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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1745" title="تمرد اليعاقبة عام 1745 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمرد اليعاقبة عام 1745" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_z_roku_1745" title="Jakobitské povstání z roku 1745 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakobitské povstání z roku 1745" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthryfel_y_Jacobiaid_ym_1745" title="Gwrthryfel y Jacobiaid ym 1745 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthryfel y Jacobiaid ym 1745" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_(1745)" title="Εξέγερση των Ιακωβιτών (1745) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέγερση των Ιακωβιτών (1745)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_jacobita_de_1745" title="Rebelión jacobita de 1745 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión jacobita de 1745" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_jakobita_ribelo" title="Dua jakobita ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua jakobita ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1745eko_Matxinada_Jakobitarra" title="1745eko Matxinada Jakobitarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1745eko Matxinada Jakobitarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B4%DB%B5" title="قیام یعقوبی ۱۷۴۵ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیام یعقوبی ۱۷۴۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliain_an_Phrionsa" title="Bliain an Phrionsa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bliain an Phrionsa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliadhna_a%27_Phrionnsa" title="Bliadhna a' Phrionnsa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bliadhna a' Phrionnsa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երկրորդ յակոբինյան ապստամբություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ յակոբինյան ապստամբություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Jacobite_1745" title="Pemberontakan Jacobite 1745 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Jacobite 1745" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrezione_giacobita_del_1745" title="Insurrezione giacobita del 1745 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insurrezione giacobita del 1745" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_1745" title="המרד היעקוביטי של 1745 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרד היעקוביטי של 1745" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitische_opstand_van_1745" title="Jakobitische opstand van 1745 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jakobitische opstand van 1745" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1745%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E8%9C%82%E8%B5%B7" title="1745年ジャコバイト蜂起 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1745年ジャコバイト蜂起" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobittoppr%C3%B8ret_i_1745" title="Jakobittopprøret i 1745 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakobittopprøret i 1745" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_jakobickie_1745_roku" title="Powstanie jakobickie 1745 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie jakobickie 1745 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_1745_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Восстание якобитов 1745 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание якобитов 1745 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobitski_ustanak_1745." title="Jakobitski ustanak 1745. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jakobitski ustanak 1745." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobiittikapina_(1745%E2%80%931746)" title="Jakobiittikapina (1745–1746) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jakobiittikapina (1745–1746)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Cookiecube" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Cookiecube" data-mw-revid="1220543959"><bdi>Cookiecube</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Cookiecube" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Cookiecube">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Cookiecube" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Cookiecube">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>38</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Background">→<bdi dir="ltr">Background</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobite_rising_of_1745&diff=next&oldid=1220543959" title="Jacobite rising of 1745" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Prince James Francis Edward Stuart by Anton Raphael Mengs.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Portrait of James, the Old Pretender|[[James Francis Edward Stuart]], the 'Old Pretender,' or 'Chevalier de St George' portrait from 1748]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Prince James Francis Edward Stuart by Anton Raphael Mengs.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Portrait of James, the Old Pretender|[[James Francis Edward Stuart]], the 'Old Pretender,' or 'Chevalier de St George' portrait from 1748]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] replaced the [[Catholic]] [[James II of England|James II]] with his Protestant daughter [[Mary II of England|Mary]] and her Dutch husband [[William III of England|William]], who ruled as joint monarchs of England, Ireland and Scotland. Neither Mary, who died in 1694, nor her sister [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]], had surviving children, leaving their Catholic half-brother [[James Francis Edward]] as the closest natural heir. Since the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">excluded</del> Catholics from the succession, when Anne became queen in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant [[Electress]] [[Sophia of Hanover]]. Sophia died in June 1714, two months before Anne, and her son succeeded as [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] in August.{{sfn|Somerset|2012|pp=532–535}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] replaced the [[Catholic]] [[James II of England|James II]] with his Protestant daughter [[Mary II of England|Mary]] and her Dutch husband [[William III of England|William]], who ruled as joint monarchs of England, Ireland and Scotland. Neither Mary, who died in 1694, nor her sister [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]], had surviving children, leaving their Catholic half-brother [[James Francis Edward]] as the closest natural heir. Since the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">remmoved</ins> Catholics from the succession, when Anne became queen in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant [[Electress]] [[Sophia of Hanover]]. Sophia died in June 1714, two months before Anne, and her son succeeded as [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] in August.{{sfn|Somerset|2012|pp=532–535}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Louis XIV of France]], the primary source of support for the exiled Stuarts, died in 1715 and his successors needed peace with Britain in order to rebuild their economy.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=91}} The [[Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)|1716 Anglo-French alliance]] forced James to leave France; he settled in [[Rome]] on a [[Pope|Papal]] pension, making him even less attractive to the Protestants who formed the vast majority of his British support.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|pp=93–95}} Jacobite rebellions in [[Jacobite rising of 1715|1715]] and [[Jacobite rising of 1719|1719]] both failed, the latter so badly its planners concluded that it might "ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts".{{sfn|Dickson|1895|p=273}} Senior exiles like [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke]] accepted pardons and returned home or took employment elsewhere. The birth of his sons [[Charles Edward Stuart|Charles]] and [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry]] helped maintain public interest in the Stuarts, but by 1737, James was "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration."{{sfn|Blaikie|1916|page=xlix}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Louis XIV of France]], the primary source of support for the exiled Stuarts, died in 1715 and his successors needed peace with Britain in order to rebuild their economy.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=91}} The [[Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)|1716 Anglo-French alliance]] forced James to leave France; he settled in [[Rome]] on a [[Pope|Papal]] pension, making him even less attractive to the Protestants who formed the vast majority of his British support.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|pp=93–95}} Jacobite rebellions in [[Jacobite rising of 1715|1715]] and [[Jacobite rising of 1719|1719]] both failed, the latter so badly its planners concluded that it might "ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts".{{sfn|Dickson|1895|p=273}} Senior exiles like [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke]] accepted pardons and returned home or took employment elsewhere. The birth of his sons [[Charles Edward Stuart|Charles]] and [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry]] helped maintain public interest in the Stuarts, but by 1737, James was "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration."{{sfn|Blaikie|1916|page=xlix}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 13:22, 24 April 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Attempt by the House of Stuart to regain the British throne</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Forty-Five" redirects here. For the bodyguard of Henry III and Henry IV of France, see <a href="/wiki/The_forty-five_guards" class="mw-redirect" title="The forty-five guards">The forty-five guards</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Jacobite rising of 1745</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/250px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/375px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/500px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1207" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/An_Incident_in_the_Rebellion_of_1745" title="An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745">An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Morier" title="David Morier">David Morier</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>19 August 1745 – 20 April 1746</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (mainly)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British Government victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg/21px-Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg/32px-Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg/42px-Jacobite_Standard_%281745%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="394" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cope_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Cope (British Army officer)">John Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hawley" title="Henry Hawley">Henry Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Forbes,_Lord_Culloden" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden">Duncan Forbes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(soldier)" title="John O'Sullivan (soldier)">John O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Drummond,_4th_Duke_of_Perth" title="John Drummond, 4th Duke of Perth">John Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Drummond,_3rd_Duke_of_Perth" title="James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth">James Drummond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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id="Jacobite_rising_of_1745" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Jacobite rising of 1745</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highbridge_Skirmish" title="Highbridge Skirmish">Highbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ruthven_Barracks_(1745)" title="Siege of Ruthven Barracks (1745)">1st Ruthven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Prestonpans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Culloden_House_(1745)" title="Siege of Culloden House (1745)">Culloden House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(November_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (November 1745)">1st Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Moor_Skirmish" title="Clifton Moor Skirmish">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">2nd Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Augustus_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Fort Augustus (December 1745)">1st Fort Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inverurie_(1745)" title="Battle of Inverurie (1745)">Inverurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stirling_Castle_(1746)" title="Siege of Stirling Castle (1746)">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ruthven_Barracks_(1746)" title="Siege of Ruthven Barracks (1746)">2nd Ruthven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moy,_Highland" title="Moy, Highland">Moy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1746)" title="Siege of Inverness (1746)">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Augustus_(March_1746)" title="Siege of Fort Augustus (March 1746)">2nd Fort Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atholl_raids" title="Atholl raids">Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Blair_Castle" title="Siege of Blair Castle">Blair Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Keith" title="Skirmish of Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_William" title="Siege of Fort William">Fort William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dornoch" title="Battle of Dornoch">Dornoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Tongue" title="Skirmish of Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Littleferry" title="Battle of Littleferry">Littleferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Loch_nan_Uamh" title="Skirmish of Loch nan Uamh">Loch nan Uamh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Loch_Ailort" title="Skirmish of Loch Ailort">Loch Ailort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Arisaig" title="Skirmish of Arisaig">Arisaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killin_incident_of_1749" title="Killin incident of 1749">Killin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appin_Murder" title="Appin Murder">Appin Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Rannoch" title="Raid on Rannoch">Rannoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacobite_risings" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="wrap">Jacobite risings</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">War in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1696_Jacobite_assassination_plot" title="1696 Jacobite assassination plot">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterbury_Plot" title="Atterbury Plot">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">1759</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Jacobite rising of 1745</b> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a> to regain the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Great Britain">British throne</a> for his father, <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>. It took place during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, when the bulk of the British Army was fighting in mainland Europe, and proved to be the last in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">a series of revolts</a> that began in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">March 1689</a>, with major outbreaks in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">1719</a>. </p><p>Charles launched the rebellion on 19 August 1745 at <a href="/wiki/Glenfinnan" title="Glenfinnan">Glenfinnan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, capturing Edinburgh and winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a> in September. At a council in October, the Scots agreed to invade England after Charles assured them of substantial support from English <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> and a simultaneous French landing in Southern England. On that basis, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Army_(1745)" title="Jacobite Army (1745)">Jacobite army</a> entered England in early November, but neither of these assurances proved accurate. On reaching <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> on 4 December, they halted to discuss future strategy. </p><p>Similar discussions had taken place at <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and many felt they had gone too far already. The invasion route had been selected to cross areas considered strongly Jacobite in sympathy, but the promised English support failed to materialise. With several government armies marching on their position, they were outnumbered and in danger of being cut off. The decision to retreat was supported by the vast majority, but caused an irretrievable split between Charles and his Scots supporters. Despite victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Falkirk Muir</a> in January 1746, defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a> in April ended the Rebellion. Charles escaped to France, but was unable to win support for another attempt, and died in Rome in 1788. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Anton_Raphael_Mengs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of James, the Old Pretender" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Anton_Raphael_Mengs.jpg/180px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Anton_Raphael_Mengs.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Anton_Raphael_Mengs.jpg/270px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Anton_Raphael_Mengs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Anton_Raphael_Mengs.jpg/360px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Anton_Raphael_Mengs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>, the 'Old Pretender,' or 'Chevalier de St George' portrait from 1748</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> with his Protestant daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> and her Dutch husband <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a>, who ruled as joint monarchs of England, Ireland and Scotland. Neither Mary, who died in 1694, nor her sister <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, had surviving children, leaving their Catholic half-brother <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward" class="mw-redirect" title="James Francis Edward">James Francis Edward</a> as the closest natural heir. Since the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> remmoved Catholics from the succession, when Anne became queen in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant <a href="/wiki/Electress" title="Electress">Electress</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia of Hanover</a>. Sophia died in June 1714, two months before Anne, and her son succeeded as <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> in August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>, the primary source of support for the exiled Stuarts, died in 1715 and his successors needed peace with Britain in order to rebuild their economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199491_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199491-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">1716 Anglo-French alliance</a> forced James to leave France; he settled in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papal</a> pension, making him even less attractive to the Protestants who formed the vast majority of his British support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199493–95_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199493–95-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacobite rebellions in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">1719</a> both failed, the latter so badly its planners concluded that it might "ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson1895273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson1895273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior exiles like <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a> accepted pardons and returned home or took employment elsewhere. The birth of his sons <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry</a> helped maintain public interest in the Stuarts, but by 1737, James was "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916xlix_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916xlix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_de_Fleury_by_Rigaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cardinal Fleury, chief minister of France 1723–1743" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cardinal_de_Fleury_by_Rigaud.jpg/180px-Cardinal_de_Fleury_by_Rigaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cardinal_de_Fleury_by_Rigaud.jpg/270px-Cardinal_de_Fleury_by_Rigaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cardinal_de_Fleury_by_Rigaud.jpg/360px-Cardinal_de_Fleury_by_Rigaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Hercule_de_Fleury" title="André-Hercule de Fleury">Cardinal Fleury</a>, chief minister of France 1723 to 1743; he viewed the Jacobites as an ineffective weapon for dealing with British power</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, by the late 1730s French statesmen had come to see British commercial strength as a threat to the European balance of power, and the exiled Stuarts a potential option for weakening it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, financing a low-level insurgency was far more cost-effective than an expensive restoration, especially since the Stuarts were unlikely to be any more pro-French than the Hanoverians.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remote and undeveloped <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> were an ideal location for launching such an attempt, while the feudal nature of clan society made it relatively easy to raise troops. However, even Jacobite sympathisers were reluctant to support an uprising they recognised could be devastating for the local populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003133_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003133-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposition to taxes levied by the London government led to the 1725 <a href="/wiki/Malt_tax_riots" title="Malt tax riots">malt tax</a> and 1737 <a href="/wiki/Porteous_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Porteous riots">Porteous riots</a>. In March 1743, the Highland-recruited <a href="/wiki/42nd_Regiment_of_Foot" title="42nd Regiment of Foot">42nd Regiment of Foot</a> was posted to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, contrary to an understanding their service was restricted to Scotland, causing a short-lived mutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves20173–4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves20173–4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, mutinies over pay and conditions were not unusual and the worst riots in 1725 took place in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, a town Charles noted in 1746 as one "where I have no friends and who are not at pains to hide it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016337_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016337-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade disputes between Spain and Britain led to the 1739 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>, followed in 1740–41 by the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. The long-serving British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> was forced to resign in February 1742 by an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> and anti-Walpole <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a>, who then excluded their partners from government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199494–95_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199494–95-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furious Tories like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Scudamore,_3rd_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Scudamore, 3rd Duke of Beaufort">Henry Scudamore, 3rd Duke of Beaufort</a> asked for French help in restoring James to the British throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201619–20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201619–20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While war with Britain was clearly only a matter of time, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Hercule_de_Fleury" title="André-Hercule de Fleury">Cardinal Fleury</a>, chief minister since 1723, viewed the Jacobites as unreliable fantasists, an opinion shared by most French ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman200351_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman200351-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception was <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson</a>, who was appointed Foreign Minister by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a> after Fleury died in January 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201620_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201620-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-1715;_Jacobitism_in_the_British_Isles"><span id="Post-1715.3B_Jacobitism_in_the_British_Isles"></span>Post-1715; Jacobitism in the British Isles</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Watkin_Williams,_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg/150px-Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg/225px-Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg/300px-Sir_Watkin_Williams%2C_3rd_Bt_of_Llanforda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Welsh Tory <a href="/wiki/Sir_Watkin_Williams-Wynn,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet">Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn</a> (1692–1749); his sky-blue waistcoat was a Jacobite symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">Frank McLynn</a> identifies seven different ideological drivers behind continuing support for <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> in 1745, Stuart loyalism being the least important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198297–133_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn198297–133-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These divisions became increasingly apparent during the Rising, exacerbated because Charles himself was largely ignorant of the kingdoms he hoped to regain. In addition, many of his senior advisors were Irish exiles, who wanted an autonomous, Catholic Ireland and the return of lands confiscated after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006439–444_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006439–444-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather James II had promised these concessions in return for Irish support in the 1689 to 1691 <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a>, and only a Stuart on the throne of Great Britain could ensure their fulfillment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such concessions were firmly opposed by Protestants who were the overwhelming majority in England, Wales and Scotland, while estimates of English support in particular confused indifference to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanoverians</a> with enthusiasm for the Stuarts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199496–98_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199496–98-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1720, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> tried to bind English Catholics closer to the regime by refusing to enforce <a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">laws</a> against them. Many became government supporters, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Howard,_9th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk">Edward Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a>, unofficial head of the English Catholic community. Sentenced to death in 1716, he was reprieved and remained in London during the 1745 rebellion, visiting George II to confirm his loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982102–103_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1982102–103-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most English Jacobite sympathisers were Tories who resented their exclusion from power since 1714, and viewed Hanover as a liability which involved them in expensive Continental wars of minimal benefit to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShinsuke201337_passim_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinsuke201337_passim-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sentiments were particularly strong in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London</a>, although diplomats observed opposition to foreign entanglements was true "only so long as English commerce does not suffer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomerset2012166_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomerset2012166-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even this group was far more concerned to ensure the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, which meant defending it from Charles and his Catholic advisors, the Scots Presbyterians who formed the bulk of his army, or <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> in general; many "Jacobite" demonstrations in Wales stemmed from hostility to the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonod1993197–199_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonod1993197–199-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Porteous_Mob_James_Drummond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The 1737 Porteous Riots in Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Porteous_Mob_James_Drummond.jpg/220px-The_Porteous_Mob_James_Drummond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Porteous_Mob_James_Drummond.jpg/330px-The_Porteous_Mob_James_Drummond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Porteous_Mob_James_Drummond.jpg/440px-The_Porteous_Mob_James_Drummond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>The 1737 <a href="/wiki/Porteous_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Porteous riots">Porteous riots</a> in Edinburgh reflected opposition to the loss of political power following Union</figcaption></figure> <p>The most prominent Welsh Jacobite was <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a> landowner and Tory Member of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Watkin_Williams-Wynn,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet">Watkin Williams-Wynn</a>, head of the Jacobite White Rose society. He met with Stuart agents several times between 1740 and 1744 and promised support "if the Prince brought a French army"; in the end, he spent the Rebellion in London, with participation by the Welsh gentry limited to two lawyers, <a href="/wiki/David_Morgan_(Jacobite)" title="David Morgan (Jacobite)">David Morgan</a> and William Vaughan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016234–235_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016234–235-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">Jacobite rising of 1719</a>, new laws imposed penalties on <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Non-Jurists</a>, those who refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverian regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong200215_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200215-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1745, Non-Jurists had largely disappeared in England, but continued to be a significant element in Scotland; many of those who participated in the Rising came from Non-Jurist <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey200190–128_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey200190–128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most powerful single driver for Scottish support in 1745 was opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Union</a>, whose loss of political control was not matched by perceived economic benefit. This was particularly marked in Edinburgh, former location of the Scottish Parliament, and among Highland chiefs, many of whom were heavily in debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshanks200896–97_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshanks200896–97-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summary, Charles wanted to reclaim the throne of a united Great Britain and rule on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>. Both principles had been rejected by the 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, but were reinforced by his trusted advisors, most of whom were long-term English or Irish Catholic exiles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorp201429_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorp201429-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They differed sharply from the Scottish Protestant nationalists who formed the bulk of the Jacobite army in 1745, and opposed the Union, Catholicism and "arbitrary" rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201049_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201049-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Jacobite exiles failed to appreciate the extent to which English Tory support derived from policy differences with the Whigs, not Stuart loyalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShinsuke201337_passim_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinsuke201337_passim-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charles_in_Scotland">Charles in Scotland</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles Stuart at Holyrood, 1745" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg/180px-Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg/270px-Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg/360px-Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4421" data-file-height="5412" /></a><figcaption>Charles Edward Stuart as European royalty, painted at Holyrood, late 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the 1743 <a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">Pacte de Famille</a>, Louis XV and his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>, agreed to co-operate against Britain, including an invasion to restore the Stuarts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2013171_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2013171-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1743, Louis advised James this was planned for February 1744 and began assembling 12,000 troops and transports at <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, selected because it was possible to reach the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> from there in a single tide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromley1987233_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromley1987233-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was well aware of this, the French squadron in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> made ostentatious preparations for putting to sea, in hopes of luring away their patrols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy200343_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy200343-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James remained in Rome while Charles made his way in secret to join the invasion force, but when Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Aymar_de_Roquefeuil_et_du_Bousquet" title="Jacques Aymar de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet">Roquefeuil</a>'s squadron left Brest on 26 January 1744, the Royal Navy refused to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201627_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201627-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French naval operations against Britain often took place in the winter, when poor weather made it harder to enforce a blockade. Unfortunately, this worked both ways, and as in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">1719</a>, the invasion force was wrecked by storms. Several French ships were sunk and many others severely damaged, Roquefeuil himself being among the casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont201148_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont201148-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, Louis cancelled the invasion and declared war on Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201629_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201629-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1738, <a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_of_Glenbucket" title="John Gordon of Glenbucket">John Gordon of Glenbucket</a> had proposed a landing in Scotland, which had been rejected by the French, and James himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916xlix_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916xlix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to revive this plan, in August Charles travelled to Paris where he met Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_of_Broughton" title="John Murray of Broughton">John Murray of Broughton</a>, liaison between the Stuarts and their supporters in Scotland. Murray subsequently claimed to have advised against it, but that Charles was "determined to come [...] though with a single footman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray189893_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray189893-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Murray returned to Edinburgh with this news, his colleagues reiterated their opposition to a rising without substantial French backing, but Charles gambled once in Scotland, the French would have to support him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201655–56_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201655–56-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_between_HMS_Lion_and_Elizabeth_and_the_Du_Teillay,_9_July_1745_RMG_BHC0364.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Action between HMS Lion and Elizabeth, July 1745" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Action_between_HMS_Lion_and_Elizabeth_and_the_Du_Teillay%2C_9_July_1745_RMG_BHC0364.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Action_between_HMS_Lion_and_Elizabeth_and_the_Du_Teillay%2C_9_July_1745_RMG_BHC0364.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Action_between_HMS_Lion_and_Elizabeth_and_the_Du_Teillay%2C_9_July_1745_RMG_BHC0364.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Action_between_HMS_Lion_and_Elizabeth_and_the_Du_Teillay%2C_9_July_1745_RMG_BHC0364.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Action_between_HMS_Lion_and_Elizabeth_and_the_Du_Teillay%2C_9_July_1745_RMG_BHC0364.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Action_between_HMS_Lion_and_Elizabeth_and_the_Du_Teillay%2C_9_July_1745_RMG_BHC0364.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4861" /></a><figcaption>The battle with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lion_(1709)" title="HMS Lion (1709)">HMS <i>Lion</i></a> forced <i>Elizabeth</i> to return to port with most of the weapons and volunteers</figcaption></figure> <p>He spent the first months of 1745 purchasing weapons, while <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">victory at Fontenoy</a> in April encouraged the French authorities to provide him with two transport ships. These were the 16-gun <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Du_Teillay_(1744_ship)" title="Du Teillay (1744 ship)">Du Teillay</a></i> and <i>Elizabeth,</i> an elderly 64-gun warship captured from the British in 1704, which carried the weapons and 100 volunteers from the French Army's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(France)" title="Irish Brigade (France)">Irish Brigade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201657–58_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201657–58-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early July, Charles boarded <i>Du Teillay</i> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> accompanied by the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Men_of_Moidart" title="Seven Men of Moidart">Seven Men of Moidart</a>," the most notable being Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(soldier)" title="John O'Sullivan (soldier)">John O'Sullivan</a>, an Irish exile and former French officer who acted as chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham20142_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham20142-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two vessels left for the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Outer Hebrides</a> on 15 July but were intercepted four days out by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lion_(1709)" title="HMS Lion (1709)">HMS <i>Lion</i></a>, which engaged <i>Elizabeth.</i> After a four-hour battle, both were forced to return to port; losing the <i>Elizabeth</i> and its volunteers and weapons was a major setback, but <i>Du Teillay</i> landed Charles at <a href="/wiki/Eriskay" title="Eriskay">Eriskay</a> on 23 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy200343_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy200343-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including <a href="/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Sleat" title="Clan Macdonald of Sleat">MacDonald of Sleat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_MacLeod_(The_Wicked_Man)" title="Norman MacLeod (The Wicked Man)">Norman MacLeod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201683–84_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201683–84-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware of the likely penalties for defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2001152–153_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2001152–153-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sleat and MacLeod may also have been especially vulnerable to government sanctions, due to their involvement in illegally selling tenants into <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servitude in the Americas">indentured servitude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2004_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enough were persuaded but the choice was rarely simple; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Donald Cameron of Lochiel</a> committed himself only after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive," while MacLeod and Sleat helped him escape after Culloden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016465–467_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016465–467-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 August, the rebellion was launched with the raising of the Royal Standard at <a href="/wiki/Glenfinnan" title="Glenfinnan">Glenfinnan</a>, witnessed by what O'Sullivan estimated as around 700 Highlanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCann196313_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCann196313-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This small Jacobite force used the new government-built roads to reach Perth on 4 September, where they were joined by more sympathisers. They included <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a>, previously pardoned for participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings. O'Sullivan initially organised the Jacobite army along conventional military lines, but when Murray took over as chief of staff, he reverted to traditional Highland military structures and customs familiar to the majority of his recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016123–125_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016123–125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duncan_Forbes_of_Culloden_by_Jeremiah_Davison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Duncan_Forbes_of_Culloden_by_Jeremiah_Davison.jpg/180px-Duncan_Forbes_of_Culloden_by_Jeremiah_Davison.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Duncan_Forbes_of_Culloden_by_Jeremiah_Davison.jpg/270px-Duncan_Forbes_of_Culloden_by_Jeremiah_Davison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Duncan_Forbes_of_Culloden_by_Jeremiah_Davison.jpg/360px-Duncan_Forbes_of_Culloden_by_Jeremiah_Davison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Forbes,_Lord_Culloden" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden">Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden</a>, senior government legal officer in Scotland, tirelessly organised opposition to the Jacobites</figcaption></figure> <p>The senior government legal officer in Scotland, Lord President <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Forbes,_Lord_Culloden" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden">Duncan Forbes</a>, forwarded confirmation of the landing to London on 9 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201693–94_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201693–94-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the 3,000 soldiers available to <a href="/wiki/John_Cope_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Cope (British Army officer)">John Cope</a>, the government commander in Scotland, were untrained recruits, and while he lacked information on Jacobite intentions, they were well-informed on his, as Murray had been one of his advisors. Forbes instead relied on his relationships to keep people loyal; he failed with Lochiel and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat</a> but succeeded with many others, including <a href="/wiki/William_Sutherland,_17th_Earl_of_Sutherland" title="William Sutherland, 17th Earl of Sutherland">William Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Munro" title="Clan Munro">Clan Munro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Mackenzie,_Lord_Fortrose" title="Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose">Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201695–97_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201695–97-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh unopposed, although <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> itself remained in government hands; James was proclaimed King of Scotland the next day and Charles his Regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003198_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003198-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 September, the Jacobites intercepted and scattered Cope's army in less than 20 minutes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a>, just outside Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a>, commander of the British army in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, was recalled to London, along with 12,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016195_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016195-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To consolidate his support in Scotland, Charles published two "Declarations" on 9 and 10 October: the first dissolved the "pretended Union," the second rejected the Act of Settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock201626_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock201626-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also instructed the <i>Caledonian Mercury</i> to publish minutes of the 1695 Parliamentary enquiry into the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Glencoe Massacre</a>, often used as an example of post-1688 oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins19981_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins19981-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_George_Murray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lord George Murray, Jacobite military commander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lord_George_Murray.jpg/180px-Lord_George_Murray.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lord_George_Murray.jpg/270px-Lord_George_Murray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lord_George_Murray.jpg/360px-Lord_George_Murray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a>; while competent, poor relationships with Charles and O'Sullivan reduced his effectiveness</figcaption></figure> <p>Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, the <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Jean-Baptiste_de_Boyer,_Marquis_d%E2%80%99%C3%89guilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d’Éguilles">Marquis d’Éguilles</a>, which seemed to validate claims of French backing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016185_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016185-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/David_Wemyss,_Lord_Elcho" title="David Wemyss, Lord Elcho">David Wemyss, Lord Elcho</a> later claimed his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles' autocratic style and fears he was overly influenced by his Irish advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElcho2010289_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElcho2010289-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Prince's Council" of 15 to 20 senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016175–176_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016175–176-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These internal tensions were highlighted by the meetings held on 30 and 31 October to discuss strategy. Most of the Scots wanted to consolidate their position and revive the pre-1707 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> to help defend it against the "English armies" they expected to be sent against them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201053_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201053-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles argued an invasion of England was critical for attracting French support, and ensuring an independent Scotland by removing the Hanoverians. He was supported by the Irish exiles, for whom a Stuart on the British throne was the only way to achieve an autonomous, Catholic Ireland. Charles also claimed he was in contact with English supporters, who were simply waiting for their arrival, while d’Éguilles assured the council a French landing in England was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their doubts, the Council agreed to the invasion, on condition the promised English and French support was forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous Scottish incursions into England had crossed the border at <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>, but Murray selected a route via <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> and the North-West of England, areas strongly Jacobite in 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201060–61_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201060–61-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last elements of the Jacobite army left Edinburgh on 4 November and government forces under <a href="/wiki/Roger_Handasyd" title="Roger Handasyd">General Handasyde</a> retook the city on 14th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016200–201_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016200–201-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_of_England">Invasion of England</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hogarth's March of the Guards to Finchley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/William_Hogarth_007.jpg/220px-William_Hogarth_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/William_Hogarth_007.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/William_Hogarth_007.jpg/440px-William_Hogarth_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Guards_to_Finchley" title="The March of the Guards to Finchley">The March of the Guards to Finchley</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>; soldiers mustered to defend London against Jacobite forces</figcaption></figure> <p>Murray divided the army into two columns to conceal their destination from General <a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a>, government commander in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, and entered England on 8 November unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003223_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003223-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10th, they reached <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, an important border fortress before the 1707 Union but whose defences were now in poor condition, held by a garrison of 80 elderly veterans. However, without siege artillery the Jacobites would still have to starve it into submission, an operation for which they had neither the equipment or time. Despite this, the castle capitulated on 15 November, after learning Wade's relief force was delayed by snow. This success reinvigorated the Jacobite cause and when he retook the town in December, Cumberland wanted to execute those responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016209–216_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016209–216-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaving a small garrison, the Jacobites continued south to <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> on 26 November, then <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> on 28th. Here they received the first notable intake of English recruits, which were formed into the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Regiment_(Jacobite)" title="Manchester Regiment (Jacobite)">Manchester Regiment</a>. Their commander was <a href="/wiki/Francis_Towneley" title="Francis Towneley">Francis Towneley</a>, a Lancashire Catholic and former <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Royal Army</a> officer, whose elder brother Richard had narrowly escaped execution for his part in the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715 Rising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGooch2004_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2004-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At previous Council meetings in Preston and Manchester, many Scots felt they had already gone far enough, but agreed to continue when Charles assured them Sir Watkin Williams Wynn would meet them at <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, while the Duke of Beaufort was preparing to seize the strategic port of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2004_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonniequest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bonniequest.jpg/180px-Bonniequest.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bonniequest.jpg/270px-Bonniequest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bonniequest.jpg/360px-Bonniequest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>; a statue of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Stuart</a> commemorates the Jacobite army reaching the town in 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>When they reached Derby on 4 December, there was no sign of these reinforcements or any other French landing in England and the Council convened at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_House" title="Exeter House">Exeter House</a> on 5th to discuss next steps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016298–299_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016298–299-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the large crowds that turned out to see them on the march south, only Manchester provided a significant number of recruits; Preston, a Jacobite stronghold in 1715, supplied three.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock1998115_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock1998115-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray argued they had gone as far as possible and now risked being cut off by superior forces, with Cumberland advancing north from London, and Wade moving south from Newcastle. Charles admitted he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France; this meant he lied when claiming otherwise and his relationship with the Scots was irretrievably damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016299–300_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016299–300-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council voted overwhelmingly to retreat, a decision strengthened by a report received from <a href="/wiki/John_Drummond,_4th_Duke_of_Perth" title="John Drummond, 4th Duke of Perth">Lord John Drummond</a> that French ships had landed supplies and money at the port of <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Angus" title="Montrose, Angus">Montrose, Angus</a>. They included "volunteers" from the "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_(Jacobite)" title="Royal Scots (Jacobite)">Royal Écossais</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(France)" title="Irish Brigade (France)">Irish Brigade</a>, units of the regular <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Royal Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016304–305_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016304–305-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these troops numbered less than 200 in total, Drummond allegedly suggested another 10,000 were preparing to follow, "greatly influencing" the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinchester187050_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester187050-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While debated ever since, contemporaries did not believe the Hanoverian regime would collapse, even had the Jacobites reached London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201063_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201063-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to retreat was driven by lack of English support or of a French landing in England, not proximity to the capital, and its wisdom supported by many modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColley200972–79_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColley200972–79-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason was that their lack of heavy weapons allowed the Jacobites to out-march their opponents, but would be a disadvantage in a set-piece battle. In a letter of 30 November, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_2nd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a>, who was with Cumberland's army, listed five possible options for the Jacobites, of which retreating to Scotland was by far the best for them, and the worst for the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016256_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016256-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Augustus,_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="William, Duke of Cumberland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/150px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/225px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/300px-William_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Cumberland_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a>, ca 1757</figcaption></figure> <p>The British government was concerned by reports of an invasion fleet being prepared at Dunkirk but it is unclear how serious these plans were. Over the winter of 1745 to 1746, Maréchal <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" title="Maurice de Saxe">Maurice de Saxe</a> was assembling troops in Northern France in preparation for an offensive into <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, while Dunkirk was a major privateer base and always busy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromley1987233_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromley1987233-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threatening an invasion was a far more cost-effective means of consuming British resources than actually doing so and these plans were formally cancelled in January 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016354_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016354-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreat badly damaged the relationship between Charles and the Scots, both sides viewing the other with suspicion and hostility. Elcho later wrote that Murray believed they could have continued the war in Scotland "for several years", forcing the Crown to agree to terms as its troops were desperately needed for the war on the Continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElcho2010201_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElcho2010201-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seems unlikely since despite their victories in Flanders, in early 1746 Finance Minister Machault warned Louis that the British naval blockade had reduced the French economy to a "catastrophic state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199997–100_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199997–100-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fast-moving Jacobite army evaded pursuit with only a minor <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Moor_Skirmish" title="Clifton Moor Skirmish">skirmish at Clifton Moor</a>, crossing back into Scotland on 20 December. Cumberland's army arrived outside Carlisle on 22 December, and seven days later the garrison was forced to surrender, ending the Jacobite military presence in England. Much of the garrison came from the Manchester Regiment and several of the officers were later executed, including Francis Towneley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016328–329_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016328–329-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_to_Culloden">Road to Culloden</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stirling_Castle_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Jacobites unsuccessfully tried to take Stirling Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stirling_Castle_2017.jpg/200px-Stirling_Castle_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stirling_Castle_2017.jpg/300px-Stirling_Castle_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stirling_Castle_2017.jpg/400px-Stirling_Castle_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4627" data-file-height="3085" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>; the Jacobites spent two months unsuccessfully besieging the strongest fort in Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>The invasion itself had little strategic effect, but reaching Derby and returning was a considerable military achievement. Morale was high, while reinforcements from Aberdeenshire and Banffshire under <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gordon_(Jacobite)" title="Lewis Gordon (Jacobite)">Lewis Gordon</a> along with Scottish and Irish regulars in French service brought Jacobite strength to over 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2018329–333_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2018329–333-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jacobite army now shifted to a more conventional form of warfare, for which they were arguably less well suited. Many troops were occupied suppressing a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> in the Highlands, led by clansmen loyal to the government under <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies202218_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies202218-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, much of their resources were focused on <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stirling_Castle_(1746)" title="Siege of Stirling Castle (1746)">besieging Stirling Castle</a>, one of the most powerful forts in Scotland. On 17 January, the Jacobites dispersed a relief force under <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hawley" title="Henry Hawley">Henry Hawley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a>, but insufficient heavy artillery meant the siege itself made little progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016209–216_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016209–216-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawley's forces were largely intact, and resumed their advance once Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January, while many Highlanders had gone home after Falkirk; on 1 February, the Jacobite army abandoned the siege, and retreated to Inverness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2018353–354_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2018353–354-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland marched up the coast, allowing his forces to be resupplied by sea, and entered Aberdeen on 27 February; both sides halted operations until the weather improved. When Cumberland left Aberdeen on 8 April, the Jacobites were short of food and money, and the leadership agreed giving battle was their best option.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016377–378_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016377–378-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Culloden_(map_02).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Culloden; initial deployments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg/180px-Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg/270px-Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg/360px-Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Initial deployments at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a>; boggy ground in front of the Jacobite centre forced them to the right; Ballimore's battalion of <a href="/wiki/Loudon%27s_Highlanders" title="Loudon's Highlanders">Loudon's Highlanders</a> positioned behind Culwhiniac enclosure, extreme right</figcaption></figure> <p>Arguments over the suitability of the ground at Culloden stem from post-war disputes between supporters of Murray and O'Sullivan, who was largely responsible for the choice, but defeat was a combination of factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock201658–98_passim_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock201658–98_passim-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to superior numbers and equipment, Cumberland's troops had been drilled in countering the Highland charge, which relied on speed and ferocity to break the enemy lines. When successful it resulted in quick victories like Prestonpans and Falkirk, but if it failed, they could not hold their ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid19969_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid19969-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a> on 16 April, often cited as the last pitched battle on British soil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobite_stories:_Battle_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobite_stories:_Battle-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Exhausted by a night march carried out in a failed attempt to surprise Cumberland's troops, many Jacobites missed the battle, leaving fewer than 5,000 to face a well-rested and equipped force of 7,000 to 9,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldGold200711–12_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldGold200711–12-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting began with an artillery exchange: that of the government was vastly superior in training and coordination, particularly as James Grant, an officer in the Irish Brigade who served as head of the Jacobite artillery, was absent, having been wounded at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_William" title="Siege of Fort William">Siege of Fort William</a>. Charles held his position, expecting Cumberland to attack, but he refused to do so and unable to respond to the fire, Charles ordered his front line to charge. As they did so, boggy ground in front of the Jacobite centre forced them over to the right, where they became entangled with the right wing regiments and where movement was restricted by an enclosure wall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle201687_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle201687-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthven_Barracks_(1983).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two days after the battle, around 1,500 Jacobites assembled at Ruthven Barracks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ruthven_Barracks_%281983%29.JPG/220px-Ruthven_Barracks_%281983%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ruthven_Barracks_%281983%29.JPG/330px-Ruthven_Barracks_%281983%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ruthven_Barracks_%281983%29.JPG/440px-Ruthven_Barracks_%281983%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruthven_Barracks" title="Ruthven Barracks">Ruthven Barracks</a>, where over 1,500 Jacobite survivors assembled after Culloden</figcaption></figure> <p>This increased the distance to the government lines and slowed the momentum of the charge, lengthening their exposure to the government artillery, which now switched to <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattle_of_Culloden_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattle_of_Culloden-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite heavy losses, the Highlanders crashed into Cumberland's left, which gave ground but did not break, while <a href="/wiki/Loudon%27s_Highlanders" title="Loudon's Highlanders">Loudon's Highlanders</a> fired into their flank from behind the wall. Unable to return fire, the Highlanders broke and fell back in confusion; the north-eastern regiments and Irish and Scots regulars in the second line retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016427_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016427-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Troops that held together, like the French regulars, were far less vulnerable in retreat, but many Highlanders were cut down in the pursuit. Government casualties are estimated as 50 killed, plus 259 wounded; many Jacobite wounded remaining on the battlefield were reportedly killed afterwards, their losses being 1,200 to 1,500 dead and 500 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInventory_of_Historic_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInventory_of_Historic-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several thousand armed Jacobites remained at large, and over the next two days, an estimated 1,500 assembled at <a href="/wiki/Ruthven_Barracks" title="Ruthven Barracks">Ruthven Barracks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman200325_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman200325-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 April, Charles ordered them to disperse, arguing French assistance was required to continue the fight and they should return home until he returned with additional support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1746_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1746-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lord Elcho later claimed to have told Charles he should "put himself at the head of the [...] men that remained to him, and live and die with them," but he was determined to leave for France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElcho2010207_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElcho2010207-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After evading capture in the Western Highlands, Charles was picked up by a French ship commanded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Warren_(Jacobite)" title="Richard Warren (Jacobite)">Richard Warren</a> on 20 September; he never returned to Scotland but the collapse of his relationship with the Scots always made this unlikely. Even before Derby, he had accused Murray and others of treachery; these outbursts became more frequent due to disappointment and heavy drinking, while the Scots no longer trusted his promises of support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016493_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016493-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_Simon,_Lord_Lovat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lord Lovat by Hogarth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/William_Hogarth_-_Simon%2C_Lord_Lovat.png/180px-William_Hogarth_-_Simon%2C_Lord_Lovat.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/William_Hogarth_-_Simon%2C_Lord_Lovat.png/270px-William_Hogarth_-_Simon%2C_Lord_Lovat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/William_Hogarth_-_Simon%2C_Lord_Lovat.png/360px-William_Hogarth_-_Simon%2C_Lord_Lovat.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lovat</a>, sketched by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, on his way to London for trial and later execution</figcaption></figure> <p>After Culloden, government forces spent several weeks searching for rebels, confiscating cattle and burning <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">non-juring Episcopalian</a> and Catholic meeting houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey200190–128_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey200190–128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brutality of these measures was partly driven by a widespread perception on both sides that another landing was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1902332_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1902332-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular soldiers in French service were treated as prisoners of war and exchanged regardless of nationality, but 3,500 captured Jacobites were indicted for treason. Of these, 120 were executed, primarily deserters from government forces and members of the Manchester Regiment. Some 650 died awaiting trial, 900 were pardoned and the rest transported to the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2002196–197_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2002196–197-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jacobite lords <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd,_4th_Earl_of_Kilmarnock" title="William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock">Kilmarnock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Elphinstone,_6th_Lord_Balmerino" title="Arthur Elphinstone, 6th Lord Balmerino">Balmerino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lovat</a> were beheaded in April 1747,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but public opinion was against further trials and the remaining prisoners were pardoned under the Act of Indemnity 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1977287–288_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1977287–288-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They included <a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald" title="Flora MacDonald">Flora MacDonald</a>, whose aristocratic admirers collected over £1,500 for her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuynn1941236–258_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuynn1941236–258-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Wemyss,_Lord_Elcho" title="David Wemyss, Lord Elcho">Lord Elcho</a>, Lord Murray and Lochiel were excluded from this and died in exile; <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Archibald Cameron of Lochiel">Archibald Cameron</a>, responsible for recruiting the Cameron regiment in 1745, was allegedly betrayed by his own clansmen on returning to Scotland and executed on 7 June 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenman198027_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenman198027-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government limited confiscations of Jacobite property, since the experience of doing so after 1715 and 1719 showed the cost often exceeded the sales price.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey2001110–111_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey2001110–111-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Vesting_Act_1747" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesting Act 1747">Vesting Act 1747</a>, the estates of 51 individuals <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainted</a> for their role in 1745 were surveyed by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Scotland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Scotland)">Court of Exchequer</a>, of which 41 were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19757,_380–382_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19757,_380–382-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As happened previously, most were either purchased or claimed by creditors, with 13 made <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate#Crown_land_in_Scotland" title="Crown Estate">crown land</a> in 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19757_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19757-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1784 Disannexing Act, their heirs were allowed to buy them back, in return for a total payment of £65,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1907xii_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1907xii-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once north of Edinburgh or inland from ports like Aberdeen, the movement of government troops was hampered by lack of roads or accurate maps of the Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins2014138_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins2014138-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To remedy this, new forts were built, the <a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">military road</a> network started by Wade finally completed and <a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a> made the first comprehensive survey of the Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour19804–9_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour19804–9-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional measures were taken to weaken the traditional clan system, which even before 1745 had been under severe stress due to changing economic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevine199416_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine199416-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant was the <a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746</a>, which ended the feudal power of chiefs over their clansmen. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746" title="Act of Proscription 1746">Act of Proscription 1746</a> outlawed Highland dress unless worn in military service, although its impact is debated and the law was repealed in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampsie2017_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampsie2017-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Edward_Stuart_(1775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/180px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/270px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg/360px-Charles_Edward_Stuart_%281775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Charles Edward Stuart in old age</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jacobite cause did not entirely disappear after 1746, but the conflicting objectives of its participants ended the movement as a serious political threat. Many Scots were disillusioned by Charles' leadership while the decline in English Jacobitism was demonstrated by the lack of support from areas strongly Jacobite in 1715, such as <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE'45_in_Northumberland_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE'45_in_Northumberland-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Jacobite societies increasingly reflected opposition to the existing order rather than affection for the Stuarts and were eventually absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi1994133_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi1994133-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1747, D’Éguilles produced a report on the Rising that was critical of the Jacobite leadership in general, while his opinion of Charles was so negative that he concluded France might be better served by supporting a Scottish Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1980177–181_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1980177–181-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after this, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart</a> was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">Roman Catholic priest</a>; Charles viewed this as tacit acceptance that the Stuart cause was finished and never forgave him. For both leaders, the Rebellion was to be the highlight of their careers. Charles was forcibly deported from France after the 1748 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> and rapidly descended into <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, while Cumberland resigned from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in 1757 and died of a stroke in 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016496–497_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016496–497-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles continued his attempts to reignite the cause, including making a secret visit to London in 1750, when he met supporters and briefly converted to the <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Non-Juring Anglican Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2013_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2013-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1759, he met to discuss <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">another invasion</a> with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">Choiseul</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief minister of France</a>, but the latter dismissed him as incapable through drink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003273_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003273-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Charles's urgings, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a> refused to recognise him as Charles III after their father died in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916Ixxxvi_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916Ixxxvi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of a stroke in Rome in January 1788, a disappointed and embittered man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2004_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentlemen_he_cried,_drawing_his_sword,_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg/220px-Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg/330px-Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg/440px-Gentlemen_he_cried%2C_drawing_his_sword%2C_I_have_thrown_away_the_scabbard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Charles Stuart, romantic icon; from <i><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Story" title="Scotland's Story">A History of Scotland for Boys and Girls</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Elizabeth_Marshall" title="Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall">H. E. Marshall</a>, published 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Writing in the mid-20th century, Scottish historian <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Duke" title="Winifred Duke">Winifred Duke</a> claimed "...the accepted idea of the Forty-Five in the minds of most people is a hazy and picturesque combination of a picnic and a crusade ... in cold reality, Charles was unwanted and unwelcomed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke192766_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke192766-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern commentators argue the focus on "Bonnie Prince Charlie" obscures the fact that many participants in the Rising did so because they opposed the Union, not the Hanoverians. As a result, this nationalist aspect makes it part of an ongoing political idea, rather than the last act of a doomed Highland cause and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2013_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2013-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of how this influenced historical perspectives is the tendency to portray the Jacobite Army as composed largely of Gaelic-speaking Highlanders. As recently as 2013, the Culloden Visitors Centre listed Lowland regiments such as Lord Elcho's and Balmerino's Life Guards, Baggot's Hussars and <a href="/wiki/William_Drummond,_4th_Viscount_Strathallan" title="William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan">Viscount Strathallan's</a> Perthshire Horse as "Highland Horse."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2016135_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2016135-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a significant proportion were Highlanders, the army included many Lowland units, limited numbers of English, and several hundred French and Irish regulars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikman200193_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman200193-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1745, the popular perception of Highlanders changed from that of "wyld, wykkd Helandmen", who were racially and culturally distinct from other Scots, to members of a noble warrior race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevine19942_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19942-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a century before 1745, rural poverty drove increasing numbers to enlist in foreign armies, such as the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Scots_Brigade" title="Scots Brigade">Scots Brigade</a>, but while many Highlanders had military experience, the military aspects of clanship had been in decline for many years, the last significant inter-clan battle being <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maol_Ruadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maol Ruadh">Maol Ruadh</a> in August 1688.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackillop19952_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackillop19952-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign service was banned in 1745 and recruitment into the British Army accelerated as deliberate policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackillop1995103–148_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackillop1995103–148-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victorian imperial administrators accentuated this by recruiting from the so-called "martial races," with Highlanders, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a> being grouped together as those who were arbitrarily identified as sharing military virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStreets201052_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreets201052-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1707, Scots writers were part of a wider and often uniform European literary culture. The creation of a uniquely Scottish style began as a reaction to Union, with poets like <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)" title="Allan Ramsay (poet)">Allan Ramsay</a> using Scots vernacular for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchan2003311_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchan2003311-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Rising, reconciling the Jacobite past with a Unionist present meant focusing on a shared cultural identity, made easier by the fact it did not imply sympathy for the Stuarts; Ramsay was one of those who left Edinburgh when it fell to the Jacobites in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle201625_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle201625-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the study of Scottish history itself was largely ignored by schools and universities until the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd199786–102_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd199786–102-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Scott_Waverley_illustration_(Pettie-Huth).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Walter_Scott_Waverley_illustration_%28Pettie-Huth%29.jpg/180px-Walter_Scott_Waverley_illustration_%28Pettie-Huth%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Walter_Scott_Waverley_illustration_%28Pettie-Huth%29.jpg/270px-Walter_Scott_Waverley_illustration_%28Pettie-Huth%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Walter_Scott_Waverley_illustration_%28Pettie-Huth%29.jpg/360px-Walter_Scott_Waverley_illustration_%28Pettie-Huth%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>"Disbanded", illustration by <a href="/wiki/John_Pettie" title="John Pettie">John Pettie</a> in the 1893 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)">Waverley</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The vernacular style was continued after 1745, most famously by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> but others avoided recent divisions within Scottish society by looking back to a far more distant and largely mythical past. These included <a href="/wiki/James_Macpherson" title="James Macpherson">James Macpherson</a>, who between 1760 and 1765 published the <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a> cycle which was a best-seller throughout Europe. The claim that it was a translation from the original Gaelic has been disputed ever since but the post-1746 sense of a culture under threat led to an upsurge in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a>, much of it related to the events of the Rising. <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" title="Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a>, generally credited as author of the first secular works in Gaelic in the early 1740s, was followed by Gaelic poets including <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Ban_MacIntyre" title="Duncan Ban MacIntyre">Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir</a>, who participated in the Rising as part of a government militia, and <a href="/wiki/Catriona_Nic_Fhearghais" class="mw-redirect" title="Catriona Nic Fhearghais">Catriona Nic Fhearghais</a>, who allegedly lost her husband at Culloden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMearns200769_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMearns200769-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rising has been a popular topic for writers such as <a href="/wiki/D._K._Broster" title="D. K. Broster">D. K. Broster</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, whose 1814 novel <a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)"><i>Waverley</i></a> presented it as part of a shared Unionist history.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hero of <i>Waverley</i> is an Englishman who fights for the Stuarts, rescues a Hanoverian Colonel and finally rejects a romantic Highland beauty for the daughter of a Lowland aristocrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESroka1980140–162_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESroka1980140–162-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's reconciliation of Unionism and the '45 allowed Cumberland's nephew <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a> to be painted less than 70 years later <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom#Reign" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">wearing Highland dress</a> and tartans, previously symbols of Jacobite rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudie_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudie-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Replacing a complex and divisive historical past with a simplified but shared cultural tradition led to the Victorian inventions of <a href="/wiki/Burns_Suppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Burns Suppers">Burns Suppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Games">Highland Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartans</a> and the adoption by a largely Protestant nation of the Catholic icons <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> and Bonnie Prince Charlie. These continue to shape modern perspectives on the Scots past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199237–39_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199237–39-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as the <b>Forty-five Rebellion</b>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-gd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-gd (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-gd</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈpliən̪ˠə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhjaːrˠl̪ˠɪç]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Year of Charles</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summarised in a British intelligence report of 1755; "...'tis not in the interest of France that the House of Stuart should ever be restored, as it would only unite the three Kingdoms against Them; England would have no exterior [threat] to mind, and [...] prevent any of its Descendants (the Stuarts) attempting anything against the Libertys or Religion of the People."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scots made up less than five per cent of the Jacobite court in 1696 and 1709: by far the largest element were English, followed by Irish and French.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Should the invasion fail, it was also a convenient spot to assemble troops for a campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These included men from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> garrisons of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1745)" title="Siege of Tournai (1745)">Tournai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oudenarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudenarde">Oudenarde</a>, which had recently surrendered to the French. Released after agreeing not to fight against France for the next 18 months, they were available for use elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates200729_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates200729-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September, around 4,500 Dutch troops arrived in England, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates200732_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates200732-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were in poor condition. By November, disease had reduced their number to 2,500, and the remainder saw no action before returning home in May 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates200736-38_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates200736-38-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elcho reported that besides himself, the Council included <a href="/wiki/James_Drummond,_3rd_Duke_of_Perth" title="James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth">James Drummond, Duke of Perth</a>, Lord George Murray; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sheridan_(Jacobite)" title="Thomas Sheridan (Jacobite)">Sheridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_of_Broughton" title="John Murray of Broughton">John Murray of Broughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(soldier)" title="John O'Sullivan (soldier)">O'Sullivan</a>, Lochiel, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macdonald,_17th_of_Keppoch" title="Alexander Macdonald, 17th of Keppoch">Keppoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Clanranald" title="Clan Macdonald of Clanranald">Clanranald</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_of_Glencoe" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald of Glencoe">Glencoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Ardsheal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDonell_of_Glengarry" title="Clan MacDonell of Glengarry">Lochgarry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWemyss200381_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWemyss200381-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his Diary, Lord Elcho later wrote that "...the majority of the Council was not in favour of a march to England and urged that they should remain in Scotland to watch events and defend their own land. This was also the opinion in secret of the Marquis d’Éguilles; but the wishes of the Prince prevailed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWemyss200385_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWemyss200385-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovat was the last person executed by this method in Britain</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He later returned to the Catholic church</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his novels, Scott provided a highly romanticised view of both English and Scottish history, which one contemporary described as "crude, uncertain and often false", but which still inform modern perspectives<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench1967163–164_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench1967163–164-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomerset2012532–535_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomerset2012">Somerset 2012</a>, pp. 532–535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199491-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199491_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzechi1994">Szechi 1994</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199493–95-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199493–95_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzechi1994">Szechi 1994</a>, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson1895273-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson1895273_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickson1895">Dickson 1895</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916xlix-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916xlix_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916xlix_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlaikie1916">Blaikie 1916</a>, p. xlix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1983">McKay 1983</a>, pp. 138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003133-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003133_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2003">Zimmerman 2003</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves20173–4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves20173–4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves2017">Groves 2017</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016337-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016337_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiding2016">Riding 2016</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199494–95-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199494–95_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1902332-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1902332_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1902">Anderson 1902</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2002196–197-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2002196–197_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2002">Roberts 2002</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1977287–288-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1977287–288_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1977">Lewis 1977</a>, pp. 287–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuynn1941236–258-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuynn1941236–258_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuynn1941">Quynn 1941</a>, pp. 236–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenman198027-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenman198027_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenman1980">Lenman 1980</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey2001110–111-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey2001110–111_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzechiSankey2001">Szechi & Sankey 2001</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19757,_380–382-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19757,_380–382_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1975">Smith 1975</a>, pp. 7, 380–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19757-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19757_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1975">Smith 1975</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1907xii-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1907xii_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1907">Millar 1907</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins2014138-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins2014138_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiggins2014">Higgins 2014</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour19804–9-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour19804–9_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeymour1980">Seymour 1980</a>, pp. 4–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine199416-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevine199416_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevine1994">Devine 1994</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampsie2017-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampsie2017_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampsie2017">Campsie 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE'45_in_Northumberland-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE'45_in_Northumberland_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF'45_in_Northumberland">'45 in Northumberland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi1994133-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi1994133_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzechi1994">Szechi 1994</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1980177–181-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1980177–181_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn1980">McLynn 1980</a>, pp. 177–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding2016496–497-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding2016496–497_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiding2016">Riding 2016</a>, pp. 496–497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2013-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2013_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb2013">Robb 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003273-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003273_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2003">Zimmerman 2003</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916Ixxxvi-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaikie1916Ixxxvi_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlaikie1916">Blaikie 1916</a>, p. Ixxxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke192766-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke192766_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuke1927">Duke 1927</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2013-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd2013_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidd2013">Kidd 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2016135-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2016135_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittock2016">Pittock 2016</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman200193-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikman200193_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAikman2001">Aikman 2001</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19942-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevine19942_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevine1994">Devine 1994</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackillop19952-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackillop19952_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackillop1995">Mackillop 1995</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackillop1995103–148-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackillop1995103–148_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackillop1995">Mackillop 1995</a>, pp. 103–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreets201052-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStreets201052_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStreets2010">Streets 2010</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchan2003311-129"><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench1967163–164_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrench1967">French 1967</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESroka1980140–162-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESroka1980140–162_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSroka1980">Sroka 1980</a>, pp. 140–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudie-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudie_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMudie">Mudie</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199237–39-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199237–39_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1992">Morris 1992</a>, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Northumbrian+Jacobite+Society&rft.atitle=The+%2745+in+Northumberland+and+Durham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northumbrianjacobites.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fdetail_page.php%3Fid%3D31%26section%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikman2001" class="citation book cs1">Aikman, Christian (2001). <i>No Quarter Given: The Muster Roll of Prince Charles Edward Stuart's Army, 1745–46</i> (3rd rev. ed.). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-772-1"><bdi>978-1-85728-772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+as+a+Military+Power%2C+1688%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-772-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaikie1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Biggar_Blaikie" title="Walter Biggar Blaikie">Blaikie, Walter Biggar</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffortyfi00blaiuoft"><i>Origins of the 'Forty-Five, and Other Papers Relating to That Rising</i></a>. 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Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2974999">2974999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+%27Forty-Five%2C+and+Other+Papers+Relating+to+That+Rising&rft.pub=T.+and+A.+Constable+at+the+Edinburgh+University+Press+for+the+Scottish+History+Society&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2974999&rft.aulast=Blaikie&rft.aufirst=Walter+Biggar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffortyfi00blaiuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Selwyn_Bromley" title="John Selwyn Bromley">Bromley, J. S.</a> (1987). <i>Corsairs and Navies, 1600–1760</i>. Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907628774" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907628774"><bdi>978-0907628774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corsairs+and+Navies%2C+1600%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0907628774&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchan" title="James Buchan">Buchan, James</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch"><i>Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060558888" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060558888"><bdi>978-0060558888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crowded+with+Genius%3A+The+Scottish+Enlightenment%3A+Edinburgh%27s+Moment+of+the+Mind&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0060558888&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrowdedwithgeniu00buch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampsie2017" class="citation news cs1">Campsie, Alison (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/myth-buster-was-tartan-really-banned-after-culloden-1-4601548">"Myth Buster: Was Tartan Really Banned After Culloden?"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121185531/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/myth-buster-was-tartan-really-banned-after-culloden-1-4601548">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Myth+Buster%3A+Was+Tartan+Really+Banned+After+Culloden%3F&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Campsie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmyth-buster-was-tartan-really-banned-after-culloden-1-4601548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampsie2020" class="citation news cs1">Campsie, Alison (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/seized-jacobite-money-and-land-helped-build-scotland-1397974">"The seized Jacobite money and land that helped build Scotland"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=The+seized+Jacobite+money+and+land+that+helped+build+Scotland&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.aulast=Campsie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fheritage-and-retro%2Fheritage%2Fseized-jacobite-money-and-land-helped-build-scotland-1397974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher,_born_1802)" title="Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)">Chambers, Robert</a> (2018) [1827]. <i>History of the Rebellion of 1745–6</i>. Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1333574420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1333574420"><bdi>978-1333574420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Rebellion+of+1745%E2%80%936&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1333574420&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Colley" title="Linda Colley">Colley, Linda</a> (2009). <i>Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837</i> (3rd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300152807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300152807"><bdi>978-0300152807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britons%3A+Forging+the+Nation+1707%E2%80%931837&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0300152807&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorp2014" class="citation book cs1">Corp, Edward (2014). "The Scottish Jacobite Community at Saint-Germain after the Departure of the Stuart Court". In Macinnes, Allan I.; German, Kieran; Graham, Lesley (eds.). <i>Living with Jacobitism, 1690–1788: The Three Kingdoms and Beyond</i>. Pickering & Chatto. pp. 27–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848934702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848934702"><bdi>978-1848934702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scottish+Jacobite+Community+at+Saint-Germain+after+the+Departure+of+the+Stuart+Court&rft.btitle=Living+with+Jacobitism%2C+1690%E2%80%931788%3A+The+Three+Kingdoms+and+Beyond&rft.pages=27-38&rft.pub=Pickering+%26+Chatto&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1848934702&rft.aulast=Corp&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshanks2008" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshanks, Lauchlin Alexander (2008). <i>The Act of Union: Death or Reprieve for the Highlands?</i>. Wesleyan University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705142720">705142720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Act+of+Union%3A+Death+or+Reprieve+for+the+Highlands%3F&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F705142720&rft.aulast=Cruikshanks&rft.aufirst=Lauchlin+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2022" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Huw (2022). <i>The Wandering Army; The Campaigns that transformed the British way of war</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300217162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300217162"><bdi>978-0300217162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wandering+Army%3B+The+Campaigns+that+transformed+the+British+way+of+war&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0300217162&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Huw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Devine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Devine">Devine, T. M.</a> (1994). <i>Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719034824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719034824"><bdi>978-0719034824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clanship+to+Crofters%27+War%3A+The+Social+Transformation+of+the+Scottish+Highlands&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0719034824&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kirk_Dickson" title="William Kirk Dickson">Dickson, William Kirk</a>, ed. (1895). <i>The Jacobite Attempt of 1719: Letters of James Butler, second Duke of Ormonde</i>. T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/652345728">652345728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Attempt+of+1719%3A+Letters+of+James+Butler%2C+second+Duke+of+Ormonde&rft.pub=T.+and+A.+Constable+at+the+Edinburgh+University+Press+for+the+Scottish+History+Society&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F652345728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duffy" title="Christopher Duffy">Duffy, Christopher</a> (2003). <i>The '45: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising</i> (1st ed.). Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304355259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304355259"><bdi>978-0304355259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%2745%3A+Bonnie+Prince+Charlie+and+the+Untold+Story+of+the+Jacobite+Rising&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0304355259&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke1927" class="citation book cs1">Duke, Winifred (1927). <i>Lord George Murray and the Forty-five</i> (1st ed.). Milne & Hutchison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+George+Murray+and+the+Forty-five&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Milne+%26+Hutchison&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Winifred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElcho2010" class="citation book cs1">Elcho, David (2010) [1748]. <i>A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland in the Years 1744–46</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1163535240" title="Special:BookSources/978-1163535240"><bdi>978-1163535240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Account+of+the+Affairs+of+Scotland+in+the+Years+1744%E2%80%9346&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1163535240&rft.aulast=Elcho&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont2011" class="citation book cs1">Fremont, Gregory (2011). <i>The Jacobite Rebellion 1745–46</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846039928" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846039928"><bdi>978-1846039928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Rebellion+1745%E2%80%9346&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1846039928&rft.aulast=Fremont&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1967" class="citation journal cs1">French, Richard (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/59142/dalrev_vol47_iss2_pp159_172.pdf">"Sir Walter Scott as historian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dalhousie Review</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 159–172<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dalhousie+Review&rft.atitle=Sir+Walter+Scott+as+historian&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-172&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdalspace.library.dal.ca%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10222%2F59142%2Fdalrev_vol47_iss2_pp159_172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldGold2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gold, John R; Gold, Margaret M (2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Graves of the Gallant Highlanders': Memory, Interpretation and Narratives of Culloden". <i>History and Memory</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fhis.2007.19.1.5">10.2979/his.2007.19.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154655376">154655376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Memory&rft.atitle=%27The+Graves+of+the+Gallant+Highlanders%27%3A+Memory%2C+Interpretation+and+Narratives+of+Culloden&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fhis.2007.19.1.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154655376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=John+R&rft.au=Gold%2C+Margaret+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooch2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gooch, Leo (2004). "Towneley, Francis (1709–1746)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27603">10.1093/ref:odnb/27603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towneley%2C+Francis+%281709%E2%80%931746%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27603&rft.aulast=Gooch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Roderick (2014). <i>Bonnie Prince Charlie: Truth or Lies</i>. Saint Andrew Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861537839" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861537839"><bdi>978-0861537839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonnie+Prince+Charlie%3A+Truth+or+Lies&rft.pub=Saint+Andrew+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0861537839&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves2017" class="citation book cs1">Groves, Percy (2017) [1893]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyof42ndroy00grovuoft"><i>History of the 42nd Royal Highlanders: The Black Watch, Now The First Battalion The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) 1729–1893</i></a>. W. & A. K. Johnston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1376269482" title="Special:BookSources/978-1376269482"><bdi>978-1376269482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+42nd+Royal+Highlanders%3A+The+Black+Watch%2C+Now+The+First+Battalion+The+Black+Watch+%28Royal+Highlanders%29+1729%E2%80%931893&rft.pub=W.+%26+A.+K.+Johnston&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1376269482&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryof42ndroy00grovuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2013" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Richard (2013). <i>The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843838234" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843838234"><bdi>978-1843838234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Britain%27s+Global+Naval+Supremacy%3A+The+War+of+1739%E2%80%931748&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1843838234&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2006). <i>Revolution: the Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141016528" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141016528"><bdi>978-0141016528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+the+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0141016528&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Higgins" title="Charlotte Higgins">Higgins, Charlotte</a> (2014). <i>Under Another Sky: Journeys in Roman Britain</i>. Random House Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099552093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099552093"><bdi>978-0099552093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Another+Sky%3A+Journeys+in+Roman+Britain&rft.pub=Random+House+Vintage+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0099552093&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Paul (1998). <i>Glencoe and the end of the Highland Wars</i>. John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859764907" title="Special:BookSources/0859764907"><bdi>0859764907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glencoe+and+the+end+of+the+Highland+Wars&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0859764907&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInventory_of_Historic" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/data/docs/battlefields/culloden_full.pdf">"The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Culloden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Historic_Scotland" title="Historic Scotland">Historic Scotland</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Inventory+of+Historic+Battlefields+%E2%80%93+Battle+of+Culloden&rft.pub=Historic+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.historic-scotland.gov.uk%2Fdata%2Fdocs%2Fbattlefields%2Fculloden_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobite_stories:_Battle" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nts.org.uk/stories/jacobite-stories-the-battle-of-culloden">"Jacobite Stories: the Battle of Culloden"</a>. <i>National Trust for Scotland</i>. 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust+for+Scotland&rft.atitle=Jacobite+Stories%3A+the+Battle+of+Culloden&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nts.org.uk%2Fstories%2Fjacobite-stories-the-battle-of-culloden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Kidd, Colin</a> (April 1997). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Strange Death of Scottish History' Revisited: Constructions of the Past in Scotland, c. 1790–1914". <i>Scottish Historical Review</i>. lxxvi (100): 86–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.1997.76.1.86">10.3366/shr.1997.76.1.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25530740">25530740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=%27The+Strange+Death+of+Scottish+History%27+Revisited%3A+Constructions+of+the+Past+in+Scotland%2C+c.+1790%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=lxxvi&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=86-102&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fshr.1997.76.1.86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25530740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2013" class="citation speech cs1">Kidd, Colin (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/history/From_Jacobitism_to_the_SNP.pdf"><i>From Jacobitism to the SNP: the Crown, the Union and the Scottish Question</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Speech). The Stenton Lecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325071313/http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/history/From_Jacobitism_to_the_SNP.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Jacobitism+to+the+SNP%3A+the+Crown%2C+the+Union+and+the+Scottish+Question&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reading.ac.uk%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fhistory%2FFrom_Jacobitism_to_the_SNP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenman1980" class="citation book cs1">Lenman, Bruce (1980). <i>The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746</i>. Methuen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0413396501" title="Special:BookSources/978-0413396501"><bdi>978-0413396501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Risings+in+Britain+1689%E2%80%931746&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0413396501&rft.aulast=Lenman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, William (1977). <i>Horace Walpole's Correspondence; Volume 19</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300007039" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300007039"><bdi>978-0300007039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Walpole%27s+Correspondence%3B+Volume+19&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0300007039&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2004" class="citation book cs1">Lord, Evelyn (2004). <i>The Stuarts' Secret Army: English Jacobites, 1689–1752</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582772564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582772564"><bdi>978-0582772564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuarts%27+Secret+Army%3A+English+Jacobites%2C+1689%E2%80%931752&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0582772564&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackillop1995" class="citation thesis cs1">Mackillop, Andrew (1995). <i>Military Recruiting in the Scottish Highlands 1739–1815: the Political, Social and Economic Context</i> (PhD). University of Glasgow. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59608677">59608677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Military+Recruiting+in+the+Scottish+Highlands+1739%E2%80%931815%3A+the+Political%2C+Social+and+Economic+Context&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59608677&rft.aulast=Mackillop&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1963" class="citation thesis cs1">McCann, Jean E (1963). <i>The Organisation of the Jacobite Army</i> (PHD). Edinburgh University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646764870">646764870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Organisation+of+the+Jacobite+Army&rft.inst=Edinburgh+University&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646764870&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Jean+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1983" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Derek (1983). <i>The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815</i> (First ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582485549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582485549"><bdi>978-0582485549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Great+Powers+1648%E2%80%931815&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0582485549&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">McLynn, Frank</a> (October 1980). "An Eighteenth-Century Scots Republic? An Unlikely Project from Absolutist France". <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>. <b>59</b> (168): 177–181. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25529380">25529380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=An+Eighteenth-Century+Scots+Republic%3F+An+Unlikely+Project+from+Absolutist+France&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=177-181&rft.date=1980-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25529380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">McLynn, Frank</a> (1982). "Issues and Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745". <i>The Eighteenth Century</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 177–181. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41467263">41467263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eighteenth+Century&rft.atitle=Issues+and+Motives+in+the+Jacobite+Rising+of+1745&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-181&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41467263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearns2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mearns, Alasdair B. (2007). "Catriona Nic Fhearghais (Christiana Fergusson)". In Ewan, Elizabeth; Pipes, Rose; Rendall, Jane; Reynolds, Siân (eds.). <i>The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748632930" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748632930"><bdi>978-0748632930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catriona+Nic+Fhearghais+%28Christiana+Fergusson%29&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Scottish+Women&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0748632930&rft.aulast=Mearns&rft.aufirst=Alasdair+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1907" class="citation book cs1">Millar, Alexander Hastie (1907). <i>A selection of Scottish forfeited estates papers</i>. Scottish History Society; Volume LVII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+selection+of+Scottish+forfeited+estates+papers&rft.pub=Scottish+History+Society%3B+Volume+LVII&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Hastie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonod1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Monod" title="Paul Monod">Monod, Paul Kleber</a> (1993). <i>Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521447935" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521447935"><bdi>978-0521447935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobitism+and+the+English+People%2C+1688%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521447935&rft.aulast=Monod&rft.aufirst=Paul+Kleber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(historian)" title="Robert Morris (historian)">Morris, R. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/78p031.pdf">"Victorian Values in Scotland & England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Smout" title="Christopher Smout">Smout, T. C.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/proc/volumes/pba78.html"><i>Victorian Values</i></a>. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197261194" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197261194"><bdi>978-0197261194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Victorian+Values+in+Scotland+%26+England&rft.btitle=Victorian+Values&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0197261194&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fpubs%2Fproc%2Ffiles%2F78p031.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudie" class="citation web cs1">Mudie, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/scotlandspages/timeline/18222.html">"Historical Account of His Majesty's Visit to Scotland, Edinburgh, 1822"</a>. <i>National Library of Scotland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912121218/http://digital.nls.uk/scotlandspages/timeline/18222.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Historical+Account+of+His+Majesty%27s+Visit+to+Scotland%2C+Edinburgh%2C+1822.&rft.aulast=Mudie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.nls.uk%2Fscotlandspages%2Ftimeline%2F18222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_of_Broughton" title="John Murray of Broughton">Murray, John</a> (1898). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzroy_Bell" title="Robert Fitzroy Bell">Bell, Robert Fitzroy</a> (ed.). <i>Memorials of John Murray of Broughton: Sometime Secretary to Prince Charles Edward, 1740–1747</i>. T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879747289">879747289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+John+Murray+of+Broughton%3A+Sometime+Secretary+to+Prince+Charles+Edward%2C+1740%E2%80%931747&rft.pub=T.+and+A.+Constable+at+the+Edinburgh+University+Press+for+the+Scottish+History+Society&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879747289&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Pittock" title="Murray Pittock">Pittock, Murray</a> (1998). <i>Jacobitism</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333667989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333667989"><bdi>978-0333667989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobitism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0333667989&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pittock, Murray (2004). "Charles Edward Stuart; styled Charles; known as the Young Pretender, Bonnie Prince Charlie". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5145">10.1093/ref:odnb/5145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Edward+Stuart%3B+styled+Charles%3B+known+as+the+Young+Pretender%2C+Bonnie+Prince+Charlie&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5145&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2016" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray (2016). <i>Great Battles; Culloden</i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199664078" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199664078"><bdi>978-0199664078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Battles%3B+Culloden&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0199664078&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuynn1941" class="citation journal cs1">Quynn, Dorothy Mackay (1941). "Flora MacDonald in History". <i>The North Carolina Historical Review</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 236–258. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23516055">23516055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Carolina+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Flora+MacDonald+in+History&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236-258&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23516055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Quynn&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Mackay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Reid_(Scottish_historical_writer)" title="Stuart Reid (Scottish historical writer)">Reid, Stuart</a> (1996). <i>British Redcoat 1740–93</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855325548" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855325548"><bdi>978-1855325548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Redcoat+1740%E2%80%9393&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1855325548&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2016" class="citation book cs1">Riding, Jacqueline (2016). <i>Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408819128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408819128"><bdi>978-1408819128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobites%3A+A+New+History+of+the+45+Rebellion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1408819128&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robb, Steven (2013). "Gordon, Robert (1703–1779)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F105934">10.1093/ref:odnb/105934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gordon%2C+Robert+%281703%E2%80%931779%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F105934&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2002" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5RnAAAAMAAJ&q=transported"><i>The Jacobite Wars: Scotland and the Military Campaigns of 1715 and 1745</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902930299" title="Special:BookSources/978-1902930299"><bdi>978-1902930299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Wars%3A+Scotland+and+the+Military+Campaigns+of+1715+and+1745&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1902930299&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5RnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtransported&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2016" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2016). <i>Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408704011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408704011"><bdi>978-1408704011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culloden%3B+Scotland%27s+Last+Battle+and+the+Forging+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1408704011&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1980" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, W. A. (1980). <i>A History of the Ordnance Survey</i>. Dawson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712909792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0712909792"><bdi>978-0712909792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ordnance+Survey&rft.pub=Dawson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0712909792&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinsuke2013" class="citation book cs1">Shinsuke, Satsuma (2013). <i>Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843838623" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843838623"><bdi>978-1843838623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Colonial+Maritime+War+in+the+Early+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1843838623&rft.aulast=Shinsuke&rft.aufirst=Satsuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation thesis cs1">Smith, Annette M. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2923"><i>The Forfeited Estates Papers, 1745: a study of the work of the Commissioners for the Forfeited Annexed Estates, 1755–1784, with particular reference to their contribution to the development of communications in Scotland in the eighteenth century</i></a> (PhD). University of St Andrews. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F2923">10023/2923</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007203765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007203765"><bdi>978-0007203765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Anne%3B+the+Politics+of+Passion&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0007203765&rft.aulast=Somerset&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSroka1980" class="citation journal cs1">Sroka, Kenneth M. (1980). "Education in Walter Scott's Waverley". <i>Studies in Scottish Literature</i>. <b>15</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3770">0039-3770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Scottish+Literature&rft.atitle=Education+in+Walter+Scott%27s+Waverley&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1980&rft.eissn=0039-3770&rft.aulast=Sroka&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism: The Edinburgh Council, 1745". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1, Scotland Special Issue): 47–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F644534">10.1086/644534</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752690">27752690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144730991">144730991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Scottish+Nationalism+and+Stuart+Unionism%3A+The+Edinburgh+Council%2C+1745&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%2C+Scotland+Special+Issue&rft.pages=47-72&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144730991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27752690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F644534&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, James A. Jr. (2001). "Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium". <i>Highland Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745–46: 'Forcing Out,' Traditional Documentation and Gaelic Poetry</i>. Vol. 20/21. pp. 141–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674023833"><bdi>978-0674023833</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41219594">41219594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Harvard+Celtic+Colloquium&rft.btitle=Highland+Motives+in+the+Jacobite+Rising+of+1745%E2%80%9346%3A+%27Forcing+Out%2C%27+Traditional+Documentation+and+Gaelic+Poetry&rft.pages=141-173&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41219594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0674023833&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=James+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreets2010" class="citation book cs1">Streets, Heather (2010). <i>Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719069635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719069635"><bdi>978-0719069635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Races%3A+The+Military%2C+Race+and+Masculinity+in+British+Imperial+Culture%2C+1857%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0719069635&rft.aulast=Streets&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2002" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Rowan (2002). <i>Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: Religious Responses to a Modernizing Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199249220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199249220"><bdi>978-0199249220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Episcopalianism+in+Nineteenth-Century+Scotland%3A+Religious+Responses+to+a+Modernizing+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0199249220&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1746" class="citation cs2">Stuart, Charles Edward (28 April 1746), <a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg" title="File:Letter from Prince Charles Edward Stuart.jpg"><i>Letter from Prince Charles Edward Stuart to the Scottish Chiefs, justifying his reasons for leaving Scotland after the Battle of Culloden</i></a> (letter), RA SP/MAIN/273/117</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Prince+Charles+Edward+Stuart+to+the+Scottish+Chiefs%2C+justifying+his+reasons+for+leaving+Scotland+after+the+Battle+of+Culloden&rft.date=1746-04-28&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechi1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Szechi" title="Daniel Szechi">Szechi, Daniel</a> (1994). <i>The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788</i> (First ed.). Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719037740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719037740"><bdi>978-0719037740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites%3A+Britain+and+Europe%2C+1688%E2%80%931788&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0719037740&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechiSankey2001" class="citation journal cs1">Szechi, Daniel; Sankey, Margaret (2001). "Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745". <i>Past & Present</i>. <b>173</b> (173): 90–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F173.1.90">10.1093/past/173.1.90</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600841">3600841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Elite+Culture+and+the+Decline+of+Scottish+Jacobitism+1716%E2%80%931745&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=90-128&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F173.1.90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Sankey%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWemyss2003" class="citation book cs1">Wemyss, Alice (2003). Gibson, John Sibbald (ed.). <i>Elcho of the '45</i>. Saltire Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0854110803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0854110803"><bdi>978-0854110803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elcho+of+the+%2745&rft.pub=Saltire+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0854110803&rft.aulast=Wemyss&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1870" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Charles, ed. (1870). <i>Memoirs of the Chevalier de Johnstone, v. I</i>. D. Wylie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Chevalier+de+Johnstone%2C+v.+I&rft.pub=D.+Wylie&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Doron (2003). <i>The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1749–1759</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403912916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403912916"><bdi>978-1403912916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Movement+in+Scotland+and+in+Exile%2C+1749%E2%80%931759&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1403912916&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Doron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates2007" class="citation journal cs1">Oates, Jonathan (2007). "Dutch Forces in Eighteenth-Century Britain; A British Perspective". <i>Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research</i>. <b>85</b> (341): 20–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Dutch+Forces+in+Eighteenth-Century+Britain%3B+A+British+Perspective&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=341&rft.pages=20-39&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobite+rising+of+1745" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/overview/the-1745-rebellion/">1745 Rebellion on the UK Parliament website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548y0">The Jacobite Rebellion</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic & Allan Macinnes (<i>In Our Time</i>, May 8, 2003)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacobitism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacobitism" title="Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacobitism" title="Template talk:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacobitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #f7f7f7;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Highland_Companies" title="Independent Highland Companies">Independent Highland Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">The Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III", The Young Pretender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophie, Electress of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">First rising<br />(1689)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Ewen Cameron of Lochiel">Sir Ewen Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackay_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Mackay (general)">General Hugh Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Battle of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Siege of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">The Fifteen<br />(1715)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_uprising_in_Cornwall_of_1715" title="Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715">…in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">…in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_MacGregor" title="Rob Roy MacGregor">Rob Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Munro,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet">Baronet Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1715)" title="Siege of Inverness (1715)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir" title="Battle of Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">The Nineteen<br />(1719)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_10th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_Marquess_of_Tullibardine" title="William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine">Marquess of Tullibardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wightman_(general)" title="Joseph Wightman (general)">General Joseph Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Eilean_Donan_Castle" title="Capture of Eilean Donan Castle">Capture of Eilean Donan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glen_Shiel" title="Battle of Glen Shiel">Battle of Glen Shiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coille_Bhan" title="Battle of Coille Bhan">Battle of Coille Bhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Forty-Five<br />(1745)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Lochiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">Siege of Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1746)" title="Siege of Inverness (1746)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abortive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">1759</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Personal standard of Charles Edward Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/200px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/300px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/400px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><br />a Jacobite banner</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences<br />and later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act 1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clan_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clan Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Clan Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarming_Act_1715" title="Disarming Act 1715">Disarming Act 1715</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disarming_Act_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disarming Act 1725 (page does not exist)">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity_Act_1717" title="Indemnity Act 1717">Indemnity Act 1717</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Forty-Five</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurors_(Scotland)_Act_1745" title="Jurors (Scotland) Act 1745">Jurors Act 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746" title="Act of Proscription 1746">Act of Proscription 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_Act_1746" title="Dress Act 1746">Dress Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_(Scotland)_Act_1747" title="Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747">Sheriffs Act 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Outlawries_(Scotland)_Act_1748" title="Treason Outlawries (Scotland) Act 1748">Treason Outlawries Act 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traitors_Transported_Act_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors Transported Act 1746">Traitors Transported Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">Old military roads of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III and VIII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">"Henry IX and I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">"Charles IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Maria Beatrice of Savoy">"Mary II"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">"Francis I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">"Mary III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">"Robert I and IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">"Francis II"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Max,_Duke_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria">Max</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Liechtenstein" title="Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein">Sophie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Wenzel_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein">Joseph</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-10-25T01:22:44Z","dateModified":"2024-04-24T13:22:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg","headline":"attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for the exiled House of Stuart"}</script> </body> </html>