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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A7&returnto=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ඔබ ගිණුමක් තනා පිවිසෙන්නේ නම් මැනවි; කෙසේ වුවත්, එය අනිවාර්ය නොවේ." class=""><span>ගිණුමක් තනන්න</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA&returnto=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="අඩවියට පිවිසීමට ඔබව දිරිගැන්වේ. එහෙත් පිවිසීම අනිවාර්ය නොවේ. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>පිවිසෙන්න</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="පුද්ගලික මෙවලම්" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">පුද්ගලික මෙවලම්</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_si.wikipedia.org&uselang=si"><span>පරිත්‍යාග</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A7&returnto=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ඔබ ගිණුමක් තනා පිවිසෙන්නේ නම් මැනවි; කෙසේ වුවත්, එය අනිවාර්ය නොවේ."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ගිණුමක් තනන්න</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA&returnto=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="අඩවියට පිවිසීමට ඔබව දිරිගැන්වේ. එහෙත් පිවිසීම අනිවාර්ය නොවේ. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>පිවිසෙන්න</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>දායකත්වයන්</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මෙම අන්තර්ජාල ලිපිනයෙන් කර ඇති සංස්කරණයන් පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාව [n]" accesskey="n"><span>සාකච්ඡාව</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ආශ්‍රිත" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ආශ්‍රිත"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ආශ්‍රිත</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ආශ්‍රිත-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerse_kultuur" title="Westerse kultuur – අෆ්‍රිකාන්ස්" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Westerse kultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="අෆ්‍රිකාන්ස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحضارة الغربية – අරාබි" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحضارة الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="අරාබි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Заходняя культура – බෙලරුසියානු" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходняя культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="බෙලරුසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पच्छिमी संस्कृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पच्छिमी संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="পাশ্চাত্য সংস্কৃতি – බෙංගාලි" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাশ্চাত্য সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="බෙංගාලි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ནུབ་ཕྱོགས་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་རིག་གནས། – ටිබෙට්" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནུབ་ཕྱོགས་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་རིག་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ටිබෙට්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_kultura" title="Zapadna kultura – බොස්නියානු" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zapadna kultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="බොස්නියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – කැටලන්" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="කැටලන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_kultura" title="Západní kultura – චෙක්" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="චෙක්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δυτικός πολιτισμός – ග්‍රීක" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικός πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ග්‍රීක" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture – ඉංග්‍රීසි" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Western culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ඉංග්‍රීසි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – ස්පාඤ්ඤ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ස්පාඤ්ඤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ غربی – පර්සියානු" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="පර්සියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsimainen_kulttuuri" title="Länsimainen kulttuuri – ෆින්ලන්ත" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsimainen kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ෆින්ලන්ත" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_occidentale" title="Société occidentale – ප්‍රංශ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Société occidentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ප්‍රංශ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91" title="תרבות המערב – හීබෲ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות המערב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="හීබෲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पश्चिमी संस्कृति – හින්දි" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमी संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="හින්දි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_kultura" title="Zapadna kultura – කෝඒෂියානු" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="කෝඒෂියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Արևմտյան մշակույթ – ආර්මේනියානු" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտյան մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ආර්මේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – ඉන්ටලින්ගුආ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ඉන්ටලින්ගුආ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Barat" title="Budaya Barat – ඉන්දුනීසියානු" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ඉන්දුනීසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental" title="Cultura occidental – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cultura occidental" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="서양 문화 – කොරියානු" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서양 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="කොරියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidentalis" title="Cultura occidentalis – ලතින්" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura occidentalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ලතින්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur_ueste" title="Cultur ueste – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur ueste" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumu_kult%C5%ABra" title="Rietumu kultūra – ලැට්වියානු" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumu kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ලැට්වියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Barat" title="Budaya Barat – මිනන්ග්කබාවු" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Budaya Barat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="මිනන්ග්කබාවු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Barat" title="Kebudayaan Barat – මැලේ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebudayaan Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="මැලේ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerse_cultuur" title="Westerse cultuur – ලන්දේසි" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westerse cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ලන්දේසි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywilizacja_zachodnia" title="Cywilizacja zachodnia – පෝලන්ත" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cywilizacja zachodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="පෝලන්ත" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81_%22%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%22_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویدیځ "غربی" کلتور – පෂ්ටො" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لویدیځ "غربی" کلتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="පෂ්ටො" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_ocidental" title="Cultura ocidental – පෘතුගීසි" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="පෘතුගීසි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_occidental%C4%83" title="Cultura occidentală – රොමේනියානු" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultura occidentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="රොමේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западная культура – රුසියානු" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западная культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="රුසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_kultura" title="Zapadna kultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_civilization" title="Western civilization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Western civilization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A1_kult%C3%BAra" title="Západná kultúra – ස්ලෝවැක්" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západná kultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ස්ලෝවැක්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_per%C3%ABndimore" title="Kultura perëndimore – ඇල්බේනියානු" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura perëndimore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ඇල්බේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadnja%C4%8Dka_kultura" title="Zapadnjačka kultura – සර්බියානු" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zapadnjačka kultura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="සර්බියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_kultur" title="Västerländsk kultur – ස්වීඩන්" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västerländsk kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ස්වීඩන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustaarabu_wa_magharibi" title="Ustaarabu wa magharibi – ස්වාහිලි" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ustaarabu wa magharibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ස්වාහිලි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மேற்கத்திய நாகரிகம் – දෙමළ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கத்திய நாகரிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="දෙමළ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="วัฒนธรรมตะวันตก – තායි" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฒนธรรมตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="තායි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinangang_Kanluranin" title="Kalinangang Kanluranin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalinangang Kanluranin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Західна культура – යුක්රේනියානු" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західна культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="යුක්රේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%C3%A2y" title="Văn hóa phương Tây – වියට්නාම්" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa phương Tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="වියට්නාම්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98" title="מערב וועלט – යිඩිශ්" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מערב וועלט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="යිඩිශ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="සංස්කෘතික මානවකෘති (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">මානවකෘතීන්</a> සහ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="තාක්‍ෂණය">තාක්ෂණයන්</a> යනාදීය හැඳින්වීමට <b>බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය</b>, <b>අපරදිග සංස්කෘතිය</b>, <b>බටහිර ශිෂ්ඨාචාරය</b>, හෝ <b>අපරදිග ශිෂ්ඨාචාරය</b> යන යෙදුම් භාවිත කෙරේ. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මානව විද්‍යාව">මානව විද්‍යාවේදී</a> “බටහිර” යන්නෙන් අදහස් කෙරෙන්නේ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීසිය">පුරාතන ග්‍රීසිය</a> සහ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාතන රෝමය">රෝමය</a> ආශ්‍රයෙන් බිහිවී පසුව ලොවෙහි වෙනත් ප්‍රදේශ වලට පැතිරුන <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="සම්භාව්‍ය පුරාතන යුගය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">සම්භාව්‍ය පුරාතන යුගයේ</a> සංස්කෘතියයි.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> වඩා පුළුල් නිර්වචනයකට අනුව බටහිර සංස්කෘතියෙහි අරටුවට මූලික පදනම සපයන්නේ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ග්‍රීක-රෝමානු ශිෂ්ඨාචාරය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ග්‍රීක-රෝමානු ශිෂ්ඨාචාරය</a> සහ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම">ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගමයි</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grecoroman1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grecoroman1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grecoroman2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grecoroman2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය යනු ඉතා පුළුල් සංකල්පයක් වන අතර එය නිශ්චිත භූගෝලීය ප්‍රදේශයකට සීමා කළ නොහැක. එසේ වුවද, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එයින් අදහස් වන්නේ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="යුරෝපය">යුරෝපානු මහාද්වීපය</a> තුල පවතින නානාප්‍රකාර සංස්කෘතීන් සහ යුරෝපානු රටවල් සමග ඓතිහාසිකමය සබඳතා පැවති රටවල් වල සංස්කෘතීන් වේ.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>කලාත්මක, දාර්ශනිකමය, සාහිත්‍යමය සහ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="බටහිර නීතිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">නෛතිකමය</a> තේමාවන් සහ සම්ප්‍රදායන් ගණනාවකින් බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය සංලක්ෂණය වේ. ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කතෝලික සභාව">කතෝලික පල්ලිය</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> සහ පසු කාලීනව <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රොතෙස්තන්ත වාදය">ප්‍රොතෙස්තන්තවාදය</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> මෙන්ම <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="යුදෙවු ආගම">යුදෙව් ආගමද</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය හැඩගැස්වීමට දායක විය.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caltron_J.H_Hayas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caltron_J.H_Hayas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orlandis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlandis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> පුරාතන ග්‍රීසියේ සිට මධ්‍යතන යුගය සහ පුනරුදය දක්වාම බටහිර චින්තනයෙහි තිබූ ප්‍රධානම අංගයක් වූයේ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="හේතුවාදය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">හේතුවාදය</a> යි. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="අනුභුතිවාදය">අනුභූතිවාදය</a> යන සංකල්පය පසු කාලීනව <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය">විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමයට</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="විද්‍යාත්මක විප්ලවය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">විද්‍යාත්මක විප්ලවයට</a> සහ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ප්‍රබුද්ධ යුගය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ප්‍රබුද්ධ යුගයට</a> මග පාදන ලදී. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ආශ්‍රිත"><span id=".E0.B6.86.E0.B7.81.E0.B7.8A.E2.80.8D.E0.B6.BB.E0.B7.92.E0.B6.AD"></span>ආශ්‍රිත</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: ආශ්‍රිත"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r688372">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r713704">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHanson2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C"><i>Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-307-42518-8" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-307-42518-8"><bdi>978-0-307-42518-8</bdi></a>. <q>the term "Western" — refer to the culture of classical antiquity that arose in Greece and Rome; survived the collapse of the Roman Empire; spread to western and northern Europe; then during the great periods of exploration and colonization of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries expanded to the Americas, Australia and areas of Asia and Africa; and now exercises global political, economic, cultural, and military power far greater than the size of its territory or population might otherwise suggest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carnage+and+Culture%3A+Landmark+Battles+in+the+Rise+to+Western+Power&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42518-8&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGr16-CxpH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grecoroman1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grecoroman1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r573301">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freeman, Charles (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPcNAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-14-029323-4" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-14-029323-4"><bdi>978-0-14-029323-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Greeks provided the chromosomes of Western civilization. One does not have to idealize the Greeks to sustain that point. Greek ways of exploring the cosmos, defining the problems of knowledge (and what is meant by knowledge itself), creating the language in which such problems are explored, representing the physical world and human society in the arts, defining the nature of value, describing the past, still underlie the Western cultural tradition</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Achievement%3A+The+Foundation+of+the+Western+World&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000-09&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029323-4&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsPcNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cartledge, Paul (2002-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-I4gcBlTqcC"><i>The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-19-157783-3" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-19-157783-3"><bdi>978-0-19-157783-3</bdi></a>. <q>Greekness was identified with freedom-spiritual and social as well as political-and slavery was equated with being barbarian, [...] 'democracy' was a Greek invention (celebrating its 2,500th anniversary in 1993/4) [...] an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western) civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks%3A+A+Portrait+of+Self+and+Others&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2002-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157783-3&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-I4gcBlTqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFPagden2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pagden, Anthony (2008-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m80kwkt8YW4C"><i>Worlds at War: The 2,500 - Year Struggle Between East and West</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-19-923743-2" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-19-923743-2"><bdi>978-0-19-923743-2</bdi></a>. <q>Had the Persians overrun all of mainland Greece, had they then transformed the Greek city-states into satrapies of the Persian Empire, had Greek democracy been snuffed out, there would have been no Greek theater, no Greek science, no Plato, no Aristotle, no Sophocles, no Aeschylus. The incredible burst of creative energy that took place during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. and that laid the foundation for all of later Western civilization would never have happened. [...] in the years between 490 and 479 B.C.E., the entire future of the Western world hung precariously in the balance</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+at+War%3A+The+2%2C500+-+Year+Struggle+Between+East+and+West&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923743-2&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm80kwkt8YW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grecoroman2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grecoroman2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r573301"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Richard, Carl J. (2010-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlMr4UhqQlQC"><i>Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-7425-6780-1" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-7425-6780-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-6780-1</bdi></a>. <q>In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a republic, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its empire. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. [...] The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. [...] Roman law remains the basis for the legal codes of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where common law prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+We%27re+All+Romans%3A+The+Roman+Contribution+to+the+Western+World&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6780-1&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlMr4UhqQlQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sharon, Moshe (2004-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMX4xSQtkEAC"><i>Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Båabåi-Bahåa'åi Faiths</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-90-04-13904-6" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-90-04-13904-6"><bdi>978-90-04-13904-6</bdi></a>. <q>Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization. Greek philosophy is also the origin for the methods and contents of the philosophical thought and theological investigation in Islam and Judaism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Modern+Religions%2C+Religious+Movements+and+the+B%C3%A5ab%C3%A5i-Bah%C3%A5a%27%C3%A5i+Faiths&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13904-6&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMX4xSQtkEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1991" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/foundersofwester0000gran"><i>The Founders of the Western World : A History of Greece and Rome</i></a>. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-684-19303-8" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-684-19303-8"><bdi>978-0-684-19303-8</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founders+of+the+Western+World+%3A+A+History+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Scribner+%3A+Maxwell+Macmillan+International&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19303-8&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundersofwester0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFPerryChaseJacobJacob2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Laue, Theodore H. Von (2012-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6jytVCocwMC"><i>Western Civilization: Since 1400</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-1-111-83169-1" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-1-111-83169-1"><bdi>978-1-111-83169-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Since+1400&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83169-1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Chase%2C+Myrna&rft.au=Jacob%2C+James&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Laue%2C+Theodore+H.+Von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6jytVCocwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ni4PSpOxb6MC"><i>Western Civilization</i></a> (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-534-64602-8" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-534-64602-8"><bdi>978-0-534-64602-8</bdi></a>. <q>people in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of Western civilization. With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as that of Islam, leading to a concept of a Western civilization different from other civilizations. In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Important to the development of the idea of a distinct Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships began to move into other parts of the world, encounters with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected how people in the West defined themselves. At the same time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant a sense of Western identity to other areas of the world, especially North America and parts of Latin America, that have come to be considered part of Western civilization</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-534-64602-8&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dni4PSpOxb6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2016" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). <i>Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715</i> (Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-1-305-63347-6" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-1-305-63347-6"><bdi>978-1-305-63347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1715&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=Cengage+Learning&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-63347-6&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFNeill1957" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). <i>Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2</i> (Newman Press ed.). p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+the+History+of+Western+Civilization%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=Newman+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFO'CollinsFarrugia2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_O%27Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald O'Collins (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">O'Collins, Gerald</a>; Farrugia, Maria (2003). <i>Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity</i>. Oxford University Press. p. v (preface). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-19-925995-3" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-19-925995-3"><bdi>978-0-19-925995-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism%3A+The+Story+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.pages=v+%28preface%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925995-3&rft.aulast=O%27Collins&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Farrugia%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heussi, <i>Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte</i>, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Protestant-Heritage-1354359/Protestantisms-influence-in-the-modern-world">The Protestant Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223053548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Protestant-Heritage-1354359/Protestantisms-influence-in-the-modern-world">සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත</a> 23 පෙබරවාරි 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill2010" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, William H. (2010). <i>History of Western Civilization: A Handbook</i> (University of Chicago Press ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-226-56162-2" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-226-56162-2"><bdi>978-0-226-56162-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Civilization%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=204&rft.edition=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56162-2&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFFaltinMelanie_J._Wright2007" class="citation book cs1">Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousrootsco00falt"><i>The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity</i></a></span> (A&C Black ed.). A&C Black. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousrootsco00falt/page/n99">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-0-8264-9482-5" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-0-8264-9482-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-9482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Roots+of+Contemporary+European+Identity&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=A%26C+Black&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9482-5&rft.aulast=Faltin&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft.au=Melanie+J.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousrootsco00falt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2013" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F. X. (1 January 2013). <i>Western civilization : beyond boundaries</i> (7th ed.). Boston, MA. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-1-133-60271-2" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-1-133-60271-2"><bdi>978-1-133-60271-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858610469">858610469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+civilization+%3A+beyond+boundaries&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=7th&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858610469&rft.isbn=978-1-133-60271-2&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="සැකිල්ල:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_PerryMyrna_ChaseJames_JacobMargaret_Jacob2015" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015). <i>Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-1-305-44548-2" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-1-305-44548-2"><bdi>978-1-305-44548-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Ideas%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1789&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-305-44548-2&rft.au=Marvin+Perry&rft.au=Myrna+Chase&rft.au=James+Jacob&rft.au=Margaret+Jacob&rft.au=Jonathan+W+Daly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFHengel2003" class="citation book cs1">Hengel, Martin (2003). <i>Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-1-59244-186-0" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-1-59244-186-0"><bdi>978-1-59244-186-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52605048">52605048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism+%3A+studies+in+their+encounter+in+Palestine+during+the+early+Hellenistic+period&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52605048&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-186-0&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2013" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (2013). <i>Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-9004234765" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-9004234765"><bdi>978-9004234765</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851653645">851653645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christianity+in+its+Hellenistic+context.+Volume+2%2C+Christian+origins+and+Hellenistic+Judaism+%3A+social+and+literary+contexts+for+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851653645&rft.isbn=978-9004234765&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506111019/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත</a> 6 මැයි 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caltron_J.H_Hayas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caltron_J.H_Hayas_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caltron J.H Hayas, <i>Christianity and Western Civilization</i> (1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlandis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orlandis_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church", 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මත පොත් අංකය">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/1851821252" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/1851821252">1851821252</a>, preface, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYdbpwAACAAJ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102161117/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYdbpwAACAAJ">සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත</a> 2 ජනවාරි 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas E. Woods (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Thomas E. Woods</a> and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මත පොත් අංකය">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/1596983280" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/1596983280">1596983280</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319054715/http://books.google.com/books?id=jYvmAgAAQBAJ">accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perry2012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r713704"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Perry2012" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Perry (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U2pnv0Aoh2EC&pg=PA33"><i>Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/978-1-111-83720-4" title="විශේෂ:ග්‍රන්ථ මූලාශ්‍ර/978-1-111-83720-4"><bdi>978-1-111-83720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1789&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83720-4&rft.au=Marvin+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2pnv0Aoh2EC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> 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href="/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රොතෙස්තන්ත වාදය">ප්‍රොතෙස්තන්තවාදය</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paganism (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="බෝල්ටික් පුරාණෝක්ති (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">බෝල්ටික්</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="පුරාතන කෙල්ටික් ආගම (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">කෙල්ටික්</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="අදේවවාදය">අදේවවාදය</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="බටහිර නීතිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">නීතිය</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ස්වභාවික නීතිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ස්වභාවික නීතිය</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="නීතියේ ආධිපත්‍යය">නීතියේ ආධිපත්‍යය</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="නෝඩික් කවුන්සිලය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">නෝඩික් කවුන්සිලය</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍යයන්ගේ සංවිධානය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">OAS</a></li> <li><a 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