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searchaux" style="display:none">Germanium-antimony-tellurium material</div> <p><b>GeSbTe</b> (<b>germanium-antimony-tellurium</b> or <b>GST</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_material" title="Phase-change material">phase-change material</a> from the group of <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide_glass" title="Chalcogenide glass">chalcogenide glasses</a> used in rewritable <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">phase-change memory</a> applications. Its recrystallization time is 20 nanoseconds, allowing <a href="/wiki/Bitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitrate">bitrates</a> of up to 35 <a href="/wiki/Megabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit">Mbit</a>/s to be written and direct overwrite capability up to 10<sup>6</sup> cycles. It is suitable for land-groove recording formats. It is often used in <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">rewritable DVDs</a>. New phase-change memories are possible using <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductors)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping (semiconductors)">n-doped</a> GeSbTe <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> is about 600 °C (900 K) and the <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a> temperature is between 100 and 150 °C. </p><p>During writing, the material is erased, initialized into its <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> state, with low-intensity laser irradiation. The material heats up to its crystallization temperature, but not its melting point, and crystallizes. The information is written at the crystalline phase, by heating spots of it with short (<10 ns), high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> pulses; the material melts locally and is quickly cooled, remaining in the <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> phase. As the amorphous phase has lower <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> than the crystalline phase, data can be recorded as dark spots on the crystalline background. Recently, novel liquid <a href="/wiki/Organogermanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organogermanium">organogermanium</a> precursors, such as <a href="/wiki/Isobutylgermane" title="Isobutylgermane">isobutylgermane</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystalgrowthpresentation2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystalgrowthpresentation2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystalgrowthpresentation3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystalgrowthpresentation3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (IBGe) and tetrakis(dimethylamino)germane<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (TDMAGe) were developed and used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Metalorganics" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalorganics">metalorganics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, such as tris-dimethylamino antimony (TDMASb) and di-isopropyl telluride (DIPTe) respectively, to grow GeSbTe and other <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">chalcogenide</a> films of very high purity by <a href="/wiki/Metalorganic_chemical_vapor_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition">metalorganic chemical vapor deposition</a> (MOCVD). Dimethylamino germanium trichloride <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DMAGeC) is also reported as the chloride containing and superior dimethylaminogermanium precursor for Ge deposition by MOCVD. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_properties">Material properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Material properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeSbTe_phase_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GeSbTe_phase_diagram.jpg/200px-GeSbTe_phase_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GeSbTe_phase_diagram.jpg/300px-GeSbTe_phase_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/GeSbTe_phase_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Phase diagram of the GeSbTe ternary alloy system</figcaption></figure> <p>GeSbTe is a ternary compound of <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, with composition GeTe-Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub>. In the GeSbTe system, there is a pseudo-line as shown upon which most of the alloys lie. Moving down this pseudo-line, it can be seen that as we go from Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> to GeTe, the melting point and <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> of the materials increase, crystallization speed decreases and data retention increases. Hence, in order to get high data transfer rate, we need to use material with fast crystallization speed such as Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub>. This material is not stable because of its low activation energy. On the other hand, materials with good amorphous stability like GeTe has slow crystallization speed because of its high activation energy. In its stable state, crystalline GeSbTe has two possible configurations: <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close_packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close packed">hexagonal</a> and a metastable <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> (FCC) lattice. When it is rapidly crystallized however, it was found to have a distorted <a href="/wiki/Rocksalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocksalt">rocksalt</a> structure. GeSbTe has a glass transition temperature of around 100 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GeSbTe also has many <a href="/wiki/Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">vacancy defects</a> in the lattice, of 20 to 25% depending on the specific GeSbTe compound. Hence, Te has an extra <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pair</a> of electrons, which are important for many of the characteristics of GeSbTe. Crystal defects are also common in GeSbTe and due to these defects, an <a href="/wiki/Urbach_tail" title="Urbach tail">Urbach tail</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Band_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Band structure">band structure</a> is formed in these compounds. GeSbTe is generally <a href="/wiki/P-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="P-type semiconductor">p type</a> and there are many electronic states in the <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> accounting for acceptor and donor like traps. GeSbTe has two stable states, crystalline and amorphous. The phase change mechanism from high resistance amorphous phase to low resistance crystalline phase in nano-timescale and threshold switching are two of the most important characteristic of GeSbTe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_in_phase-change_memory">Applications in phase-change memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications in phase-change memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unique characteristic that makes <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">phase-change memory</a> useful as a memory is the ability to effect a reversible phase change when heated or cooled, switching between stable amorphous and crystalline states. These alloys have high resistance in the amorphous state ‘0’ and are <a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">semimetals</a> in the crystalline state ‘1’. In amorphous state, the atoms have short-range atomic order and low free electron density. The alloy also has high resistivity and activation energy. This distinguishes it from the crystalline state having low resistivity and activation energy, long-range atomic order and high free electron density. When used in phase-change memory, use of a short, high amplitude electric pulse such that the material reaches melting point and rapidly quenched changes the material from crystalline phase to amorphous phase is widely termed as RESET current and use of a relatively longer, low amplitude electric pulse such that the material reaches only the crystallization point and given time to crystallize allowing phase change from amorphous to crystalline is known as SET current. </p><p>The early devices were slow, power consuming and broke down easily due to the large currents. Therefore, it did not succeed as <a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> took over. In the 1980s though, the discovery of germanium-antimony-tellurium (GeSbTe) meant that phase-change memory now needed less time and power to function. This resulted in the success of the rewriteable optical disk and created renewed interest in the phase-change memory. The advances in <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> also meant that previously excessive programming current has now become much smaller as the volume of GeSbTe that changes phase is reduced. </p><p>Phase-change memory has many near ideal memory qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Non-volatility" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-volatility">non-volatility</a>, fast switching speed, high endurance of more than 10<sup>13</sup> read –write cycles, non-destructive read, direct overwriting and long data retention time of more than 10 years. The one advantage that distinguishes it from other next generation non-volatile memory like <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic random access memory">magnetic random access memory</a> (MRAM) is the unique scaling advantage of having better performance with smaller sizes. The limit to which phase-change memory can be scaled is hence limited by lithography at least until 45 nm. Thus, it offers the biggest potential of achieving ultra-high memory density cells that can be commercialized. </p><p>Though phase-change memory offers much promise, there are still certain technical problems that need to be solved before it can reach ultra-high density and commercialized. The most important challenge for phase-change memory is to reduce the programming current to the level that is compatible with the minimum <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS</a> transistor drive current for high-density integration. Currently, the programming current in phase-change memory is substantially high. This high current limits the memory density of the <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">phase-change memory</a> cells as the current supplied by the transistor is not sufficient due to their high current requirement. Hence, the unique scaling advantage of phase-change memory cannot be fully utilized. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_typical_structure_of_a_phase-change_memory_device.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diagram_showing_the_typical_structure_of_a_phase-change_memory_device.jpg/200px-Diagram_showing_the_typical_structure_of_a_phase-change_memory_device.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diagram_showing_the_typical_structure_of_a_phase-change_memory_device.jpg/300px-Diagram_showing_the_typical_structure_of_a_phase-change_memory_device.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diagram_showing_the_typical_structure_of_a_phase-change_memory_device.jpg/400px-Diagram_showing_the_typical_structure_of_a_phase-change_memory_device.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption>A picture showing the typical structure of a phase-change memory device</figcaption></figure> <p>The typical phase-change memory device design is shown. It has layers including the top electrode, GST, the GeSbTe layer, BEC, the bottom <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> layers. The programmable volume is the GeSbTe volume that is in contact with the bottom electrode. This is the part that can be scaled down with lithography. The thermal time constant of the device is also important. The thermal time constant must be fast enough for GeSbTe to cool rapidly into the amorphous state during RESET but slow enough to allow crystallization to occur during SET state. The thermal time constant depends on the design and material the cell is built. To read, a low current pulse is applied to the device. A small current ensures the material does not heat up. Information stored is read out by measuring the resistance of the device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threshold_switching">Threshold switching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Threshold switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Threshold switching occurs when GeSbTe goes from a high <a href="/wiki/Resistive" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistive">resistive</a> state to a <a href="/wiki/Conductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductive">conductive</a> state at the threshold field of about 56 V/um.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen from the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a>-<a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> (IV) plot, where current is very low in the amorphous state at low voltage until threshold voltage is reached. Current increases rapidly after the voltage <a href="/wiki/Snapback_(electrical)" title="Snapback (electrical)">snapback</a>. The material is now in the amorphous "ON" state, where the material is still amorphous, but in a pseudo-crystalline electric state. In crystalline state, the IV characteristics is <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohm's Law">ohmic</a>. There had been debate on whether threshold switching was an electrical or <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">thermal</a> process. There were suggestions that the <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential</a> increase in current at threshold voltage must have been due to generation of carriers that vary exponentially with voltage such as impact <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">tunneling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ST_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RESET_SET.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/RESET_SET.jpg/200px-RESET_SET.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/RESET_SET.jpg/300px-RESET_SET.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/RESET_SET.jpg/400px-RESET_SET.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>A graph showing the RESET current pulse with high <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> and short duration and SET current with lower amplitude and longer duration</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nano-timescale_phase_change">Nano-timescale phase change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nano-timescale phase change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently, much research has focused on the material analysis of the phase-change material in an attempt to explain the high speed phase change of GeSbTe. Using <a href="/wiki/EXAFS" class="mw-redirect" title="EXAFS">EXAFS</a>, it was found that the most matching model for crystalline GeSbTe is a distorted rocksalt lattice and for amorphous a tetrahedral structure. The small change in configuration from distorted rocksalt to tetrahedral suggests that nano-timescale phase change is possible<sup id="cite_ref-Kolobov_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolobov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the major <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> are intact and only the weaker bonds are broken. </p><p>Using the most possible crystalline and amorphous local structures for GeSbTe, the fact that <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of crystalline GeSbTe is less than 10% larger than amorphous GeSbTe, and the fact that <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy" title="Thermodynamic free energy">free energies</a> of both amorphous and crystalline GeSbTe have to be around the same magnitude, it was hypothesized from <a href="/wiki/Density_functional_theory" title="Density functional theory">density functional theory</a> simulations<sup id="cite_ref-Wuttig_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuttig-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the most stable amorphous state was the <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a> structure, where Ge occupies tetrahedral positions and Sb and Te occupy octahedral positions, as the ground state energy was the lowest of all the possible configurations. By means of <a href="/wiki/Car-Parrinello" class="mw-redirect" title="Car-Parrinello">Car-Parrinello</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">molecular dynamics</a> simulations this conjecture have been theoretically confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nucleation-domination_versus_growth-domination">Nucleation-domination versus growth-domination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nucleation-domination versus growth-domination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another similar material is <a href="/wiki/AgInSbTe" title="AgInSbTe">AgInSbTe</a>. It offers higher linear density, but has lower overwrite cycles by 1-2 orders of magnitude. It is used in groove-only recording formats, often in <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">rewritable CDs</a>. AgInSbTe is known as a growth-dominated material while GeSbTe is known as a nucleation-dominated material. In GeSbTe, the nucleation process of crystallization is long with many small crystalline nuclei being formed before a short growth process where the numerous small crystals are joined. In AgInSbTe, there are only a few nuclei formed in the nucleation stage and these nuclei grow bigger in the longer growth stage such that they eventually form one crystal.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeo_V._Shenai,_Ronald_L._DiCarlo,_Michael_B._Power,_Artashes_Amamchyan,_Randall_J._Goyette,_Egbert_WoelkDicarloPowerAmamchyan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Deo V. 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title="Crown glass (optics)">Crown glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_glass" title="Flint glass">Flint glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosilicate_glass" title="Fluorosilicate glass">Fluorosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GeSbTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Gold ruby glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">Lead glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_glass" title="Milk glass">Milk glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphosilicate_glass" title="Phosphosilicate glass">Phosphosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass#Silicate_glass" title="Glass">Silicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda–lime glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexametaphosphate" title="Sodium hexametaphosphate">Sodium hexametaphosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">Soluble glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurite_glass" title="Tellurite glass">Tellurite glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoriated_glass" title="Thoriated glass">Thoriated glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_expansion_glass" title="Ultra low expansion glass">Ultra low expansion glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">Uranium glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Vitreous enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBLAN" title="ZBLAN">ZBLAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">Glass-ceramics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioactive_glass" title="Bioactive glass">Bioactive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorningWare" title="CorningWare">CorningWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic-to-metal_seals" title="Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals">Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macor" title="Macor">Macor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">Annealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_batch_calculation" title="Glass batch calculation">Glass batch calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production#Hot_end" title="Glass production">Glass melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_of_glass_properties" title="Calculation of glass properties">Glass modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_implantation" title="Ion implantation">Ion implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">Liquidus temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscosity#Viscosity_of_amorphous_materials" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">Achromat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient-index_optics" title="Gradient-index optics">Gradient-index optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_lens_design" title="Optical lens design">Optical lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_glass" title="Photosensitive glass">Photosensitive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Transparent materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface<br />modification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_strengthened_glass" title="Chemically strengthened glass">Chemically strengthened glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Corrosion_of_glasses" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealkalization" title="Dealkalization">Dealkalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">Insulated glazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">Self-cleaning glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diverse<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Conservation and restoration of glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-coated_wire" title="Glass-coated wire">Glass-coated wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_databases" title="Glass databases">Glass databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_electrode" title="Glass electrode">Glass electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete" title="Glass fiber reinforced concrete">Glass fiber reinforced concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ionomer_cement" title="Glass ionomer cement">Glass ionomer cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_microsphere" title="Glass microsphere">Glass microspheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Glass-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cloth" title="Glass cloth">Glass cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-to-metal_seal" title="Glass-to-metal seal">Glass-to-metal seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-preg" title="Pre-preg">Pre-preg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert%27s_drop" title="Prince Rupert's drop">Prince Rupert's drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste#Vitrification" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste vitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" 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