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Commons:Joint authorship - Wikimedia Commons

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href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=729074684&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commons:Joint authorship">diff</a>) <a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;direction=prev&amp;oldid=729074684&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commons:Joint authorship">← Older revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="notice metadata layouttemplate" id="policy" style="border: 2px solid #ddd; margin: 10px; padding: 7px;" dir="ltr" lang="en"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic_with_pencil.svg/16px-Text-x-generic_with_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic_with_pencil.svg/24px-Text-x-generic_with_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic_with_pencil.svg/32px-Text-x-generic_with_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></span></span>&nbsp;<b>This page is an <i><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Commons_essays?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Commons essays">essay</a></i>; it contains the advice and/or opinions of one or more Commons contributors.</b><br> It is <b>not</b> a Commons <a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Commons_policies?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Commons policies">policy</a> or <a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Commons_guidelines?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Commons guidelines">guideline</a>, and editors are not obliged to follow it. Please update the page as needed, or discuss it on the <a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commons_talk:Joint_authorship?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commons talk:Joint authorship">talk page</a>. </div> <p><b>Joint authorship</b> is the situation where a group of content creators collectively produce a work in entirety, and together all equally share the copyright for the whole work. Recognizing this is important for Wikimedia Commons when considering whether to accept a free and open license from one copyright holder among a group.</p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"> <h2 id="Current_Wikimedia_Commons_guidance" data-mw-thread-id="h-Current_Wikimedia_Commons_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Current_Wikimedia_Commons_guidance"></span>Current Wikimedia Commons guidance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Current_Wikimedia_Commons_guidance"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Current Wikimedia Commons guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><!--__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Current_Wikimedia_Commons_guidance","replies":[]}}--> </div> <p>There is no current Wikimedia Commons guidance on accepting works with Wikimedia compatible licenses from a copyright holder with joint authorship.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"> <h2 id="Interpretations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Interpretations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Interpretations"></span>Interpretations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Interpretations"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><!--__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Interpretations","replies":["h-Yes_accept_it-Interpretations","h-No_do_not_accept_it-Interpretations"]}}--> </div> <p>These are opinions and not Wikimedia Commons guidance.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Yes_accept_it" data-mw-thread-id="h-Yes_accept_it-Interpretations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Yes_accept_it-Interpretations"></span>Yes accept it<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Yes_accept_it-Interpretations"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Yes accept it"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </div> <p>when a work has a joint copyright, then any copyright holder alone can apply any sort of non-exclusive license to a work without permission from anyone else. The CC licenses are non-exclusive, and therefore, any single copyright holder of a group with a joint copyright can grant a Wikimedia compatible CC license to that work.</p> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/works-owned-one-or-more-creators">Works Owned by One or More Creators</a>. <i>Digital Media Law Project</i>. Harvard University.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="No_do_not_accept_it" data-mw-thread-id="h-No_do_not_accept_it-Interpretations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-No_do_not_accept_it-Interpretations"></span>No do not accept it<span data-mw-comment-end="h-No_do_not_accept_it-Interpretations"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: No do not accept it"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </div> <p>By applying a free and open license for a work, a single copyright holder permanently changes the value of the work for a group.</p> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avoiding-joint-pain-treatment-of-joint-works-of-authorship-conditions">Avoiding Joint Pain: Treatment of Joint Works of Authorship Conditions</a>. <i>www.bakerdonelson.com</i> (May 2010).</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"> <h2 id="Complications" data-mw-thread-id="h-Complications"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Complications"></span>Complications<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Complications"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><!--__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Complications","replies":["h-United_Kingdom-Complications"]}}--> </div> <p>The rules for joint authorship may vary by country.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Kingdom" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_Kingdom-Complications"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_Kingdom-Complications"></span>United Kingdom<span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_Kingdom-Complications"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </div> <p>Section 173(2) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 says that where a copyright is jointly held by more than one person, the consent of all of them is required to grant a licence (or to do almost anything else)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/173">[1]</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"> <h2 id="Case_studies_and_previous_discussions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions"></span>Case studies and previous discussions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Case studies and previous discussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><!--__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions","replies":["h-Bethesda_Statement-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions"]}}--> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Copyright/Archive/2020/08?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Multiple_copyright_holders;_one_person_grants_CC_license" title="Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2020/08">Multiple copyright holders; one person grants CC license</a>, August 2020</li> <li><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Felicia_Bond?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Felicia Bond">Category:Felicia Bond</a> - artist with joint authorship</li> <li><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Kameraprojekt_Graz_2015?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="User:Kameraprojekt Graz 2015">User:Kameraprojekt Graz 2015</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:Videos_by_Bandai_Namco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Videos by Bandai Namco">Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Videos by Bandai Namco</a> <dl> <dd> Different circumstance - copyright holder granted license for works which contained as elements other non-free works </dd> </dl></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bethesda_Statement" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bethesda_Statement-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bethesda_Statement-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions"></span>Bethesda Statement<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bethesda_Statement-Case_studies_and_previous_discussions"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://commons-wikimedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Commons:Joint_authorship&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bethesda Statement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </div> <p>The Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing is a 2003 manifesto of a group of activists.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4898000" class="extiw" title="d:Q4898000"><span title="copyright manifesto">Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing <small>(Q4898000)</small></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" class="extiw" title="en:Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">English Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" class="extiw" title="s:Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">English Wikisource</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:Copyright_discussions/Archives/2019%23Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" class="extiw" title="s:Wikisource:Copyright discussions/Archives/2019">Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing|copyright discussion</a> in July 2020 on English Wikisource</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p>The statement is coauthored by its 23 signatories. Its publication pre-dates the contemporary concept of a copyright license. Under what circumstance can anyone apply a free copyright license to it now? Here are some concepts of the copyright:</p> <ul> <li>As all coauthors have equal claim to the copyright, any one of them may apply a Creative Commons license to the work.</li> <li>As all coauthors have equal claim to the copyright, every one of them must explicitly give consent if the work is to have a Creative Commons license.</li> </ul> <p>Some signatories when asked agreed to apply a Wikimedia compatible Creative Commons license to the work. It would be burdensome in this and similar cases to get permission from all signatories if only one copyright holder's permission is necessary.</p> <p>This case is special because the statement itself defines a concept of open copyright licensing, and signatories have public reputations of being at the forefront of activism for free and open copyright licensing, yet in 2003, but the signatories did not think to explicitly document free copyright licensing for their own statement.</p><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐868759585b‐4pbwc Cached time: 20250215175400 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.007 seconds CPU time usage: 0.053 seconds Real time usage: 0.089 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 341/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3767/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1377/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.012/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 648029/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 55.262 1 -total 51.09% 28.234 1 Template:Essay 37.39% 20.664 1 Template:Q 33.85% 18.705 1 Template:Label 10.94% 6.044 1 Template:Essay/layout 10.90% 6.024 2 Template:Cite_web --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key commonswiki:pcache:93241151:|#|:idhash:dateformat=default and timestamp 20250215175400 and revision id 729074684. 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