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_March_of_Death._Along_the_March_%28on_which%29_these_prisoners_were_photographed%2C_they_have_their_hands_tied_behind..._-_NARA_-_532548.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_March_of_Death._Along_the_March_%28on_which%29_these_prisoners_were_photographed%2C_they_have_their_hands_tied_behind..._-_NARA_-_532548.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_March_of_Death._Along_the_March_%28on_which%29_these_prisoners_were_photographed%2C_they_have_their_hands_tied_behind..._-_NARA_-_532548.tif/lossy-page1-330px-The_March_of_Death._Along_the_March_%28on_which%29_these_prisoners_were_photographed%2C_they_have_their_hands_tied_behind..._-_NARA_-_532548.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_March_of_Death._Along_the_March_%28on_which%29_these_prisoners_were_photographed%2C_they_have_their_hands_tied_behind..._-_NARA_-_532548.tif/lossy-page1-440px-The_March_of_Death._Along_the_March_%28on_which%29_these_prisoners_were_photographed%2C_they_have_their_hands_tied_behind..._-_NARA_-_532548.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners photographed during the march. They have their hands tied behind their backs. They are (left to right): Pvt Samuel Stenzler (d. May 1942); Pvt Frank Spears (killed June 1945); Capt John McDonnell Gallagher who died shortly after this picture was taken 9 April 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantingan_Burials_extract_NARA_RG_92_Box_410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pantingan_Burials_extract_NARA_RG_92_Box_410.jpg/220px-Pantingan_Burials_extract_NARA_RG_92_Box_410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pantingan_Burials_extract_NARA_RG_92_Box_410.jpg/330px-Pantingan_Burials_extract_NARA_RG_92_Box_410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pantingan_Burials_extract_NARA_RG_92_Box_410.jpg/440px-Pantingan_Burials_extract_NARA_RG_92_Box_410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Portion of Bataan <a href="/wiki/Burial#Exhumation" title="Burial">disinterment</a> map highlighting the site of the <a href="/wiki/Pantingan_River_massacre" title="Pantingan River massacre">Panintingan massacre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the surrender of Bataan on 9 April 1942 to the Imperial Japanese Army, prisoners were amassed in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Mariveles" title="Mariveles">Mariveles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagac" title="Bagac">Bagac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GMA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Falk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were ordered to turn over their possessions. American Lieutenant Kermit Lay recounted how this was done: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>They pulled us off into a rice paddy and began shaking us down. There [were] about a hundred of us so it took time to get to all of us. Everyone had pulled their pockets wrong side out and laid all their things out in front. They were taking jewelry and doing a lot of slapping. I laid out my New Testament. ... After the shakedown, the Japs took an officer and two enlisted men behind a rice shack and shot them. The men who had been next to them said they had Japanese souvenirs and money.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberger_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberger-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:37</sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Fernando_station_Death_March_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/San_Fernando_station_Death_March_Memorial.jpg/150px-San_Fernando_station_Death_March_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/San_Fernando_station_Death_March_Memorial.jpg/225px-San_Fernando_station_Death_March_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/San_Fernando_station_Death_March_Memorial.jpg/300px-San_Fernando_station_Death_March_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>San Fernando station (Pampanga) April 1942 monument</figcaption></figure> <p>Word quickly spread among the prisoners to conceal or destroy any Japanese money or mementos, as their captors would assume it had been stolen from dead Japanese soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberger_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberger-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:37</sup> American soldier Bert Bank recalls: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of the POWs had a ring on and the Japanese guard attempted to get the ring off. He couldn't get it off and he took a machete and cut the man's wrist off and when he did that, of course the man was bleeding profusely. [I tried to help him] but when I looked back I saw a Japanese guard sticking a bayonet through his stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Prisoners started out from Mariveles on 10 April and from Bagac on 11 April, converging in <a href="/wiki/Pilar,_Bataan" title="Pilar, Bataan">Pilar</a> and heading north to the San Fernando railhead.<sup id="cite_ref-GMA_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners were put in groups of 100 men each, with four Japanese guards per group.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning, there were rare instances of kindness by Japanese officers and those Japanese soldiers who spoke English, such as the sharing of food and cigarettes and permitting personal possessions to be kept. One prisoner who'd been a star football player at Notre Dame had his class ring taken by a guard. It was later returned by a Japanese officer who attended Notre Dame rival USC, had seen him play and had admired his athletic skills. This, however, was quickly followed by unrelenting brutality, theft, and even knocking men's teeth out for gold fillings, as the common Japanese soldier had also suffered in the battle for Bataan and had nothing but disgust and hatred for his "captives" (Japan did not recognize these people as POWs).<sup id="cite_ref-woolfe_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woolfe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first atrocity—attributed to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Masanobu_Tsuji" title="Masanobu Tsuji">Masanobu Tsuji</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—occurred when approximately 350 to 400 Filipino officers and non-commissioned officers under his supervision were <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily executed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pantingan_River_massacre" title="Pantingan River massacre">Pantingan River massacre</a> after they had surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman,_Michael_and_Norman,_Elizabeth_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman,_Michael_and_Norman,_Elizabeth-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lansford-157-158_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lansford-157-158-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsuji—acting against General Homma's wishes that the prisoners be transferred peacefully—had issued clandestine orders to Japanese officers to summarily execute all American "captives".<sup id="cite_ref-woolfe_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woolfe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some Japanese officers ignored the orders, others were receptive to the idea of murdering POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the march, prisoners received little food or water, and many died.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lansford-159-160-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were subjected to severe <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a>, including beatings and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the march, the "sun treatment" was a common form of torture. Prisoners were forced to sit in sweltering direct sunlight without helmets or other head coverings. Anyone who asked for water was shot dead. Some men were told to strip naked or sit within sight of fresh, cool water.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberger_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberger-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:40</sup> Trucks drove over some of those who fell or succumbed to fatigue,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "cleanup crews" killed those too weak to continue, though trucks picked up some of those too fatigued to go on. Prisoners were randomly stabbed with bayonets or beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the surviving prisoners arrived in <a href="/wiki/Balanga,_Bataan" title="Balanga, Bataan">Balanga</a>, the overcrowded conditions and poor hygiene caused <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and other diseases to spread rapidly. The Japanese did not provide the prisoners with medical care, so U.S. medical personnel tended to the sick and wounded with few or no supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lansford-159-160-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon arrival at the San Fernando railhead, prisoners were stuffed into sweltering, brutally hot metal box cars for the one-hour trip to Capas, in 43 °C (110 °F) heat. At least 100 prisoners were pushed into each of the unventilated boxcars. The trains had no sanitation facilities, and disease continued to take a heavy toll on the prisoners. According to Staff Sergeant Alf Larson: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The train consisted of six or seven World War I-era boxcars. ... They packed us in the cars like sardines, so tight you couldn't sit down. Then they shut the door. If you passed out, you couldn't fall down. If someone had to go to the toilet, you went right there where you were. It was close to summer and the weather was hot and humid, hotter than Billy Blazes! We were on the train from early morning to late afternoon without getting out. People died in the railroad cars.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberger_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberger-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:45</sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Upon arrival at the Capas train station, they were forced to walk the final 9 miles (14 km) to <a href="/wiki/Camp_O%27Donnell" title="Camp O'Donnell">Camp O'Donnell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lansford-159-160-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after arriving at Camp O'Donnell, the survivors of the march continued to die at rates of up to several hundred per day, which amounted to a death toll of as many as 20,000 Americans and Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the dead were buried in mass graves that the Japanese had dug behind the barbed wire surrounding the compound.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the estimated 80,000 POWs at the march, only 54,000 made it to Camp O'Donnell.<sup id="cite_ref-interaksyon1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interaksyon1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total distance of the march from Mariveles to San Fernando and from Capas to Camp O'Donnell is variously reported by differing sources as between 60 and 69.6 miles (96.6 and 112.0 km).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-interaksyon1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interaksyon1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S&S_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&S-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Death March was later judged by an <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military commission</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualty_estimates">Casualty estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Casualty estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg/220px-March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg/330px-March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg/440px-March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Fallen soldiers during the Death March</figcaption></figure> <p>In an attempt to calculate the number of deaths during the march on the basis of evidence, Stanley L. Falk takes the number of American and Filipino troops known to have been present in Bataan at the start of April, subtracts the number known to have escaped to Corregidor and the number known to have remained in the hospital at Bataan. He makes a conservative estimate of the number killed in the final days of fighting and of the number who fled into the jungle rather than surrender to the Japanese. On this basis he suggests 600 to 650 American deaths and 5,000 to 10,000 Filipino deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources report death numbers ranging from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman,_Michael_and_Norman,_Elizabeth_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman,_Michael_and_Norman,_Elizabeth-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lansford-159-160-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S&S_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&S-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bataanmuseum_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bataanmuseum-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-herman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-horner_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horner-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_public_responses">Wartime public responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wartime public responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Japan2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anti-Japan2.png/220px-Anti-Japan2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anti-Japan2.png/330px-Anti-Japan2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anti-Japan2.png/440px-Anti-Japan2.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>News of the Bataan Death March sparked outrage in the US, as reflected in this poster.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayward,_California._As_Bataan_fell,_as_recorded_in_these_newspapers_of_April_9,_1942,_evacuation_o_._._._-_NARA_-_536016.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hayward%2C_California._As_Bataan_fell%2C_as_recorded_in_these_newspapers_of_April_9%2C_1942%2C_evacuation_o_._._._-_NARA_-_536016.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Hayward%2C_California._As_Bataan_fell%2C_as_recorded_in_these_newspapers_of_April_9%2C_1942%2C_evacuation_o_._._._-_NARA_-_536016.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hayward%2C_California._As_Bataan_fell%2C_as_recorded_in_these_newspapers_of_April_9%2C_1942%2C_evacuation_o_._._._-_NARA_-_536016.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Hayward%2C_California._As_Bataan_fell%2C_as_recorded_in_these_newspapers_of_April_9%2C_1942%2C_evacuation_o_._._._-_NARA_-_536016.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hayward%2C_California._As_Bataan_fell%2C_as_recorded_in_these_newspapers_of_April_9%2C_1942%2C_evacuation_o_._._._-_NARA_-_536016.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Hayward%2C_California._As_Bataan_fell%2C_as_recorded_in_these_newspapers_of_April_9%2C_1942%2C_evacuation_o_._._._-_NARA_-_536016.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>Newspapers in a <a href="/wiki/Hayward,_California" title="Hayward, California">Hayward, California</a> newsstand, after the fall of Bataan</figcaption></figure> <p>It was not until 27 January 1944 that the U.S. government informed the American public about the march, when it released sworn statements of military officers who had escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, the stories of these officers were featured in a <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i> magazine</a> article.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bataan Death March and other Japanese actions were used to arouse fury in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America would go on to avenge its defeat that occurred in the Philippines during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a> in October 1944. U.S. and Filipino forces went on to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan_(1945)" title="Battle of Bataan (1945)">recapture the Bataan Peninsula</a> in January 1945, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila was liberated</a> in early March.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> made the following statement: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>These brutal reprisals upon helpless victims evidence the shallow advance from savagery which the Japanese people have made. ... We serve notice upon the Japanese military and political leaders as well as the Japanese people that the future of the Japanese race itself, depends entirely and irrevocably upon their capacity to progress beyond their aboriginal barbaric instincts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an attempt to counter the American propaganda value of the march, the Japanese had <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a></i> report that the prisoners were treated humanely and their death rate had to be attributed to the intransigence of the American commanders who did not surrender until the men were on the verge of death.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes_trial">War crimes trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War crimes trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292609.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292609.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292609.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292609.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292609.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292609.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292609.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Japanese War Crimes Trials in Manila, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1945, Homma was arrested by Allied troops and indicted for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sandler-420_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler-420-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was charged with 43 separate counts, but the verdict did not distinguish among them, leaving some doubt over whether he was found guilty of them all.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homma was found guilty of permitting members of his command to commit "brutal atrocities and other high crimes".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general, who had been absorbed in his efforts to capture Corregidor after the fall of Bataan, claimed in his defense that he remained ignorant of the high death toll of the death march until two months after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homma's verdict was predicated on the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Respondeat_superior" title="Respondeat superior">respondeat superior</a></i> but with an added liability standard, since the latter could not be rebutted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 February 1946 he was sentenced to death by firing squad and was executed on 3 April outside Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-sandler-420_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler-420-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsuji, who had directly ordered the killing of POWs, fled to China from Thailand when the war ended to escape the British authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Homma's subordinates, Major General Yoshitaka Kawane and Colonel Kurataro Hirano, were prosecuted by an <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_War_Crimes_Trials" title="Yokohama War Crimes Trials">American military commission in Yokohama</a> in 1948, using evidence presented at the Homma trial. They were sentenced to death by hanging and executed at <a href="/wiki/Sugamo_Prison" title="Sugamo Prison">Sugamo Prison</a> on 12 June 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_commemorations,_apologies,_and_memorials"><span id="Post-war_commemorations.2C_apologies.2C_and_memorials"></span>Post-war commemorations, apologies, and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-war commemorations, apologies, and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Bataan_Death_March_victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Bataan Death March victims">Memorials to Bataan Death March victims</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataan_Death_March_Memorial_Las_Cruces_NM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bataan_Death_March_Memorial_Las_Cruces_NM.jpg/220px-Bataan_Death_March_Memorial_Las_Cruces_NM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bataan_Death_March_Memorial_Las_Cruces_NM.jpg/330px-Bataan_Death_March_Memorial_Las_Cruces_NM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bataan_Death_March_Memorial_Las_Cruces_NM.jpg/440px-Bataan_Death_March_Memorial_Las_Cruces_NM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Bataan Death March Memorial featuring Filipino and American soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces_Veterans_Memorial_Park" title="Las Cruces Veterans Memorial Park">Veterans Memorial Park</a> in Las Cruces, New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 September 2010 Japanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Katsuya_Okada" title="Katsuya Okada">Katsuya Okada</a> apologized to a group of six former American soldiers who had been held as prisoners of war by the Japanese, including 90-year-old Lester Tenney and Robert Rosendahl, both survivors of the Bataan Death March. The six, their families, and the families of two deceased soldiers were invited to visit Japan at the expense of the Japanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, film producer Jan Thompson created a film documentary about the Death March, POW camps, and <a href="/wiki/Hell_ship#Japanese_hell_ships" title="Hell ship">Japanese hell ships</a> titled <i>Never the Same: The Prisoner-of-War Experience</i>. The film reproduced scenes of the camps and ships, showed drawings and writings of the prisoners, and featured <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Swit" title="Loretta Swit">Loretta Swit</a> as the narrator.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dozens of memorials (including monuments, plaques, and schools) dedicated to the prisoners who died during the Bataan Death March exist across the United States and in the Philippines. A wide variety of commemorative events are held to honor the victims, including holidays, athletic events such as <a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">ultramarathons</a>, and memorial ceremonies held at military cemeteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Mexico">New Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24th_annual_Bataan_Memorial_Death_March_marathon_130317-A-UK859-128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/24th_annual_Bataan_Memorial_Death_March_marathon_130317-A-UK859-128.jpg/220px-24th_annual_Bataan_Memorial_Death_March_marathon_130317-A-UK859-128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/24th_annual_Bataan_Memorial_Death_March_marathon_130317-A-UK859-128.jpg/330px-24th_annual_Bataan_Memorial_Death_March_marathon_130317-A-UK859-128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/24th_annual_Bataan_Memorial_Death_March_marathon_130317-A-UK859-128.jpg/440px-24th_annual_Bataan_Memorial_Death_March_marathon_130317-A-UK859-128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The 2013 Bataan Memorial Death March at the White Sands Missile Range</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bataan Death March had a large impact on <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given that many of the American soldiers in Bataan were from that state, specifically from the <a href="/wiki/200th_Coast_Artillery_(AA)" class="mw-redirect" title="200th Coast Artillery (AA)">200th</a> and <a href="/wiki/515th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="515th Coast Artillery (United States)">515th</a> Coast Artillery of the National Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_National_Guard" title="New Mexico National Guard">New Mexico National Guard</a> Bataan Memorial Museum is located in the armory where the soldiers of the 200th and 515th were processed before their deployment to the Philippines in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old state capitol building of New Mexico was renamed the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Capitol#1900_Capitol_(Bataan_Memorial_Building)" title="New Mexico State Capitol">Bataan Memorial Building</a> and now houses several state government agency offices.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year in early spring, the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Memorial_Death_March" title="Bataan Memorial Death March">Bataan Memorial Death March</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon-length</a> 26.2-mile (42.2 km) march/run, is conducted at the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 March 2017, over 6,300 participants queued up at the starting line for the 28th annual event, breaking the previous record of attendance as well as the amount of non-perishable food collected for local food pantries and overall charitable goods donated. </p><p>The 200th and 515th Coast Artillery units had 1,816 men total. 829 died in battle, while prisoners, or immediately after liberation. There were 987 survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-museum1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, only four of these veterans remained alive.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diego_Garcia,_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"><span id="Diego_Garcia.2C_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"></span>Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the large population of Filipino workers on the island of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a>, an annual memorial march is held. The date varies, but the marchers leave from the marina around 06:00 traveling by boat to Barton Point, where they proceed south to the plantation ruins. The memorial march is conducted by Filipino workers, British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Police" title="Royal Military Police">Royal Military Police</a>, and United States sailors from various commands across the island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_captives_and_survivors">Notable captives and survivors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable captives and survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agdamag" title="José Agdamag">José Agdamag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing" title="Ramon Bagatsing">Ramon Bagatsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Bank" title="Bert Bank">Bert Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_C._Beebe" title="Lewis C. Beebe">Lewis C. Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Benini" title="Bull Benini">Bull Benini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Bluemel" title="Clifford Bluemel">Clifford Bluemel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_J._Bollich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James J. Bollich (page does not exist)">James J. Bollich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Braun" title="Albert Braun">Albert Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Breslin" title="Thomas F. Breslin">Thomas F. Breslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Brougher" title="William E. Brougher">William E. Brougher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brown_(American_veteran)" title="Albert Brown (American veteran)">Albert Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Calugas" title="Jose Calugas">Jose Calugas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Casta%C3%B1eda" title="Mariano Castañeda">Mariano Castañeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateo_M._Capinpin" title="Mateo M. Capinpin">Mateo Capinpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_S._Churchill" title="Lawrence S. Churchill">Lawrence S. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_N._Cordero_Jr." title="Virgilio N. Cordero Jr.">Virgilio N. Cordero Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagio_Cruz" title="Pelagio Cruz">Pelagio Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Drake" title="Charles C. Drake">Charles C. Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Dyess" title="William E. Dyess">William Dyess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_R._Fitch" title="Alva R. Fitch">Alva R. Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halstead_C._Fowler" title="Halstead C. Fowler">Halstead C. Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_B._Francisco" title="Guillermo B. Francisco">Guillermo B. Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Funk" title="Arnold J. Funk">Arnold J. Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gison" title="Martin Gison">Martin Gison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Goldblith" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel A. Goldblith">Samuel A. Goldblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Gozar" title="Jose Gozar">Jose Gozar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Grashio" title="Samuel Grashio">Samuel Grashio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Howard" title="Samuel L. Howard">Samuel L. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Hunt" title="Ray C. Hunt">Ray C. Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Jalandoni" title="Rafael Jalandoni">Rafael Jalandoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delfin_Jaranilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Delfin Jaranilla">Delfin Jaranilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Keith_Johnson" title="Harold Keith Johnson">Harold Keith Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Jones" title="Albert M. Jones">Albert M. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kieyoomia" title="Joe Kieyoomia">Joe Kieyoomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._King" title="Edward P. King">Edward P. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Monroe_Knowles" title="Jesse Monroe Knowles">Jesse Monroe Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Lawrence" title="Charles S. Lawrence">Charles S. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxon_S._Lough" title="Maxon S. Lough">Maxon S. Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Levering" title="Robert W. Levering">Robert W. Levering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_B._Lingad" title="Jose B. Lingad">Jose B. Lingad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_C._McBride" title="Allan C. McBride">Allan C. McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Moore_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="George F. Moore (United States Army officer)">George F. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Olson" title="John E. Olson">John E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Parker_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="George M. Parker (United States Army officer)">George M. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_A._Pierce" title="Clinton A. Pierce">Clinton A. Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Poe_Sr." title="Fernando Poe Sr.">Fernando Poe Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Quirino" title="Carlos Quirino">Carlos Quirino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_A._Rodolfo_Sr." title="Salvador A. Rodolfo Sr.">Salvador A. Rodolfo Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejo_Santos" title="Alejo Santos">Alejo Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_M._Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo M. Santos">Alfredo M. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Segundo" title="Fidel Segundo">Fidel Segundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_A._Selleck" title="Clyde A. Selleck">Clyde A. Selleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Shofner" title="Austin Shofner">Austin Shofner</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_R._Stevens" title="Luther R. Stevens">Luther R. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_G._Tabora" title="Benigno G. Tabora">Benigno G. Tabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Taylor" title="Robert P. Taylor">Robert P. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tonelli" title="Mario Tonelli">Mario Tonelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._H._Trapnell" title="Thomas J. H. Trapnell">Thomas J. H. Trapnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Vargas_(general)" title="Jesus Vargas (general)">Jesus Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R.N._Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="James R.N. Weaver">James R.N. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wermuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Wermuth">Arthur Wermuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Whitcomb" title="Edgar Whitcomb">Edgar Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wing" title="Paul Wing">Paul Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_T._Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel T. Yan">Manuel T. Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Yldefonso" title="Teófilo Yldefonso">Teófilo Yldefonso</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Philippines (1941–42)">Battle of the Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_at_Cabanatuan" title="Raid at Cabanatuan">Raid at Cabanatuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Raid" title="The Great Raid">The Great Raid</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_(1945)" title="The March (1945)">The March (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Bataan_(CVL-29)" title="USS Bataan (CVL-29)">USS <i>Bataan</i> (CVL-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Bataan_(LHD-5)" title="USS Bataan (LHD-5)">USS <i>Bataan</i> (LHD-5)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Valor" title="Women of Valor">Women of Valor</a></i> (1986)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Marcha fatal de Bataán</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>: <i lang="pam">Martsa ning Kematayan king Bataan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>: <i lang="ilo">Bataan Marso ti Ipapatay</i>; <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>: <i lang="pag">Panagmartsa na Patey ed Bataan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">バターン死の行進</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Batān Shi no Kōshin</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHistory2009" class="citation web cs1">History (November 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bataan-death-march">"Bataan Death March"</a>. <i>history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Bataan+Death+March&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.au=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fworld-war-ii%2Fbataan-death-march&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Louis (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224161349/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm"><i>The Fall of the Philippines</i></a>. US Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_Contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span> p.61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Louis (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224161349/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm"><i>The Fall of the Philippines</i></a>. US Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_Contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span> p.62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Kevin C. (2014). <i>Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat, Travail and Memory</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9681-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9681-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-9681-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Bataan+Death+March%3A+Defeat%2C+Travail+and+Memory&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9681-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Louis (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224161349/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm"><i>The Fall of the Philippines</i></a>. US Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_Contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span> p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Louis (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224161349/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm"><i>The Fall of the Philippines</i></a>. US Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_Contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span> p.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Louis (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224161349/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm"><i>The Fall of the Philippines</i></a>. US Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_Contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span> p.232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GMA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GMA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsconde2012" class="citation web cs1">Esconde, Ernie B. (April 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/254296/lifestyle/artandculture/ww2-historical-markers-remind-pinoys-of-bataan-s-role-on-day-of-valor">"WW2 historical markers remind Pinoys of Bataan's role on Day of Valor"</a>. <i>GMA Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+Network&rft.atitle=WW2+historical+markers+remind+Pinoys+of+Bataan%27s+role+on+Day+of+Valor&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft.aulast=Esconde&rft.aufirst=Ernie+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F254296%2Flifestyle%2Fartandculture%2Fww2-historical-markers-remind-pinoys-of-bataan-s-role-on-day-of-valor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendon2024" class="citation web cs1">Lendon, Brad (April 3, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/bataan-death-march-intl-hnk-ml-dst/index.html">"A double dose of hell: The Bataan Death March and what came next"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+double+dose+of+hell%3A+The+Bataan+Death+March+and+what+came+next&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=Lendon&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Fbataan-death-march-intl-hnk-ml-dst%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woolfe-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woolfe_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woolfe_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woolfe_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfe2016" class="citation book cs1">Woolfe, Raymond G. Jr. (2016). <i>The Doomed Horse Soldiers of Bataan: The Incredible Stand of the 26th Cavalry</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4534-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomed+Horse+Soldiers+of+Bataan%3A+The+Incredible+Stand+of+the+26th+Cavalry&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4534-1&rft.aulast=Woolfe&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard,_Preston_John1990" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Preston John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nucrbGjY_GoC&pg=PA87"><i>Apocalypse Undone: My Survival of Japanese Imprisonment During World War II</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1401-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1401-1"><bdi>978-0-8265-1401-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Undone%3A+My+Survival+of+Japanese+Imprisonment+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1401-1&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Preston+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnucrbGjY_GoC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilek,_Anton_(Tony)2003" class="citation book cs1">Bilek, Anton (Tony) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5q3Mk6Bx0lsC&pg=PA51"><i>No Uncle Sam: The Forgotten of Bataan</i></a>. Kent State University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-768-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-768-2"><bdi>978-0-87338-768-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Uncle+Sam%3A+The+Forgotten+of+Bataan&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-768-2&rft.au=Bilek%2C+Anton+%28Tony%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5q3Mk6Bx0lsC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falk_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1962" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Stanley L. (1962). <i>Bataan: The March of Death</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084550">1084550</a>. <q>On April 11th, once the surrender of the I Corps was completed, the Filipino and American troops in western Bataan began their slow assembly. From the front lines south of the Pilar-Bagac road and from the jungle slopes of the Mariveles Mountains, they straggled in disorganized groups to the West Road. Then they went either north or south, to Bagac or Mariveles, an uncoordinated mass of men and vehicles moving with little direction from the Japanese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bataan%3A+The+March+of+Death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084550&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenberger-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenberger_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenberger_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenberger_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenberger_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberger2009" class="citation book cs1">Greenberger, Robert (2009). <i>The Bataan Death March: World War II Prisoners in the Pacific</i>. Compass Point Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4095-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4095-1"><bdi>978-0-7565-4095-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bataan+Death+March%3A+World+War+II+Prisoners+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-4095-1&rft.aulast=Greenberger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bataan-masaharu-homma-and-japanese-atrocities/">"Bataan Rescue: Masaharu Homma and Japanese Atrocities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602192028/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bataan-masaharu-homma-and-japanese-atrocities/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bataan+Rescue%3A+Masaharu+Homma+and+Japanese+Atrocities&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fbataan-masaharu-homma-and-japanese-atrocities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603215139/http://www.us-japandialogueonpows.org/Nelson.htm">"US-Japan Dialogue on POWs"</a>. <i>www.us-japandialogueonpows.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us-japandialogueonpows.org/Nelson.htm">the original</a> on June 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.us-japandialogueonpows.org&rft.atitle=US-Japan+Dialogue+on+POWs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us-japandialogueonpows.org%2FNelson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman,_Michael_and_Norman,_Elizabeth-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman,_Michael_and_Norman,_Elizabeth_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman,_Michael_and_Norman,_Elizabeth_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman,_MichaelNorman,_Elizabeth2009" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Michael & Norman, Elizabeth (June 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tearsindarknesst00norm"><i>Tears in the Darkness</i></a> (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27260-9"><bdi>978-0-374-27260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tears+in+the+Darkness&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft.isbn=978-0-374-27260-9&rft.au=Norman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Norman%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftearsindarknesst00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lansford-157-158-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lansford-157-158_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford,_Tom2001" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC&pg=PA157">"Bataan Death March"</a>. In Sandler, Stanley (ed.). <i>World War II in the Pacific: an encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-1883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bataan+Death+March&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1883-5&rft.au=Lansford%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-027Yrx12UC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin C. Murphy, <i>Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat, Travail and Memory</i>, pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lansford-159-160-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lansford-159-160_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford,_Tom2001" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC&pg=PA159">"Bataan Death March"</a>. In Sandler, Stanley (ed.). <i>World War II in the Pacific: an encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 159–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-1883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bataan+Death+March&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=159-60&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1883-5&rft.au=Lansford%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-027Yrx12UC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013704/Bataan-Death-March#84289">"Bataan Death March. Britannica Encyclopedia Online"</a>. Britannica.com. April 9, 1942<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bataan+Death+March.+Britannica+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=1942-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9013704%2FBataan-Death-March%2384289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberger,_Robert2009" class="citation book cs1">Greenberger, Robert (2009). <i>The Bataan Death March: World War II Prisoners in the Pacific</i>. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bataan+Death+March%3A+World+War+II+Prisoners+in+the+Pacific&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Greenberger%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle,_Robert_C.2010" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Robert C. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemyinourhandsa0000doyl"><i>The enemy in our hands: America's treatment of enemy prisoners of war from the Revolution to the War on Terror</i></a></span>. University Press of Kentucky. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2589-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-2589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enemy+in+our+hands%3A+America%27s+treatment+of+enemy+prisoners+of+war+from+the+Revolution+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2589-3&rft.au=Doyle%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenemyinourhandsa0000doyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt,_Eugene_P.2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Eugene P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBmpW0_6MTYC"><i>Bataan: a survivor's story</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3582-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bataan%3A+a+survivor%27s+story&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3582-3&rft.au=Hoyt%2C+Eugene+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBmpW0_6MTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Sidney1957" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Sidney (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giveusthisday00stew"><i>Give Us This Day</i></a></span> (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31921-7"><bdi>978-0-393-31921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+Us+This+Day&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31921-7&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiveusthisday00stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/philippines/odonnell/provost_rpt.html">"O'Donnell Provost Marshal Report"</a>. <i>www.mansell.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mansell.com&rft.atitle=O%27Donnell+Provost+Marshal+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mansell.com%2Fpow_resources%2Fcamplists%2Fphilippines%2Fodonnell%2Fprovost_rpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns,_William_David2004" class="citation book cs1">Downs, William David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMMSFJ0EJMMC&pg=PA106"><i>The Fighting Tigers: the untold stories behind the names on the Ouachita Baptist University WWII memorial</i></a>. University of Arkansas Press. pp. 106–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9713470-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9713470-5-2"><bdi>978-0-9713470-5-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+Tigers%3A+the+untold+stories+behind+the+names+on+the+Ouachita+Baptist+University+WWII+memorial&rft.pages=106-7&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9713470-5-2&rft.au=Downs%2C+William+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMMSFJ0EJMMC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interaksyon1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interaksyon1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interaksyon1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074312/http://interaksyon.com/bataan-deathmarch">"Bataan Death March"</a>. <i>Interaksyon</i>. April 8, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interaksyon.com/bataan-deathmarch">the original</a> on December 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interaksyon&rft.atitle=Bataan+Death+March&rft.date=2012-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finteraksyon.com%2Fbataan-deathmarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&S-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S&S_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&S_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnauer2016" class="citation web cs1">Ornauer, Dave (January 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stripes.com/news/american-walks-bataan-death-march-to-raise-awareness-of-philippine-involvement-1.389661">"American walks Bataan Death March to raise awareness of Philippine involvement"</a>. <i>Stars & Stripes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stars+%26+Stripes&rft.atitle=American+walks+Bataan+Death+March+to+raise+awareness+of+Philippine+involvement&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Ornauer&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Famerican-walks-bataan-death-march-to-raise-awareness-of-philippine-involvement-1.389661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msn.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msn.com_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhn2016" class="citation web cs1">Ahn, Tony (January 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-ph/travel/tripideas/travel-diary-hiking-the-bataan-death-march-2015/ar-BBobvFQ">"Hiking the Bataan Death March 2015"</a>. <i>MSN Lifestyle</i>. Microsoft Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN+Lifestyle&rft.atitle=Hiking+the+Bataan+Death+March+2015&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Ahn&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-ph%2Ftravel%2Ftripideas%2Ftravel-diary-hiking-the-bataan-death-march-2015%2Far-BBobvFQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1962" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Stanley L. (1962). <i>Bataan: The March of Death</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. 197–198. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084550">1084550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bataan%3A+The+March+of+Death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084550&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bataanmuseum-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bataanmuseum_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130144025/http://www.bataanmuseum.com/bataanhistory/">"Bataan History"</a>. New Mexico Guard National Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bataanmuseum.com/bataanhistory/">the original</a> on November 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bataan+History&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Guard+National+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bataanmuseum.com%2Fbataanhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herman-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herman_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2016" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0812994892"><i>Douglas MacArthur: American Warrior</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9489-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9489-6"><bdi>978-0-8129-9489-6</bdi></a>. <q>He had learned how 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners had been force-marched.[...] The 18,000 prisoners who couldn't make the Bataan death march had been either shot or beaten to death along the way.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+MacArthur%3A+American+Warrior&rft.pages=649&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9489-6&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0812994892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horner-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horner_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornerRobert_John_O'Neill2010" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David Murray; Robert John O'Neill (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1435891333"><i>World War II: The Pacific</i></a>. Rosen Publishing. pp. 74, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-9133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-9133-3"><bdi>978-1-4358-9133-3</bdi></a>. <q>Between 7,000 and 10,000 died or were killed during the "Bataan Death March" ... Somewhere between 6,000 to 18,000 POWs died or were murdered during the Death March</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Pacific&rft.pages=74%2C+77&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-9133-3&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David+Murray&rft.au=Robert+John+O%27Neill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1435891333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darman-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darman_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarman2012" class="citation book cs1">Darman, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1448892333"><i>Attack on Pearl Harbor: America Enters World War II</i></a>. Rosen Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-9233-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-9233-4"><bdi>978-1-4488-9233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+America+Enters+World+War+II&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4488-9233-4&rft.aulast=Darman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1448892333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedland,_RogerMohr,_John2004" class="citation book cs1">Friedland, Roger & Mohr, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kyPuUoSFKMC&pg=PA197"><i>Matters of culture: cultural sociology in practice</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79545-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matters+of+culture%3A+cultural+sociology+in+practice&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79545-6&rft.au=Friedland%2C+Roger&rft.au=Mohr%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kyPuUoSFKMC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy,_MelvinMellnik,_S.M.Kelley,_Welbourn1944" class="citation magazine cs1">McCoy, Melvin; Mellnik, S.M.; Kelley, Welbourn (February 7, 1944). "Prisoners of Japan: Ten Americans Who Escaped Recently from the Philippines Report on the Atrocities Committed by the Japanese in Their Prisoner-War-Camps". <i>Life</i>. Vol. 16, no. 6. pp. 26–31, 96–98, 105–106, 108, 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Prisoners+of+Japan%3A+Ten+Americans+Who+Escaped+Recently+from+the+Philippines+Report+on+the+Atrocities+Committed+by+the+Japanese+in+Their+Prisoner-War-Camps&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=26-31%2C+96-98%2C+105-106%2C+108%2C+111&rft.date=1944-02-07&rft.au=McCoy%2C+Melvin&rft.au=Mellnik%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Welbourn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29">"LIFE"</a>. February 7, 1944 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LIFE&rft.date=1944-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYFQEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen,_Marius_B.2000" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Marius B. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans"><i>The Making of Modern Japan</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Mass. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans/page/655">655</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674003347" title="Special:BookSources/9780674003347"><bdi>9780674003347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pages=655&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674003347&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Marius+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodernja00jans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell,_John_David1997" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, John David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MbPjwLTt8wC&pg=PA30"><i>Before the bomb: how America approached the end of the Pacific War</i></a>. University of Kentucky Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1987-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1987-8"><bdi>978-0-8131-1987-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+bomb%3A+how+America+approached+the+end+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1987-8&rft.au=Chappell%2C+John+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MbPjwLTt8wC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToland,_John1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (author)">Toland, John</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire_1936%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945"><i>The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945</i></a>. New York: Random House. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Japanese+Empire+1936%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Toland%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandler-420-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandler-420_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandler-420_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler,_Stanley2001" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC&pg=PA420">"Homma Masaharu (1887–1946)"</a>. <i>World War II in the Pacific: an encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-1883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homma+Masaharu+%281887%E2%80%931946%29&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1883-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-027Yrx12UC%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuma Totani, <i>Justice in Asia and the Pacific region, 1945-1952: Allied war crimes prosecutions</i> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 40–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolis,_Gary_D.2010" class="citation book cs1">Solis, Gary D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FKf0ocxEPAC&pg=PA384"><i>The law of armed conflict: international humanitarian law in war</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87088-7"><bdi>978-0-521-87088-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+law+of+armed+conflict%3A+international+humanitarian+law+in+war&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87088-7&rft.au=Solis%2C+Gary+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FKf0ocxEPAC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/trial-general-homma">"The Trial Of General Homma | AMERICAN HERITAGE"</a>. <i>www.americanheritage.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanheritage.com&rft.atitle=The+Trial+Of+General+Homma+%26%23124%3B+AMERICAN+HERITAGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Ftrial-general-homma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolis,_Gary_D.2010" class="citation book cs1">Solis, Gary D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FKf0ocxEPAC&pg=PA384"><i>The law of armed conflict: international humanitarian law in war</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 384, 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87088-7"><bdi>978-0-521-87088-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+law+of+armed+conflict%3A+international+humanitarian+law+in+war&rft.pages=384%2C+385&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87088-7&rft.au=Solis%2C+Gary+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FKf0ocxEPAC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat, Travail and Memory</i>: Kevin C. Murphy p.30-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John L. Ginn, <i>Sugamo Prison, Tokyo: an account of the trial and sentencing of Japanese war criminals in 1948, by a U.S. participant</i> (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 1992), pp. 101–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bataanproject.com/provisional-tank-group/kadel-capt-richard-c/">"Kadel, Maj. Richard C. – Bataan Project"</a>. May 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kadel%2C+Maj.+Richard+C.+%E2%80%93+Bataan+Project&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbataanproject.com%2Fprovisional-tank-group%2Fkadel-capt-richard-c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1949-06-11.pdf">"Manchester Evening Herald"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 11, 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Evening+Herald&rft.date=1949-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterhistory.org%2FNews%2FManchester%2520Evening%2520Hearld_1949-06-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016030933/http://www.us-japandialogueonpows.org/POWsTrip2010.htm">"Japanese/American POW Friendship Program"</a>. <i>www.us-japandialogueonpows.org</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us-japandialogueonpows.org/POWsTrip2010.htm">the original</a> on October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.us-japandialogueonpows.org&rft.atitle=Japanese%2FAmerican+POW+Friendship+Program&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us-japandialogueonpows.org%2FPOWsTrip2010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotman2013" class="citation news cs1">Brotman, Barbara (April 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/04/01/from-death-march-to-hell-ships/">"From Death March to Hell Ships"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. pp. Lifestyles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=From+Death+March+to+Hell+Ships&rft.pages=Lifestyles&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft.aulast=Brotman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2013%2F04%2F01%2Ffrom-death-march-to-hell-ships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among others, additional narration was provided by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Asner" title="Ed Asner">Ed Asner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Turner" title="Kathleen Turner">Kathleen Turner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wagner" title="Robert Wagner">Robert Wagner</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328074435/http://www.siskelfilmcenter.org/neverthesame">"Never the Same: The Prisoner of War Experience"</a>. <i>Gene Siskal Film Center</i>. School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siskelfilmcenter.org/neverthesame">the original</a> on March 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gene+Siskal+Film+Center&rft.atitle=Never+the+Same%3A+The+Prisoner+of+War+Experience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siskelfilmcenter.org%2Fneverthesame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_E._Toney2012" class="citation news cs1">Lauren E. Toney (March 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314155626/http://www.lcsun-news.com/bataan/ci_20249399/bataan-survivors-attend-rededication-monument-saturday">"Bataan survivors attend rededication of monument Saturday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces_Sun-News" title="Las Cruces Sun-News">Las Cruces Sun-News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsun-news.com/bataan/ci_20249399/bataan-survivors-attend-rededication-monument-Saturday">the original</a> on March 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Cruces+Sun-News&rft.atitle=Bataan+survivors+attend+rededication+of+monument+Saturday&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.au=Lauren+E.+Toney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcsun-news.com%2Fbataan%2Fci_20249399%2Fbataan-survivors-attend-rededication-monument-Saturday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040328074453/http://reta.nmsu.edu/bataan/timeline/1941.html">"Timeline"</a>. <i>Battle for Bataan!</i>. New Mexico State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reta.nmsu.edu/bataan/timeline/1941.html">the original</a> on March 28, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Battle+for+Bataan%21&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freta.nmsu.edu%2Fbataan%2Ftimeline%2F1941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, R. Cody (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJN3nIKsZ6MC&pg=PA82"><i>The Guide to U.S. Army Museums</i></a>. Government Printing Office. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087282-2"><bdi>978-0-16-087282-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guide+to+U.S.+Army+Museums&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-16-087282-2&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=R.+Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJN3nIKsZ6MC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalservices.state.nm.us/facilitiesmanagement/central_complex.aspx">"Central Complex"</a>. <i>www.generalservices.state.nm.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.generalservices.state.nm.us&rft.atitle=Central+Complex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generalservices.state.nm.us%2Ffacilitiesmanagement%2Fcentral_complex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marathonguide.com/features/Articles/2007RecapOverview.cfm">"USA Marathons & Marathoners 2007"</a>. marathonguide.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+Marathons+%26+Marathoners+2007&rft.pub=marathonguide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marathonguide.com%2Ffeatures%2FArticles%2F2007RecapOverview.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurtz2010" class="citation news cs1">Schurtz, Christopher (March 22, 2010). "Record Number Gather To Honor Bataan Death March". <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces_Sun-News" title="Las Cruces Sun-News">Las Cruces Sun-News</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Cruces+Sun-News&rft.atitle=Record+Number+Gather+To+Honor+Bataan+Death+March&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.aulast=Schurtz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum1_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130144025/http://www.bataanmuseum.com/bataanhistory/">"History of Bataan Death March – New Mexico National Guard Museum"</a>. <i>bataanmuseum.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bataanmuseum.com/bataanhistory/">the original</a> on November 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bataanmuseum.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Bataan+Death+March+%E2%80%93+New+Mexico+National+Guard+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bataanmuseum.com%2Fbataanhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez" class="citation web cs1">Ramirez, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abqjournal.com/973812/early-reviews-favorable-of-bataan-memorial-death-march.html">"Early reviews favorable of Bataan Memorial Death March"</a>. <i>www.abqjournal.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces_Sun-News" title="Las Cruces Sun-News">Las Cruces Sun-News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abqjournal.com&rft.atitle=Early+reviews+favorable+of+Bataan+Memorial+Death+March&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abqjournal.com%2F973812%2Fearly-reviews-favorable-of-bataan-memorial-death-march.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shofner was an American officer, captured on Corregidor, who escaped <a href="/wiki/DaPeCol" class="mw-redirect" title="DaPeCol">DaPeCol</a> in 1943.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abraham, Abie (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghostofbataan.com/bataan/bio.html">"Oh God Where Are You?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331104534/http://www.ghostofbataan.com/bataan/bio.html">Archived</a> March 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vantage Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-533-11987-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-533-11987-5">978-0-533-11987-5</a></li> <li>Abraham, Abie (2001). <i>Ghost of Bataan Speaks.</i> Beaver Pond. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004L73AXC">B004L73AXC</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1962" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Stanley L. (1962). <i>Bataan: The March of Death</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084550">1084550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bataan%3A+The+March+of+Death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084550&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison,_Thomas_R.1989" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Thomas R. (1989). <i>Survivor: Memoir of Defeat and Captivity – Bataan, 1942</i>. Western Epics, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916095-29-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916095-29-1"><bdi>978-0-916095-29-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survivor%3A+Memoir+of+Defeat+and+Captivity+%E2%80%93+Bataan%2C+1942&rft.pub=Western+Epics%2C+Inc.%2C+Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-916095-29-1&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_CharlesNorton,_Bruce_H.2003" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Charles; Norton, Bruce H. (2003). <i>I Am Alive!: A United States Marine's Story of Survival in a World War II Japanese POW Camp</i>. Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-44911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-44911-5"><bdi>978-0-345-44911-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+Alive%21%3A+A+United+States+Marine%27s+Story+of+Survival+in+a+World+War+II+Japanese+POW+Camp&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-345-44911-5&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Charles&rft.au=Norton%2C+Bruce+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Marius B (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans/page/654"><i>The Making of Modern Japan</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans/page/654">654–655</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00334-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44090600">44090600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=654-655&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44090600&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00334-7&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodernja00jans%2Fpage%2F654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevering1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Levering" title="Robert W. Levering">Levering, Robert</a> (1948). <i>Horror trek; a true story of Bataan, the death march and three and one-half years in Japanese prison camps</i>. Horstman Printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-20630-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-20630-7"><bdi>978-1-258-20630-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1168285">1168285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horror+trek%3B+a+true+story+of+Bataan%2C+the+death+march+and+three+and+one-half+years+in+Japanese+prison+camps&rft.pub=Horstman+Printing&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1168285&rft.isbn=978-1-258-20630-7&rft.aulast=Levering&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs2010" class="citation book cs1">Lukacs, John D. (2010). <a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Davao" title="Escape from Davao"><i>Escape from Davao</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6278-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6278-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-6278-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/464593097">464593097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escape+from+Davao&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F464593097&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6278-1&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachi,_Mario1994" class="citation book cs1">Machi, Mario (1994). <i>Under the Rising Sun, Memories of a Japanese Prisoner of War</i>. Wolfenden, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9642521-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9642521-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9642521-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Rising+Sun%2C+Memories+of+a+Japanese+Prisoner+of+War&rft.pub=Wolfenden%2C+USA&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-9642521-0-3&rft.au=Machi%2C+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasuda2012" class="citation book cs1">Masuda, Hiroshi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macarthurinasiag00masu"><i>MacArthur in Asia: The General and His Staff in the Philippines, Japan, and Korea</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4939-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4939-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-4939-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacArthur+in+Asia%3A+The+General+and+His+Staff+in+the+Philippines%2C+Japan%2C+and+Korea&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4939-0&rft.aulast=Masuda&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacarthurinasiag00masu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody,_Samuel_B.Allen,_Maury1961" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Samuel B.; Allen, Maury (1961). <i>Reprieve from Hell</i>. New York: Pageant Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14924946">14924946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprieve+from+Hell&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pageant+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14924946&rft.au=Moody%2C+Samuel+B.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Maury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrowMoore,_Kevin2011" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Don; Moore, Kevin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofcaptivere00petz"><i>Forsaken Heroes of the Pacific War: One Man's True Story</i></a>. Roanoke, VA: <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Warrior_Project" title="Wounded Warrior Project">Wounded Warrior Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-479-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-479-6"><bdi>978-1-56592-479-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/725827438">725827438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forsaken+Heroes+of+the+Pacific+War%3A+One+Man%27s+True+Story&rft.place=Roanoke%2C+VA&rft.pub=Wounded+Warrior+Project&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F725827438&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-479-6&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Moore%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofcaptivere00petz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Kevin C. (2012). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Raw Individualists': American Soldiers on the Bataan Death March Reconsidered". <i>War & Society</i>. <b>31</b>: 42–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F204243411X13201386799172">10.1179/204243411X13201386799172</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162118184">162118184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+%26+Society&rft.atitle=%27Raw+Individualists%27%3A+American+Soldiers+on+the+Bataan+Death+March+Reconsidered&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=42-63&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F204243411X13201386799172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162118184%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Kevin C. (October 13, 2014). <i>Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat, Travail and Memory</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9681-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9681-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-9681-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Bataan+Death+March%3A+Defeat%2C+Travail+and+Memory&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9681-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1985" class="citation book cs1">Olson, John E. (1985). <i>O'Donell: Andersonville of the Pacific</i>. John E. Olson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99969-862-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-99969-862-0-8"><bdi>978-99969-862-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O%27Donell%3A+Andersonville+of+the+Pacific&rft.pub=John+E.+Olson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-99969-862-0-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman,_MichaelNorman,_Elizabeth2009" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Michael & Norman, Elizabeth (June 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tearsindarknesst00norm"><i>Tears in the Darkness</i></a> (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27260-9"><bdi>978-0-374-27260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tears+in+the+Darkness&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft.isbn=978-0-374-27260-9&rft.au=Norman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Norman%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftearsindarknesst00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Also see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510173905/http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/Michael-and-Elizabeth-Norman.aspx">Webcast interview</a> with the authors at the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Military_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Military Library">Pritzker Military Library</a> on September 24, 2009</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResa,_Jolinda_Bull2011" class="citation book cs1">Resa, Jolinda Bull (2011). <i>Honor Them Always: For the Sacrifice of Their Youth at Bataan</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outskirts_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outskirts Press (page does not exist)">Outskirts Press</a>, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4327-7555-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4327-7555-1"><bdi>978-1-4327-7555-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/782073328">782073328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honor+Them+Always%3A+For+the+Sacrifice+of+Their+Youth+at+Bataan&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F782073328&rft.isbn=978-1-4327-7555-1&rft.au=Resa%2C+Jolinda+Bull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSides2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Sides" title="Hampton Sides">Sides, Hampton</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Soldiers" title="Ghost Soldiers"><i>Ghost Soldiers</i></a>. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-07651-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-07651-8"><bdi>978-1-299-07651-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/842990576">842990576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Soldiers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842990576&rft.isbn=978-1-299-07651-8&rft.aulast=Sides&rft.aufirst=Hampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens,_Harold1994" class="citation news cs1">Stephens, Harold (October 16, 1994). "Memories of the War". Humboldt Co., CA.: "Times-Standard," Sect. Style/potpourri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memories+of+the+War&rft.date=1994-10-16&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Sidney1957" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Sidney (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giveusthisday00stew"><i>Give Us This Day</i></a></span> (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31921-7"><bdi>978-0-393-31921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+Us+This+Day&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31921-7&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiveusthisday00stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenney,_Lester2000" class="citation book cs1">Tenney, Lester (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myhitchinhell00lest"><i>My Hitch in Hell</i></a></span>. Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-298-8"><bdi>978-1-57488-298-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557622115">557622115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Hitch+in+Hell&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F557622115&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-298-8&rft.au=Tenney%2C+Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyhitchinhell00lest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Donald_J.1992" class="citation book cs1">Young, Donald J. (1992). <i>The Battle of Bataan: A History of the 90 Day Siege and Eventual Surrender of 75,000 Filipino and United States Troops to the Japanese in World War</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-757-6"><bdi>978-0-89950-757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bataan%3A+A+History+of+the+90+Day+Siege+and+Eventual+Surrender+of+75%2C000+Filipino+and+United+States+Troops+to+the+Japanese+in+World+War&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89950-757-6&rft.au=Young%2C+Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABataan+Death+March" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bataan_Death_March" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tragedyofbataan.com/">Tragedy of Bataan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kentstateuniversitypress.com/2010/no-uncle-sam/"><i>No Uncle Sam: The Forgotten of Bataan</i></a> – A link to the book's page on the publisher's website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808072612/http://hellsguest.com/"><i>Hell's Guest</i> author Colonel Glenn Frazier, Bataan Death March Survivor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bataansurvivor.com/">"Back to Bataan, A Survivor's Story"</a> – A narrative recounting one soldier's journey through Bataan, the march, prison camp, Japan, and back home to the United States. Includes a map of the march.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828004827/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~ehimchak/death_march.html">The Bataan Death March</a> – Information, maps, and pictures on the march itself and in-depth information on Japanese POW camps.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050507025859/http://www.geocities.com/eaa108/bataan.htm">"Technical Sergeant Jim Brown U.S. Army Air Corps (ret) Bataan Death March Survivor Presentation to EAA Chapter 108 May 16, 2000" </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bataanproject.com/">Proviso East High School Bataan Commemorative Research Project</a> – Comprehensive history of the Battle for Bataan, the Death March and the role of the 192nd Tank Battalion</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215064128/http://www.nps.gov/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003140-00/sec20.htm">4th Marines at Corregidor and Bataan Death March</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pow.grokett.com/">1200 Days, A Bataan POW Survivor's Story</a> A biography of Russell A. Grokett's survival of the Bataan Death March, including three years as a Japanese Prisoner of War.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanfocus.org/-Kinue-Tokudome/2714">Japan Focus 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epcc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=309255&sid=2559925">Bataan Death March and POW Camps</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epcc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=309255&sid=2559948">Bataan Survivors Recall Horrors, Borderlands articles</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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Bataan, Filipíny)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph569433&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563913005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640185">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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