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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chadic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjadiese_tale" title="Tsjadiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjadiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات تشادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات تشادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chadicas" title="Luengas chadicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chadicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ch%C3%A1diques" title="Llingües chádiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües chádiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چادی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چادی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Чадски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чадски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_tchadek" title="Yezhoù tchadek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù tchadek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_txadianes" title="Llengües txadianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües txadianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Tsiadaidd" title="Ieithoedd Tsiadaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Tsiadaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschadische_Sprachen" title="Tschadische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschadische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_ch%C3%A1dicas" title="Lenguas chádicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas chádicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ada_Grupo" title="Ĉada Grupo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉada Grupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txadar_hizkuntzak" title="Txadar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txadar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های چادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های چادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_tchadiques" title="Langues tchadiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues tchadiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_chadianas" title="Linguas chadianas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas chadianas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="차드어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarukan_Chadi" title="Yarukan Chadi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yarukan Chadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="चाडी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाडी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadski_jezici" title="Čadski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čadski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadana_lingui" title="Chadana lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chadana lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Chad" title="Rumpun bahasa Chad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Tjadísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjadísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_ciadiche" title="Lingue ciadiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue ciadiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות צ'אדיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות צ'אדיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჩადური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Чад тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Tzadicae" title="Linguae Tzadicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Tzadicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadin%C4%97s_kalbos" title="Čadinės kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadinės kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_%C3%A7iadiche" title="Lengue çiadiche – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengue çiadiche" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1di_nyelvek" title="Csádi nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csádi nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Чадски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чадски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tsadika" title="Fiteny tsadika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tsadika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjadische_talen" title="Tsjadische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjadische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="チャド語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschadspriaken" title="Tschadspriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschadspriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_chadicas" title="Lengas chadicas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas chadicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_tillari" title="Chad tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_si%C3%A0diche" title="Lenghe siàdiche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe siàdiche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_czadyjskie" title="Języki czadyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki czadyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_ch%C3%A1dicas" title="Línguas chádicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas chádicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чадские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чадские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chadic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadski_jeziki" title="Čadski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čadski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqadaha_Tashaadiga" title="Luqadaha Tashaadiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqadaha Tashaadiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Чадски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чадски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1adilaiset_kielet" title="Tšadilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšadilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchadspr%C3%A5k" title="Tchadspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchadspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_Titcadiyin" title="Tutlayin Titcadiyin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayin Titcadiyin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Langx" title="Template:Langx">langx</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #faecc8;">Chadic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Chadic</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Afroasiatic language">Proto-Chadic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages" title="Biu–Mandara languages">Biu–Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Chadic_languages" title="East Chadic languages">East Chadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_languages" title="Masa languages">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cdc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cdc">cdc</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chad1250">chad1250</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg/300px-Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg/450px-Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg/600px-Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of the distribution of the Chadic languages within Africa</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadic_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chadic_languages_map.svg/300px-Chadic_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chadic_languages_map.svg/450px-Chadic_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chadic_languages_map.svg/600px-Chadic_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="287" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chadic languages</b> form a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>. They are spoken in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>. They include 196 languages<sup id="cite_ref-eth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken across northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of much of inland Eastern <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa, along with <a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai Karai</a>, are the only three Chadic languages with more than 1 million speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman_(linguist)" title="Paul Newman (linguist)">Paul Newman</a> (1977) classified the languages into the four groups which have been accepted in all subsequent literature. Further subbranching, however, has not been as robust; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> (2006), for example, only accepts the A/B bifurcation of East Chadic.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent work by Joseph Lovestrand argues strongly that Kujarge is a valid member of East Chadic. The placing of Luri as a primary split of West Chadic is erroneous. Bernard Caron (2004) shows that this language is South Bauchi and part of the Polci cluster. A suggestion for including the <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> <a href="/wiki/Kujarg%C3%A9_language" title="Kujargé language">Kujargé</a> as an early-diverged member, which subsequently became influenced by East Chadic, has been made by Blench (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Chadic</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic</a></b> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bole languages">Bole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angas_languages" title="Angas languages">Angas languages</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bade_languages" title="Bade languages">Bade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zaar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaar languages">Zaar languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages" title="Biu–Mandara languages">Biu–Mandara</a></b> (Central Chadic) <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a> languages, among other groups</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Buduma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buduma language">Buduma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musgu_language" title="Musgu language">Musgu</a> languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidar_language" title="Gidar language">Gidar</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Chadic_languages" title="East Chadic languages">East Chadic</a></b> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Tumak_language" title="Tumak language">Tumak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancere_language" title="Nancere language">Nancere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kera_language" title="Kera language">Kera</a> languages</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Dangal%C3%A9at_language" title="Dangaléat language">Dangaléat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokilko_language" title="Mokilko language">Mukulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sokoro_language" title="Sokoro language">Sokoro</a> languages</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Masa_languages" title="Masa languages">Masa</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadic_Languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chadic_Languages.jpg/700px-Chadic_Languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chadic_Languages.jpg/1050px-Chadic_Languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chadic_Languages.jpg/1400px-Chadic_Languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chadic languages contain many Nilo-Saharan loanwords from either the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maban_languages" title="Maban languages">Maban</a> branches, pointing to early contact between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan speakers as Chadic was migrating west.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa languages</a> are spoken adjacently to Chadic languages, interaction between Chadic and Adamawa is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351):<sup id="cite_ref-Vossen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vossen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun</th> <th>Proto-Chadic</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Afroasiatic">Proto-Afroasiatic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>*ní</td> <td>*i ~ *yi </td></tr> <tr> <td>2M</td> <td>*ka</td> <td>*ku, *ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>2F</td> <td>*ki(m)</td> <td>*kim </td></tr> <tr> <td>3M</td> <td>*nì</td> <td>*si, *isi </td></tr> <tr> <td>3F</td> <td>*ta</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1PL</td> <td>*mun (incl.), *na (excl.)</td> <td>(*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ? </td></tr> <tr> <td>2PL</td> <td>*kun</td> <td>*kuuna </td></tr> <tr> <td>3PL</td> <td>*sun</td> <td>*su ~ *usu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_vocabulary">Comparative vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparative vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sample basic vocabulary in different Chadic branches listed in order from west to east, with reconstructions of other Afroasiatic branches also given for comparison: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>eye</th> <th>ear</th> <th>nose</th> <th>tooth</th> <th>tongue</th> <th>mouth</th> <th>blood</th> <th>bone</th> <th>tree</th> <th>water</th> <th>eat</th> <th>name </th></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-Chadic<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">ydn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">km/*ɬm</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">ntn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">s₃n; *ƙ-d</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">ls₃-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">bk</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">br</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">ƙs₃</i></span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">ymn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">hrɗ</i></span> (hard); <span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">twy</i></span> (soft)</td> <td><span title="Chadic languages collective text">*<i lang="cdc">s₃m</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ido</td> <td>kunne</td> <td>hanci</td> <td>haƙori</td> <td>harshe</td> <td>baki</td> <td>jini</td> <td>ƙashi</td> <td>itaci; bishiya</td> <td>ruwa</td> <td>ci</td> <td>suna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>*kumu</td> <td>**atin</td> <td>*haŋgor</td> <td>*liʃ</td> <td>*fo</td> <td>ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄</td> <td>*kaʃ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*sum </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/South_Bauchi_languages" title="South Bauchi languages">South Bauchi</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*(gwà)yìr(-ŋ)</td> <td>*kə̂m(-si)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*bʸak(-ì)</td> <td>*bìràm</td> <td>*gu(ŋ)ul</td> <td>*pit-ə̀</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*(yì)sûm(-s₃) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>yiir</td> <td>kəəm</td> <td>cin</td> <td>haƙori</td> <td>shen</td> <td>bii</td> <td>buran; bəran</td> <td>gooloo</td> <td>pət</td> <td>maa</td> <td>ci</td> <td>suŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages" title="Biu–Mandara languages">Central Chadic</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*hadaj; *tsɨʸ</td> <td>*ɬɨmɨɗʸ</td> <td>*hʷɨtsɨnʸ</td> <td>*ɬɨɗɨnʸ</td> <td>*ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj</td> <td></td> <td>*maj</td> <td>*ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ</td> <td>*hʷɨp</td> <td>*ɗɨjɨm</td> <td>*zɨm</td> <td>*ɬɨmɨɗʸ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Masa_languages" title="Masa languages">Masa</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*ir</td> <td>*hum</td> <td>*cin</td> <td>*s-</td> <td>*si</td> <td>*vun</td> <td>*vuzur</td> <td>*sok</td> <td>*gu</td> <td>*mb-</td> <td>*ti</td> <td>*sem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kujarge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujarge language">Kujarge</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>kunɟu</td> <td>kumayo ~ kime</td> <td>kaata</td> <td>kiya</td> <td>aliŋati</td> <td>apa</td> <td>ɪbɪrí</td> <td>(kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya</td> <td>kaʃíè</td> <td>ʃia</td> <td>(tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.]</td> <td>rúwà </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13"><b>Other Afroasiatic branches</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*ʔil-</td> <td></td> <td>*ʔisŋʷ-</td> <td>*ʔiɬkʷ-</td> <td>*caanrab-</td> <td>*ʔaf-/*yaf-</td> <td></td> <td>*mikʷ’-; *moc’-</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam-</td> <td>*sim-/*sum- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Maji_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Maji languages">Maji</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*ʔaːb</td> <td>*háːy</td> <td></td> <td>*aːç’u</td> <td></td> <td>*eːdu</td> <td></td> <td>*uːs</td> <td>*inču</td> <td>*haːy</td> <td>*um</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riffian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian language">Tarifiyt Berber</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ŧit’t’</td> <td>aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ</td> <td>ŧinzā</td> <td>ŧiɣməsŧ</td> <td>iřəs</td> <td>aqəmmum</td> <td>iđammən</td> <td>iɣəss</td> <td></td> <td>aman</td> <td>šš</td> <td>isəm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></td> <td>ia</td> <td>ma'aje</td> <td>ša</td> <td>šol, najhe</td> <td>las</td> <td>ro</td> <td>snof</td> <td>kas</td> <td>šēn</td> <td>mou</td> <td>wōm</td> <td>ran </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*ʕayn-</td> <td>*ʔuḏn-</td> <td>*ʔanp-</td> <td>*šinn-</td> <td>*lišān-</td> <td></td> <td>*dam-</td> <td>*ʕaṯ̣m-</td> <td>*ʕiṣ̂-</td> <td>*mā̆y-</td> <td>*ʔ-k-l</td> <td>(*šim-) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Afroasiatic">Proto-Afroasiatic</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*ʔǐl-</td> <td>*-ʔânxʷ-</td> <td></td> <td>*sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point'</td> <td>*-lis’- 'to lick'</td> <td>*âf-</td> <td>*dîm-/*dâm-</td> <td>*k’os-</td> <td>*ɣǎ</td> <td>*âm-; *akʷ’-</td> <td>*-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌</td> <td>*sǔm-/*sǐm- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique. Hommages à France Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Language 7). 193–201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.</li> <li>Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' <i>Africa</i>, 9, 332–349.</li> <li>Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewmanMa1966" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Paul; Ma, Roxana (1966). "Comparative Chadic: Phonology and lexicon". <i>Journal of African Languages</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">218–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2022%2F21342">2022/21342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Languages&rft.atitle=Comparative+Chadic%3A+Phonology+and+lexicon&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2022%2F21342&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Ma%2C+Roxana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' <i>Afroasiatic Linguistics</i> 5, 1, 1–42.</li> <li>Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), <i>Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica</i>. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.</li> <li>Newman, Paul (1980) <i>The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic.</i> Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrmann_Jungraithmayr" title="Herrmann Jungraithmayr">Herrmann Jungraithmayr</a>, Kiyoshi Shimizu: <i>Chadic lexical roots.</i> Reimer, Berlin 1981.</li> <li>Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: <i>Chadic lexical roots.</i> 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994</li> <li>Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), <i>Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of <a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Igor M. Diakonoff</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LINCOM_EUROPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LINCOM EUROPA (page does not exist)">LINCOM Europa</a>, 55–60.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Data sets</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1981" class="citation book cs1">Kraft, Charles H. (1981). "CLDF:Wordlist". <i>CLDF dataset derived from Kraft's "Chadic Wordlists" from 1981</i>. Geneva. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3534953">10.5281/zenodo.3534953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CLDF%3AWordlist&rft.btitle=CLDF+dataset+derived+from+Kraft%27s+%22Chadic+Wordlists%22+from+1981&rft.place=Geneva&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3534953&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Chadic_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Chadic reconstructions">Proto-Chadic reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eth_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/555/">"Chadic Languages; Ethnologue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chadic+Languages%3B+Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroup%2F555%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf">The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007050740/http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (ms)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/Blench%20paper%20Cushitic%20symposium%20Paris%202008.pdf">Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222083514/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/Blench%20paper%20Cushitic%20symposium%20Paris%202008.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhret2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ehret, Christopher (5 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32473%2Fsal.v35i0.107316">"The Nilo-Saharan background of Chadic"</a>. <i>Studies in African Linguistics</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">56–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32473%2Fsal.v35i0.107316">10.32473/sal.v35i0.107316</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195404449">195404449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+African+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Nilo-Saharan+background+of+Chadic&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32473%2Fsal.v35i0.107316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195404449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32473%252Fsal.v35i0.107316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2012. <i>Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad</i>. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vossen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vossen_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. <i>The Oxford Handbook of African Languages</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). <i>Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments</i>. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220">http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101070459/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/220">Archived</a> 2020-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. no date. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf">Ron comparative wordlist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421035757/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. <i>The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report</i>. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221">http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101045001/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/221">Archived</a> 2020-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravina, Richard. 2014. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf">Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215000/https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Webonary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShryock1997" class="citation journal cs1">Shryock, Aaron (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32473%2Fsal.v26i1.107396">"The classification of the Masa group of languages"</a>. <i>Studies in African Linguistics</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32473%2Fsal.v26i1.107396">10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:185914860">185914860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+African+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+classification+of+the+Masa+group+of+languages&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32473%2Fsal.v26i1.107396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A185914860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shryock&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32473%252Fsal.v26i1.107396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhret1987" class="citation journal cs1">Ehret, Christopher (1987). "Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction". <i>Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprache+und+Geschichte+in+Afrika&rft.atitle=Proto-Cushitic+Reconstruction&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAklilu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Aklilu, Yilma (2003). "Comparative phonology of the Maji languages". <i>Journal of Ethiopian Studies</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Comparative+phonology+of+the+Maji+languages&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Aklilu&rft.aufirst=Yilma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6">Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080621/https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6">Archived</a> 2024-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) <i>World Loanword Database</i>. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). <i>The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6">978-3-11-025158-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhret1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Ehret, Christopher</a> (1995). <i>Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09799-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09799-8"><bdi>0-520-09799-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Proto-Afroasiatic+%28Proto-Afrasian%29%3A+vowels%2C+tone%2C+consonants%2C+and+vocabulary&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-520-09799-8&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChadic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Tera language">Tera</a> <ul><li>Pidlimdi</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bura–Higi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bura–Marghi (A.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura-Pabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibak_language" title="Cibak language">Cibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huba_language" title="Huba language">Huba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Marghi Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggwahyi_language" title="Nggwahyi language">Nggwahyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putai_language" title="Putai language">Putai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higi (A.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bana_language" title="Bana language">Bana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirya-Konz%C9%99l_language" title="Kirya-Konzəl language">Kirya-Konzəl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Kofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wandala<br />(Mandara) (A.4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandala_language" title="Wandala language">Wandala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dghwede_language" title="Dghwede language">Dghwede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduf-Gava_language" title="Guduf-Gava language">Guduf-Gava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cineni_language" title="Cineni language">Cineni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hdi_language" title="Hdi language">Hdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a> <ul><li>Woga</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vemgo-Mabas_language" title="Vemgo-Mabas language">Vemgo-Mabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkwa_language" title="Parkwa language">Parəkwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukur_language" title="Sukur language">Sukur</a> (A.6)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mafa (A.5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbuko_language" title="Mbuko language">Mbuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vame_language" title="Vame language">Vame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South (A)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C9%97a_language" title="Maɗa language">Maɗa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloko_language" title="Moloko language">Məlokwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyang_language" title="Muyang language">Muyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzlam_language" title="Wuzlam language">Wuzlam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South (B)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Augwor_language" title="Ɗugwor language">Ɗugwor</a> <ul><li>Mikere</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merey_language" title="Merey language">Merey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulgo-Gemzek_language" title="Zulgo-Gemzek language">Zulgo-Gemzek</a> <ul><li>Gaduwa (northeast)</li> <li>Gemzek</li> <li>Zəlgwa-Minew</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South (C)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldemu_language" title="Baldemu language">Baldemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofu-Gudur_language" title="Mofu-Gudur language">Mofu-Gudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Giziga_language" title="North Giziga language">North Giziga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mofu_language" title="North Mofu language">North Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Giziga_language" title="South Giziga language">South Giziga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South (D)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuvok_language" title="Cuvok language">Cuvok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefele_language" title="Mefele language">Mefele</a> <ul><li>Shügule</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matal_language" title="Matal language">Matal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daba (A.7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buwal_language" title="Buwal language">Buwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar_language" title="Gawar language">Gawar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazagway_language" title="Mazagway language">Mazagway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_language" title="Hina language">Hina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbudum_language" title="Mbudum language">Mbudum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bata<br />(Gbwata) (A.8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacama_language" title="Bacama language">Bacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Mubi" title="Fali of Mubi">Fali of Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudu_language" title="Gudu language">Gudu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holma_language" title="Holma language">Holma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Cameroon)" title="Jimi language (Cameroon)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharwa_language" title="Sharwa language">Sharwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuvan_language" title="Tsuvan language">Tsuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandage<br />(Kotoko) (B.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagwan_language" title="Lagwan language">Lagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mser_language" title="Mser language">Mser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgbe_language" title="Malgbe language">Malgbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslam_language" title="Maslam language">Maslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpade_language" title="Mpade language">Mpade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jilbe_language" title="Jilbe language">Jilbe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East–<br />Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Munjuk (B.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbara_language_(Chad)" title="Mbara language (Chad)">Mbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgu_language" title="Musgu language">Musgu</a> <ul><li>Beege</li> <li>Mpus</li> <li>Vulum</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muskum_language" title="Muskum language">Muskum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mida'a (< B.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jina_language" title="Jina language">Jina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majera_language" title="Majera language">Majera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gidar_language" title="Gidar language">Gidar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>. See also: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadic languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Chadic_languages144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Chadic_languages" title="Template:East Chadic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Chadic_languages" title="Template talk:East Chadic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Chadic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Chadic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Chadic_languages144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Chadic_languages" title="East Chadic languages">East Chadic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Chadic (A)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sibine (A.1.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mire_language" title="Mire language">Mire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndam_language" title="Ndam language">Ndam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somrai_language" title="Somrai language">Somrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumak_language" title="Tumak language">Tumak</a> <ul><li>Mawer</li> <li>Motun</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miltu (A.1.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boor_language" title="Boor language">Boor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadang_language" title="Gadang language">Gadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltu_language" title="Miltu language">Miltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarua_language" title="Sarua language">Sarua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nancere (A.2.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimr%C3%A9_language" title="Kimré language">Kimré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Chad)" title="Lele language (Chad)">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancere_language" title="Nancere language">Nancere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gabri (A.2.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabalai_language" title="Kabalai language">Kabalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gabri_language" title="Southern Gabri language">Southern Gabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobanga_language" title="Tobanga language">Tobanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kwang (A.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kera_language" title="Kera language">Kera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwang_language" title="Kwang language">Kwang</a> <ul><li>Buso</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Chadic (B)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dangla (B.1.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidiyo_language" title="Bidiyo language">Bidiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_language" title="Birgit language">Birgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangal%C3%A9at_language" title="Dangaléat language">Dangaléat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonkor_language" title="Jonkor language">Jonkor (Bourmataguil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabire_language" title="Mabire language">Mabire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migaama_language" title="Migaama language">Migaama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogum_language" title="Mogum language">Mogum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toram_language" title="Toram language">Toram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mubi (B.1.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kajakse_language" title="Kajakse language">Kajakse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmaje_language" title="Masmaje language">Masmaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubi_language" title="Mubi language">Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirenkel_language" title="Zirenkel language">Zirenkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sokoro (B.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mawa_language" title="Mawa language">Mawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_language" title="Saba language">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoro_language" title="Sokoro language">Sokoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamki_language" title="Tamki language">Tamki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubi_language" title="Ubi language">Ubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barain (B.4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barein_language" title="Barein language">Barein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelkung_language" title="Jelkung language">Jelkung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokilko_language" title="Mokilko language">Mokilko</a> (B.2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>. See also: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadic languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afroasiatic_languages242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Template:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Template talk:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afroasiatic_languages242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Afroasiatic language">Proto-Afroasiatic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Berber_languages" title="Eastern Berber languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Zenati_languages" title="East Zenati languages">East Zenati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzab%E2%80%93Wargla_languages" title="Mzab–Wargla languages">Mzab–Wargla</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Berber_languages" title="Western Berber languages">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages" title="Biu–Mandara languages">Biu–Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Chadic_languages" title="East Chadic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angas_languages" title="Angas languages">Angas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_languages" title="Bade languages">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole%E2%80%93Tangale_languages" title="Bole–Tangale languages">Bole–Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Gwandara_languages" title="Hausa–Gwandara languages">Hausa–Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bauchi_languages" title="North Bauchi languages">North Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bauchi_languages" title="South Bauchi languages">South Bauchi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masa_languages" title="Masa languages">Masa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marba_language" title="Marba language">Marba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_language" title="Massa language">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musey_language" title="Musey language">Musey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zumaya_language" title="Zumaya language">Zumaya</a></i> (possibly independent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesme_language" title="Mesme language">Mesme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nget%C3%A9-Herd%C3%A9_language" title="Ngeté-Herdé language">Ngeté-Herdé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peve_language" title="Peve language">Peve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullay_languages" title="Dullay languages">Dullay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Highland East Cushitic languages">Highland East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Omo–Tana languages">Omo–Tana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Somali_languages" title="Macro-Somali languages">Macro-Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rendille%E2%80%93Boni_languages" title="Rendille–Boni languages">Rendille–Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Western Omo–Tana languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromoid_languages" title="Oromoid languages">Oromoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho%E2%80%93Afar_languages" title="Saho–Afar languages">Saho–Afar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroid_languages" title="Aroid languages">Aroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizoid_languages" title="Dizoid languages">Dizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_languages" title="Mao languages">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Omotic_languages" title="North Omotic languages">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonga_languages" title="Gonga languages">Gonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ometo_languages" title="Ometo languages">Ometo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujarg%C3%A9_language" title="Kujargé language">Kujargé</a>? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a>? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="West_Chadic_languages438" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Chadic_languages" title="Template:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Chadic_languages" title="Template talk:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Chadic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="West_Chadic_languages438" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Gwandara_languages" title="Hausa–Gwandara languages">Hausa–<br />Gwandara</a> (A.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bole%E2%80%93Tangale_languages" title="Bole–Tangale languages">Bole–<br />Tangale</a> (A.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bole</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Daza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language_(Chadic)" title="Pali language (Chadic)">Pali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tangale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goji_language" title="Goji language">Goji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulung_language_(West_Chadic)" title="Kulung language (West Chadic)">Kulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya-Kwonci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angas_languages" title="Angas languages">Angas</a> (A.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beln%C9%99ng_language" title="Belnəng language">Belnəng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakato_language" title="Chakato language">Chakato</a> (Jorto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibyal_language" title="Jibyal language">Jibyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miler_language" title="Miler language">Miler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nteng_language" title="Nteng language">Nteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_language" title="Pan language">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a> (A.4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a> <ul><li>Bokkos</li> <li>Daffo-Butura</li> <li>Shagawu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bade_languages" title="Bade languages">Bade</a> (B.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auyokawa_language" title="Auyokawa language">Auyokawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a> <ul><li><i>Shirawa</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Bauchi_languages" title="North Bauchi languages">North Bauchi</a><br />(Warji) (B.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajawa_language" title="Ajawa language">Ajawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diri_language" title="Diri language">Diri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%CA%BCa_language" title="Paʼa language">Paʼa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bauchi_languages" title="South Bauchi languages">South Bauchi</a><br />(Barawa) (B.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zaar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geji_language" title="Geji language">Geji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_language" title="Saya language">Saya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zari_language" title="Zari language">Zari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeem_language" title="Zeem language">Zeem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guruntum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum-Mbaaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_language_(Chadic)" title="Ju language (Chadic)">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_language" title="Tala language">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boghom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Boghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Mantsi language (Nigeria)">Mangas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poki_language" title="Poki language">Poki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>. See also: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chadic languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1353" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1353" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33184#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/851685/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061075-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85022289">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126497759">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126497759">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="čadské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128079&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000304494&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284803005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050572172">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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