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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nazi persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Immigration policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SS_St._Louis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SS_St._Louis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>SS St. Louis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SS_St._Louis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Erich_Dublon" title="Special:EditPage/Erich Dublon">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish-German Immigrant</div> <p><b>Erich Dublon</b> was a German-Jewish man living in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt, Germany</a> during the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> oppression. He fled Germany and attempted to immigrate to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> with his brother Wilhelm Dublon, his sister-in-law Erna Dublon, and his two young nieces, Lore and Eva.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dublon family boarded the <a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">SS St. Louis</a>, a Cuban-bound ship that carried hundreds of European Jews desperate to escape persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a sixteen-day transatlantic journey, the <a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">SS St. Louis</a> reached Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon and the other passengers remained in the Harbor in Havana while the authorities deliberated over allowing the refugees entry into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SS St. Louis refugees were ultimately denied entry into both Cuba and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon was sent back to Europe, settling in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp, Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi extermination</a> policies intensified, the Dublon family was rounded up and subsequently exterminated in the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_the_Starboard_View_of_the_SS_City_of_St._Louis_-_DPLA_-_464f195051c5dd309637e0c30a337c8b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Photograph_of_the_Starboard_View_of_the_SS_City_of_St._Louis_-_DPLA_-_464f195051c5dd309637e0c30a337c8b.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_the_Starboard_View_of_the_SS_City_of_St._Louis_-_DPLA_-_464f195051c5dd309637e0c30a337c8b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Photograph_of_the_Starboard_View_of_the_SS_City_of_St._Louis_-_DPLA_-_464f195051c5dd309637e0c30a337c8b.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_the_Starboard_View_of_the_SS_City_of_St._Louis_-_DPLA_-_464f195051c5dd309637e0c30a337c8b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Photograph_of_the_Starboard_View_of_the_SS_City_of_St._Louis_-_DPLA_-_464f195051c5dd309637e0c30a337c8b.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_the_Starboard_View_of_the_SS_City_of_St._Louis_-_DPLA_-_464f195051c5dd309637e0c30a337c8b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>SS St. Louis </figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erich Dublon was born on November 6th, 1890 in Apolda, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, he resided in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt, Germany</a> with his brother, sister-in-law, and nieces. Dublon and his brother, Willi Dublon, co-owned a shoe store called Salamander Schuhe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dublon family lived contently in Erfurt despite the increasingly repressive social and political climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Nuremberg Laws Chart of Racial Classification </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_persecution">Nazi persecution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nazi persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a> fostered a dangerous political, economic, and social climate in Germany. A severe financial crisis involving <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a>, poverty, and mass unemployment contributed to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's</a> fascist and staunchly antisemitic regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> seized power in Germany, Nazi leaders began to implement harsh economic restrictions to isolate and eventually eliminate Jews from European society. The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>, enacted in September of 1935, devised a legal distinction between Germans and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws revoked Jewish rights to German citizenship, as well as legalized and encouraged the systemic persecution of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this Nazi tyranny, the Dublon family refused to uproot their lives and were hopeful that the period of antisemitism would pass.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dublons accepted that living in Germany was no longer possible after the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht Pogroms</a> and several Nazi policies restricting Jewish economic life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_policies">Immigration policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immigration policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dublon's brother, Willi Dublon, was successful in securing spots on the St. Louis motor ship for himself and his entire family. This included Erich, Willi, Erna, twelve-year-old Lore, and six-year-old Eva.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passengers on the St. Louis were made up of mostly Jewish refugees who were also hoping to escape <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of Jews">Nazi persecution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immigrants were granted permits for their stay in Cuba by the Director of Immigration, Manuel Bonitez Gonzalez.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unbeknownst to Erich and many other St. Louis passengers, Gonzalez was a corrupt actor and the visas were never approved by the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Government">Cuban Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dublons intended to live in Cuba until they could gain entry into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After WWI, the United States cracked down on immigration by enacting the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>, which placed strict quotas on the number of foreigners allowed into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Americans were highly distrustful of foreigners as they believed an immigrant labor force would threaten employment opportunities for domestic workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also great suspicion of foreigners who held citizenship in enemy countries. Immigration quotas were set considerably low for countries with high volumes of Jewish immigrants,  posing a significant obstacle that prevented numerous Jews from escaping to safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisHavana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/StLouisHavana.jpg/220px-StLouisHavana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/StLouisHavana.jpg/330px-StLouisHavana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/StLouisHavana.jpg/440px-StLouisHavana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>SS St. Louis in the Havana Harbor </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SS_St._Louis">SS St. Louis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SS St. Louis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The St. Louis departed for Cuba on May 13th, 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an extensive and personal record of Erich Dublon's experience on the ship due to the recovery of his travel diary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diary was kept by a family friend of the Dublons, Peter Heiman, who was able to successfully immigrate from Erfurt to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon describes the jovial and hopeful atmosphere on the St. Louis when the immigrants first boarded. The luxury accommodations, excellent food, and myriad of onboard activities inspired a sense of optimism in the Dublons and excitement for the beginning of their new lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erich also documents the strong feeling of community as he and his family were able to connect with fellow Erfurt immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sixteen days of sailing, the St. Louis arrived in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana, Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship remained stagnant in Havana's Harbor as authorities aboard the St. Louis negotiated with the Cuban government over the canceled visas. The <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a> attempted to persuade Cuba and the United States to accept the passengers under asylum, but their arguments were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these deliberations were occurring, Dublon's diary reflects a great deal of uncertainty and grief among the passengers. It was unclear why the immigrants were not permitted to disembark and they were unaware that many of their visas had been illegally issued.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the fifth day of waiting in the harbor as it became evident something was amiss, Dublon's diary noted several passengers' suicides. On the seventh day of sitting in the harbor, the announcement was made to the passengers that they had been denied entry into Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The St. Louis was escorted out of the harbor by several Cuban police boats, who had suggested the use of force if the ship resisted. The St. Louis also journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> where they also attempted to gain entry, but were again turned away.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 10 1939, the passengers were informed that the St. Louis had no alternative but to return to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon's journal entries reflect the intense emotions and desperation of the passengers, many of whom where crying at the announcement of the ship's return to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Europe">Return to Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg/220px-Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg/330px-Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg/440px-Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Immigrants aboard the SS St. Louis </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> had approved the St. Louis refugees to seek temporary residence in their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon and the rest of his family were assigned to live in Belgium and the St. Louis arrived in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> on June 17th, 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon's nieces, Lore and Eva, had difficulties adjusting to their new life in Antwerp. They particularly struggled with the language barrier between themselves and their classmates.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the hardships they experienced, the Dublon family remained relationally close. They enjoyed weekly nature walks together and slowly became accustomed to their new lives in Antwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deportation">Deportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belgium had remained a neutral country amid <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when Dublon initially moved there in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in May of 1940, the German military was victorious in capturing Belgium for the Nazi Regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans immediately began implementing Nazi policies to consolidate and eventually exterminate Belgium's Jewish population. The Germans conducted an extensive census that attempted to identify all Jews residing in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen Transit camp</a> at the age of 50 and was later deported to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>. Instead of immediately being sent to the gas chambers to be murdered, Dublon was selected for harsh forced labor within the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auschwitz records reflect that Dublon died of a heart attack in the camp on September 3rd, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dublon's brother Willi was also discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and subsequently sent to the <a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen Transit camp</a> on December 23rd, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erna Dublon and her two daughters Lore and Eva were also captured on January 8th, 1944. The remainder of the Dublon family was moved to Auschwitz on January 17th, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty-four-year-old Willi, forty-year-old Erna, and ten-year-old Eva were all exterminated in the gas chambers upon arrival in Auschwitz. Sixteen-year-old Lore was deemed desirable for forced labor by Nazi officials. She was consequently relocated to the Golleschau camp where she eventually died.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erich Dublon's travel diary has provided critical insight into the voyage of the <a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">SS St. Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It created a meticulous record of the everyday lives of the St. Louis passengers and captures the emotional distress when the immigrants were denied entry into Havana.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recovery of Erich's diary has made significant contributions to the historical record of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_immigration_to_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish immigration to America">Jewish immigration</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the journey of the SS St. Louis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dublon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReinfelder2002" class="citation book cs1">Reinfelder, Georg (2002). <i>MS "St. Louis": die Irrfahrt nach Kuba : Frühjahr 1939 : Kapitän Gustav Schröder rettet 906 deutsche Juden vor dem Zugriff der Nazis</i>. Germany. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3933471303" title="Special:BookSources/3933471303"><bdi>3933471303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MS+%22St.+Louis%22%3A+die+Irrfahrt+nach+Kuba+%3A+Fr%C3%BChjahr+1939+%3A+Kapit%C3%A4n+Gustav+Schr%C3%B6der+rettet+906+deutsche+Juden+vor+dem+Zugriff+der+Nazis&rft.place=Germany&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3933471303&rft.aulast=Reinfelder&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTher2021" class="citation book cs1">Ther, Philipp (2021). <i>The Outsiders: Refugees in Europe Since 1942</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691207131" title="Special:BookSources/9780691207131"><bdi>9780691207131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outsiders%3A+Refugees+in+Europe+Since+1942&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780691207131&rft.aulast=Ther&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong_Mullins2013" class="citation journal cs1">Long Mullins, Robin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0034610">"The SS St. Louis and the importance of reconciliation"</a>. <i>Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 393–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0034610">10.1037/a0034610</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-7949">1532-7949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+and+Conflict%3A+Journal+of+Peace+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+SS+St.+Louis+and+the+importance+of+reconciliation.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-398&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0034610&rft.issn=1532-7949&rft.aulast=Long+Mullins&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0034610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/map/voyage-of-the-st-louis-may-13-june-17-1939">"Voyage of the "St. Louis," May 13-June 17, 1939"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Voyage+of+the+%22St.+Louis%2C%22+May+13-June+17%2C+1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Fmap%2Fvoyage-of-the-st-louis-may-13-june-17-1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie,_Miller2010" class="citation book cs1">Ogilvie, Miller (2010). <i>Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passangers and the Holocaust</i>. Ukraine: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299219833" title="Special:BookSources/9780299219833"><bdi>9780299219833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuge+Denied%3A+The+St.+Louis+Passangers+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Ukraine&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780299219833&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Erich-Dublon/6000000036776474970">"Erich Dublon"</a>. <i>geni_family_tree</i>. <a href="/wiki/Geni.com" title="Geni.com">Geni.com</a>. 7 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geni_family_tree&rft.atitle=Erich+Dublon&rft.date=2021-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FErich-Dublon%2F6000000036776474970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/online/st-louis/detail.php?PassengerId=144&letter=D&ord=150">"Voyage of the St. Louis"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Voyage+of+the+St.+Louis&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fonline%2Fst-louis%2Fdetail.php%3FPassengerId%3D144%26letter%3DD%26ord%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalczyk" class="citation web cs1">Michalczyk, John J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&an=1625632&site=ehost-live&scope=site">"Nazi Law : From Nuremberg to Nuremberg"</a>. <i>search.ebscohost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.ebscohost.com&rft.atitle=Nazi+Law+%3A+From+Nuremberg+to+Nuremberg&rft.aulast=Michalczyk&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dnlebk%26an%3D1625632%26site%3Dehost-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/united-states-immigration-and-refugee-law-1921-1980">"United States Immigration and Refugee Law, 1921-1980"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=United+States+Immigration+and+Refugee+Law%2C+1921-1980&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Funited-states-immigration-and-refugee-law-1921-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Dublon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/belgium">"Belgium"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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