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Knowledge and communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_and_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Knowledge_sharing_in_the_animal_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_sharing_in_the_animal_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Knowledge sharing in the animal kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_sharing_in_the_animal_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_and_language_in_human_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_and_language_in_human_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Knowledge and language in human societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_and_language_in_human_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberty_/_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty_/_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Liberty / Freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty_/_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libre_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libre_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Libre knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libre_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inspiration_and_rationale_for_libre_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration_and_rationale_for_libre_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Inspiration and rationale for libre knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration_and_rationale_for_libre_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libre_and_non-libre_knowledge_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libre_and_non-libre_knowledge_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Libre and non-libre knowledge resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libre_and_non-libre_knowledge_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_and_libre_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_and_libre_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Copyright and libre knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_and_libre_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roots_of_"libre_knowledge"_in_"libre_software"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_of_"libre_knowledge"_in_"libre_software""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Roots of "libre knowledge" in "libre software" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_of_"libre_knowledge"_in_"libre_software"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_free_culture_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_free_culture_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 The free culture movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_free_culture_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.7 Open knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.8 Organizations and people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libre_manifestos_and_declarations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libre_manifestos_and_declarations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Libre manifestos and declarations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libre_manifestos_and_declarations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Definitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libre_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libre_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Libre definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libre_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libre_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libre_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Libre resources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Libre_resources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Libre resources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Libre_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libre_knowledge_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libre_knowledge_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Libre knowledge resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libre_knowledge_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libre_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libre_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Libre content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libre_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Open data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free,_libre_and_open-source_software_(FLOSS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free,_libre_and_open-source_software_(FLOSS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Free, libre and open-source software (FLOSS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free,_libre_and_open-source_software_(FLOSS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free/libre_file_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free/libre_file_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Free/libre file formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free/libre_file_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free/libre_protocols_and_open_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free/libre_protocols_and_open_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Free/libre protocols and open standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free/libre_protocols_and_open_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free/libre_network_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free/libre_network_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Free/libre network services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free/libre_network_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_source_hardware_and_design" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/User:KTucker" title="User:KTucker">User:KTucker</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr">THIS IS NOT A WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE <div style="float:right;width:25%;border:solid teal 1px;"> The draft below and the <a href="/wiki/Libre_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre knowledge">article</a> are still almost identical (as of 17 Feb 2015). </div> This is a draft for ideas on how to improve the <a href="/wiki/Libre_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre knowledge">Libre knowledge</a> article, including the option of turning it into an essay which does not need to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a>, and perhaps moving it to some other venue. Use <a href="/wiki/User_talk:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)" title="User talk:KTucker/Libre knowledge (draft)">this draft's discussion (Talk) page</a> in connection with this draft, or the <a href="/wiki/Libre_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre knowledge">main article</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Talk:Libre_knowledge" title="Talk:Libre knowledge">Talk page</a> to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Libre_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre knowledge">Wikipedia article</a> specifically (i.e. not the potential essay below). <hr /> Libre knowledge (or free knowledge) is <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> which may be acquired, interpreted and applied liberally. It can be re-formulated, adapted and extended according to one's needs, and shared with others for community benefit. The adjective "libre" is used to indicate that the knowledge is in a state of "having freedom" or "<a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>", irrespective of whether or not it is free of charge (avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">ambiguity in the word "free"</a>). Nevertheless, the term "free knowledge" is also used in contexts where the specific meaning of free is clear.<a href="#cite_note-FKFlibre.org-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FKIprinciples-2">[2]</a> The term also refers to the cultural movement of libre knowledge (a sub-culture of the broader <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a><a href="#cite_note-BroaderFCMov-3">[3]</a>), inspired by the success of <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> in the development of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, and guided by the principles of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>,<a href="#cite_note-libre-sw-philosophy-4">[4]</a> and (for some) a conviction that knowledge should be accessible and shareable without restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-should-5">[5]</a> Proponents tend to insist on the use of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libre_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre file format">libre file formats</a> and libre licensing for most types of knowledge and cultural resources. Use of the term libre knowledge arose early this century in the wake of discussions within the free software community considering the term "libre software" as an alternative to "free software" to avoid <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">the ambiguity</a> and associations (free/gratis suggests devoid of value to some), and thereby gain greater acceptance in the commercial world.<a href="#cite_note-Quo_vadis-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teemu-7">[7]</a> In the same way that <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a> has become synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-foss-and-floss-8">[8]</a> the terms "libre knowledge" and "free knowledge" synonymously associate equivalent freedoms with knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a> While acknowledging the practical benefits of <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> as exemplified by prominent <a href="/wiki/FLOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOSS">free/libre and open source software</a> projects and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, libre knowledge communities, or libre communities,<a href="#cite_note-declaration-10">[10]</a> align themselves with the ethical perspective underpinning free/libre software.<a href="#cite_note-declaration-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-JimboFreeFiles-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hipatia4eg-12">[12]</a> Conversely, the related concept "<a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">open knowledge</a>" acknowledges the ethical perspective,<a href="#cite_note-OKmatchesLibre-13">[13]</a> but is framed in terms directly derived from <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> which emphasises the pragmatic advantages of the <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source production and development model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhyOSSmisses-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref_e-15">[15]</a> No distinction is made with <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> resources (or works), and published definitions of libre knowledge<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a> and of libre cultural works<a href="#cite_note-FCWandLCWdef-16">[16]</a> are essentially equivalent, being based on the same principles directly derived from the <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">free software definition</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_philosophy">History and philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_and_communication"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a> and communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Knowledge and communication">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knowledge_sharing_in_the_animal_kingdom">Knowledge sharing in the animal kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Knowledge sharing in the animal kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/128px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/192px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/256px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Tool usage in acquiring food is believed to be a cultural behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-wp-animal-culture-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> The notion of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> which is shared freely, and that which is not, is evident in <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> - knowledge sharing within societies and communities, including <a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">ecological communities</a>, is a natural part of survival, most notably among social animals<a href="#cite_note-wp-tools-use-by-animals-18">[18]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a><a href="#cite_note-OrcaKnockSealsOffIce-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>. In some species (in addition to <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>), information and learned behaviours <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">communicated</a> within a community and across generations has lead to distinct <a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">animal cultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wp-animal-culture-17">[17]</a> Similarly, examples of knowledge not being shared, or misleading, is evident (for example) in studies of <a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">deception in animals</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knowledge_and_language_in_human_societies">Knowledge and language in human societies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Knowledge and language in human societies">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newspaper_rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Newspaper_rock.jpg/128px-Newspaper_rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Newspaper_rock.jpg/192px-Newspaper_rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Newspaper_rock.jpg/256px-Newspaper_rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Petroglyphs on <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_Rock_State_Historic_Monument" title="Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument">Newspaper Rock</a> near Canyonlands National Park, south of Moab, southeastern Utah, USA</figcaption></figure> In human communities, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> was originally transmitted across generations through direct <a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">experiential learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">orally</a> in speech or song, and in various forms such as <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">storytelling</a>, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants.<a href="#cite_note-oral-20">[20]</a> Early (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">upper Palaeolithic</a>) human societies also communicated via <a href="/wiki/Parietal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal art">parietal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> placed on boulder and cliff faces, cave walls and ceilings, and on the ground surface.<a href="#cite_note-Whitley2005-21">[21]</a> Successively more expressive forms of representation (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pictograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictograms">pictograms</a> from about 9000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Ideograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograms">ideograms</a>, and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>) developed, along with use of other media (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a><a href="#cite_note-other-ancient-writing-materials-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Writing_implement" title="Writing implement">writing tools</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing presses</a>)<a href="#cite_note-writing-tools-23">[23]</a> which added portability and reproducibility, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> in use today.<a href="#cite_note-history-of-writing-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing">Writing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RosettaStone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RosettaStone.png/128px-RosettaStone.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RosettaStone.png/192px-RosettaStone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RosettaStone.png/256px-RosettaStone.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> provided the key to the modern understanding of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>.</figcaption></figure> "Writing was such an important innovation because it freed the acquisition of knowledge from the limits of the human memory".<a href="#cite_note-Human_Universe-25">[25]</a> Apart from its utility in everyday life (e.g. keeping records<a href="#cite_note-writing-inventions-26">[26]</a> of transactions, births, deaths, inventories, etc.), writing enabled detailed knowledge to be shared across generations, and across geographical and cultural divides (through <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>). One of the arguments for sharing knowledge (and by implication, libre knowledge) is along the lines that writing (and now the Internet and other <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICTs</a>) have enabled the cumulative knowledge behind our greatest scientific and engineering achievements. This cumulatively shared knowledge is the foundation of our modern world. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> wrote "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants",<a href="#cite_note-NewtonOnShouldersOfGiants-27">[27]</a> and indeed he was - those of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, "the great mathematicians and geometers not only of Newton's time and before <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> but stretching all the way back to <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> and the ancient Greeks".<a href="#cite_note-Human_Universe-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty_/_Freedom">Liberty / Freedom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberty / Freedom">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(book)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Leviathan (book)">Leviathan (book)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_Buste_cuirass%C3%A9_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_ag%C3%A9_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_Buste_cuirass%C3%A9_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_ag%C3%A9_-_3.jpg/128px-L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_Buste_cuirass%C3%A9_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_ag%C3%A9_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_Buste_cuirass%C3%A9_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_ag%C3%A9_-_3.jpg/192px-L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_Buste_cuirass%C3%A9_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_ag%C3%A9_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_Buste_cuirass%C3%A9_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_ag%C3%A9_-_3.jpg/256px-L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_Buste_cuirass%C3%A9_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_ag%C3%A9_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></figcaption></figure> Philosophers from earliest times have considered the question of liberty. Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (121–180 AD) wrote of equality in respect of the law, freedom of speech and freedom of the governed.<a href="#cite_note-AureliusMeditations-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1588–1679), in <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(book)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Leviathan (book)">Leviathan</a> (1651, revised <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> edition 1668<a href="#cite_note-Newey-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-HilaryBrown2012-30">[30]</a>) wrote of free will: <blockquote> "a free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do" (<a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(book)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Leviathan (book)">Leviathan</a>, Part 2, Ch. XXI). </blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnLocke.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/128px-JohnLocke.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/192px-JohnLocke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/256px-JohnLocke.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704) distinguished free will in the sense of actions constrained only by the laws of nature not prohibited by law, and those constrained by "... the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, and arbitrary wills of others."<a href="#cite_note-LockeTwoTreatisesOnGovt-31">[31]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnStuartMill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/128px-JohnStuartMill.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/192px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/256px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></figcaption></figure> The distinction was elaborated by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (1806–1873), in his work, <a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mill-in.Owens2008-32">[32]</a> and formalised as <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative liberty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Two_Concepts_of_Liberty" title="Two Concepts of Liberty">Two Concepts of Liberty</a>. Mill offered insight into the notions of soft tyranny and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_liberty" title="Mutual liberty">mutual liberty</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">harm principle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mill1993-33">[33]</a> <blockquote> "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others".<a href="#cite_note-leeds1-34">[34]</a> </blockquote> An equivalent was earlier stated in France's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> of 1789 as, "Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law." Both types of freedom are pursued by libre knowledge, free culture, libre software, and related communities: <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a>, enabling (and exercising) the freedom to cooperate in producing libre resources and in bringing about a better world; and <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative liberty</a>, protecting the community from tyranny and the <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary">arbitrary</a> exercise of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>. For example, the libre software movement is behind <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> which enabled the community to cooperate in developing the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project#Operating_system_development" title="GNU Project">GNU/Linux operating system</a> and a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>. These licensing concepts and principles later inspired and informed the development of some of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons licenses">Creative Commons licenses</a> which in turn have helped the community grow the <a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">digital knowledge/cultural commons</a> and protect against abuse of the legal system or use of technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> to exercise undue power over users/ authors/ artists/ etc.<a href="#cite_note-rms-inclusion-good-or-bad-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-LessigAndOthers-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libre_knowledge">Libre knowledge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Libre knowledge">edit</a>]</div> The long debated and discussed<a href="#cite_note-wp-on-knowl-and-liberty-37">[37]</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, have been brought together in the term "libre knowledge" at a time when our ability and need to communicate and share knowledge as a species is unprecedented. Proponents of libre knowledge share an ethic of sharing knowledge in order to bring about a better world.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-better-world-hackers-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-manifestos-40">[40]</a> Although many in the broader community focus on production of libre resources such as <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>, manuals and educational resources, some writers and organisations have attempted to provide or allude to the underlying philosophy, with reference to our understanding of the natural world (e.g. physics and evolution) and ethics.<a href="#cite_note-libre-philosophy-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inspiration_and_rationale_for_libre_knowledge">Inspiration and rationale for libre knowledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inspiration and rationale for libre knowledge">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg/128px-Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg" decoding="async" width="128" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg/192px-Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg/256px-Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Ignorance Is The Cvrse Of God Knowledge Is The Wing Wherewith We Fly To Heaven.</figcaption></figure> Advocates of libre knowledge point to the role of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_sharing" title="Knowledge sharing">its sharing</a> in bringing about the privileges enjoyed by modern society, and to the importance of sharing knowledge in bringing about <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">inclusivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manifestos-40">[40]</a> The essence of the libre knowledge movement was expressed in 1954 in the title of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a>'s book "Man's right to knowledge and the free use thereof"<a href="#cite_note-vanDoren1954-42">[42]</a> and Arthur Hays Sulzberger's paper of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-Sulzberger1954-43">[43]</a> In the face of contemporary global issues (such as climate change and social inequalities), which require wide collaboration both in finding solutions and helping people on the ground with some urgency, libre knowledge is seen as an essential part of the process.<a href="#cite_note-manifestos-40">[40]</a> The opportunities are amplified by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technologies</a> making it possible for large numbers of people to collaborate on large or complex projects,<a href="#cite_note-cbpp-44">[44]</a> and to serve the needs of individuals and of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-manifestos-40">[40]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/128px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/192px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/256px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>"Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. That's our commitment".</figcaption></figure> At the same time, some corporate and government entities seek to control the flow of knowledge for various reasons including profit (e.g. some sectors of the entertainment and ICT industries) and power (e.g. some governments),<a href="#cite_note-LessigAndOthers-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-LessigLinks-45">[45]</a> creating a tension which has led to successive nuances or facets of the <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a><a href="#cite_note-BroaderFCMov-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-free_culture_facets-46">[46]</a> with different strategies and varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Social_conscience" title="Social conscience">social conscience</a>. The core of the <a href="/wiki/Libre_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software movement">libre software movement</a> for example, emphasises social solidarity and strongly aspires to purism by only using libre software and avoiding terminology which they believe detracts from their message of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-libre-sw-philosophy-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Words2avoid-rms-47">[47]</a> On the other hand, some sectors prefer to focus on production of libre resources with no qualms about using non-libre tools in the process. Examples include musicians using proprietary software to produce compositions which are later released under a libre licence, educators and students who are forced by their institutions to use specific proprietary software but release the learning resources they produce as libre learning resources.<a href="#cite_note-WEandLSandLFF-48">[48]</a> The vision of the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> (box right) and the success of Wikipedia, along with that of free/libre and open source software as a whole, are cited as shining examples of <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> and inspiration for libre knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-inspiration-fs-wp-cbpp-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libre_and_non-libre_knowledge_resources">Libre and non-libre knowledge resources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Libre and non-libre knowledge resources">edit</a>]</div> The concept of shareable knowledge resources is as old as print itself. The <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a>, the world's oldest dated printed book, includes the sentence: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Sutra_excerpt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Diamond_Sutra_excerpt.jpg/128px-Diamond_Sutra_excerpt.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Diamond_Sutra_excerpt.jpg/192px-Diamond_Sutra_excerpt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Diamond_Sutra_excerpt.jpg/256px-Diamond_Sutra_excerpt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sūtra</a></figcaption></figure> <blockquote>Reverently [caused to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, AD 868]<a href="#cite_note-The_Diamond_Sutra-50">[50]</a> </blockquote> Similarly, the concept of restricted knowledge is not new. Examples include some <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a><a href="#cite_note-Religious_texts_Views-51">[51]</a> (e.g.closed canons<a href="#cite_note-Athanasius_Letter_39-52">[52]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secret_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret knowledge">secret</a> knowledge restricted to <a href="/wiki/Initiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiates">initiates</a> such as those associated with <a href="/wiki/Mystery_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery religion">mystery religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">martial arts</a>. The reasons and means of restriction have varied over time according to political<a href="#cite_note-state-secrets-53">[53]</a> and technical circumstances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copyright_and_libre_knowledge">Copyright and libre knowledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Copyright and libre knowledge">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Bell%27s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tom_Bell%27s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg/128px-Tom_Bell%27s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tom_Bell%27s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg/192px-Tom_Bell%27s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tom_Bell%27s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg/256px-Tom_Bell%27s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of U.S. copyright law (Assuming authors create their works at age 35 and live for seventy years)</figcaption></figure> Much of the concern about the freedom of knowledge in modern times is linked to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="History of copyright law">development of copyright law</a> which has generally become increasingly restrictive over time giving publishers more control over distribution and usage.<a href="#cite_note-LessigAndOthers-36">[36]</a> This trend is regarded by advocates of libre knowledge and free culture<a href="#cite_note-LessigFreeCulture-54">[54]</a> as contrary to the original purpose of copyright, "to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts"<a href="#cite_note-1787_I_8-55">[55]</a> and out of step with the <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remix</a> culture emerging with the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-LessigAndOthers-36">[36]</a> Currently <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> is more often regarded as a tool to strengthen publishers' and authors' (and other types of producers') ability to control and profit from their works. For some producers<a href="#cite_note-lk-producers-56">[56]</a> of knowledge resources, deriving financial rewards is not their primary objective.<a href="#cite_note-just_for_fun-57">[57]</a> For example, in 1910 an English translation of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj</a>, recognised as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement, was published with a copyright legend that read “No Rights Reserved”.<a href="#cite_note-ie12-58">[58]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_some_rights_reserved.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/128px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/192px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/256px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> some rights reserved</figcaption></figure> Liberation from (or a relaxation of)<a href="#cite_note-copyright-strategies-59">[59]</a> restrictions on usage and sharing of knowledge resources and other works,<a href="#cite_note-works-60">[60]</a> which are subject to <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and other legal and technical limitations, is required for a free culture and for the potential of libre knowledge to be realised.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons licenses">Creative Commons licenses</a> provide a convenient work-around for the default ("all rights reserved").<a href="#cite_note-default-copyright-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> and written word, music has since pre-historic times been a channel for communicating knowledge and culture.<a href="#cite_note-wp-history-of-music-62">[62]</a> The concept of free or libre music (along with <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture</a>) only became relevant with the rise of technologies which made it easy for anyone to record, remix, copy and share music easily - rendering the current state copyright law out of date.<a href="#cite_note-LessigBooks-63">[63]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_music.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Free_music.svg/100px-Free_music.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Free_music.svg/150px-Free_music.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Free_music.svg/200px-Free_music.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>The free music symbol, signifying a lack of copyright restrictions on music.</figcaption></figure> In 1994,<a href="#cite_note-Samudrala-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Samudrala" title="Ram Samudrala">Ram Samudrala</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Free_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Music">Free Music</a> Philosophy. Mirroring the free software movement, it called for artists to allow their songs and compositions to be distributed with fewer copyright restrictions. The subsequent free music movement was reported on by diverse media outlets including <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-billboard_jul181998-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-forbes_jul111997-66">[66]</a> Levi's Original Music Magazine,<a href="#cite_note-levi_nov192008-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Radical_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Radical (magazine)">The Free Radical</a>,<a href="#cite_note-free_radical_2001-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a><a href="#cite_note-wired_jun101997-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired_jun121998-70">[70]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt_dec161998-71">[71]</a> and largely became a reality in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-troelsjust-72">[72]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Libre_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre music">libre music</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Free_music" title="Free music">free music</a>" when 'free as in freedom' is clear from the context, refers to music or representations thereof released under libre licences which grant listeners and musicians the freedom to listen to, perform, mix (or otherwise use) the music, to copy, modify and share it in accordance with the applicable licence(s). "Libre" has found its way into the naming of tools and projects concerned with enabling musicians (and listeners) to exercise these freedoms, and into the terminology used by some members of these communities. <a href="/wiki/Libre.fm" title="Libre.fm">Libre.fm</a>, for example, is a music community web site which enables and encourages artists to share their music under libre licences; the site runs on libre software (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gnufm/">GNU FM</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Mutopia_Project" title="Mutopia Project">Mutopia Project</a> is a volunteer-run effort to create a library of <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libremusicproduction.com/about">Libre Music Production (LMP)</a> is a community-driven online resource whose goal is to "aid making music with libre software"; community knowledge about how to do this is shared under a libre licence (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roots_of_"libre_knowledge"_in_"libre_software"">Roots of "libre knowledge" in "libre software"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roots of "libre knowledge" in "libre software"">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glider.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Glider.svg/128px-Glider.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Glider.svg/192px-Glider.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Glider.svg/256px-Glider.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>The Glider: A Universal <a href="/wiki/Hacker_Emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker Emblem">Hacker Emblem</a></figcaption></figure> Since its inception in 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software community</a> has been concerned with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> and the threat it poses to its "<a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker culture</a>"<a href="#cite_note-hacker-73">[73]</a> of cooperation and knowledge sharing. Within the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker culture</a>, which emerged in academia in the 1960s, around the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)'s <a href="/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club" title="Tech Model Railroad Club">Tech Model Railroad Club</a> (TMRC) <a href="#cite_note-TMRC-Hackers-74">[74]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">hacker ethic</a> developed valuing access, freedom of information, and improvement to quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-38">[38]</a> Members of the free software community have always needed to engage in professional software development and provision of related services without compromising these values. Some members regarded the <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">ambiguity of the word "free"</a> in the "free software" label as a hindrance when trying to engage with the commercial software community (free/gratis suggests devoid of value to some). In the early to mid 1990s, alternatives were discussed within the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software community">free software community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Quo_vadis-6">[6]</a> and the word "libre" emerged as a popular <a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">choice</a>. Terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Software_libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Software libre">software libre</a>" and <a href="/wiki/FLOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOSS">FLOSS</a> (Free/Libre and Open Source Software) subsequently gained some acceptance and have persisted. The terms <a href="/wiki/Software_libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Software libre">software libre</a> and <a href="/wiki/FLOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOSS">FLOSS</a> have been used by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a><a href="#cite_note-eu-wg-on-ls-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-flosspols-etc-76">[76]</a> and "Libre" has become popular in the naming of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a> projects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/ProjectLibre" title="ProjectLibre">ProjectLibre</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreSSL" title="LibreSSL">LibreSSL</a>, ...) and events (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libreplanet.org">Libre Planet</a>). The adjective "libre" has since been applied more broadly. For example, the term "libre knowledge" surfaced in the wake of these discussions early this century.<a href="#cite_note-Teemu-7">[7]</a> In these contexts, the meaning of the word libre, and the concept of libre licensing, were clearly defined and understood well before the word was adopted. Libre knowledge inherits the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a><a href="#cite_note-libre-sw-philosophy-4">[4]</a> and extends it into the realms of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a> <blockquote> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimmywales.com/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/">Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a> (Jimmy Wales, 2004)<a href="#cite_note-JimboFreeFiles-11">[11]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_free_culture_movement">The <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The free culture movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">Free culture movement</a></div> In reaction to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passing the <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act">Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act</a> in 1998, <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activist">political activist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> travelled the country giving hundreds of speeches at college campuses expounding the view that copyright is an obstacle to cultural production, knowledge sharing and technological innovation. In addition, Lessig published several books,<a href="#cite_note-Lessig2-77">[77]</a> presented at various conferences and international events,<a href="#cite_note-LessigLinks-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lessig-key-fc-events-78">[78]</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> in 2001. These activities sparked the <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a> and, with the release of the first set of <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons copyright licences</a> in December 2002, provided a foundation for its sustainability and impact.<a href="#cite_note-cc-history-79">[79]</a> One of the more active manifestations of this movement, <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a>, advocate use of libre licences (i.e. licences which are compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_free_cultural_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Definition of free cultural works">definition of free cultural works</a>), and are active in discussions discouraging the use of non-libre licences such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons licence">Creative Commons licenses</a> with restrictions on commercial use or on composing derived works.<a href="#cite_note-sfc-stop-nc-in-cc-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_knowledge">Open knowledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Open knowledge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Source_Initiative.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Source_Initiative.svg/128px-Open_Source_Initiative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Source_Initiative.svg/192px-Open_Source_Initiative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Source_Initiative.svg/256px-Open_Source_Initiative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></figcaption></figure> In 1998, the term <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> was suggested as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> because it avoided the <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">ambiguity of ‘free’ in English</a>, was not as value-laden as the term <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, and was therefore more acceptable to the commercial software industry.<a href="#cite_note-OSIhistory-81">[81]</a> In that year, <a href="/wiki/David_A._Wiley" title="David A. Wiley">David A. Wiley</a> coined the term OpenContent to describe both <a href="/wiki/Open_Content_License" title="Open Content License">a particular licence</a> and the broader concept of non-software "open" works. Ironically, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Content_License" title="Open Content License">OpenContent License</a> is non-libre on account of restrictions on commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-OPL-def-orig-82">[82]</a> <blockquote> You may not charge a fee for the OC itself. You may not charge a fee for the sole service of providing access to and/or use of the OC via a network (e.g. the Internet), whether it be via the World Wide Web, FTP, or any other method. </blockquote> The "open" in terms such as <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">open content</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">open education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">OER</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOOC">MOOC</a>, has since come to describe a broader range of resources with varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">openness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a> can be assessed under the '5Rs Framework' based on the extent to which it can be retained, reused, revised, remixed and redistributed by members of the public without violating copyright law.<a href="#cite_note-OpenContentDefinition-83">[83]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free/libre content</a>, there is no clear threshold that a work must reach to qualify as 'open content'.<a href="#cite_note-hoii-84">[84]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Knowledge_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Open_Knowledge_logo.png/128px-Open_Knowledge_logo.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Open_Knowledge_logo.png/192px-Open_Knowledge_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Open_Knowledge_logo.png/256px-Open_Knowledge_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Knowledge">Open Knowledge</a> (organisation)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> on the other hand has been formalised in a definition based on the <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> definition and is intended to encompass the same freedoms described in the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Cultural_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a> definitions.<a href="#cite_note-OK-def-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Open_source_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source movement">open source movement</a> and its off-shoots (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">open education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">open knowledge</a>) emphasise pragmatics such as the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer production</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> and aligned branches (e.g. elements of the <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a> and proponents of libre knowledge) place greater value on ethics, freedom and social solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhyOSSmisses-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref_e-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organizations_and_people">Organizations and people</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organizations and people">edit</a>]</div> Whether their aim is to retain the Internet freedoms that have been its mainstay, or to create a better world, or to help members make a living using libre resources, some individuals and organisations have been significant in enabling and safeguarding a <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture</a> conducive to libre knowledge in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg/128px-Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg/192px-Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg/256px-Richard_Stallman_-_F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Humanit%C3%A9_2014_-_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> (1983) and currently President of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, has since the early 1980s been advocating for <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>, and campaigning against <a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>, and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users' freedoms. Stallman pioneered the concept of <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>, which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify and distribute libre software, and is the main author of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License (GPL)</a>, the most widely used libre software license.<a href="#cite_note-wheeler-86">[86]</a> This work established a <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a> infrastructure for computing and the Internet and for the development of tools that make it possible for people to engage in the production and sharing of knowledge (and culture) in freedom. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lessig_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lessig_portrait.jpg/128px-Lessig_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lessig_portrait.jpg/192px-Lessig_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lessig_portrait.jpg/256px-Lessig_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></figcaption></figure> Lawrence "Larry" Lessig, an American <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activist">political activist</a>, is a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_spectrum" title="Open spectrum">open spectrum</a><a href="#cite_note-SpectrumPolicy-87">[87]</a> who advocates reduced legal restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, particularly in technology applications, and has called for state-based activism to promote substantive reform of government with a <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Convention_of_the_United_States" title="Second Constitutional Convention of the United States">Second Constitutional Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twsNovQ11-88">[88]</a> Lessig proposed the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Free_Culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Culture movement">Free Culture</a>"<a href="#cite_note-LessigProposedFreeCulture-89">[89]</a> and acknowledges Stallman's role in the <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a> <blockquote> [Stallman] changed the debate from is to ought. He made people see how much was at stake, and he built a device to carry these ideals forward ... It is not just about a certain kind of code, or enabling the Internet. [It's] much more about getting people to see the value in a certain kind of Internet. I don't think there is anyone else in that class, before or after.<a href="#cite_note-LessigOnStallman-90">[90]</a> </blockquote> He is a former board member of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_Freedom_Law_Center" title="Software Freedom Law Center">Software Freedom Law Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-InDefenseOfPiracy-91">[91]</a> and has received awards for his legacy in the <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Free_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Award for the Advancement of Free Software">Award for the Advancement of Free Software</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF), and a Lifetime Achievement at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Webby_Awards" title="2014 Webby Awards">2014 Webby Awards</a> as cofounder of Creative Commons.<a href="#cite_note-LessigWebbyAward-92">[92]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Conference_2013_-_board_meeting_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wikimedia_Conference_2013_-_board_meeting_10.JPG/128px-Wikimedia_Conference_2013_-_board_meeting_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wikimedia_Conference_2013_-_board_meeting_10.JPG/192px-Wikimedia_Conference_2013_-_board_meeting_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wikimedia_Conference_2013_-_board_meeting_10.JPG/256px-Wikimedia_Conference_2013_-_board_meeting_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Internet_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet entrepreneur">Internet entrepreneur</a> best known as the co-founder and promoter of the online non-profit encyclopedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> in 2001, with <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> and others. The success of Wikipedia and the vision he expressed for the Wikimedia Foundation fuelled and inspired the libre knowledge movement. <blockquote> "Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. That's our commitment". </blockquote> Other prominent people credited with being significant in the advance of the libre software / knowledge / culture movement include: <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Aigrain" title="Philippe Aigrain">Philippe Aigrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bollier" title="David Bollier">David Bollier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heather_Ford" title="Heather Ford">Heather Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eben_Moglen" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tesla-93">[93]</a> <table class="wikitable" width="90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Organisations</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hipatia.info">Hipatia</a></td> <td>Vision: free knowledge, in action for towns and villages of the world<a href="#cite_note-HipatiaOfficialWebSite-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></td> <td>An international student organization working to promote <a href="/wiki/Free_Culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Culture movement">free culture</a> ideals, such as cultural participation and access to information. Students for Free Culture has over 30 chapters on college campuses around the world,<a href="#cite_note-StudentsForFreeCultureChapters.org-95">[95]</a> and a history of grassroots activism. </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Quadrature_du_Net" title="La Quadrature du Net">La Quadrature du Net</a></td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a> that promotes <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">digital rights</a> and freedoms of citizens.<a href="#cite_note-LaQuadratureOfficial-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></td> <td>An international non-profit <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">digital rights</a> group based in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-eff-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Free Knowledge Foundation">Free Knowledge Foundation</a></td> <td>An organization aiming to promote <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Knowledge (page does not exist)">Free Knowledge</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Free standards">free standards</a>. It was founded in 2004 and is based in Madrid, Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FKFlibre.org-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/501(c)#501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> on 4 October 1985 to support the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a>, which promotes the universal freedom to study, distribute, create, and modify <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FSFabout-98">[98]</a> with the organization's preference for software being distributed under <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> ("share alike") terms,<a href="#cite_note-gpl-faq-99">[99]</a> such as with its own <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gnu-copyleft-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>, United States, devoted to expanding the range of <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> works available for others to build upon legally and to share.<a href="#cite_note-cc-faq-101">[101]</a> The organization has released several <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>-<a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a> free of charge to the public. These licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they <a href="/wiki/Waive" class="mw-redirect" title="Waive">waive</a> for the benefit of recipients or other creators.<a href="#cite_note-cc-about-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://questioncopyright.org/about">QuestionCopyright</a></td> <td>QuestionCopyright.org is a U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/501(c)#501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> dedicated to expanding the range of acceptable public debate about copyright, and to reframing the way people—especially artists and those who work with them—think about copyright.<a href="#cite_note-QuestionCopyright-about-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">public interest group</a> that is involved in <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property law">intellectual property law</a>, competition, and choice in the digital marketplace, and an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standards</a>/<a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PublicKnowledge-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/League_for_Programming_Freedom" title="League for Programming Freedom">League for Programming Freedom</a></td> <td>The League for Programming Freedom (LPF) was founded in 1989 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> to unite <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> developers as well as developers of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> to fight against <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a> and the extension of the scope of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:0.9em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Center_for_Internet_and_Society" title="Stanford Center for Internet and Society">Stanford Center for Internet and Society</a></td> <td>The Center for Internet and Society (CIS) is a public interest technology law and policy program founded in 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a> and a part of Law, Science and Technology Program at Stanford Law School. CIS brings together scholars, academics, legislators, students, programmers, security researchers, and scientists to study the interaction of new technologies and the law and to examine how the synergy between the two can either promote or harm public goods like free speech, innovation, privacy, public commons, diversity, and scientific inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-CiS-105">[105]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libre_manifestos_and_declarations">Libre manifestos and declarations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Libre manifestos and declarations">edit</a>]</div> While valuing both but with a tendency to emphasise ethics and social solidarity over the pragmatics highlighted by <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>, libre communities have from time to time released manifestos declaring their views, motives and intentions. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Manifesto-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-GNUManifestoDrDobbs-107">[107]</a> the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/about/manifesto/">Mozilla Manifesto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Debian_Social_Contract" title="Debian Social Contract">Debian Social Contract</a> and guidelines, and others from the libre software community, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Libre_Society_Manifesto" class="extiw" title="s:The Libre Society Manifesto">The Libre Society Manifesto</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/libre_manifesto">Libre Culture Manifesto</a>, Hipatia's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hipatia.net/index.php?id=manifesto_en">First</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hipatia.net/index.php?id=manifesto2_en">Second</a> Manifestos, the Libre Communities Manifesto<a href="#cite_note-brochure2005-108">[108]</a> and Declaration<a href="#cite_note-declaration-10">[10]</a> relating to libre knowledge. Underpinning these declarations is a rejection of the dominant model encoded in the legal system which treats digital works as if they were ownable physical objects. All express concern about the power of organisations and authorities to restrict access to and control the use of <a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">non-rivalrous</a> digital cultural and knowledge resources through the prevailing legal system. They expound the value of universal access, freedom and sharing in bringing about a better world by empowering people to participate. Where intentions and actions are stated, these generally involve educating society on the value of this type of freedom and developing libre resources and tools for editing and sharing them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libre_definition">Libre definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Libre definition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">adopted</a> meaning of "libre", as it is currently used, was first formalised in the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software definition">free software definition</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> in 1986. Although limited to software, the four core freedoms defined therein formed the basis for various definitions emanating from the <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a>. These include definitions of libre knowledge<a href="#cite_note-Libre_Communities-109">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">free cultural works</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FCW-aka-110">[110]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 0.85em; width: 95%" cellpadding="10" align="center"> <caption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">Free/libre software definition</a> generalised to libre <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Declaration_on_libre_knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Libre">cultural</a> works. </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th width="10%">Freedom # </th> <th width="30%"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">Free Software definition</a> </th> <th width="30%"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Declaration_on_libre_knowledge">Libre Knowledge definition</a> </th> <th width="30%"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Definition">Free Cultural Works definition</a> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>0 </th> <td>The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose. </td> <td>The freedom to use the work for any purpose. </td> <td>The freedom to use the work and enjoy the benefits of using it. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>1 </th> <td>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this. </td> <td>The freedom to study its mechanisms, to be able to modify and adapt it to their own needs. </td> <td>The freedom to study the work and to apply knowledge acquired from it. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>2 </th> <td>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. </td> <td>The freedom to make and distribute copies, in whole or in part. </td> <td>The freedom to make and redistribute copies, in whole or in part, of the information or expression. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>3 </th> <td>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this. <hr /> A program is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> if users have all of these freedoms. </td> <td>The freedom to enhance and/or extend the work and share the result. Freedoms 1 and 3 require <a href="/wiki/Free_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Free file format">free file formats</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> as defined by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software Foundation</a>. <hr /> A knowledge or learning resource is free if users have all of these freedoms. </td> <td>The freedom to make changes and improvements, and to distribute derivative works. <hr /> In order to be recognized as "free" under this definition, a license must grant [these] freedoms without limitation. </td></tr></tbody></table> The definition of libre knowledge which appears at the very beginning of this article,<a href="#cite_note-LKdefOrigin-111">[111]</a> applies to knowledge in general, including <a href="/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">tacit knowledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">Tacit knowledge</a>, includes (for example) <a href="/wiki/Common_knowledge" title="Common knowledge">common knowledge</a> which is shared freely within a community), and knowledge in a person's head which is difficult to transfer such as the ability to recognise faces.<a href="#cite_note-Lam-TacitKnowledge-112">[112]</a> These are regarded as implicitly libre in the sense that one is free to use and share that knowledge. The more formal part of the definition in the table above is most applicable to <a href="/wiki/Explicit_knowledge" title="Explicit knowledge">explicit knowledge</a>, or digital knowledge resources, which are easily copied, modified and shared.<a href="#cite_note-declaration-10">[10]</a> (Explicit) knowledge is taken to include data, information, software and other resources used to represent and communicate knowledge. Implicit in these definitions is the requirement that the resource is not restricted via technical means (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>) or legal limitations (e.g. via <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>) which would prevent the user from being able to exercise these freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-no-tech-restrictions-etc-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-cc-faq-drm-etc-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libre_resources">Libre resources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Libre resources">edit</a>]</div> Libre resources<a href="#cite_note-LKdefOrigin-111">[111]</a> are digital resources represented on a device or medium such as files in an open/free format containing text, an image, sound, multimedia, etc. or combinations of these which have the same freedoms: <blockquote> Libre implies freedom to access, read, listen to, watch, or otherwise experience the resource; to learn with, copy, perform, adapt and use it for any purpose; and to contribute and share enhancements or derived works.<a href="#cite_note-brochure2005-108">[108]</a> </blockquote> The definitions of libre resources<a href="#cite_note-brochure2005-108">[108]</a> and libre knowledge were developed and refined<a href="#cite_note-LKDfStableOnWE-115">[115]</a> in the context of open education<a href="#cite_note-implied_meaning-116">[116]</a> where its proponents advocated alternative terms to <a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">OER</a> such as LLR (Libre Learning Resources) and FORE (Free and Open Resources for Education)<a href="#cite_note-iiep-117">[117]</a> emphasising the ethical principles of freedom, equality and sharing over the pragmatics associated with the word "open" (<a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>). The primary concern during the development of these definitions was addressing the need to make learning resources accessible to people in the developing world. The resources would inevitably need to be adapted for local use, ideally by the recipients. To do so they would need the freedom to translate and recontextualise the resources and to distribute derived works on various media without restriction. The intent was to encourage people concerned with open education to distinguish "libre learning" which does not include restrictions on use or distribution. Proponents discouraged the use of licenses with restrictions on (e.g. commercial) usage, promoted <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> as a means of growing the libre commons, and advocated libre licensing to enable a "copy-modify, mix and share" (free/libre or "read-write") culture and society.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a> Although the definition of "libre resources" was originally developed within the libre knowledge community as "libre knowledge resources" (as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">OER</a>),<a href="#cite_note-iiep-117">[117]</a> it was quickly generalised to "libre resources" and is now used to describe any digital resources available with the core freedoms (whether they carry the label "libre" or not). For example, open educational resources, open designs and open content which are released under libre licences are classed as libre resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libre_knowledge_resources">Libre knowledge resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Libre knowledge resources">edit</a>]</div> Explicit libre knowledge encompasses its components such as data, content, information, software and other resources used to represent and communicate knowledge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libre_content">Libre content</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Libre content">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/128px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/192px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/256px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works logo</a></center></figcaption></figure> Free content, libre content, or free information, is any kind of non-software and non-data work, such as <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">artwork</a>, or other creative <a href="/wiki/Content_(media_and_publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media and publishing)">content</a> that meets the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">free cultural works definition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FreeContentDef-118">[118]</a> Free documentation is a term used by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> to describe libre content that supports software such as user manuals.<a href="#cite_note-GNU_FDL_4eg-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a> has also been used to describe these works, but it has come to be used to describe works with any added permissions over the copyright status quo. Libre content<a href="#cite_note-Words2avoid-content-120">[120]</a> avoids this ambiguity. The four freedoms that must be guaranteed by free content are adapted from the four freedoms Richard Stallman called for in software. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_data">Open data</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Open data">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lod.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lod.png/128px-Lod.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lod.png/192px-Lod.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lod.png/256px-Lod.png 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Open Data Map</figcaption></figure> Open data describes data which is freely available to everyone to use and republish without violating copyright law or sui generis database rights. "Libre data" per se has not been formally defined. Its meaning is implied in the libre knowledge definition as data which may be copied, modified and shared in the same way as libre software or other libre resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free,_libre_and_open-source_software_(FLOSS)">Free, libre and open-source software (FLOSS)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Free, libre and open-source software (FLOSS)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></div> The acronym <a href="/wiki/FLOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOSS">FLOSS</a> (free/libre and open-source software) was coined in 2001 by <a href="/wiki/Rishab_Aiyer_Ghosh" title="Rishab Aiyer Ghosh">Rishab Aiyer Ghosh</a> to refer to both the "open source software" and "free/libre software" camps, in order to avoid debate around these two terms.<a href="#cite_note-WhyOSSmisses-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> accepts use of "FLOSS" for its intended purpose (neutrality), but does not use the acronyms FLOSS or FOSS, and advocates using the term "free software" or "libre software" to make a stand for freedom.<a href="#cite_note-foss-and-floss-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free/libre_file_formats">Free/libre file formats</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Free/libre file formats">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Free format">Free format</a></div> A free or libre file format is a published specification for storing digital data not encumbered by any copyright, trademark, patent or other restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-FreeFileFormatDefinition-linfo.org-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-we-lff-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-standard-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free/libre_protocols_and_open_standards">Free/libre protocols and open standards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Free/libre protocols and open standards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Free_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Free protocol">Free protocol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></div> Libre protocols are communications protocols without legal or technical restrictions. <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standards</a> are less strictly defined, but by some definitions the term describes technical standards without legal restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-standard-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free/libre_network_services">Free/libre network services</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Free/libre network services">edit</a>]</div> Although there is no formal universally agreed upon definition, free/libre network services are generally understood to refer to <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">web services</a> available with the same freedoms of libre software extended to this type of resource. For a web or network service to qualify as libre, the underlying data, formats, protocols, software and information resources generated and shared would all have to be libre. In addition, certain other criteria would need to be met beyond the core freedoms such as user privacy and <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autonomo.us-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-franklin-street-statement-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_source_hardware_and_design">Open source hardware and design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Open source hardware and design">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg/128px-RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg/192px-RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg/256px-RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RepRap_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="RepRap Project">RepRap</a> general-purpose 3D printer - a libre<a href="#cite_note-RepRapLics-126">[126]</a> project.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Open_source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source hardware">Open source hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Open design">Open design</a></div> Open source hardware is hardware whose design is made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design.<a href="#cite_note-oshw-proposed-127">[127]</a> In terms of licensing, some open-source hardware projects simply use existing <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> licenses,<a href="#cite_note-lics4sw-used4hw-128">[128]</a> or one of several new open hardware licenses designed to address issues specific to hardware designs.<a href="#cite_note-eg-hw-lics-129">[129]</a> Despite superficial similarities to <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software licenses</a>, most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on exceptions to <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> law than on <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law. Whereas a copyright license may control the distribution of the source code or design documents, a patent license may control the use and manufacturing of the physical device built from the design documents. This distinction is explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the <a href="/wiki/TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohw-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ohw-logo.svg/128px-Ohw-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ohw-logo.svg/192px-Ohw-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ohw-logo.svg/256px-Ohw-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Open_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hardware">open hardware</a> logo.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"... those who benefit from an OHL design may not bring lawsuits claiming that design infringes their patents or other intellectual property."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>TAPR Open Hardware License, <a href="#cite_note-tapr-130">[130]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Defensive_Patent_License" title="Defensive Patent License">Defensive Patent License (DPL)</a>, released in November 2014 in Berkeley, California<a href="#cite_note-DPL-Launch-131">[131]</a> is aimed at protecting "innovators by networking patents into powerful, mutually-beneficial legal shields that are 100% committed to defending innovation".<a href="#cite_note-DPL-132">[132]</a> The term or label "libre hardware" is used with the implication of applying the same freedoms associated with libre software to hardware.<a href="#cite_note-eg-libre-hw-projects-133">[133]</a> Proponents advocate using hardware that respects one's freedom (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/links/companies.html">computers running fully-free distributions of the GNU/Linux operating system</a>).<a href="#cite_note-gnu-linux-devices-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libre_licences">Libre licences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Libre licences">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Libre_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre licence">Libre licences</a> are licences pertaining to copyright in which the copyright owner has granted the freedoms specified in the definitions of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>, libre knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Libre_cultural_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre cultural works">libre cultural works</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LibreLicenceLists-135">[135]</a> A libre resource (one so-licensed or in the public domain) is free of any restrictions which might prevent users from being able to exercise these freedoms (such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> or patent-encumbrance).<a href="#cite_note-cc-faq-drm-etc-114">[114]</a> For example, of the still active <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> licences, Creative Commons Attribution, Attribution-ShareAlike and Zero are libre licences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Share-alike_and_copyleft">Share-alike and copyleft</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Share-alike and copyleft">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyleft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copyleft.svg/50px-Copyleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copyleft.svg/75px-Copyleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copyleft.svg/100px-Copyleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> symbol</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> describes a requirement on some libre licences that copies and modifications of the original work must be available under the same or similar licence. In this way, copyleft libre licences guarantee that all modifications, mixes and extensions of a libre work will be libre as well.<a href="#cite_note-WhatIsCopyleft-136">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> was the first copyleft licence and remains the most commonly used for software. When a libre licence has a <a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">share-alike</a> term, it is a copyleft licence. For example, the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence is a copyleft licence. Copyleft licences are also described as reciprocal or (pejoratively) as <a href="/wiki/Viral_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral license">viral licences</a>. Arguments for using copyleft or share-alike libre licences include that they encourage people to grow the commons<a href="#cite_note-Linksvayer2009-137">[137]</a>, and that they are a stronger defence of the freedom of other users (in future), since the so-licensed resources may not be used to enhance non-libre resources (e.g. proprietary software and other restrictive knowledge and cultural resources).<a href="#cite_note-gnu-copyleft-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Someone who uses your code in a nonfree program is trying to deny freedom to others, and if you let him do it, you're failing to defend their freedom"<a href="#cite_note-gnu-why-copyleft-138">[138]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permissive_or_copyfree">Permissive or copyfree</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Permissive or copyfree">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyfree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Copyfree.svg/50px-Copyfree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Copyfree.svg/75px-Copyfree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Copyfree.svg/100px-Copyfree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Copyfree" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyfree">copyfree</a> symbol</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copyfree" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyfree">Copyfree</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software licence">Permissive free software licence</a></div> Permissive libre, copyfree, copycenter or academic licences are those libre licences which do not require derivative works to be licensed under the same licence as the original work. They also typically do not have other requirements that are common in copyleft licences, like restrictions on formats that the work can be available in or whether <a href="/wiki/Digital_Rights_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Rights Management">Digital Rights Management</a> may be used on the product. The Copyfree Standard Definition, used by the Copyfree Initiative to certify copyfree licenses, disallows licenses that come with such copyleft requirements from certification. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_domain">Public domain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Public domain">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/50px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/75px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/100px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> symbol</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></div> Public domain works are the least restricted libre works, although their status typically comes from the expiration of copyright rather than a libre licence. However, there are declarations that purport to place a work in the public domain or, in the case of the <a href="/wiki/CC_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="CC Zero">CC Zero</a> licence, give it the same freedoms as works in the public domain. Public domain libre software licences are sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">beerware</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On-going_issues_and_challenges">On-going issues and challenges</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: On-going issues and challenges">edit</a>]</div> The libre knowledge movement was largely inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Libre_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software movement">Libre software movement</a> inheriting its philosophy and some of its practices. By definition, libre knowledge must be accessible and editable with <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>.<a href="#cite_note-declaration-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-JimboFreeFiles-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hipatia4eg-12">[12]</a> For this reason, libre communities also inherit the challenges faced by the libre software community.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a> Beyond the software, libre communities are also active in policy debates concerning freedom and the technology used to access, produce and share knowledge (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Software as a Service">Software as a Service</a>,<a href="#cite_note-saass-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>), and concerning freedom issues arising in certain knowledge domains (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libre_software">Libre software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Libre software">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" align="right" width="50%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Libre software challenges and issues </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Impediments and challenges</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents and free software</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a> · <a href="/wiki/SCO-Linux_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO-Linux controversies">SCO-Linux controversies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Binary_blobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary blobs">Binary blobs</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Adoption issues</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument_format" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDocument format">OpenDocument format</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a> · <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standards</a> · <a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Linux adoption</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>About licences</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Free_software_licences" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software licences">Free software licences</a> · <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_FSF-approved_software_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of FSF-approved software licenses">List of FSF-approved software licenses</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_OSI-approved_software_licences" class="mw-redirect" title="List of OSI-approved software licences">List of OSI-approved software licences</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Common licences</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> · <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> · <a href="/wiki/Modified_BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified BSD License">Modified BSD License</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a> · <a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> · <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_licences" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software licences">Permissive free software licences</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Naming issues</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a> · <a href="/wiki/Naming_conflict_between_Debian_and_Mozilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conflict between Debian and Mozilla">Naming conflict between Debian and Mozilla</a> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Some libre communities, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Libre_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software community">libre software community</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, take a strong stance against use of nonfree or non-libre or <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> - terms they use to refer to software which "doesn't <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">respect users' freedom and community</a>".<a href="#cite_note-malware-140">[140]</a> They claim that proprietary software is often <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a><a href="#cite_note-malware-140">[140]</a> or includes antifeatures<a href="#cite_note-antifeatures-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-antifeatures-list-142">[142]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">crippleware</a>. These communities advocate exclusive use of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a> and support of <a href="/wiki/Libre_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre file format">libre file formats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-JimboFreeFiles-11">[11]</a> Those that do face the same challenges, some of which are listed in the box on the right. From the libre knowledge perspective, some of these issues generalise to knowledge. For example, the issue of patents<a href="#cite_note-fsf_on_patents-143">[143]</a> arises in some knowledge domains such as hardware, design, and synthetic biology; licensing issues generalise beyond software and manuals to other types of works such as art, music and educational resources; <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a> can be imposed on students whose institutions are locked-in and require students to use proprietary software and non-libre file formats.<a href="#cite_note-WEandLSandLFF-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Net_neutrality">Net neutrality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Net neutrality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NetNeutrality_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NetNeutrality_logo.svg/128px-NetNeutrality_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NetNeutrality_logo.svg/192px-NetNeutrality_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NetNeutrality_logo.svg/256px-NetNeutrality_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a> logo.</figcaption></figure> Net neutrality (also network neutrality, Internet neutrality or net equality) is the <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principle</a> that <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> and governments should treat all data on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> equally, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication. Neutrality proponents claim that telecom companies seek to impose a <a href="/wiki/Tiered_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiered service">tiered service</a> model in order to control the pipeline and thereby remove competition, create <a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">artificial scarcity</a>, and oblige subscribers to buy their otherwise uncompetitive services.<a href="#cite_note-Quadrature_neutrality-144">[144]</a> Many believe net neutrality to be primarily important as a preservation of current freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-no-tolls-145">[145]</a> Advocates for free culture and libre knowledge, in relation to net neutrality, attribute much of the success of the Internet and the innovation it enabled<a href="#cite_note-Lessig1999-www9-146">[146]</a> before the advent of such <a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">net biases</a> to its inherent <a href="#cite_note-NetNeutralityNotNew-147">[147]</a> (net) neutrality,<a href="#cite_note-Quadrature_neutrality-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-no-tolls-145">[145]</a> and stress the importance of Internet access for "learning and for the practical and meaningful exercise of freedom of expression and communication".<a href="#cite_note-i8n_charter-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_Digital_rights_management">Opposing Digital rights management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Opposing Digital rights management">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defectivebydesign_Ff_la1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Defectivebydesign_Ff_la1.jpg/128px-Defectivebydesign_Ff_la1.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Defectivebydesign_Ff_la1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a> advocacy poster 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DRM-free.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/DRM-free.svg/128px-DRM-free.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/DRM-free.svg/192px-DRM-free.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/DRM-free.svg/256px-DRM-free.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a> Logo</figcaption></figure> In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a> campaign, an anti-DRM (<a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>) initiative. DRM technology, dubbed "digital restrictions management" or "digital restrictions mechanisms" by opponents,<a href="#cite_note-DRMinfo-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhatIsDRM-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-GNU-Art-DRM-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrameCopyright2keepLiberties-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-AppleOSmalware-153">[153]</a> restricts users’ ability to freely use their purchased movies, music, literature, software, and hardware in ways they are accustomed to with ordinary non-restricted media (such as <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a> and audio <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>). The philosophy of the initiative is that DRM is designed to be deliberately defective, to restrict the use of the product. This, they claim, cripples the future of digital freedom. The group aims to target "Big Media, unhelpful manufacturers, and DRM distributors" and to bring public awareness of the issue and increase participation in the initiative. It represents one of the first efforts of the Free Software Foundation to find common cause with mainstream social activists, and to encourage libre software advocates to become socially involved. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_biology">Synthetic biology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Synthetic biology">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RNA-codon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RNA-codon.png/128px-RNA-codon.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RNA-codon.png/192px-RNA-codon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/RNA-codon.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>A series of <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codons</a> in part of a <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (mRNA) molecule. This mRNA molecule will instruct a <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a> to synthesize a protein according to this code.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></div> National and international policies and approaches to managing the flow of knowledge in this relatively new field are still under debate,<a href="#cite_note-OECD_EPIiSB-154">[154]</a> as are the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology#Bioethics_and_security_issues" title="Synthetic biology">bioethics and security</a> issues.<a href="#cite_note-Bügl,_H._et_al._2007_627–629-155">[155]</a> The issues are not seen as new because they were raised during the earlier <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetically-modified_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically-modified organism">genetically-modified organism</a> (GMO) debates and there were already extensive regulations of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> and pathogen research in place in the U.S.A., Europe and the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-bioethics.gov-156">[156]</a> On account of similarities between <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, some have proposed (or explored) applying principles developed in the <a href="/wiki/Libre_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software community">libre software community</a> in this field.<a href="#cite_note-HopeInOverwalle2009-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deibel2014-158">[158]</a> Also, in common with the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker culture</a> characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software community">libre software community</a>, a culture of <a href="/wiki/Biohacking" class="mw-disambig" title="Biohacking">biohacking</a> has emerged<a href="#cite_note-HackingGenomes-159">[159]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">similar ethic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biohack1-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-biohack28-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-biohack4-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-biohack5-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-biohack7-164">[164]</a> Biohacking emerged in a growing trend of non-institutional science and technology development.<a href="#cite_note-biohack1-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKenna2009-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schiendelman2009-166">[166]</a> As in the software industry, there is a tension between those who believe in "biofreedom" and the corporates who seek to own and commoditise both the data and <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">tools for analysing biological</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-genome-liberation-167">[167]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_assembly_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Standard_assembly_10.jpg/128px-Standard_assembly_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Standard_assembly_10.jpg/192px-Standard_assembly_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Standard_assembly_10.jpg/256px-Standard_assembly_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption> Assembly of two BioBrick parts(promoter and coding sequence) by digestion and ligation which forms a 'scar' site(M).</figcaption></figure> Components (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BioBrick" title="BioBrick">BioBricks</a>) are designed and developed to create "biological machines" which may be "parts", "devices" or "systems". In this sense, the results of synthetic biology are analogous to hardware and designs which are generally protected primarily via patents. As an example, the <a href="/wiki/Biological_Innovation_for_Open_Society" title="Biological Innovation for Open Society">Biological Innovation for Open Society</a> (BIOS) project implemented a <a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">patentleft</a> system to encourage re-contribution and collaborative innovation of their technology. BIOS holds a patented technology for transferring genes in plants, and licenses the technology under the terms that, if a license holder improves the gene transfer tool and patents the improvement, then their improvement must be made available to all the other license holders.<a href="#cite_note-JandTWilbanks2010-168">[168]</a> On the other hand, DNA sequences share characteristics of both data (see Open data above - sui generis data protection laws may apply) and software.<a href="#cite_note-RIKEN-4eg-169">[169]</a> In some jurisdictions software is not patentable and copyright is used as the main means of rights protection. The patentability of the products of synthetic biology are still in question.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_EPIiSB-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-AreBioBricksEtcPatentable-170">[170]</a> Whatever policy outcomes emerge from these discussions and initiatives, the resources involved (tools and outputs of synthetic biology) are considered libre if the four core freedoms apply and they are not encumbered by patents or other legal or technical restrictions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Related concepts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libre_community">Libre community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Libre community">edit</a>]</div> A libre community is a community of people who engage in <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a>, dissemination and/or advocacy of libre knowledge or other libre resources.<a href="#cite_note-brochure2005-108">[108]</a> Members typically use <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a> and tend to use terminology<a href="#cite_note-Words2avoid-rms-47">[47]</a> aligned with the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Libre_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software movement">libre software movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-libre-sw-philosophy-4">[4]</a> Some libre communities regard themselves as <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hackers</a><a href="#cite_note-hacker-73">[73]</a> and retain the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">hacker ethic</a> which emerged from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)'s <a href="/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club" title="Tech Model Railroad Club">Tech Model Railroad Club</a> (TMRC)<a href="#cite_note-TMRC-Hackers-74">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the term has come to refer to any group of people working on libre resources (i.e. resources released under a libre licence). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberated_resources">Liberated resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Liberated resources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Liberated_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberated software">Liberated software</a> is <a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">software formerly published under a proprietary license</a> but later released with the source code and a more liberal license. While such software typically becomes libre software, open source software or public domain, this is not always the case and some restrictions may apply. In some cases, the company continues to publish proprietary releases alongside the non-proprietary version. Similarly, "liberated knowledge" or "liberated cultural resources", etc. refer to proprietary resources previously not universally available, or restricted in use via price or legal barriers, which have since been re-released without those restrictions. The restrictions are usually lifted via copyright. For example, the copyright expires, or the copyright holder re-releases the resource under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licence</a>. However, for some resources, lifting of patent restrictions may also be required. Mechanisms for protection against patent restrictions include <a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software#Promises_from_patent_holders" title="Software patents and free software">promises from patent holders</a> (which are often received with some skepticism), <a href="/wiki/Patent_pool" title="Patent pool">patent pools</a> and use of licences which address patents such as the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_Patent_License" title="Defensive Patent License">Defensive Patent License</a>. For software, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Open_Invention_Network" title="Open Invention Network">Open Invention Network</a> (OIN) in 2005. OIN is a company that acquires patents and offers them royalty free "to any company, institution or individual that agrees not to assert its patents against the <a href="/wiki/Linux_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux operating system">Linux operating system</a> or certain Linux-related applications".<a href="#cite_note-OINpatentAccess-171">[171]</a> It should be noted that while acknowledging that patents may be appropriate in some industries, many of the libre persuasion question their validity in fields such as software, their utility in encouraging innovation, and actively oppose the patent system where appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-fsf_on_patents-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_educational_resources">Open educational resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Open educational resources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OER_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alternate logo for open educational resources." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/OER_Logo.svg/128px-OER_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/OER_Logo.svg/192px-OER_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/OER_Logo.svg/256px-OER_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Open_Educational_Resources#LogosAlternate">English language version</a> of open educational resources logo.</figcaption></figure> There are competing definitions of open educational resources, but they describe at least resources that are accessible for no charge to students and educators, and typically under a <a href="/wiki/Public_copyright_license" title="Public copyright license">public copyright licence</a> that permits the resource to be shared and adapted. As with open access, narrower definitions of open educational resources do exist. The <a href="/wiki/William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="William and Flora Hewlett Foundation">William and Flora Hewlett Foundation</a> definition describes open educational resources as either "resid[ing] in the public domain or [...] released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others."<a href="#cite_note-oer-review-172">[172]</a> Under this definition, all open educational resources would qualify as libre. In practice, however, many open educational resources—even those under public copyright licences—are non-libre. For example, <a href="/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a> and most of the learning resources on <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a> and other <a href="/wiki/MOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOOC">MOOCs</a>, are under the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_access">Open access</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Open access">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg/128px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg/192px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg/256px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Open access logo, originally designed by <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a>. Other logos are also in use<a href="#cite_note-OA-logos-173">[173]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Open_Access/Signalling_OA-ness" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Open Access/Signalling OA-ness">Signalling OA-ness</a>).</figcaption></figure> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Stevan Harnad</a>, members of the open access community, proposed the use of the terms 'gratis open access' and 'libre open access' to resolve confusion within the open access community between resources that were open because they were free of price restrictions and those that were open because they were free of price and some permission restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-Suber08-02-08-174">[174]</a> Significantly, this definition of libre open access covered works for which any amount of permissions restrictions had been lifted. This definition breaks from the established use of the term libre to refer to <a href="/wiki/Libre_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre content">free/libre content</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free/libre software</a>, where a specific threshold of permission must be reached. The definition of open access reached in the Budapest, Bethesda and Berlin statements (referred to collectively as the 'BBB Definition')<a href="#cite_note-Praising_progress-175">[175]</a> specifies the permission barriers that must be lowered for a work to be considered open access: <blockquote>By "open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. (<a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> statement)<a href="#cite_note-Praising_progress-175">[175]</a></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_years_Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative_-_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/10_years_Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative_-_logo.jpg/128px-10_years_Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative_-_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/10_years_Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative_-_logo.jpg/192px-10_years_Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative_-_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/10_years_Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative_-_logo.jpg/256px-10_years_Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative_-_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>A logo celebrating the tenth anniversary of the Budapest Open Access Initiative in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote>A work is open access where the copyright holder has given general permission to] copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship. (Bethesda and Berlin statements)<a href="#cite_note-Praising_progress-175">[175]</a></blockquote> All open access works that meet the BBB definition would qualify as libre. However, in the years following the BBB statements, some writers used the term "open access" in the BBB sense while others used it for works that were merely gratis or free of price restrictions. When Harnad wanted to write about all-rights-reserved gratis articles, he was faced with the option of referring to them as "open access" (in contravention of the BBB definitions) or redefining "open access" to include non-libre works. The compromise arrived at by Suber and Harnad was to identify two classes of open access: gratis open access, which is merely free of charge, and libre open access, which is free of charge as well as free from one or more permission restrictions. However, the standard definition of libre requires that a work be free from a particular set of permission restrictions; some works that qualify as libre open access would not qualify as libre (for example, those with a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> NonCommercial or NoDerivatives licence term). Suber continues to support the use of the Creative Commons Attribution licence for articles, a libre licence in every sense of the word.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Suber_on_the_future_of_open_access-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_Commons">Creative Commons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Creative Commons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CC-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CC-logo.svg/128px-CC-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CC-logo.svg/192px-CC-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CC-logo.svg/256px-CC-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption>Creative Commons logo</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>, maintains that freedom means different things to different people and through the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> developed a range of <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">licences</a> enabling creators (e.g. academics, artists, authors, readers, educators, learners, musicians, etc.) to indicate the uses and freedoms they would like to allow.<a href="#cite_note-different-freedoms-177">[177]</a> Two of the active Creative Commons licences, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Attribution</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Attribution-ShareAlike</a>, are libre licences marked as ‘approved for free cultural works’. The retired <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/sa/1.0/">ShareAlike 1.0 Generic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Zero">Creative Commons Zero</a> deed are also libre. The four remaining main licences are non-libre on account of restrictions on commercial use<a href="#cite_note-avoid-nc-178">[178]</a> or on making derived works. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_knowledge" title="Common knowledge">Common knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (philosophy)">Freedom (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">Freedom (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:Free encyclopedia">Jimbo Wales' declaration of how Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">Libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Culture movement">Free Culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Culture_(book)" title="Free Culture (book)">the book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libre_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre content">Libre content</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libre_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libre licenses">List of libre licenses</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libre_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre Society">Libre Society</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_knowledge_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to knowledge movement">Access to knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Spring" title="Academic Spring">Academic Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/Openness#See_also" title="Openness">See also</a> section) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">Open access (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hardware">Open hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Knowledge">Open Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source_appropriate_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source appropriate technology">Open source appropriate technology</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free" title="Information wants to be free">Information wants to be free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edupunk" title="Edupunk">Edupunk</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological patent</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>: One of Gandhi's earliest publications, <a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj</a> published in Gujarati in 1909 is recognized as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read “No Rights Reserved”.<a href="#cite_note-ie12-58">[58]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1945: <a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a> - F. A. Hayek.<a href="#cite_note-Hayek1945-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> (co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>) cites this book, which he read as an undergraduate,<a href="#cite_note-knowitall-180">[180]</a> as "central" to his thinking about "how to manage the Wikipedia project".<a href="#cite_note-reasonmag-181">[181]</a> Hayek argued that <a href="/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge" title="Dispersed knowledge">information is decentralized</a> - that each individual only knows a small fraction of what is known collectively - and that as a result, decisions are best made by those with local knowledge rather than by a central authority.<a href="#cite_note-reasonmag-181">[181]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> (book): "Man's right to knowledge and the free use thereof".<a href="#cite_note-vanDoren1954-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1954: Arthur Hays Sulzberger, Man's right to knowledge and the free use thereof, University of Hawaii, Occasional Paper 61, Honolulu.<a href="#cite_note-Sulzberger1954-43">[43]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Computer_Lib/Dream_Machines" title="Computer Lib/Dream Machines">Computer Lib/Dream Machines</a> (1974) by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a> describes some tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">hacker ethic</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Steven Levy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution" title="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution</a>, Doubleday, USA. Dell, 1994, with a new afterword. Penguin Books, New York, 2001.</li></ul> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Himanen" title="Pekka Himanen">Pekka Himanen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hacker_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_the_Information_Age" title="The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age">The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age</a> with a prologue by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manuelcastells.info/en/">Manuel Castelles</a>, an epilogue by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> and an appendix on the history of hackerism.</li></ul> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Fle3" title="Fle3">Fle3 announcement</a> - "Fle3 - libre software for (libre) knowledge building"<a href="#cite_note-Teemu-7">[7]</a> - an example of use of the term (libre) knowledge generalising from libre software to libre knowledge.</li></ul> <ul><li>2002 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020205000800/http://www.hipatia.info/">at the latest</a>): The first Hipatia manifesto was published in Spanish. The current English version and a second manifesto are available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hipatia.info/">Hipatia</a> web site.</li></ul> <ul><li>2002: The <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> called for "open access" to research in all fields.</li></ul> <ul><li>2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnupress.org/book13.html">Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.</a><a href="#cite_note-FSFS-rms-essays-182">[182]</a> - a collection of essays by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> which explains the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Libre_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software">libre software</a>, the foundation of the philosophy of libre knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Libre_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre culture">libre culture</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>2000-2004: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> has published several books, ultimately motivating the <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a>, which provide background and discuss the tension between a desired free, read/write Internet culture versus the permission culture of control via legal and technical means. These include Free Culture,<a href="#cite_note-LessigFreeCulture-54">[54]</a> Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace,<a href="#cite_note-Code-Lessig-183">[183]</a> Code: Version 2.0<a href="#cite_note-Code2-Lessig-184">[184]</a> and The Future of Ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FutureOfIdeasLessig-185">[185]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>'s blog posting: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/">Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a>". This blog posting provides a rationale for the libre knowledge movement to use libre file formats.</li></ul> <ul><li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> published "Coase's Penguin" introducing <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a> a new mode of production for the 21st Century.<a href="#cite_note-CoasesPenguin-186">[186]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2005: Benjamin Mako Hill. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mako.cc/writing/toward_a_standard_of_freedom.html">Towards a standard of freedom: Creative Commons and the free software movement</a>”.</li></ul> <ul><li>2006: David M. Berry and Giles Moss. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_9/berry/index.html">The politics of the libre commons</a>, First Monday, volume 11, number 9 (September 2006).</li></ul> <ul><li>2006: Yochai Benkler published <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Networks" title="The Wealth of Networks">The Wealth of Networks</a><a href="#cite_note-WoN-187">[187]</a> which expands on the concept of commons-based peer production and implications.</li></ul> <ul><li>2007: Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom edited a book called "Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: from theory to practice" which reflects current interest in this phenomenon and some of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">knowledge commons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hess-Ostrom-2007-188">[188]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2007: Kim Tucker released the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Say_Libre">Say "Libre"</a> essay encouraging people in the "open" community to use the adjective libre to disambiguate free and instead of "open" where applicable (i.e. when describing resources released under licences which grant the four core freedoms).<a href="#cite_note-say_libre-9">[9]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2008: Berry, D. M & Moss, G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/LibreCultureMeditationsOnFreeCulture">Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture</a>. Canada: Pygmalion Books.<a href="#cite_note-LibreCultureMeditations-189">[189]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcforum.net/">FCF</a> developed the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcforum.net/en/charter">Charter for Innovation, Creativity and Access to Knowledge</a>. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Barcelona_Charter_for_Innovation_Creativity_and_Access_to_Knowledge_-_Libre_Interpretation">Libre Interpretation</a> was also prepared which also orientates towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> as a goal. A version of the latter using the word "free" rather than "libre" is available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeknowledge.eu/wiki/index.php/Free_Culture_Forum_Charter">Free Knowledge Institute wiki</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>2011: Chris Sakkas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinglibre.com">Share This Book</a>: a quick introduction to libre.</li></ul> <ul><li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/articles/free-scientific-publishing.html">Free/Libre Scientific Publishing</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FKFlibre.org-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FKFlibre.org_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FKFlibre.org_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libre.org">Free Knowledge Foundation</a> (libre.org). </li> <li id="cite_note-FKIprinciples-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FKIprinciples_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeknowledge.eu/about/principles">The Free Knowledge Institute (FKI)</a> (Founding Principles). </li> <li id="cite_note-BroaderFCMov-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BroaderFCMov_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BroaderFCMov_3-1">b</a> The broader <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a> includes other sub-communities which do not fully embrace the principles associated with libre knowledge. For example, some do not aspire to use exclusively libre software, and some release work under non-libre Creative Commons licences. </li> <li id="cite_note-libre-sw-philosophy-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libre-sw-philosophy_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-libre-sw-philosophy_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-libre-sw-philosophy_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-libre-sw-philosophy_4-3">d</a> The philosophy of libre software is expressed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the GNU Project</a> articles. </li> <li id="cite_note-should-5"><a href="#cite_ref-should_5-0">^</a> See for example <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Missionary Church of Kopimism</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hipatia.info/">Hipatia</a> manifestos (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hipatia.info/index.php?id=manifesto_en">first</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hipatia.info/index.php?id=manifesto2_en">second</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Quo_vadis-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quo_vadis_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quo_vadis_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225103133/http://sinetgy.org/jgb/articulos/libre-software-origin/">Quo vadis, libre software?</a>, Jesús M. González-Barahona, v0.8.1, work in progress, September 2004. Archived on 25 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Teemu-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teemu_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teemu_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teemu_7-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeinonen2001" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Leinonen, Teemu (20 Nov 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070927225110/http://mail.conecta.it/pipermail/freesw/2001-November/001031.html">"Fle3 - libre software for (libre) knowledge building"</a>. Freesw (Mailing list). Retrieved 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fle3+-+libre+software+for+%28libre%29+knowledge+building&rft.date=2001-11-20&rft.aulast=Leinonen&rft.aufirst=Teemu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070927225110%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fmail.conecta.it%2Fpipermail%2Ffreesw%2F2001-November%2F001031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">cite mailing list</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|mailinglist=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|mailing-list=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-foss-and-floss-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foss-and-floss_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foss-and-floss_8-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html">FLOSS and FOSS</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-say_libre-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-say_libre_9-10">k</a> Tucker K., 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikieducator.org/Say_Libre">Say "Libre"</a>, also previously published on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114073350/http://communities.libre.org/philosophy/saylibre">libre.org</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-declaration-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-declaration_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-declaration_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-declaration_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-declaration_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-declaration_10-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Declaration_on_libre_knowledge">Declaration on libre knowledge</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907185424/http://communities.libre.org/philosophy/declaration">(archived) on the Libre Communities web site</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-JimboFreeFiles-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JimboFreeFiles_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JimboFreeFiles_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JimboFreeFiles_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JimboFreeFiles_11-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimmywales.com/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/">Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a> (Jimmy Wales, 2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hipatia4eg-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hipatia4eg_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hipatia4eg_12-1">b</a> Another example which reflects this angle is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hipatia.info/">Hipatia</a> - Free knowledge in action for the people of the world. </li> <li id="cite_note-OKmatchesLibre-13"><a href="#cite_ref-OKmatchesLibre_13-0">^</a> The essential meaning of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendefinition.org/od/">Open Definition</a> is intended to match "free" or "libre" in definitions derived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software definition</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WhyOSSmisses-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhyOSSmisses_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhyOSSmisses_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhyOSSmisses_14-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_e-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref_e_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref_e_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_M._S.Scacchi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, M. S.; Scacchi, Walt (2008). "Mobilization of software developers: The free software movement". Information Technology & People. 21 (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F09593840810860315">10.1108/09593840810860315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Technology+%26+People&rft.atitle=Mobilization+of+software+developers%3A+The+free+software+movement&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F09593840810860315&rft.au=Elliott%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Scacchi%2C+Walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCWandLCWdef-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FCWandLCWdef_16-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Definition">Free Cultural Works</a> and equivalent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Libre">Libre Cultural Works Definition</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-animal-culture-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp-animal-culture_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp-animal-culture_17-1">b</a> Several examples are given in the <a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a> article on Wikipedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-tools-use-by-animals-18"><a href="#cite_ref-wp-tools-use-by-animals_18-0">^</a> See for example <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool use by animals">Tool use by animals</a> in which most behaviours are learned (not innate). </li> <li id="cite_note-OrcaKnockSealsOffIce-19"><a href="#cite_ref-OrcaKnockSealsOffIce_19-0">^</a> An example is shared by Matt Kaplan in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071214/full/news.2007.380.html">Unique orca hunting technique documented: A pack of killer whales uses waves to knock seals off the ice</a> (Published online on 14 December 2007, Nature, doi:10.1038/news.2007.380) referring to <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Visser_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Visser (researcher)">Visser, I. N.</a> et al. Antarctic peninsula killer whales (Orcinus orca) hunt seals and a penguin on floating ice (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orcaresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Visser-et-al-2008-Antarctic-killer-whales-use-waves.pdf">pdf</a>), Marine Mammal Science, doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00163.x (2007), (downloadable from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orcaresearch.org/index.php/scientific-articles">Orca Research</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Visser_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Visser (researcher)">Visser</a> et al. "speculate that such complex coordinated hunting behaviors are culturally transmitted". There are other examples of hunting techniques where adults appear to be teaching their offspring. See for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/understanding-orca-culture-12494696/">Understanding Orca Culture: Researchers have found a variety of complex, learned behaviors that differ from pod to pod</a>, Lisa Stiffler, Smithsonian Magazine, August 2011: "Scientists have found increasing evidence that culture shapes what and how orcas eat, what they do for fun, even their choice of mates. (Michael Parfit / Mountainside Films)" (retrieved on 9 Feb. 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-oral-20"><a href="#cite_ref-oral_20-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a> and, for example, <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">oral law</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Knowledges" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledges">knowledges</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley2005-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitley2005_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Whi05" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, David S. (2005). Introduction to Rock Art Research. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598740008" title="Special:BookSources/1598740008"><bdi>1598740008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Rock+Art+Research&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1598740008&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-other-ancient-writing-materials-22"><a href="#cite_ref-other-ancient-writing-materials_22-0">^</a> Other ancient <a href="/wiki/Writing_material" title="Writing material">writing materials</a> include <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaf_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaf manuscript">Palm leaf manuscript</a> (India), <a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a> (Mesoamerica), <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">Ostracon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">Wax tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch bark document">Birch bark documents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-writing-tools-23"><a href="#cite_ref-writing-tools_23-0">^</a> Additional examples of writing tools include <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing presses</a>, etc.. </li> <li id="cite_note-history-of-writing-24"><a href="#cite_ref-history-of-writing_24-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a> for more background. </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Universe-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Universe_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Universe_25-1">b</a> Cox, B. 2014. Narrating "<a href="/wiki/Human_Universe" title="Human Universe">Human Universe</a>", <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Documentary. </li> <li id="cite_note-writing-inventions-26"><a href="#cite_ref-writing-inventions_26-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing#Inventions_of_writing" title="History of writing">Inventions_of_writing</a>: Writing numbers for the purpose of record keeping began long before the writing of language. See <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_ancient_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of writing ancient numbers">History of writing ancient numbers</a> for how the writing of numbers began. </li> <li id="cite_note-NewtonOnShouldersOfGiants-27"><a href="#cite_ref-NewtonOnShouldersOfGiants_27-0">^</a> In a letter to his rival <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> dated February 5, 1676 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">[O.S.]</a>; see "The correspondence of Isaac Newton, volume 1", edited by HW Turnbull, 1959, p. 416 (February 15, 1676 [N.S.]). </li> <li id="cite_note-AureliusMeditations-28"><a href="#cite_ref-AureliusMeditations_28-0">^</a> Marcus Aurelius, "Meditations", Book I, Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853264865" title="Special:BookSources/1853264865">1853264865</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newey-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Newey_29-0">^</a> Glen Newey, Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hobbes and Leviathan, Routledge, 2008, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-HilaryBrown2012-30"><a href="#cite_ref-HilaryBrown2012_30-0">^</a> Hilary Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.gr/books?id=aVAMccAgim8C&dq=">Luise Gottsched the Translator</a>, Camden House, 2012, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-LockeTwoTreatisesOnGovt-31"><a href="#cite_ref-LockeTwoTreatisesOnGovt_31-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_on_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Treatises on Government">Two Treatises on Government</a>: A Translation into Modern English, ISR, 2009, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mill-in.Owens2008-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Mill-in.Owens2008_32-0">^</a> Westbrooks, Logan Hart (2008) "Personal Freedom" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4gxaa371USUC&pg=PA134">page 134</a> In Owens, William (compiler) (2008) Freedom: Keys to Freedom from Twenty-one National Leaders Main Street Publications, Memphis, Tennessee, pages 133–138, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9801152-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9801152-0-8">978-0-9801152-0-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mill1993-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Mill1993_33-0">^</a> John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Utilitarianism, (New York: Bantam Books, 1993), 12–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-leeds1-34"><a href="#cite_ref-leeds1_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/#HarPriFreSpe">"Freedom of Speech"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Speech&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffreedom-speech%2F%23HarPriFreSpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rms-inclusion-good-or-bad-35"><a href="#cite_ref-rms-inclusion-good-or-bad_35-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-digital-society.html">A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or Bad?</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> - indicates some ways technology is being used which does not respect people's freedom. </li> <li id="cite_note-LessigAndOthers-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LessigAndOthers_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LessigAndOthers_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LessigAndOthers_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LessigAndOthers_36-3">d</a> Many authors have written on this topic. One of the most well known is <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> (op. cit.), and see <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig#Bibliography" title="Lawrence Lessig">Bibliography</a>). See also <a href="#Further_reading">#Further reading</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-on-knowl-and-liberty-37"><a href="#cite_ref-wp-on-knowl-and-liberty_37-0">^</a> See their respective articles: <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and the <a href="#Further_reading">further reading</a> section below. </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_38-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Steven Levy</a>, 1984. <a href="/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution" title="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution</a>, Doubleday, USA. Dell, 1994, with a new afterword. Penguin Books, New York, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-better-world-hackers-39"><a href="#cite_ref-better-world-hackers_39-0">^</a> See Wikipedia article <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">hacker ethic</a> and the section in this article on the roots of libre knowledge in libre software. </li> <li id="cite_note-manifestos-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manifestos_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manifestos_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manifestos_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manifestos_40-3">d</a> See the section on Manifestos and Declarations in this article. </li> <li id="cite_note-libre-philosophy-41"><a href="#cite_ref-libre-philosophy_41-0">^</a> In Further reading, see titles by Levy, Himanen, Stallman and others. Hipatia's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hipatia.info/index.php?id=manifesto_en">first manifesto</a> alludes to alchemy and modern physics. </li> <li id="cite_note-vanDoren1954-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanDoren1954_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanDoren1954_42-1">b</a> van Doren, M. 1954. Man's right to knowledge and the free use thereof. Columbia University, New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulzberger1954-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sulzberger1954_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sulzberger1954_43-1">b</a> Sulzberger, Arthur Hays. 1954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ch/books/about/Man_s_right_to_knowledge_and_the_free_us.html?id=av82AAAAIAAJ">Man's right to knowledge and the free use thereof</a>, University of Hawaii Occasional Paper 61, Honolulu. </li> <li id="cite_note-cbpp-44"><a href="#cite_ref-cbpp_44-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Networks" title="The Wealth of Networks">The Wealth of Networks</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LessigLinks-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LessigLinks_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LessigLinks_45-1">b</a> For a list see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lw.vbz.net/LessigLinks">Lessig Links</a> which includes links to repositories of Lawrence Lessig's work and appearances. </li> <li id="cite_note-free_culture_facets-46"><a href="#cite_ref-free_culture_facets_46-0">^</a> Including those which focus on software, art, music, knowledge, hardware and design, etc. or on the general issues (see <a href="#Related_concepts">#Related concepts</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Words2avoid-rms-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Words2avoid-rms_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Words2avoid-rms_47-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WEandLSandLFF-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WEandLSandLFF_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WEandLSandLFF_48-1">b</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Libre_Software#WikiEducator.27s_justification_for_compromising">WikiEducator's justification for compromising</a> (on libre software and file formats). </li> <li id="cite_note-inspiration-fs-wp-cbpp-49"><a href="#cite_ref-inspiration-fs-wp-cbpp_49-0">^</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Say_Libre#Libre_Knowledge_Communities_and_Vision">Libre Knowledge Communities and Vision</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Say_Libre">Say Libre</a> essay, and several works by <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> (op. cit.) such as <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Networks" title="The Wealth of Networks">The Wealth of Networks</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Diamond_Sutra-50"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Diamond_Sutra_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotopoulou_Sophia" class="citation web cs1">Fotopoulou Sophia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsfinder.org/site/readings/the_diamond_sutra_the_worlds_earliest_dated_printed_book/">"The Diamond Sutra: The World's Earliest Dated Printed Book"</a>. Newsfinder. Retrieved 2012-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Diamond+Sutra%3A+The+World%27s+Earliest+Dated+Printed+Book&rft.pub=Newsfinder&rft.au=Fotopoulou+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsfinder.org%2Fsite%2Freadings%2Fthe_diamond_sutra_the_worlds_earliest_dated_printed_book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious_texts_Views-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_texts_Views_51-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_text#Views" title="Religious text">Religious text#Views</a>: Some religions make written texts widely and freely available, while others hold that sacred secrets must remain hidden from all but the loyal and the initiate. Most religions promulgate policies defining the limits of the sacred texts and controlling or forbidding changes and additions. </li> <li id="cite_note-Athanasius_Letter_39-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Athanasius_Letter_39_52-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html">Athanasius Letter 39</a>.6.3: "Let no man add to these, neither let him take ought from these." </li> <li id="cite_note-state-secrets-53"><a href="#cite_ref-state-secrets_53-0">^</a> State secrets are another example of knowledge which is not (intentionally) shared freely. An early example of this is <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LessigFreeCulture-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LessigFreeCulture_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LessigFreeCulture_54-1">b</a> Lessig, L. 2004. Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. Penguin Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-1787_I_8-55"><a href="#cite_ref-1787_I_8_55-0">^</a> 1787, Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution. </li> <li id="cite_note-lk-producers-56"><a href="#cite_ref-lk-producers_56-0">^</a> Producers include academics, educators, researchers, writers, musicians, artists, programmers, designers, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-just_for_fun-57"><a href="#cite_ref-just_for_fun_57-0">^</a> See for example Linus Torvald's book <a href="/wiki/Just_for_Fun" class="mw-disambig" title="Just for Fun">Just for Fun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a>'s article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html">Coase's Penguin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_nature_of_the_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="The nature of the firm">The nature of the firm</a> which defines what <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> is, how it works, and what motivates contributors. </li> <li id="cite_note-ie12-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ie12_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ie12_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/would-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian/900506/0">"Would Gandhi have been a Wikipedian?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Would+Gandhi+have+been+a+Wikipedian%3F&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fwould-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian%2F900506%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: <code class="cs1-code">|newspaper=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#apostrophe_markup" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-copyright-strategies-59"><a href="#cite_ref-copyright-strategies_59-0">^</a> The free culture / libre knowledge movement covers a range of opinions on this issue ranging from <a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">copyright abolition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-copyright">reform</a> to status quo augmented with the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_licences" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons licences">Creative Commons licences</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-copyright">Anti-copyright</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-works-60"><a href="#cite_ref-works_60-0">^</a> Works include knowledge and cultural resources such as works of art, writing, education, music, software and other resources, or combinations of these, typically in digital forms which are easily copied and shared. </li> <li id="cite_note-default-copyright-61"><a href="#cite_ref-default-copyright_61-0">^</a> In most countries "all rights reserved" is the default <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-history-of-music-62"><a href="#cite_ref-wp-history-of-music_62-0">^</a> See for example <a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums in communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a> and related links. </li> <li id="cite_note-LessigBooks-63"><a href="#cite_ref-LessigBooks_63-0">^</a> Lessig's work (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.code-is-law.org/">2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.free-culture.cc/">2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codev2.cc/">2006</a>) expands on this for all cultural works. </li> <li id="cite_note-Samudrala-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Samudrala_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamudrala1994" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Samudrala" title="Ram Samudrala">Samudrala, Ram</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html">"The Free Music Philosophy"</a>. Retrieved 2008-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Music+Philosophy&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Samudrala&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ram.org%2Framblings%2Fphilosophy%2Ffmp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-billboard_jul181998-65"><a href="#cite_ref-billboard_jul181998_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen_Business_Media,_Inc.1998" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (18 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9wkEAAAAMBAJ">Billboard</a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998-07-18&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft.au=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wkEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes_jul111997-66"><a href="#cite_ref-forbes_jul111997_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/1997/07/11/habeus.html">Penenberg A. Habias copyrightus. ''Forbes'', July 11 1997</a>. Forbes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-levi_nov192008-67"><a href="#cite_ref-levi_nov192008_67-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100601073457/http://www.levi.co.za/MusicMag/Category/Detail/Detail.aspx?ID=914">Durbach D. Short fall to freedom: The free music insurgency. ''Levi's Original Music Magazine'', November 19, 2008</a>. Web.archive.org (2010-06-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-free_radical_2001-68"><a href="#cite_ref-free_radical_2001_68-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeradical.co.nz/content/47/47ballin.php">Ballin M. Unfair Use. ''The Free Radical'' 47, 2001</a>. Freeradical.co.nz. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-wired_jun101997-69"><a href="#cite_ref-wired_jun101997_69-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/06/4361">Oakes C. Recording industry goes to war against web sites. Wired, June 10 1997</a>. Wired.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-wired_jun121998-70"><a href="#cite_ref-wired_jun121998_70-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freerockload.ucoz.com/">Stutz M. They (used to) write the songs. Wired, June 12 1998</a>. Freerockload.ucoz.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt_dec161998-71"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_dec161998_71-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/12/cyber/articles/16trade.html">Napoli L. Fans of MP3 forced the issue. ''The New York Times'', December 16 1998</a>. Nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-troelsjust-72"><a href="#cite_ref-troelsjust_72-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903114528/http://www.troelsjust.dk/?page_id=149">Alternate Kinds of Freedom</a> by Troels Just. Troelsjust.dk. Archived on 2014-09-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-hacker-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hacker_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hacker_73-1">b</a> "Hacker" refers to "someone who enjoys playful cleverness - not necessarily with computers", and is distinct from "cracker" which refers to someone who breaks security - see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</a> (gnu.org). </li> <li id="cite_note-TMRC-Hackers-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMRC-Hackers_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMRC-Hackers_74-1">b</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmrc.mit.edu/hackers-ref.html">TMRC - Hackers</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-wg-on-ls-75"><a href="#cite_ref-eu-wg-on-ls_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.conecta.it/">"European Working Group on Software Libre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Working+Group+on+Software+Libre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feu.conecta.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flosspols-etc-76"><a href="#cite_ref-flosspols-etc_76-0">^</a> See for example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flossproject.org/">FLOSS</a> project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flosspols.org/">FLOSSPols</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flossworld.org/">FLOSSWorld</a>, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessig2-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Lessig2_77-0">^</a> Most notably <a href="/wiki/Code_and_Other_Laws_of_Cyberspace" title="Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace">Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</a> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03913-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03913-5">978-0-465-03913-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Ideas" title="The Future of Ideas">The Future of Ideas</a> (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50578-2">978-0-375-50578-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Culture_(book)" title="Free Culture (book)">Free Culture</a> (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-006-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-006-9">978-1-59420-006-9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code:_Version_2.0" title="Code: Version 2.0">Code: Version 2.0</a> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03914-2">978-0-465-03914-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessig-key-fc-events-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Lessig-key-fc-events_78-0">^</a> Most notably 2002-07-24 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://randomfoo.net/oscon/2002/lessig/">“Free Culture” keynote</a> from OSCON 2002, Wikimania and iCommons Summits. </li> <li id="cite_note-cc-history-79"><a href="#cite_ref-cc-history_79-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/about/history">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-sfc-stop-nc-in-cc-80"><a href="#cite_ref-sfc-stop-nc-in-cc_80-0">^</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeculture.org/blog/2012/08/27/stop-the-inclusion-of-proprietary-licenses-in-creative-commons-4-0/">Stop the inclusion of proprietary licenses in Creative Commons 4.0.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a>, August 2012, and response by Timothy Vollmer. </li> <li id="cite_note-OSIhistory-81"><a href="#cite_ref-OSIhistory_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.org/history">"History of the OSI"</a>. Opensource.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+OSI&rft.pub=Opensource.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPL-def-orig-82"><a href="#cite_ref-OPL-def-orig_82-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981206111937/http://www.opencontent.org/opl.shtml">OpenContent License</a> (OPL) Version 1.0, July 14, 1998. Archived on 6 December 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenContentDefinition-83"><a href="#cite_ref-OpenContentDefinition_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley" class="citation web cs1">Wiley, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opencontent.org/definition/">"Open Content"</a>. OpenContent.org. Retrieved 2011-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenContent.org&rft.atitle=Open+Content&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopencontent.org%2Fdefinition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoii-84"><a href="#cite_ref-hoii_84-0">^</a> See for example, the guide to assessing the openness of Open Access journals, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/open-access/howopenisit/">HowOpenIsIt?</a>", prepared by the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition and the Public Library of Science, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-OK-def-85"><a href="#cite_ref-OK-def_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendefinition.org/">Open Definition</a> developed and maintained by the non-profit organisation <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Knowledge">Open Knowledge</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wheeler-86"><a href="#cite_ref-wheeler_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, David A. (2002-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/gpl-compatible.html">"Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else. (revised 2014-02-16)"</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Make+Your+Open+Source+Software+GPL-Compatible.+Or+Else.+%28revised+2014-02-16%29&rft.date=2002-05-06&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fessays%2Fgpl-compatible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpectrumPolicy-87"><a href="#cite_ref-SpectrumPolicy_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/spectrum/">"Spectrum Policy: Property or Commons?"</a>. Cyberlaw.stanford.edu. 2003-03-02. Retrieved 2011-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spectrum+Policy%3A+Property+or+Commons%3F&rft.pub=Cyberlaw.stanford.edu&rft.date=2003-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberlaw.stanford.edu%2Fspectrum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsNovQ11-88"><a href="#cite_ref-twsNovQ11_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlesh_Houdek2011" class="citation news cs1">Alesh Houdek (November 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/11/has-a-harvard-professor-mapped-out-the-next-step-for-occupy-wall-street/247561/">"Has a Harvard Professor Mapped Out the Next Step for Occupy Wall Street?"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 17, 2011. <q>Lawrence Lessig's call for state-based activism on behalf of a Constitutional Convention could provide the uprooted movement with a political project for winter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Has+a+Harvard+Professor+Mapped+Out+the+Next+Step+for+Occupy+Wall+Street%3F&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft.au=Alesh+Houdek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2011%2F11%2Fhas-a-harvard-professor-mapped-out-the-next-step-for-occupy-wall-street%2F247561%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LessigProposedFreeCulture-89"><a href="#cite_ref-LessigProposedFreeCulture_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://randomfoo.net/oscon/2002/lessig/">"free_culture"</a>. Randomfoo.net. Retrieved 2011-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=free_culture&rft.pub=Randomfoo.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frandomfoo.net%2Foscon%2F2002%2Flessig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LessigOnStallman-90"><a href="#cite_ref-LessigOnStallman_90-0">^</a> Quote from Lessig's 2001 book, The Future of Ideas, cited in Williams, S. 2002. "Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/ch13.html">chapter 13</a>, O'Reilly, CA. </li> <li id="cite_note-InDefenseOfPiracy-91"><a href="#cite_ref-InDefenseOfPiracy_91-0">^</a> Lessig, Lawrence. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122367645363324303.html">In Defense of Piracy</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. October 11, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-LessigWebbyAward-92"><a href="#cite_ref-LessigWebbyAward_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2014/special-achievement/webby-lifetime-achievement/lawrence-lessig">"The Webby Awards Gallery"</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Webby+Awards+Gallery&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webbyawards.com%2Fwinners%2F2014%2Fspecial-achievement%2Fwebby-lifetime-achievement%2Flawrence-lessig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla_93-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isene.me/2013/03/24/in-support-of-libre-knowledge/">In support of Libre Knowledge</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HipatiaOfficialWebSite-94"><a href="#cite_ref-HipatiaOfficialWebSite_94-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hipatia.info">Hipatia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-StudentsForFreeCultureChapters.org-95"><a href="#cite_ref-StudentsForFreeCultureChapters.org_95-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeculture.org/chapters/">FreeCulture.org</a>, Students for Free Culture chapters </li> <li id="cite_note-LaQuadratureOfficial-96"><a href="#cite_ref-LaQuadratureOfficial_96-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laquadrature.net/en/who-are-we">La Quadrature du Net</a> (who we are). </li> <li id="cite_note-eff-97"><a href="#cite_ref-eff_97-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eff.org">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FSFabout-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FSFabout_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/about/">"Free software is a matter of liberty, not price"</a>. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+software+is+a+matter+of+liberty%2C+not+price&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gpl-faq-99"><a href="#cite_ref-gpl-faq_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html">"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"</a>. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+the+GNU+Licenses&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fgpl-faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu-copyleft-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnu-copyleft_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnu-copyleft_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html">"What Is Copyleft?"</a>. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Copyleft%3F&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fcopyleft%2Fcopyleft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc-faq-101"><a href="#cite_ref-cc-faq_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Creative Commons. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=Creative+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.creativecommons.org%2FFAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc-about-102"><a href="#cite_ref-cc-about_102-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/about">Creative Commons (About)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-QuestionCopyright-about-103"><a href="#cite_ref-QuestionCopyright-about_103-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://questioncopyright.org/about">QuestionCopyright (About)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-PublicKnowledge-104"><a href="#cite_ref-PublicKnowledge_104-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicknowledge.org/">Public Knowledge</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CiS-105"><a href="#cite_ref-CiS_105-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/">The Center for Internet and Society at Stanford Law School</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GNU_Manifesto-106"><a href="#cite_ref-GNU_Manifesto_106-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GNUManifestoDrDobbs-107"><a href="#cite_ref-GNUManifestoDrDobbs_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> (March 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.utah.edu/ftp/pub/tex/bib/toc/dr-dobbs-1980.html#10(3):March:1985">"Dr. Dobb's Journal"</a>. Dr. Dobb's Journal. 10 (3): 30. Retrieved 2011-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1985-03&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.utah.edu%2Fftp%2Fpub%2Ftex%2Fbib%2Ftoc%2Fdr-dobbs-1980.html%2310%283%29%3AMarch%3A1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brochure2005-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brochure2005_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brochure2005_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brochure2005_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brochure2005_108-3">d</a> Tucker, K. 2005. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016211443/http://www.free-knowledge-communities.org/ZFolder2005.pdf/download">Free Knowledge Communities</a>" brochure, Meraka Institute, CSIR, South Africa. </li> <li id="cite_note-Libre_Communities-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Libre_Communities_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20081010204748/http://communities.libre.org/">"Libre Communities"</a>. Free Knowledge Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communities.libre.org/">the original</a> on 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2012-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libre+Communities&rft.pub=Free+Knowledge+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunities.libre.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCW-aka-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FCW-aka_110-0">^</a> Also known as "<a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a>", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Libre">Libre cultural works</a>" or simply "libre works". </li> <li id="cite_note-LKdefOrigin-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LKdefOrigin_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LKdefOrigin_111-1">b</a> The definitions of "libre resources" and "libre knowledge" were first formulated in 2005 in preparation for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301003113/http://www.free-knowledge-communities.org/docs/">Free Knowledge Workshops</a> convened by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csir.co.za/meraka/">Meraka Institute</a> managed by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csir.co.za">CSIR</a> in South Africa and periodically refined to stabilise on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310044755/http://www.libre.org/communities">this version</a>. The definition also appears in (and is maintained on) the associated <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Libre_knowledge">Libre Knowledge pages on WikiEducator</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lam-TacitKnowledge-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Lam-TacitKnowledge_112-0">^</a> Lam, A. (2000). Tacit Knowledge, Organizational Learning and Societal Institutions: An Integrated Framework. Organization Studies 21(3), 487–513. </li> <li id="cite_note-no-tech-restrictions-etc-113"><a href="#cite_ref-no-tech-restrictions-etc_113-0">^</a> See for example the section "Defining Libre Cultural Works" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Libre">Libre Cultural Works</a> definition. The requirement is also explicit in some licences such as the relevant <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-cc-faq-drm-etc-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cc-faq-drm-etc_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc-faq-drm-etc_114-1">b</a> The Creative Commons licences disallow use of technologies which deny freedoms beyond those in the specific licence: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#Can_I_use_effective_technological_measures_.28such_as_DRM.29_when_I_share_CC-licensed_material.3F">Can I use effective technological measures (such as DRM) when I share CC-licensed material?</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LKDfStableOnWE-115"><a href="#cite_ref-LKDfStableOnWE_115-0">^</a> The definition stablised into the one which appears in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Declaration_on_libre_knowledge">Libre Declaration</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-implied_meaning-116"><a href="#cite_ref-implied_meaning_116-0">^</a> The meaning of libre or free knowledge is made clear in other sources which cover the same principles. For example, in the first <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hipatia.info/index.php?id=manifesto_en">Hipatia Manifesto</a> the principles are expressed as human rights (under "proposals and actions to carry out"). An early Spanish version (2002) was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020205000800/http://www.hipatia.info/">archived on 5 February 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-iiep-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iiep_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiep_117-1">b</a> The blog post "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/337">Misquoting Adams on the UNESCO IIEP List</a>" alludes to these (somewhat unpopular) discussions which occurred during discussions on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_International_Institute_for_Educational_Planning" title="UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning">UNESCO IIEP</a> mailing lists. The discussions were summarised on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101130125144/http://oerwiki.iiep-unesco.org/index.php?title=Main_Page">IIEP wiki</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FreeContentDef-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FreeContentDef_118-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freecontentdefinition.org/Definition">Free content definition</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GNU_FDL_4eg-119"><a href="#cite_ref-GNU_FDL_4eg_119-0">^</a> See for example, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Words2avoid-content-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Words2avoid-content_120-0">^</a> Libre communities tend to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Content">avoid the word "content"</a> and are more likely to refer to libre manuals, or libre resources, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-FreeFileFormatDefinition-linfo.org-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FreeFileFormatDefinition-linfo.org_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/free_file_format.html">"Free File Format Definition"</a>. LINFO.org. Retrieved 2007-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+File+Format+Definition&rft.pub=LINFO.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linfo.org%2Ffree_file_format.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-we-lff-122"><a href="#cite_ref-we-lff_122-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Libre_file_format">Libre file format (or free file format)</a> (WikiEducator). </li> <li id="cite_note-standard-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-standard_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-standard_123-1">b</a> On account of restrictions certain standards bodies impose on the use of standards, some libre communities, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software community">free software community</a>, avoid the term "standard" and refer instead specifically to free or libre file formats and protocols. In cases where a libre format or protocol has become a de facto "standard", extensions and variations should be clearly indicated so that the resulting format is clearly distinct from that standard. </li> <li id="cite_note-autonomo.us-124"><a href="#cite_ref-autonomo.us_124-0">^</a> The concept of free/libre network services is explored on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.autonomo.us">autonomo.us wiki</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-franklin-street-statement-125"><a href="#cite_ref-franklin-street-statement_125-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autonomo.us/2008/07/14/franklin-street-statement/">Franklin Street Statement on Freedom and Network Services</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RepRapLics-126"><a href="#cite_ref-RepRapLics_126-0">^</a> All of the designs produced by the project are released under a <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">libre software licence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRapGPLLicence">http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRapGPLLicence RepRap licence page</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-oshw-proposed-127"><a href="#cite_ref-oshw-proposed_127-0">^</a> See the proposed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/OSHW">Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lics4sw-used4hw-128"><a href="#cite_ref-lics4sw-used4hw_128-0">^</a> For example (see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501214532/http://opencollector.org/hardlicense/licenses.html">OpenCollector's "License Zone"</a>), the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> is used by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemodelfoundry.com/copyleft.php">Free Model Foundry</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a>; other licenses are (or were) used by the Free-IP Project and <a href="/wiki/LART_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="LART (computer)">LART</a> (the software is released under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hardware_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware design">Hardware design</a> is released under the <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-eg-hw-lics-129"><a href="#cite_ref-eg-hw-lics_129-0">^</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CERN_Open_Hardware_License" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Open Hardware License">CERN Open Hardware License</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solderpad.org/licenses/">Solderpad License</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tapr-130"><a href="#cite_ref-tapr_130-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapr.org/ohl.html">TAPR Open Hardware License</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DPL-Launch-131"><a href="#cite_ref-DPL-Launch_131-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.berkeley.edu/16151.htm">Defensive Patent License Launch</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DPL-132"><a href="#cite_ref-DPL_132-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensivepatentlicense.org/">The Defensive Patent License (DPL)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-eg-libre-hw-projects-133"><a href="#cite_ref-eg-libre-hw-projects_133-0">^</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3dprinterworld.com/article/libre-hardware-qa-jeff-moe-man-behind-lulzbot">Libre Hardware</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libre3d.com">Libre3D</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librehw.net/">Libre Hardware Network</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puri.sm/">Purism Librem 15 Laptop</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu-linux-devices-134"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu-linux-devices_134-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/resources/hw">Hardware Devices that Support GNU/Linux</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibreLicenceLists-135"><a href="#cite_ref-LibreLicenceLists_135-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of free and open-source software licenses</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses">Licenses page</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WhatIsCopyleft-136"><a href="#cite_ref-WhatIsCopyleft_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft">"What is Copyleft?"</a>. Retrieved 2010-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Copyleft%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fcopyleft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linksvayer2009-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Linksvayer2009_137-0">^</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gondwanaland.com/mlog/2009/05/31/wikipedia-migration-impact/">Conjectured impact of Wikipedia license interoperability?</a>, Mike Linksvayer, 2009. This article reflects the 'grow the commons' argument. </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu-why-copyleft-138"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu-why-copyleft_138-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">Why Copyleft?</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-saass-139"><a href="#cite_ref-saass_139-0">^</a> The article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who does that server really serve?</a> outlines the concerns from the point of view of the <a href="/wiki/Libre_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre software community">libre software community</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-malware-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malware_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-malware_140-1">b</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/proprietary/proprietary.html">Proprietary Software Is Often Malware</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-antifeatures-141"><a href="#cite_ref-antifeatures_141-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2007/fall/antifeatures/">Antifeatures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-antifeatures-list-142"><a href="#cite_ref-antifeatures-list_142-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.mako.cc/Antifeatures">List of antifeatures</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsf_on_patents-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fsf_on_patents_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsf_on_patents_143-1">b</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadrature_neutrality-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quadrature_neutrality_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quadrature_neutrality_144-1">b</a> See for example, <a href="/wiki/La_Quadrature_du_Net" title="La Quadrature du Net">La Quadrature du Net</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laquadrature.net/en/Net_neutrality">page on Net Neutrality</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-no-tolls-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-no-tolls_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-no-tolls_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Lessig_and_Robert_W._McChesney2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McChesney" title="Robert W. McChesney">Robert W. McChesney</a> (8 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060702108.html">"No Tolls on The Internet"</a>. Columns.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columns&rft.atitle=No+Tolls+on+The+Internet&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft.au=Lawrence+Lessig+and+Robert+W.+McChesney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F06%2F07%2FAR2006060702108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessig1999-www9-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Lessig1999-www9_146-0">^</a> Lessig, L. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/works/lessig/www9.pdf">Cyberspace’s Architectural Constitution</a>, draft 1.1, Text of lecture given at www9, Amsterdam, Netherlands </li> <li id="cite_note-NetNeutralityNotNew-147"><a href="#cite_ref-NetNeutralityNotNew_147-0">^</a> Debate over the issue of net neutrality pre-dates the coining of the term by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Media law">media law</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Tim Wu</a> in 2003 (see main article <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-i8n_charter-148"><a href="#cite_ref-i8n_charter_148-0">^</a> Free Culture Forum, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcforum.net/">FCF</a> developed the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcforum.net/en/charter">Charter for Innovation, Creativity and Access to Knowledge</a>. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/Barcelona_Charter_for_Innovation_Creativity_and_Access_to_Knowledge_-_Libre_Interpretation">Libre Interpretation</a> was also prepared which focuses on education and orientates towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> as a goal. A version of the latter using the word "free" rather than "libre" is available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeknowledge.eu/wiki/index.php/Free_Culture_Forum_Charter">Free Knowledge Institute wiki</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DRMinfo-149"><a href="#cite_ref-DRMinfo_149-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drm.info/">Digital Restrictions Management</a>. DRM.info. Retrieved on 2013-07-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-WhatIsDRM-150"><a href="#cite_ref-WhatIsDRM_150-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm">What is DRM?</a>. Defective by Design. Retrieved on 2013-07-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-GNU-Art-DRM-151"><a href="#cite_ref-GNU-Art-DRM_151-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/graphics/digital-restrictions-management.html">GNU Art - Digital Restrictions Management - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</a>. Gnu.org (2013-02-28). Retrieved on 2013-07-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FrameCopyright2keepLiberties-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FrameCopyright2keepLiberties_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_Falkvinge2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a> (14 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140604193406/http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">"Language Matters: Framing The Copyright Monopoly So We Can Keep Our Liberties"</a>. torrentfreak.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">the original</a> on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=torrentfreak.com&rft.atitle=Language+Matters%3A+Framing+The+Copyright+Monopoly+So+We+Can+Keep+Our+Liberties&rft.date=2013-07-14&rft.au=Rick+Falkvinge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Flanguage-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppleOSmalware-153"><a href="#cite_ref-AppleOSmalware_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140716090458/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/proprietary/malware-apple.html">"Apple's Operating Systems Are Malware"</a>. gnu.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/proprietary/malware-apple.en.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnu.org&rft.atitle=Apple%27s+Operating+Systems+Are+Malware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fproprietary%2Fmalware-apple.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_EPIiSB-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_EPIiSB_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_EPIiSB_154-1">b</a> Emerging Policy Issues in Synthetic Biology (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ch/books?id=EivjAwAAQBAJ&dq">Google eBook</a>), OECD, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bügl,_H._et_al._2007_627–629-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Bügl,_H._et_al._2007_627–629_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBügl,_H.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bügl, H.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n6/full/nbt0607-627.html">"DNA synthesis and biological security"</a>. Nature Biotechnology. 25 (6): 627–629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt0607-627">10.1038/nbt0607-627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=DNA+synthesis+and+biological+security&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=627-629&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt0607-627&rft.au=B%C3%BCgl%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnbt%2Fjournal%2Fv25%2Fn6%2Ffull%2Fnbt0607-627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-bioethics.gov-156"><a href="#cite_ref-bioethics.gov_156-0">^</a> Presidential Commission for the study of Bioethical Issues, December 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioethics.gov/synthetic-biology-report">NEW DIRECTIONS The Ethics of Synthetic Biology and Emerging Technologies</a> Retrieved 2012-04-14. </li> <li id="cite_note-HopeInOverwalle2009-157"><a href="#cite_ref-HopeInOverwalle2009_157-0">^</a> See for example, Jane Hope's chapter "Open Source Genetics. Conceptual Framework" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ch/books?id=s63wD6yDlmkC">Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models: Patent Pools, Clearinghouses, Open Source Models and Liability Regimes</a>, Geertrui van Overwalle (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Jun 11, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deibel2014-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Deibel2014_158-0">^</a> Eric Deibel, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsspjournal.com/content/10/1/2">Open Genetic Code: on open source in the life sciences</a>, Life Sciences, Society and Policy 2014, 10:2 doi:10.1186/2195-7819-10-2. </li> <li id="cite_note-HackingGenomes-159"><a href="#cite_ref-HackingGenomes_159-0">^</a> See for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/1099750/Hacking_genomes._The_ethics_of_open_and_rebel_biology">Hacking genomes. The ethics of open and rebel biology</a> by Alessandro Delfanti, IRIE: International Review of Information Ethics, Vol. 15 (09/2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-biohack1-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biohack1_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biohack1_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Boustead2008" class="citation web cs1">Greg Boustead (2008-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_biohacking_hobbyist/">"The Biohacking Hobbyist"</a>. Seed Magazine. Retrieved 2010-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seed+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Biohacking+Hobbyist&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft.au=Greg+Boustead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseedmagazine.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fthe_biohacking_hobbyist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biohack28-161"><a href="#cite_ref-biohack28_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper" class="citation web cs1">Popper, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/8/3177438/cyborg-america-biohackers-grinders-body-hackers">"Cyborg America: inside the strange new world of basement body hackers"</a>. Verge Magazine. Retrieved 2012-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verge+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cyborg+America%3A+inside+the+strange+new+world+of+basement+body+hackers&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2012%2F8%2F8%2F3177438%2Fcyborg-america-biohackers-grinders-body-hackers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biohack4-162"><a href="#cite_ref-biohack4_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErin_Biba2011" class="citation web cs1">Erin Biba (2011-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/08/mf_diylab/">"Genome at Home: Biohackers Build Their Own Labs"</a>. Wired Magazine. Retrieved 2012-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wired+Magazine&rft.atitle=Genome+at+Home%3A+Biohackers+Build+Their+Own+Labs&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.au=Erin+Biba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fmagazine%2F2011%2F08%2Fmf_diylab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biohack5-163"><a href="#cite_ref-biohack5_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collaborate.biohack.me/Body_Modifications_and_Bio-Hacking">"Body Modifications and Bio-Hacking"</a>. collaborate.biohack.me. 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2012-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collaborate.biohack.me&rft.atitle=Body+Modifications+and+Bio-Hacking&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollaborate.biohack.me%2FBody_Modifications_and_Bio-Hacking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biohack7-164"><a href="#cite_ref-biohack7_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen_Martin2012" class="citation web cs1">Glen Martin (2012-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Biohackers-mining-their-own-bodies-data-3668230.php">"'Biohackers' mining their own bodies' data"</a>. SF Gate. Retrieved 2012-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SF+Gate&rft.atitle=%27Biohackers%27+mining+their+own+bodies%27+data&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.au=Glen+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fhealth%2Farticle%2FBiohackers-mining-their-own-bodies-data-3668230.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenna2009-165"><a href="#cite_ref-McKenna2009_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_McKenna2009" class="citation web cs1">Phil McKenna (2009-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126881.400-genetic-manpulation-now-becoming-a-hobby.html?full=true&print=true">"Rise of the garage genome hackers"</a>. New Scientist. Retrieved 2010-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+garage+genome+hackers&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft.au=Phil+McKenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20126881.400-genetic-manpulation-now-becoming-a-hobby.html%3Ffull%3Dtrue%26print%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiendelman2009-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Schiendelman2009_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatti_Schiendelman2009" class="citation web cs1">Patti Schiendelman (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/01/diybio_for_biohackers.html">"DIYBio for biohackers"</a>. Make: Online. Retrieved 2010-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Make%3A+Online&rft.atitle=DIYBio+for+biohackers&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.au=Patti+Schiendelman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.makezine.com%2Farchive%2F2009%2F01%2Fdiybio_for_biohackers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genome-liberation-167"><a href="#cite_ref-genome-liberation_167-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2002/02/26/biopunk/">Genome liberation: The information that details who we are is too important to be privately owned</a>, Annalee Newitz, Salon, Tuesday, Feb 26, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-JandTWilbanks2010-168"><a href="#cite_ref-JandTWilbanks2010_168-0">^</a> John T. Wilbanks and Thomas J. Wilbanks, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/993/">Science, Open Communication and Sustainable Development</a>", 13 April 2010." </li> <li id="cite_note-RIKEN-4eg-169"><a href="#cite_ref-RIKEN-4eg_169-0">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/RIKEN" class="mw-redirect" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a> in Japan has formulated some agreements which resemble the licensing (or waving thereof for non-profit and academic research purposes) of (proprietary/non-libre) software: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.brc.riken.jp/news/gfp_conclude.shtml">RIKEN BRC now extends its distribution of GFP bioresources to a for-profit entity that has a bona fide GFP license of GE Healthcare</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dna.brc.riken.jp/en/newsen/NWL091103en_2.html">Life Technologies Corporation signs license agreement with RIKEN BioResource Center (2009.11.03)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-AreBioBricksEtcPatentable-170"><a href="#cite_ref-AreBioBricksEtcPatentable_170-0">^</a> The issue has been discussed in (for example) Kumar, S. and A. Rai, 2007, SYMPOSIUM: Frontiers of Intellectual Property: Synthetic Biology: The Intellectual Property Puzzle, Texas Law Review, 85, June, 1745); Eric Deibel, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsspjournal.com/content/10/1/2">Open Genetic Code: on open source in the life sciences</a>, Life Sciences, Society and Policy 2014, 10:2 doi:10.1186/2195-7819-10-2. </li> <li id="cite_note-OINpatentAccess-171"><a href="#cite_ref-OINpatentAccess_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/press_release11_05.php">"Open Invention Network formed to promote Linux and spur innovation globally through access to key patents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Invention_Network" title="Open Invention Network">Open Invention Network</a>. November 10, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Invention+Network+formed+to+promote+Linux+and+spur+innovation+globally+through+access+to+key+patents&rft.pub=Open+Invention+Network&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openinventionnetwork.com%2Fpress_release11_05.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oer-review-172"><a href="#cite_ref-oer-review_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsJohn_Seely_BrownAllen_L._Hammond2007" class="citation conference cs1">Atkins, Daniel E.; John Seely Brown; Allen L. Hammond (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/Hewlett_OER_report.pdf">A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities</a> (PDF). Menlo Park, CA: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. p. 4. Retrieved 2010-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+the+Open+Educational+Resources+%28OER%29+Movement%3A+Achievements%2C+Challenges%2C+and+New+Opportunities&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+CA&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+William+and+Flora+Hewlett+Foundation&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft.au=John+Seely+Brown&rft.au=Allen+L.+Hammond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hewlett.org%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FHewlett_OER_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OA-logos-173"><a href="#cite_ref-OA-logos_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-access.net/de/austausch/downloads/">"Downloads"</a>. Open access. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+access&rft.atitle=Downloads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen-access.net%2Fde%2Faustausch%2Fdownloads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suber08-02-08-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Suber08-02-08_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-02-08.htm#gratis-libre">Gratis and libre open access</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Praising_progress-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Praising_progress_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praising_progress_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praising_progress_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Suber" class="citation web cs1">Peter Suber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09-02-04.htm#progress">"Praising progress, preserving precision"</a>. SPARC Open Access Newsletter issue 77 (24 September 2004). Retrieved 2012-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Praising+progress%2C+preserving+precision&rft.pub=SPARC+Open+Access+Newsletter+issue+77+%2824+September+2004%29&rft.au=Peter+Suber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlham.edu%2F~peters%2Ffos%2Fnewsletter%2F09-02-04.htm%23progress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Suber_on_the_future_of_open_access-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Suber_on_the_future_of_open_access_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Suber" class="citation web cs1">Peter Suber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/2009/02/26/berkman-peter-suber-on-the-future-of-open-access/">"Peter Suber on the future of open access (transcript)"</a>. Joho the Blog (26 February 2009). Retrieved 2012-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+Suber+on+the+future+of+open+access+%28transcript%29&rft.pub=Joho+the+Blog+%2826+February+2009%29&rft.au=Peter+Suber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyperorg.com%2Fblogger%2F2009%2F02%2F26%2Fberkman-peter-suber-on-the-future-of-open-access%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-different-freedoms-177"><a href="#cite_ref-different-freedoms_177-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2011/01/article_0002.html">Interview with Lawrence Lessig</a>, WIPO Magazine, February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-avoid-nc-178"><a href="#cite_ref-avoid-nc_178-0">^</a> The rationale is summarised for software in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a>, and for other works in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC">The case for Free use: reasons not to use a Creative Commons -NC license</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayek1945-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayek1945_179-0">^</a> F. A. Hayek, 1945. "The Use of Knowledge in Society," American Economic Review, 35(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~vlima/courses/econ200/spring01/hayek.pdf">519-530</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-knowitall-180"><a href="#cite_ref-knowitall_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stacy_Schiff" title="Stacy Schiff">Schiff, Stacy</a> (July 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/31/060731fa_fact">"Know It All"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved October 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Know+It+All&rft.date=2006-07-31&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2006%2F07%2F31%2F060731fa_fact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reasonmag-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reasonmag_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reasonmag_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangu-Ward2007" class="citation news cs1">Mangu-Ward, Katherine (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/119689.html">"Wikipedia and beyond: Jimmy Wales' sprawling vision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Vol. 39, no. 2. p. 21. Retrieved October 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+and+beyond%3A+Jimmy+Wales%27+sprawling+vision&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Mangu-Ward&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F119689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AKTucker%2FLibre+knowledge+%28draft%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSFS-rms-essays-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FSFS-rms-essays_182-0">^</a> Gay, Joshua (ed). 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnupress.org/book13.html">Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman.</a> Boston, Massachusetts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnupress.org/">GNU Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882114-98-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-882114-98-1">1-882114-98-1</a>. Also available over the web in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fsfs/rms-essays.pdf">PDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fsfs/rms-essays.texi">Texinfo</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fsfs/rms-essays.ps">Postscript</a> formats. </li> <li id="cite_note-Code-Lessig-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Code-Lessig_183-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_and_Other_Laws_of_Cyberspace" title="Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace">Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</a> (2000) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03913-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03913-5">978-0-465-03913-5</a>, Basic Books, New York) </li> <li id="cite_note-Code2-Lessig-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Code2-Lessig_184-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Code:_Version_2.0" title="Code: Version 2.0">Code: Version 2.0</a> (2006) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03914-2">978-0-465-03914-2</a>, Basic Books, New York) </li> <li id="cite_note-FutureOfIdeasLessig-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FutureOfIdeasLessig_185-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Ideas" title="The Future of Ideas">The Future of Ideas</a> (2001) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50578-2">978-0-375-50578-2</a>, Random House, New York) </li> <li id="cite_note-CoasesPenguin-186"><a href="#cite_ref-CoasesPenguin_186-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html">Coase's Penguin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_nature_of_the_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="The nature of the firm">The nature of the firm</a> a paper by <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> defining what is, and how <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> works, along with a long study of what motivates contributors. </li> <li id="cite_note-WoN-187"><a href="#cite_ref-WoN_187-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> (2006):<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/">The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom</a>, Yale University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess-Ostrom-2007-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Hess-Ostrom-2007_188-0">^</a> Hess C. and Ostrom E. (eds.). 2007. Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: from theory to practice. MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts. </li> <li id="cite_note-LibreCultureMeditations-189"><a href="#cite_ref-LibreCultureMeditations_189-0">^</a> Berry, D. M & Moss, G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/LibreCultureMeditationsOnFreeCulture">Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture</a>. Canada: Pygmalion Books </li> </ol> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209489738">.mw-parser-output .brokenref{display:none}</style>Cite error: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "JavaLiberated" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">Cite error: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "JavaTrap" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>).</div> <a href="/wiki/Category:Knowledge" title="Category:Knowledge">Category:Knowledge</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Open_content" title="Category:Open content">Category:Open content</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libre_culture" title="Category:Libre culture">Category:Libre culture</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&oldid=1164899905">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:KTucker/Libre_knowledge_(draft)&oldid=1164899905</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:User_pages_with_reference_errors" title="Category:User pages with reference errors">User pages with reference errors</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 July 2023, at 19:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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