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ബാക്ട്രിയ - വിക്കിപീഡിയ

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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> വഴികാട്ടി </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സഹായം ലഭ്യമായ ഇടം"><span>സഹായം</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF"><span>എഴുത്തുകളരി</span></a></li><li id="n-styleguide-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="&lt;small&gt;വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം&lt;/small&gt;" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>കൂടുതൽ അറിയുക</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ഈ ഐ.പി. വിലാസത്തിൽനിന്നുള്ള തിരുത്തലുകളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള സം‌വാദം [n]" accesskey="n"><span>സംവാദം</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#അവലംബം"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>അവലംബം</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-അവലംബം-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ഉള്ളടക്കം" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 ഭാഷകൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክትሪያ – അംഹാരിക്" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክትሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="അംഹാരിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – അരഗോണീസ്" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="അരഗോണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باكتريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باكتريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktriya" title="Baktriya – അസർബൈജാനി" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baktriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="അസർബൈജാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="باکتریا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتریا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – ബഷ്ഖിർ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ബഷ്ഖിർ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бактрыя – ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – ബൾഗേറിയൻ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ബൾഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকট্রিয়া – ബംഗ്ലാ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকট্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ബംഗ്ലാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – ബ്രെട്ടൺ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ബ്രെട്ടൺ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrie" title="Baktrie – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baktrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактри – ചുവാഷ്" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ചുവാഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – വെൽഷ്" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="വെൽഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – ഡാനിഷ്" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ഡാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βακτρία – ഗ്രീക്ക്" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ഗ്രീക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrio" title="Baktrio – എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baktrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktriana" title="Baktriana – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baktriana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AE)" title="باختر (بلخ) – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باختر (بلخ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriane" title="Bactriane – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactriane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – ഗലീഷ്യൻ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ഗലീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="באקטריה – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באקטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बैक्ट्रिया – ഹിന്ദി" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैक्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ഹിന്ദി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – ഹംഗേറിയൻ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ഹംഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բակտրիա – അർമേനിയൻ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="അർമേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պաքթրիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաքթրիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battriana" title="Battriana – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="バクトリア – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バクトリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბაქტრია – ജോർജിയൻ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ജോർജിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – കസാഖ്" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="കസാഖ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="박트리아 – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박트리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – കിർഗിസ്" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="കിർഗിസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – ലാറ്റിൻ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റിൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – ലിത്വാനിയൻ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ലിത്വാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – മലഗാസി" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="മലഗാസി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बॅक्ट्रिया – മറാത്തി" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॅक्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="മറാത്തി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balakh" title="Balakh – മലെയ്" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="മലെയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95" title="बाह्लीक – നേപ്പാളി" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाह्लीक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="നേപ്പാളി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactri%C3%AB" title="Bactrië – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bactrië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਾਖ਼ਤਰ – പഞ്ചാബി" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਖ਼ਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="പഞ്ചാബി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – പഷ്‌തോ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="പഷ്‌തോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ctria" title="Báctria – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Báctria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – സിന്ധി" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="സിന്ധി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – സ്ലോവാക്" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവാക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бактрија – സെർബിയൻ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="സെർബിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – സ്വീഡിഷ്" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="സ്വീഡിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – സ്വാഹിലി" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="സ്വാഹിലി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்திரியா – തമിഴ്" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்திரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="തമിഴ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бохтар – താജിക്" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бохтар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="താജിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบกเตรีย – തായ്" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบกเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="തായ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktri%C3%BDa" title="Baktriýa – തുർക്‌മെൻ" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Baktriýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="തുർക്‌മെൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktriya" title="Baktriya – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baktriya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balxar_ile" title="Balxar ile – ടാട്ടർ" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Balxar ile" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ടാട്ടർ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бактрія – ഉക്രേനിയൻ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ഉക്രേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – ഉറുദു" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ഉറുദു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqtriya" title="Baqtriya – ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baqtriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria_(rehiyon)" title="Bactria (rehiyon) – വാരേയ്" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bactria (rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="വാരേയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="巴克特里亚 – വു ചൈനീസ്" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴克特里亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="വു ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞 – ചൈനീസ്" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴克特里亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – മിൻ നാൻ ചൈനീസ്" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="മിൻ നാൻ ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞 – കാന്റണീസ്" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴克特里亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="കാന്റണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132646#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="അന്തർഭാഷാ കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക" class="wbc-editpage">കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="നാമമേഖലകൾ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="വിവരദായക താൾ കാണുക [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ലേഖനം</span></a></li><li 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">സൈഡ്‌ബാറിലേക്ക് മാറ്റുക</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">മറയ്ക്കുക</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ml" dir="ltr"><div class="nomobile"> <div id="purl" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="float: right; font-size: 85%; position: absolute; top: -4em; right: 0; width: auto; background: #eae9e9;"> <div class="NavHead" style="padding: 1px 8px;"><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria">ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിലാസം</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Prettyurl#ഉപയോഗക്രമം" title="സഹായം"><img alt="സഹായം" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></b> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background:#eae9e9; width:auto"><span class="plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap; overflow: hidden"><a class="external free" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria">https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:BactriaMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BactriaMap.jpg/350px-BactriaMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BactriaMap.jpg/525px-BactriaMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BactriaMap.jpg/700px-BactriaMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>ബാക്ട്രിയയിലെ പുരാതന നഗരങ്ങൾ</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹിന്ദുകുഷ്">ഹിന്ദുകുഷ്</a> മലനിരകൾക്കും, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="അമു ദര്യ">അമു ദര്യ</a> നദിക്കുമിടയിൽ കിടക്കുന്ന <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യ">മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യയിലെ</a> ചരിത്രപ്രാധാന്യമേറിയ ഒരു പുരാതനമേഖലയാണ് <b>ബാക്ട്രിയ</b> അഥവാ <b>ബാക്ട്രിയാന</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="പുരാതന ഗ്രീക്ക് (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">പുരാതന&#160;ഗ്രീക്ക്</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βακτριανή</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="പേർഷ്യൻ">പേർഷ്യൻ</a>:<span style="font-family: &#39;Noto Nastaliq Urdu&#39;, &#39;Pak Nastaleeq&#39;, &#39;Alvi Nastaleeq&#39;, &#39;Jameel Noori Nastaleeq&#39;, serif; color: green;">&#160;<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2969694">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-size:1.15em;font-family:"Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli","SBL BibLit","SBL Hebrew",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 115%;" dir="rtl">باختر</span>&#x202c;</span>, <i><font color="olive"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ഹിന്ദി ഭാഷ">ഹിന്ദി</a>: <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">बाख़्तर</span></span></font></i> <i>ബാഖ്തർ</i>; Chinese <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大夏</span></span> <i><span title="Pinyin-language text"><i lang="pny"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxia (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Dàxià</a></i></span></i>). പിൽക്കാലത്ത് തുഖാറിസ്താൻ എന്ന് ഈ മേഖല അറിയപ്പെട്ടു. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="വിശാല ഇറാൻ (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">വിശാല ഇറാന്റെ</a> വടക്കുകിഴക്കൻ അതിർത്തിപ്രദേശമായിരുന്ന ഈ പ്രദേശം, ഇന്ന് <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="അഫ്ഗാനിസ്താൻ">അഫ്ഗാനിസ്താൻ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="താജികിസ്താൻ">താജികിസ്താൻ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ഉസ്ബെകിസ്താൻ">ഉസ്ബെകിസ്താൻ</a> എന്നീ രാജ്യങ്ങളുടെ ഭാഗമാണ്. ചെറിയൊരു ഭാഗം <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="തുർക്മെനിസ്താൻ">തുർക്മെനിസ്താനിലും</a> ഉൾപ്പെടുന്നു. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കുശാനസാമ്രാജ്യം">കുശാനസാമ്രാജ്യമടക്കമുള്ള</a> പല പുരാതനസാമ്രാജ്യങ്ങളുടെ ആസ്ഥാനമായിരുന്ന ഇവിടം, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സൊറോസ്ട്രിയൻ മതം">സൊറോസ്ട്രിയൻ മതം</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ബുദ്ധമതം">ബുദ്ധമതം</a> എന്നി മതങ്ങളുടെ കേന്ദ്രവുമായിരുന്നു. </p><p>ബി.സി.ഇ. 128-ൽ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="അമു ദര്യ">അമു ദര്യ</a> തീരങ്ങൾ സന്ദർശിച്ച ചൈനീസ് ദൂതനായിരുന്ന <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Qian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Qian (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ചാങ് കിയാൻ</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ബാക്ട്രിയയെ</a> താ-ഹിയ എന്നാണ് പരാമർശിക്കുന്നത്. ഇവിടത്തെ സ്ഥിരതാമസക്കാരായ ജനങ്ങൾ ചുമരുകളുള്ള പട്ടണങ്ങളിൽ, സ്ഥിരം വീടുകളിലാണ് വസിച്ചിരുന്നത് എന്ന് രേഖപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നു. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="താജിക്">താജിക്കുകളാണ്</a> ഇവർ എന്ന് കരുതപ്പെടുന്നു.<sup id="cite_ref-afghanII1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afghanII1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ചരിത്രം"><span id=".E0.B4.9A.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.82"></span>ചരിത്രം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ചരിത്രം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="വെങ്കല_യുഗം"><span id=".E0.B4.B5.E0.B5.86.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.B2_.E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.97.E0.B4.82"></span>വെങ്കല യുഗം</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: വെങ്കല യുഗം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:GodessesBactriaAfghanistan2000-1800BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GodessesBactriaAfghanistan2000-1800BCE.jpg/220px-GodessesBactriaAfghanistan2000-1800BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GodessesBactriaAfghanistan2000-1800BCE.jpg/330px-GodessesBactriaAfghanistan2000-1800BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GodessesBactriaAfghanistan2000-1800BCE.jpg/440px-GodessesBactriaAfghanistan2000-1800BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>ദേവതകൾ, ബാക്ട്രിയ, അഫ്ഗാനിസ്ഥാൻ, ബിസി 2000–1800.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യ">മധ്യേഷ്യയിലെ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="വെങ്കലയുഗം">വെങ്കലയുഗ</a> സംസ്കാരത്തിലെ (c. 2200–1700 BC) ആധുനിക പുരാവസ്തു സ്ഥാനം ആണ് <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ബാക്ട്രിയ-മർജിയാന ആർക്കിയോളജിക്കൽ കോംപ്ലക്സ്</a> ("ഓക്സസ് നാഗരികത" എന്നും അറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്). ഇന്നത്തെ കിഴക്കൻ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="തുർക്ക്മെനിസ്ഥാൻ">തുർക്ക്മെനിസ്ഥാൻ</a>, വടക്കൻ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="അഫ്ഗാനിസ്ഥാൻ">അഫ്ഗാനിസ്ഥാൻ</a>, തെക്കൻ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഉസ്ബെക്കിസ്ഥാൻ">ഉസ്ബെക്കിസ്ഥാൻ</a>, പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="താജിക്കിസ്ഥാൻ">താജിക്കിസ്ഥാൻ</a> എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ സ്ഥിതി ചെയ്യുന്ന പുരാതന ബാക്ട്രിയയെ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളുന്ന പ്രദേശമായ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="അമു ദര്യ">അമു ദര്യ</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ഓക്സസ് നദി (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ഓക്സസ് നദി</a>) കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചാണ് കാണപ്പെടുന്നത്. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയൻ">സോവിയറ്റ്</a> പുരാവസ്തു ഗവേഷകനായ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Sarianidi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Sarianidi (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">വിക്ടർ സരിയാനിഡി</a> (1976) ആണ് ഇതിന്റെ നിർദിഷ്ടസ്ഥലം കണ്ടെത്തിയത്. ഇപ്പോൾ വടക്കൻ അഫ്ഗാനിസ്ഥാനിലെ പഴയ പേർഷ്യൻ ബാക്സ്റ്റ്രിസിന്റെ (തദ്ദേശീയനാമം* ബാക്സൈയിൽ നിന്ന്) <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (അതിന്റെ തലസ്ഥാനമായ ബാക്ട്ര, ആധുനിക ബാൽക്ക് എന്ന പേരിലാണ്) ഗ്രീക്ക് പേരായിരുന്നു ബാക്ട്രിയ. ഇന്നത്തെ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ">തുർക്ക്മെനിസ്ഥാനിലെ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="മെർവ്">മെർവ്</a> തലസ്ഥാനമായ മർഗുവിലെ പേർഷ്യൻ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satrap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Satrap (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">സാട്രോപ്പിന്റെ</a> ഗ്രീക്ക് പേരായിരുന്നു <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margiana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Margiana (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">മർജിയാന</a>. </p><p>ആദ്യകാല ഗ്രീക്ക് ചരിത്രകാരനായ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്റ്റെസിയസ്">ക്റ്റെസിയസ്</a>, (c. 400 BC) (അതിനുശേഷം <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡയഡോറസ് സിക്കുലസ്">ഡയോഡൊറസ് സിക്കുലസ്</a>), ഐതിഹാസിക അസീറിയൻ രാജാവായ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninus (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">നിനസ്</a> ഓക്സിയാർട്ടസ് എന്ന ബാക്ട്രിയൻ രാജാവിനെ സി. 2140 ബിസി, അല്ലെങ്കിൽ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ട്രോജൻ യുദ്ധം">ട്രോജൻ യുദ്ധത്തിന്</a> 1000 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് മുമ്പ് പരാജയപ്പെടുത്തിയെന്ന് ആരോപിച്ചിരുന്നു. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8A%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പത്തൊൻപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട്">പത്തൊൻപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ക്യൂണിഫോം ലിപി">ക്യൂണിഫോം ലിപിയുടെ</a> വ്യാഖ്യാനത്തിനുശേഷം, യഥാർത്ഥ അസീറിയൻ രേഖകൾ വായിക്കാൻ ഇത് പ്രാപ്തമാക്കി. ചരിത്രകാരന്മാർ ഗ്രീക്ക് വിവരണത്തിന് വലിയ മൂല്യമൊന്നും നൽകിയില്ല. </p><p>ചില എഴുത്തുകാരുടെ അഭിപ്രായത്തിൽ ബിസി 2500–2000 കാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ തെക്ക് പടിഞ്ഞാറ് <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇറാൻ">ഇറാനിലേക്കും</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ ഉപഭൂഖണ്ഡം">ഇന്ത്യൻ ഉപഭൂഖണ്ഡത്തിന്റെ</a> വടക്കുപടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ഭാഗത്തേക്കും നീങ്ങിയ ഇന്തോ-ഇറാനികളുടെ ജന്മനാടാണ് ബാക്ട്രിയ. പിന്നീട്, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യ">മധ്യേഷ്യയിലെ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹഖാമനി സാമ്രാജ്യം">അക്കീമെനിഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ</a> വടക്കൻ പ്രവിശ്യയായി ഇത് മാറി. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> പർവതപ്രദേശത്തെ ഫലഭൂയിഷ്ഠമായ മണ്ണ് <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan_Depression&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Turan Depression (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ടുറാൻ നിമ്‌നഭാഗം</a> കൊണ്ട് ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ട ഈ പ്രദേശങ്ങളിലാണ് <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="സൊറോസ്റ്റർ">സോറസ്റ്റർ</a> പ്രവാചകൻ ജനിച്ചതായും ആദ്യത്തെ അനുയായികളെ നേടിയതെന്നും പറയപ്പെടുന്നത്. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സൊറോസ്ട്രിയൻ മതം">സൗരാഷ്ട്രിയൻ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="അവെസ്ത">അവെസ്തയുടെ</a> ഏറ്റവും പഴയ ഭാഗങ്ങളുടെ ഭാഷയായ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അവെസ്താൻ ഭാഷ">അവെസ്താൻ </a> പഴയ ഇറാനിയൻ ഭാഷകളിലൊന്നായിരുന്നു. കൂടാതെ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Iranian_languages&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Iranian languages (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">കിഴക്കൻ ഇറാനിയൻ ഭാഷകളിലെ</a> ഏറ്റവും പഴയ അംഗീകൃത അംഗവുമായിരുന്നു. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="അക്കീമെനിഡ്_സാമ്രാജ്യം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.80.E0.B4.AE.E0.B5.86.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A1.E0.B5.8D_.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.AE.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.9C.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.AF.E0.B4.82"></span>അക്കീമെനിഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അക്കീമെനിഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ക്രി.മു. ആറാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൽ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മഹാനായ സൈറസ്">മഹാനായ സൈറസ്</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹഖാമനി സാമ്രാജ്യം">അക്കീമെനിഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യവുമായി</a> കൂട്ടിച്ചേർക്കപ്പെടുന്നതിനുമുമ്പ്, ബാക്ട്രിയ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">മേദ്യരുടെ</a> വകയായിരുന്നു. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margiana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Margiana (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">മർജിയാനയ്‌ക്കൊപ്പം</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="പേർഷ്യ">പേർഷ്യയിലെ</a> പന്ത്രണ്ടാമത്തെ സാട്രോപ്പി രൂപീകരിക്കണമെന്ന് <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Herzfeld&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Herzfeld (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ഏണസ്റ്റ് ഹെർസ്ഫെൽഡ്</a> അഭിപ്രായപ്പെട്ടു. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ദാരിയസ് മൂന്നാമൻ">ദാരിയസ് മൂന്നാമനെ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ചക്രവർത്തി">മഹാനായ അലക്സാണ്ടർ</a> പരാജയപ്പെടുത്തിയ ശേഷം, ബാക്ട്രിയയുടെ സട്രപ് അഥവാ ഗവർണർ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബെസ്സസ്">ബെസ്സസ്</a> ഒരു ദേശീയ പ്രതിരോധം സംഘടിപ്പിക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചുവെങ്കിലും മറ്റ് യുദ്ധപ്രഭുക്കന്മാർ പിടികൂടി <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ചക്രവർത്തി">അലക്സാണ്ടറിന്</a> കൈമാറി. തുടർന്ന് പീഡിപ്പിച്ച് കൊലപ്പെടുത്തി.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അവലംബം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.82"></span>അവലംബം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അവലംബം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123595">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-afghanII1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-afghanII1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123591">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Kerr_Fraser-Tytler1953" class="citation book cs1">William Kerr Fraser-Tytler (1953). "Part II - The Kingdom of Afghanistan, Chapter I - The Afghans and other races of the Hindukush". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00020unse_v8y6"><i>AFGHANISTAN - A study of political development in Central and Southern Asia - Second Edition</i></a>. LONDON: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00020unse_v8y6/page/n76">55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Part+II+-+The+Kingdom+of+Afghanistan%2C+Chapter+I+-+The+Afghans+and+other+races+of+the+Hindukush&amp;rft.btitle=AFGHANISTAN+-+A+study+of+political+development+in+Central+and+Southern+Asia+-+Second+Edition&amp;rft.place=LONDON&amp;rft.pages=55&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.au=William+Kerr+Fraser-Tytler&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistan00020unse_v8y6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_book" title="ഫലകം:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;coauthors=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="സഹായം:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Testen, "Old Persian and Avestan Phonology", <i>Phonologies of Asia and Africa</i>, vol. II (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cotterell (1998), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFHerzfeld1968" class="citation book cs1">Herzfeld, Ernst (1968). <i>The Persian Empire: Studies in geography and ethnography of the ancient Near East</i>. F. Steiner. p.&#160;344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+Studies+in+geography+and+ethnography+of+the+ancient+Near+East&amp;rft.pages=344&amp;rft.pub=F.+Steiner&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.aulast=Herzfeld&amp;rft.aufirst=Ernst&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bactria">"BACTRIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-07</span></span>. <q>After annexation to the Persian empire by Cyrus in the sixth century, Bactria together with Margiana formed the Twelfth Satrapy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&amp;rft.atitle=BACTRIA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbactria&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt (2005), pp. 41–43.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐8cmsp Cached time: 20241122133906 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.313 seconds Real time usage: 0.489 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 449/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10216/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 328/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11640/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18149103/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 335.682 1 -total 48.49% 162.778 1 ഫലകം:Lang-grc 46.77% 157.015 4 ഫലകം:Lang 33.10% 111.119 1 ഫലകം:Reflist 24.66% 82.788 2 ഫലകം:Cite_book 10.57% 35.492 1 ഫലകം:Lang-fa 6.53% 21.910 1 ഫലകം:Category_handler 2.79% 9.366 1 ഫലകം:Lang-hi 2.48% 8.334 1 ഫലകം:Script/Hebrew 2.20% 7.387 1 ഫലകം:Prettyurl --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key mlwiki:pcache:idhash:125890-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122133906 and revision id 3839618. 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