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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Talk:Workers' right to access the toilet">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Workers' right to access the toilet</b> refers to the rights of employees to take a break when they need to use the <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a>. The right to access a toilet is a basic human need.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless both the employee and employer agree to compensate the employee on rest breaks an employer cannot take away the worker's right to access a <a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet facility</a> while working. There is limited information on the rights workers have to access public toilets among the world's legal systems. The law is not clear in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> as to the amount of time a worker is entitled to use a toilet while working. Nor is there clarification on what constitutes a 'reasonable' amount of access to a toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the lack of access to toilet facilities has become a health issue for many workers.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues around workplace allowance to use a toilet has given light on issues such as workers having to ask permission to use a toilet and some workers having their pay deducted for the mere <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a> of using a toilet when they need to.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inability to access a toilet when necessary has caused health issues such as urinary tract infections, kidney infections, and digestive problems which can later develop into severe health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inadequate access to the use of a toilet when required can lead to substantial problems for people who have prostate problems, going through menopause, or are menstruating for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Call centre workers are commonly encouraged to drink fluids regularly to continue prolonged voice use.<sup id="cite_ref-toilettax_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toilettax-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these employees are generally deprived from accessing a toilet when they need to.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, drivers such as bus and truck drivers on a timed schedule have been known to have no access to a toilet and thus have a high risk of coming in contact with bladder and stool health problems. Furthermore, the lack of access for a driver may result in a lack of concentration on the road, which is a public safety concern. The need to access a toilet becomes a larger issue than that for the individual who is being immediately deprived.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 a “Loo Breaks Study” conducted with 200 nurses at <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Hospital" title="St Mark's Hospital">St Mark's Hospital</a>, London found that over 75 per cent of the workers had difficulty passing stool at work given the high demand of the job disallowed them to take bathroom breaks. A third of the employees stated that management was regulated in such a way to prevent workers from taking loo breaks during their working hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazards_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazards-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also found that half of call centre workers postponed taking toilet breaks during working hours due to management restrictions placed on them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Employment_Relations_Act_2000" title="Employment Relations Act 2000">Employment Relations Act</a> in New Zealand states that an employee must be provided with rest breaks to attend to personal matters. Entitlements to visit the toilet cannot be contracted out of unless reasonably compensated for.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the law does not state how the employer is to calculate the cost of compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-ENZ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENZ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless contracted out of, the Employment Relations Act states an employee must be provided with toilet breaks. In the absence of an agreement between the two parties, it is to be exercised in good faith. The statute allows an employer to take into account the employee's operational environment and the employee's duty to continuity of their services to their employer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwiebel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Employees are entitled to toilet breaks. However the law is yet to develop a specific allowance of toilet access. Here the law bargains on “good faith” which essentially refers to employees and employers not abusing the fact that there are no clear guidelines on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-ENZ_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENZ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there is a history of denying workers the right to go to the toilet while on the job.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) Agency has undone some of the business opposition to workers taking toilet breaks. OSHA rules indicate that all employees must be provided with toilet facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hyman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, issues arise over when a worker can access a bathroom. A memorandum on behalf of OSHA in 1998 stated that workers could only be restricted in accessing toilet facilities if it was reasonable at the given time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as seen in <i>Zwiebel v. Plastipak Packaging</i> what is reasonable is still unclear today.<sup id="cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwiebel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Zwiebel was dismissed from his job at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastipak_Packaging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastipak Packaging (page does not exist)">Plastipak Packaging</a> in Ohio where he later sued the company on the grounds that they breached the restroom policy within OSHA's restroom service.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court held "While there is a clear public policy in favor of allowing employees access to workplace restrooms, it does not support the proposition that employees may leave their tasks or stations at any time without responsibly making sure that production is not jeopardized. In recognition of an employer’s legitimate interest in avoiding disruptions, there is also a clear public policy in favor of allowing reasonable restrictions on employees’ access to the restrooms."<sup id="cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwiebel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: para 33">: para 33 </span></sup> </p><p>Thus it is clear the court made this decision with policy in mind. The court was clear in its findings that an employee has an obligation to ensure they do not disregard their position as an employee and thus a reasonable restriction on the limitation a worker has to access a toilet is to be allowed. By going to the bathroom a worker cannot be seen to be deserting their job.<sup id="cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwiebel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this does raise issues over workers who have a large workload and that attending to the bathroom can be seen as abandoning one's job.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, when an employment dispute arises regarding bathroom use where an employee has been prevented or punished in terms of employment, they are referred to OSHA who decides on each individual case.<sup id="cite_ref-isitlegal_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isitlegal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, OSHA has ruled that where a worker has reasonably waited to visit a bathroom, or where an additional worker is not available, for replacement, in the worker's absence, then the worker is entitled to use the restroom or else the employer will be in breach of their <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary duties</a> to the employee.<sup id="cite_ref-isitlegal_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isitlegal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, employees must be paid for any break which equates to less than 20 minutes which includes bathroom use.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, the law is unclear on whether an employer can deduct an employee's pay based on the fact they have accessed the toilet for more than 20 minutes in total over a period of six hours of more of work.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCdock_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCdock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Employment_Rights_Act_1996" title="Employment Rights Act 1996">Employment Rights Act 1996</a> states that a worker cannot have their pay deducted unless it is authorised by statute or if the employee has consented in writing. Therefore, unless the employer has written in the worker's contract, or the worker has given written agreement, an employer cannot deduct pay for accessing a toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, an employer is legally allowed to contract out of a worker's right to access a toilet without pay; generally the contract will allow for compensation given the absence of such access.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCdock_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCdock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the law is unclear on whether a worker must ask for permission to use the toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCpermission_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCpermission-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some workers have reported having to raise their hand, like a child in pre-school, in order for permission to be granted to simply exercise the basic human need to access a toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The above issues are currently gaining attention through the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> so that they may be addressed by Parliament and a specific allowance of access to toilets will be legally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-TUCpermission_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCpermission-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toilettax_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toilettax-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trades Union Congress stated there is also a need for a specific legal right to use toilets in the employer's time without a deduction in pay, and without any harassment."<sup id="cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, contact centre workers in <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a>'s control were being forced to record every visit they made to the toilet during their working hours. Workers reported they felt immensely offended and humiliated. Superintendent Russ Hanson-Coles claimed that requiring the phone operators to record their toilet visits as “code three” deterred them from taking unnecessary breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-police_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-police-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>code three</i> refers to any type of unscheduled break whether that being a toilet visit or the need to fill up a water bottle outside of the scheduled rest breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-police_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-police-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_(Health,_Safety_and_Welfare)_Regulations_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1999 (page does not exist)">Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1999</a> do not discuss access to toilets for workers but rather focus on the standard of sanitary conditions toilet facilities are required to be kept.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 information was revealed that a UK call centre worker had £50 deducted from their pay for using the toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-toilettax_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toilettax-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-workersright_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workersright-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term 'toilet tax' was raised in the House of Commons where former Employment Relations Minister <a href="/wiki/Jo_Swinson" title="Jo Swinson">Jo Swinson</a> argued that terms must be clearly outlined in the employee's contract if deductions will be made for using the toilet while working. Furthermore, she stated employers must be cautious not to underpay an employee if they are already on the <a href="/wiki/National_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="National minimum wage">national minimum wage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-workersright_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workersright-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_parity" title="Potty parity">Potty parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restroom_Access_Act" title="Restroom Access Act">Restroom Access Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TUCbreak-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCbreak_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuc.org.uk/research-analysis/reports/give-us-loo-break">"Give us a (Loo) break!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></i>. 8 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trades+Union+Congress&rft.atitle=Give+us+a+%28Loo%29+break%21&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuc.org.uk%2Fresearch-analysis%2Freports%2Fgive-us-loo-break&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toilettax-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toilettax_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toilettax_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toilettax_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-29932505">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Toilet tax' hits call centre staff, says MP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 6 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Toilet+tax%27+hits+call+centre+staff%2C+says+MP&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-29932505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazards-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hazards_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hazards.org/toiletbreaks/">"Hazards 81 extended briefing: Toilet breaks"</a>. <i>Hazards Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hazards+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hazards+81+extended+briefing%3A+Toilet+breaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hazards.org%2Ftoiletbreaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Employment Relations Act 2000 (NZ), s 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENZ-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENZ_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENZ_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.employment.govt.nz/hours-and-wages/breaks/rest-and-meal-breaks/">"Rest and meal breaks"</a>. <i>Employment New Zealand</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Employment+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Rest+and+meal+breaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.employment.govt.nz%2Fhours-and-wages%2Fbreaks%2Frest-and-meal-breaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Employment Relations Act 2000 (NZ), s 69ZE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zwiebel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zwiebel_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5386413555521481804">"<i>Zwiebel v. Plastipak Packaging</i> 2013 Ohio 3785"</a>. Ohio Court of Appeals (3rd District). September 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zwiebel+v.+Plastipak+Packaging+2013+Ohio+3785&rft.pub=Ohio+Court+of+Appeals+%283rd+District%29&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D5386413555521481804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Linder and Ingrid Nygaard. <i>Void Where Prohibited: Rest Breaks and the Right to Urinate on Company Time</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.141">"Standard 1910.141 – Sanitation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft.atitle=Standard+1910.141+%E2%80%93+Sanitation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Flaws-regs%2Fregulations%2Fstandardnumber%2F1910%2F1910.141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2013" class="citation web cs1">Hyman, Jon (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://workforce.com/uk/news/when-you-gotta-go-you-gotta-go-the-right-to-workplace-bathroom-breaks">"When You Gotta Go, You Gotta Go: The Right to Workplace Bathroom Breaks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Workforce.com" title="Workforce.com">Workforce.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Workforce.com&rft.atitle=When+You+Gotta+Go%2C+You+Gotta+Go%3A+The+Right+to+Workplace+Bathroom+Breaks&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworkforce.com%2Fuk%2Fnews%2Fwhen-you-gotta-go-you-gotta-go-the-right-to-workplace-bathroom-breaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles" class="citation web cs1">Miles, John B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/1998-04-06-0">"Interpretation of 29 CFR 1910.141(c)(1)(i): Toilet Facilities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft.atitle=Interpretation+of+29+CFR+1910.141%28c%29%281%29%28i%29%3A+Toilet+Facilities&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Flaws-regs%2Fstandardinterpretations%2F1998-04-06-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isitlegal-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isitlegal_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isitlegal_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanresourceblog.com/2008/04/02/is-it-legal-to-restrict-workplace-bathroom-visits-to-a-certian-number-a-day/">"Is it legal to restrict workplace bathroom visits to a certain number a day??"</a>. <i>Human Resource Blog</i>. Labor Law Center. April 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Blog&rft.atitle=Is+it+legal+to+restrict+workplace+bathroom+visits+to+a+certain+number+a+day%3F%3F&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanresourceblog.com%2F2008%2F04%2F02%2Fis-it-legal-to-restrict-workplace-bathroom-visits-to-a-certian-number-a-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanresourceblog.com/2008/04/02/is-it-legal-to-restrict-workplace-bathroom-visits-to-a-certian-number-a-day/">"Is it legal to restrict workplace bathroom visits to a certain number a day??"</a>. <i>Human Resource Blog</i>. Labor Law Center. April 2, 2008. <q>Under the federal FLSA or Fair Labor Standards Act, employees must be paid for any breaks shorter than 20 minutes. This would include bathroom breaks. This law applies to most employers in the U.S.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Blog&rft.atitle=Is+it+legal+to+restrict+workplace+bathroom+visits+to+a+certain+number+a+day%3F%3F&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanresourceblog.com%2F2008%2F04%2F02%2Fis-it-legal-to-restrict-workplace-bathroom-visits-to-a-certian-number-a-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUCdock-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TUCdock_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCdock_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worksmart.org.uk/health-advice/where-you-work/toilets-and-washrooms/my-employer-allowed-dock-my-pay-taking-loo-breaks">"Is my employer allowed to dock my pay for taking loo breaks?"</a>. <i>TUC Work Smart</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUC+Work+Smart&rft.atitle=Is+my+employer+allowed+to+dock+my+pay+for+taking+loo+breaks%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworksmart.org.uk%2Fhealth-advice%2Fwhere-you-work%2Ftoilets-and-washrooms%2Fmy-employer-allowed-dock-my-pay-taking-loo-breaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/section/13">"Employment Relations Act 1996 (UK), s 13(1)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Employment+Relations+Act+1996+%28UK%29%2C+s+13%281%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1996%2F18%2Fsection%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUCpermission-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TUCpermission_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUCpermission_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worksmart.org.uk/health-advice/where-you-work/toilets-and-washrooms/do-i-need-ask-permission-use-toilet">"Do I need to ask permission to use the toilet?"</a>. <i>TUC Work Smart</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUC+Work+Smart&rft.atitle=Do+I+need+to+ask+permission+to+use+the+toilet%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworksmart.org.uk%2Fhealth-advice%2Fwhere-you-work%2Ftoilets-and-washrooms%2Fdo-i-need-ask-permission-use-toilet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-police-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-police_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-police_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8171394.stm">"Police must record toilet breaks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 27 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Police+must+record+toilet+breaks&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F8171394.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/3004/regulation/20/made">"Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (UK), s 20"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workplace+%28Health%2C+Safety+and+Welfare%29+Regulations+1992+%28UK%29%2C+s+20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1992%2F3004%2Fregulation%2F20%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-workersright-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-workersright_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-workersright_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-30129291">"Toilet breaks are a worker's right, minister tells MPs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 20 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Toilet+breaks+are+a+worker%27s+right%2C+minister+tells+MPs&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-30129291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+right+to+access+the+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marc Linder and Ingrid Nygaard. <i>Void Where Prohibited: Rest Breaks and the Right to Urinate on Company Time</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dairyofacallcentreguy.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/the-call-centre-v-the-toilet-how-the-call-centre-declared-war-on-bodily-functions/">The Call Centre v The Toilet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hazards.org/toiletbreaks/toiletbreaks2.htm#uklaw">UK rest breaks law: Have a break</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/pb/debates/debates/51HansD_20141030_00000024/employment-relations-amendment-bill-—-third-reading">Employment Relations Amendment Bill NZ - Third Reading - Hansard (Parliamentary Debates)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational <br />diseases</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">injuries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrodynia" title="Acrodynia">Acrodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis ("brown lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_cardiovascular_disease" title="Occupational cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">Chronic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweeps%27_carcinoma" title="Chimney sweeps' carcinoma">Chimney sweeps' carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_sport" title="Concussions in sport">Concussions in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">De Quervain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erethism" title="Erethism">Erethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazards_associated_with_exposure_to_human_nail_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational hazards associated with exposure to human nail dust">Exposure to human nail dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler%27s_neck" title="Fiddler's neck">Fiddler's neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_worker%27s_lung" title="Flock worker's lung">Flock worker's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblower%27s_cataract" title="Glassblower's cataract">Glassblower's cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golfer%27s_elbow" title="Golfer's elbow">Golfer's elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Hospital-acquired infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_lung" title="Indium lung">Indium lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Occupational_exposure" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">Mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">Metal fume fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">Phossy jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_jaw" title="Radium jaw">Radium jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo-filler%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Silo-filler's disease">Silo-filler's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Sports injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_elbow" title="Tennis elbow">Tennis elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp" title="Writer's cramp">Writer's cramp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Occupational <br />hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Workplace health surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_occupational_safety_and_health_agencies" title="List of occupational safety and health agencies">Agencies</a> and <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Occupational_Health_and_Safety" title="Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_per_l%27assicurazione_contro_gli_infortuni_sul_lavoro" title="Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro">Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="National Institute for Safety and Health at Work">National Institute for Safety and Health at Work</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Convention,_1981" title="Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981">Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Protection_Standard" title="Worker Protection Standard">Worker Protection Standard</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Environment_(Air_Pollution,_Noise_and_Vibration)_Convention,_1977" title="Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977">Working Environment Convention, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">Emergency evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Hazard elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Hazard substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout-tagout" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockout-tagout">Lockout-tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">Immediately dangerous to life or health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_parity" title="Potty parity">Potty parity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potty_parity_in_the_United_States" title="Potty parity in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment,_health_and_safety" title="Environment, health and safety">Environment, health and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Fighter_Fatality_Investigation_and_Prevention_Program" title="Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program">Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Safety Card">International Chemical Safety Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(Canadian_observance)" title="National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance)">National Day of Mourning (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_tort" title="Toxic tort">Toxic tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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