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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Croatian independence referendum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7_1991" title="استفتاء استقلال كرواتيا 1991 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استفتاء استقلال كرواتيا 1991" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendu_sobre_la_independencia_de_Croacia_de_1991" title="Referendu sobre la independencia de Croacia de 1991 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Referendu sobre la independencia de Croacia de 1991" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_nezavisnosti_Hrvatske" title="Referendum o nezavisnosti Hrvatske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Referendum o nezavisnosti Hrvatske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ndum_d%27independ%C3%A8ncia_de_Cro%C3%A0cia_de_1991" title="Referèndum d'independència de Croàcia de 1991 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Referèndum d'independència de Croàcia de 1991" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitsreferendum_in_Kroatien_1991" title="Unabhängigkeitsreferendum in Kroatien 1991 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unabhängigkeitsreferendum in Kroatien 1991" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%88%CE%AE%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(1991)" title="Δημοψήφισμα ανεξαρτησίας της Κροατίας (1991) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοψήφισμα ανεξαρτησίας της Κροατίας (1991)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A9ndum_sobre_la_independencia_de_Croacia_de_1991" title="Referéndum sobre la independencia de Croacia de 1991 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Referéndum sobre la independencia de Croacia de 1991" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum_sur_l%27ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Croatie" title="Référendum sur l'indépendance de la Croatie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Référendum sur l'indépendance de la Croatie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_hrvatskoj_samostalnosti" title="Referendum o hrvatskoj samostalnosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Referendum o hrvatskoj samostalnosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_kemerdekaan_Kroasia_1991" title="Referendum kemerdekaan Kroasia 1991 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Referendum kemerdekaan Kroasia 1991" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_sull%27indipendenza_della_Croazia_del_1991" title="Referendum sull'indipendenza della Croazia del 1991 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Referendum sull'indipendenza della Croazia del 1991" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horv%C3%A1t_f%C3%BCggetlens%C3%A9gi_n%C3%A9pszavaz%C3%A1s" title="Horvát függetlenségi népszavazás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Horvát függetlenségi népszavazás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bciowe_w_Chorwacji_w_1991_roku" title="Referendum niepodległościowe w Chorwacji w 1991 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Referendum niepodległościowe w Chorwacji w 1991 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo_sobre_a_independ%C3%AAncia_da_Cro%C3%A1cia_em_1991" title="Referendo sobre a independência da Croácia em 1991 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Referendo sobre a independência da Croácia em 1991" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumul_pentru_independen%C8%9Ba_Croa%C8%9Biei,_1991" title="Referendumul pentru independența Croației, 1991 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Referendumul pentru independența Croației, 1991" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Референдум о независности Хрватске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Референдум о независности Хрватске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_hrvatskoj_samostalnosti" title="Referendum o hrvatskoj samostalnosti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Referendum o hrvatskoj samostalnosti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkomr%C3%B6stningen_om_Kroatiens_sj%C3%A4lvst%C3%A4ndighet_1991" title="Folkomröstningen om Kroatiens självständighet 1991 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkomröstningen om Kroatiens självständighet 1991" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%97" title="Референдум щодо незалежності Хорватії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Референдум щодо незалежності Хорватії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_c%E1%BA%A7u_d%C3%A2n_%C3%BD_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_Croatia_1991" title="Trưng cầu dân ý độc lập Croatia 1991 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trưng cầu dân ý độc lập Croatia 1991" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div style="float:right; margin-left:10px"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">1991 Croatian independence referendum </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Electorate</td> <td colspan="2">3,652,225 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Turnout</td> <td colspan="2">(83.56%) 3,051,881 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Supporting sovereignty and<br /><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">independence of Croatia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Voting options</th> <th>Votes</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Yes</td> <td>2,845,521</td> <td>93.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">No</td> <td>126,630</td> <td>4.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Supporting Croatia remaining<br />in federal Yugoslavia </th></tr> <tr> <th>Voting options</th> <th>Votes</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Yes</td> <td>164,267</td> <td>5.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">No</td> <td>2,813,085</td> <td>92.18 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><small>Source: State Election Committee</small><sup id="cite_ref-Referendum-1991-result_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Referendum-1991-result-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Politics of Croatia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_on_the_Rights_of_National_Minorities_in_the_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia">Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Croatia" title="Government of Croatia">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Croatia" title="List of presidents of Croatia">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Andrej_Plenkovi%C4%87_III" title="Cabinet of Andrej Plenković III">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Croatia" title="List of cabinets of Croatia">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Prime Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Plenkovi%C4%87" title="Andrej Plenković">Andrej Plenković</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislative</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament"><i>Sabor</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Croatian_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Croatian Parliament">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gordan_Jandrokovi%C4%87" title="Gordan Jandroković">Gordan Jandroković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Sabor,_2024%E2%80%93" title="List of members of the Sabor, 2024–">Current members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Croatia)" title="Opposition (Croatia)">Opposition</a> <ul><li>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%91a_Grbin" title="Peđa Grbin">Peđa Grbin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Croatia" title="Judiciary of Croatia">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Croatia" title="Supreme Court of Croatia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Croatia" title="Constitutional Court of Croatia">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%27s_Attorney_Office_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="State's Attorney Office of the Republic of Croatia">State's Attorney Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Council_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Judicial Council (Croatia)">National Judicial Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Croatia" title="List of political parties in Croatia">Political parties in Sabor</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_(Croatian_political_party)" title="Centre (Croatian political party)">Centre <span style="font-size:85%;">(CENTAR)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Liberal_Alliance" title="Civic Liberal Alliance">Civic Liberal Alliance <span style="font-size:85%;">(GLAS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union <span style="font-size:85%;">(HDZ)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Demochristian_Party" title="Croatian Demochristian Party">Croatian Demochristian Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(HDS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Party-Liberal_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats">Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats <span style="font-size:85%;">(HNS-LD)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Pensioners" title="Croatian Party of Pensioners">Croatian Party of Pensioners <span style="font-size:85%;">(HSU)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peasant_Party" title="Croatian Peasant Party">Croatian Peasant Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(HSS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Croatian Social Liberal Party">Croatian Social Liberal Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(HSLS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sovereignists" title="Croatian Sovereignists">Croatian Sovereignists <span style="font-size:85%;">(HS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Hungarians_of_Croatia" title="Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia">Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia <span style="font-size:85%;">(DZMH)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(Croatian_political_party)" title="Focus (Croatian political party)">Focus <span style="font-size:85%;">(FOKUS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Movement_(Croatia)" title="Homeland Movement (Croatia)">Homeland Movement <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Serb_Party" title="Independent Democratic Serb Party">Independent Democratic Serb Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(SDSS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Platform_of_the_North" title="Independent Platform of the North">Independent Platform of the North <span style="font-size:85%;">(NPS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Democratic_Assembly" title="Istrian Democratic Assembly">Istrian Democratic Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(IDS)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Croatia)" title="Law and Justice (Croatia)">Law and Justice <span style="font-size:85%;">(PiP)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Croatia" title="Social Democratic Party of Croatia">Social Democratic Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(SDP)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(Croatia)" title="The Bridge (Croatia)">The Bridge <span style="font-size:85%;">(MOST)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/We_can!_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="We can! (Croatia)">We can! <span style="font-size:85%;">(Možemo)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Elections and referendums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Recent elections <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2014–15 Croatian presidential election">2014–15</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2019–20 Croatian presidential election">2019–20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Croatian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Croatian presidential election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Croatian parliamentary election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Croatian parliamentary election">2024</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2017_Croatian_local_elections" title="2017 Croatian local elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Croatian_local_elections" title="2021 Croatian local elections">2021</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>European: <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2014 European Parliament election in Croatia">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2019 European Parliament election in Croatia">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2024 European Parliament election in Croatia"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <p>Recent referendums </p> <dl><dd><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1991 <span style="font-size:85%;">(independence)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Croatian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2012 Croatian European Union membership referendum">2012 <span style="font-size:85%;">(EU membership)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Croatian_constitutional_referendum" title="2013 Croatian constitutional referendum">2013 <span style="font-size:85%;">(constitution)</span></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Croatia" title="Counties of Croatia">Counties (<i>Županije</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Croatia" title="List of cities and towns in Croatia">Towns (<i>Gradovi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Croatia" title="Municipalities of Croatia">Municipalities (<i>Općine</i>)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)">Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Gordan_Grli%C4%87-Radman" title="Gordan Grlić-Radman">Gordan Grlić-Radman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Croatia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Croatia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Croatia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Croatia">in Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatian_passport" title="Croatian passport">Passport</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Croatian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Croatian citizens">Visa requirements</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Croatia portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Croatia" title="Template:Politics of Croatia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Croatia" title="Template talk:Politics of Croatia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Croatia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Croatia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> held an <a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">independence referendum</a> on 19 May 1991, following the <a href="/wiki/1990_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Croatian parliamentary election">Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990</a> and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>. With 83 percent turnout, voters approved the referendum, with 93 percent in favor of independence. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Croatia declared independence</a> and the dissolution of its association with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> on 25 June 1991, but it introduced a three-month <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on the decision when urged to do so by the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">war in Croatia</a> escalated during the moratorium, and on 8 October 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. In 1992, the countries of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> granted Croatia <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> and Croatia was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrvatski_sabor_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg/220px-Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg/330px-Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg/440px-Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> building</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Croatia became a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">socialist federal unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. Croatia was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia" title="League of Communists of Croatia">League of Communists</a> and enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Yugoslav federation. In 1967, a group of Croatian authors and linguists published the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Status_and_Name_of_the_Croatian_Literary_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language">Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language</a>, demanding greater autonomy for the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Šute-Deklaracija_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Šute-Deklaracija-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and decentralization of the Yugoslav economy, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> of 1971, which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-JL-Savka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JL-Savka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a> gave increased autonomy to federal units, essentially fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated, with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_the_Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">SANU Memorandum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2005433_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2005433-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1990, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist Party</a> fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">faction</a> demanding a looser federation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauković-14Congress-2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauković-14Congress-2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/1990_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Croatian parliamentary election">first multi-party elections</a> were held in Croatia, with <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>'s win resulting in further <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent-Tuđman-Obituary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-Tuđman-Obituary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Croatian Serb politicians boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabor">Sabor</a>, and local Serbs seized control of Serb-inhabited territory, <a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">setting up road blocks</a> and voting for those areas to become <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb Autonomous Oblasts">Serb "autonomous oblasts"</a> would soon unite to become the internationally unrecognized <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (RSK),<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intent on achieving independence from Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EE-CIS-book_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EE-CIS-book-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referendum_and_declaration_of_independence">Referendum and declaration of independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Referendum and declaration of independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_Croatian_independence_referenum_government_issued_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1991_Croatian_independence_referenum_government_issued_poster.jpg/170px-1991_Croatian_independence_referenum_government_issued_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1991_Croatian_independence_referenum_government_issued_poster.jpg/255px-1991_Croatian_independence_referenum_government_issued_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1991_Croatian_independence_referenum_government_issued_poster.jpg/340px-1991_Croatian_independence_referenum_government_issued_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1991 referendum poster</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 April 1991, the Croatian Parliament decided to hold an independence referendum on 19 May. The decision was published in the <a href="/wiki/Narodne_Novine" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodne Novine">official gazette of the Republic of Croatia</a> and made official on 2 May 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-NN-Referendum-02May1991_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-Referendum-02May1991-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum offered two options. In the first, Croatia would become a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> and independent state, guaranteeing cultural autonomy and civil rights to Serbs and other minorities in Croatia, free to form an association of sovereign states with other former Yugoslav republics. In the second, Croatia would remain in Yugoslavia as a unified federal state.<sup id="cite_ref-NN-Referendum-02May1991_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-Referendum-02May1991-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-ECstlye-YU_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-ECstlye-YU-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serb local authorities called for a <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Referendum-20May1991_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Referendum-20May1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative counter-referendum was held a week earlier in Serb controlled areas where voters were asked if they want to remain a part of Yugoslavia and with this referendum being delayed in <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia</a> where it took place on the same day as the Croatian independence referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-Vukovar-Serb_Villages_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vukovar-Serb_Villages-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Croatian independence referendum was held at 7,691 <a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">polling stations</a>, where voters were given two ballots—blue and red, with a single referendum option each, allowing use of either or both of ballots. The referendum question proposing <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">independence of Croatia</a>, presented on the blue ballot, passed with 93.24% in favor, 4.15% against, and 1.18% of invalid or blank votes. The second referendum question, proposing that Croatia should remain in Yugoslavia, was declined with 5.38% votes in favor, 92.18% against and 2.07% of invalid votes. The turnout was 83.56%.<sup id="cite_ref-Referendum-1991-result_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Referendum-1991-result-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croatia subsequently declared independence and dissolved (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">razdruženje</i>) its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NN-Declaration-25June1991_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-Declaration-25June1991-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> urged Croatian authorities to place a three-month <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-EUWarning-26June1991_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-EUWarning-26June1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatia <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">agreed</a> to freeze its independence declaration for three months, initially easing tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Suspension-29June1991_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Suspension-29June1991-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> escalated further.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Mobilization-6Oct1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Mobilization-6Oct1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 October, the eve of expiration of the moratorium, the <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Banski_dvori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Banski dvori">attacked Banski dvori</a>, the main <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Government">government</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 October 1991, the moratorium expired, and the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. That particular session of the parliament was held in the <a href="/wiki/INA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="INA (company)">INA</a> building in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubi%C4%87eva_Street" title="Šubićeva Street">Šubićeva Street</a> in Zagreb due to security concerns provoked by the aforementioned Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air raid</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically, it was feared that the Yugoslav Air Force might attack the parliament building.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8 October was celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Croatia" title="Public holidays in Croatia">Croatia's Independence Day</a> for a while. Nowadays, October 8 is the Memorial Day of the Croatian Parliament and no longer a public holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-NN-Holidays_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-Holidays-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG/220px-Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG/330px-Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG/440px-Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/INA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="INA (company)">INA</a> building on <a href="/wiki/Pavao_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavao Šubić Avenue">Šubićeva Avenue</a>, Zagreb was selected for security reasons as the venue for parliament's declaration of independence on 8 October 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Badinter Arbitration Committee</a> was set up by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of Ministers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) on 27 August 1991 to provide legal advice and criteria for <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> to former Yugoslav republics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1991, the Commission stated, among other things, that Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution, and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics could not be altered unless freely agreed upon.<sup id="cite_ref-pellet_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pellet-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors in the preservation of Croatia's pre-war borders, defined by demarcation commissions in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-Kraljević-Razgraničenje-1947_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraljević-Razgraničenje-1947-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the Yugoslav federal constitutional amendments of 1971 and 1974, granting that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units, and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PravST-Ustav-1974_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PravST-Ustav-1974-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Badinter,_2007_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a> presided over the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> advocated quick recognition of Croatia, stating that it wanted to stop ongoing violence in Serb-inhabited areas. It was opposed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, but the countries agreed to pursue a common approach and avoid unilateral actions. On 10 October, two days after the Croatian Parliament confirmed the declaration of independence, the EEC decided to postpone any decision to recognize Croatia for two months, deciding to recognize Croatian independence in two months if the war had not ended by then. As the deadline expired, Germany presented its decision to recognize Croatia as its policy and duty—a position supported by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. France and the UK attempted to prevent the recognition by drafting a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> resolution requesting no unilateral actions which could worsen the situation, but backed down during the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> debate on 14 December, when Germany appeared determined to defy the UN resolution. On 17 December, the EEC formally agreed to grant Croatia diplomatic recognition on 15 January 1992, relying on opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee ruled that Croatia's independence should not be recognized immediately, because the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Croatian Constitution</a> did not provide protection of minorities required by the EEC. In response, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> gave written assurances to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a> that the deficit would be remedied.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich-48-49_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-48-49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RSK formally declared its separation from Croatia on 19 December, but its statehood and independence were not recognized internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 December, Yugoslav authorities announced plans for a smaller state, which could include the territory captured from Croatia,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the plan was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croatia was first recognized as an independent state on 26 June 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Slovenia">declared its own independence</a> on the same day as Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> followed on 30 July, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and Germany in December 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Recognition_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recognition-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EEC countries granted Croatia recognition on 15 January 1992, and the United Nations admitted them in May 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-UN-membership_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-UN-membership-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it is not a public holiday, 15 January is marked as the day Croatia won international recognition by Croatian media and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day's 10th anniversary in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a> minted a 25 <a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">kuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorative coin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period following the declaration of independence, the war escalated, with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">sieges of Vukovar</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Vukovar-Captured_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Vukovar-Captured-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-9Nov1991_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-9Nov1991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fighting elsewhere, until a <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo Agreement">ceasefire of 3 January 1992</a> led to stabilization and a significant reduction of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory for Croatia as a result of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-Storm-Complete_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-Storm-Complete-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present day borders of Croatia were established when the remaining <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">Serb-held areas of Eastern Slavonia</a> were restored to Croatia pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a> of November 1995, with the process concluded in January 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Croatia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Foreign relations of Croatia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Referendum-1991-result-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Referendum-1991-result_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Referendum-1991-result_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183944/http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1991/1991_Rezultati_Referendum.pdf">"Izviješće o provedenom referendumu"</a> [Report on performed referendum] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Croatian). State Election Committee. 22 May 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1991/1991_Rezultati_Referendum.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jutarnji+list&rft.atitle=Heroina+Hrvatskog+prolje%C4%87a&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft.au=Vlado+Vuru%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jutarnji.hr%2Fheroina-hrvatskog-proljeca%2F305499%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rich, Roland (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1207&issue=67">"Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ejil.a035834">10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035834</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+States%3A+The+Collapse+of+Yugoslavia+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ejil.a035834&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejil.org%2Farticle.php%3Farticle%3D1207%26issue%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2005433-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2005433_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrucht2005">Frucht 2005</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html?sq=Titograd&scp=2&st=nyt">"Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 12 January 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106113747/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Franjo+Tudjman&rft.date=1999-12-13&rft.au=Branka+Magas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/20/world/armed-serbs-guard-highways-in-croatia-during-referendum.html?ref=croatia">"Armed Serbs Guard Highways in Croatia During Referendum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 20 August 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7"><bdi>978-3-8329-5609-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croatia%27s+Serbs+Declare+Their+Autonomy&rft.date=1990-10-02&rft.au=Chuck+Sudetic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Fcroatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EE-CIS-book-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EE-CIS-book_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC"><i>Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. 1998. pp. <span class="nowrap">272–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-058-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zbornik+radova+Pravnog+fakulteta+u+Splitu&rft.atitle=Jugoslavija%3A+unitarna+dr%C5%BEava+ili+federacija+povijesne+te%C5%BEnje+srpskoga+i+hrvatskog+naroda+%E2%80%93+jedan+od+uzroka+raspada+Jugoslavije&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1847-0459&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cobanov&rft.aufirst=Sa%C5%A1a&rft.au=Rudolf%2C+Davorin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravst.hr%2Fzbornik.php%3Fp%3D25%26s%3D170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucarelli2000" class="citation book cs1">Lucarelli, Sonia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcxv1eVCyhIC"><i>Europe and the breakup of Yugoslavia: a political failure in search of a scholarly explanation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1439-6"><bdi>978-90-411-1439-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+breakup+of+Yugoslavia%3A+a+political+failure+in+search+of+a+scholarly+explanation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1439-6&rft.aulast=Lucarelli&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbcxv1eVCyhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich-48-49-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rich-48-49_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland_Rich1993" class="citation journal cs1">Roland Rich (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143955/http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/4/1/1207.pdf">"Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+States%3A+The+Collapse+of+Yugoslavia+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Roland+Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejil.org%2Fpdfs%2F4%2F1%2F1207.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7UOyPGYBkwC"><i>Statehood and the law of self-determination</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. 2002. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1890-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1890-5"><bdi>978-90-411-1890-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statehood+and+the+law+of+self-determination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1890-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7UOyPGYBkwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/27/world/serb-led-presidency-drafts-plan-for-new-and-smaller-yugoslavia.html?ref=croatia">"Serb-Led Presidency Drafts Plan For New and Smaller Yugoslavia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 27 December 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations. 9 February 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/766/51/PDF/N9576651.pdf?OpenElement">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F49%2F43+The+situation+in+the+occupied+territories+of+Croatia&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1995-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN95%2F766%2F51%2FPDF%2FN9576651.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recognition-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recognition_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813073120/http://www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1177">"Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_European_Integration_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1177">the original</a> on 13 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=3+Ex-Yugoslav+Republics+Are+Accepted+into+U.N.&rft.date=1992-05-23&rft.au=Paul+L.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F05%2F23%2Fworld%2F3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905031410/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=101487&cHash=164234a438">"Obilježena obljetnica priznanja"</a> [Recognition Anniversary Marked] (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">Croatian Radiotelevision</a>. 15 January 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obilje%C5%BEena+obljetnica+priznanja&rft.pub=Croatian+Radiotelevision&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrt.hr%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D48%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D101487%26cHash%3D164234a438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216132034/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e25kuna.htm">"Commemorative 25 Kuna Coins in Circulation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a>. 19 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e25kuna.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorative+25+Kuna+Coins+in+Circulation&rft.pub=Croatian+National+Bank&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnb.hr%2Fnovcan%2Fkovanice%2Fe25kuna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Vukovar-Captured-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Vukovar-Captured_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Sudetic" title="Chuck Sudetic">Sudetic, Chuck</a> (18 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/18/world/croats-concede-danube-town-s-loss.html?ref=croatia">"Croats Concede Danube Town's Loss"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croats+Concede+Danube+Town%27s+Loss&rft.date=1991-11-18&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F18%2Fworld%2Fcroats-concede-danube-town-s-loss.html%3Fref%3Dcroatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-9Nov1991-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-9Nov1991_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1991" class="citation news cs1">Binder, David (9 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/09/world/old-city-totters-in-yugoslav-siege.html?ref=croatia">"Old City Totters in Yugoslav Siege"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Old+City+Totters+in+Yugoslav+Siege&rft.date=1991-11-09&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F09%2Fworld%2Fold-city-totters-in-yugoslav-siege.html%3Fref%3Dcroatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1992" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Sudetic" title="Chuck Sudetic">Sudetic, Chuck</a> (3 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/03/world/yugoslav-factions-agree-to-un-plan-to-halt-civil-war.html?ref=croatia">"Yugoslav Factions Agree to U.N. Plan to Halt Civil War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yugoslav+Factions+Agree+to+U.N.+Plan+to+Halt+Civil+War&rft.date=1992-01-03&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F01%2F03%2Fworld%2Fyugoslav-factions-agree-to-un-plan-to-halt-civil-war.html%3Fref%3Dcroatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-Storm-Complete-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes-Storm-Complete_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean_E._Murphy1995" class="citation news cs1">Dean E. Murphy (8 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-08-mn-32662-story.html">"Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012140454/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Croats+Declare+Victory%2C+End+Blitz&rft.date=1995-08-08&rft.au=Dean+E.+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1995-08-08-mn-32662-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Hedges1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Chris Hedges</a> (16 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html">"An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518201803/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html?ref=croatia">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Ethnic+Morass+Is+Returned+to+Croatia&rft.date=1998-01-16&rft.au=Chris+Hedges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F01%2F16%2Fworld%2Fan-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2005" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-800-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-800-0"><bdi>1-57607-800-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57607-800-0&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Croatian+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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Croatia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Parliamentary elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Croatian parliamentary election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Croatian parliamentary election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Croatian parliamentary election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2000 Croatian parliamentary election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Croatian parliamentary election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Croatian parliamentary election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Croatian parliamentary election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Croatian parliamentary election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Croatian parliamentary election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Croatian parliamentary election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Croatian parliamentary election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="Next Croatian parliamentary election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Croatian_presidential_election" title="1992 Croatian presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Croatian_presidential_election" title="1997 Croatian presidential election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2000 Croatian presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2005 Croatian presidential election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2009–10 Croatian presidential election">2009–10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2014–15 Croatian presidential election">2014–15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2019–20 Croatian presidential election">2019–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Croatian_presidential_election" title="2024–25 Croatian presidential election">2024–25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2013 European Parliament election in Croatia">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2014 European Parliament election in Croatia">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2019 European Parliament election in Croatia">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2024 European Parliament election in Croatia">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Counties">Chamber of Counties</a> elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Croatian_Chamber_of_Counties_election" title="1993 Croatian Chamber of Counties election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Croatian_Chamber_of_Counties_election" title="1997 Croatian Chamber of Counties election">1997</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_Croatian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 Croatian local elections (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Croatian_local_elections" title="1993 Croatian local elections">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Croatian_local_elections" title="1997 Croatian local elections">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Croatian_local_elections" title="2001 Croatian local elections">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Croatian_local_elections" title="2005 Croatian local elections">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Croatian_local_elections" title="2009 Croatian local elections">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Croatian_local_elections" title="2013 Croatian local elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Croatian_local_elections" title="2017 Croatian local elections">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Croatian_local_elections" title="2021 Croatian local elections">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Croatian_national_minorities_councils_and_representatives_elections" title="2003 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Croatian_national_minorities_councils_and_representatives_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Croatian_national_minorities_councils_and_representatives_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Croatian_national_minorities_councils_and_representatives_elections" title="2015 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Croatian_national_minorities_councils_and_representatives_elections" title="2019 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Croatian_national_minorities_councils_and_representatives_elections" title="2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Croatian_local_advisory_referendums" title="1996 Croatian local advisory referendums">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Croatian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2012 Croatian European Union membership referendum">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Croatian_constitutional_referendum" title="2013 Croatian constitutional referendum">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>See also: Elections in <a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Austria-Hungary" title="Template:Elections in Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslav_elections" title="Template:Yugoslav elections">Yugoslavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Zagreb" title="Template:Elections in Zagreb">Zagreb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Split" title="Template:Elections in Split">Split</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Osijek" title="Template:Elections in Osijek">Osijek</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this 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data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&oldid=1272691222">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Croatian_independence_referendum&oldid=1272691222</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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