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羅馬帝國 - 維基百科,自由嘅百科全書
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早期王朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期王朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>早期王朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期王朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-奧古斯都(公元前31年-公元14年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#奧古斯都(公元前31年-公元14年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>奧古斯都(公元前31年-公元14年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-奧古斯都(公元前31年-公元14年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-羅馬朱利-克勞狄王朝_(14-69年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#羅馬朱利-克勞狄王朝_(14-69年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>羅馬朱利-克勞狄王朝 (14-69年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-羅馬朱利-克勞狄王朝_(14-69年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法拉維王朝_(69-96年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法拉維王朝_(69-96年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>法拉維王朝 (69-96年)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-法拉維王朝_(69-96年)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去 法拉維王朝 (69-96年) 細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-法拉維王朝_(69-96年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-威斯巴先_(69-79年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#威斯巴先_(69-79年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>威斯巴先 (69-79年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-威斯巴先_(69-79年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-提圖_(79-81年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#提圖_(79-81年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>提圖 (79-81年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-提圖_(79-81年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多米提安_(81-96年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多米提安_(81-96年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>多米提安 (81-96年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多米提安_(81-96年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-安東尼王朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#安東尼王朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>安東尼王朝</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-安東尼王朝-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去 安東尼王朝 細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-安東尼王朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-奧古斯都_(96-98年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#奧古斯都_(96-98年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>奧古斯都 (96-98年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-奧古斯都_(96-98年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特拉揚_(98-117年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特拉揚_(98-117年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>特拉揚 (98-117年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特拉揚_(98-117年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哈德良_(117-138年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哈德良_(117-138年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>哈德良 (117-138年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哈德良_(117-138年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-安東尼·皮烏斯_(138-161年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#安東尼·皮烏斯_(138-161年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>安東尼·皮烏斯 (138-161年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-安東尼·皮烏斯_(138-161年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-馬克·奧勒留_(161-180年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬克·奧勒留_(161-180年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>馬克·奧勒留 (161-180年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬克·奧勒留_(161-180年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科莫杜斯_(180-192年)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科莫杜斯_(180-192年)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>科莫杜斯 (180-192年)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科莫杜斯_(180-192年)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-塞維魯王朝_(193-235)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#塞維魯王朝_(193-235)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>塞維魯王朝 (193-235)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-塞維魯王朝_(193-235)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去 塞維魯王朝 (193-235) 細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-塞維魯王朝_(193-235)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-塞普提米·塞維魯_(193-211)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#塞普提米·塞維魯_(193-211)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>塞普提米·塞維魯 (193-211)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-塞普提米·塞維魯_(193-211)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-卡拉卡拉_(211-217)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卡拉卡拉_(211-217)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>卡拉卡拉 (211-217)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-卡拉卡拉_(211-217)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-馬克里_(217-218)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬克里_(217-218)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>馬克里 (217-218)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬克里_(217-218)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-赫利奧伽巴_(218-222)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#赫利奧伽巴_(218-222)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>赫利奧伽巴 (218-222)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-赫利奧伽巴_(218-222)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亞歷山大·塞維魯_(222-235)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞歷山大·塞維魯_(222-235)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>亞歷山大·塞維魯 (222-235)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞歷山大·塞維魯_(222-235)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出面網頁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出面網頁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>出面網頁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出面網頁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>引述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">羅馬帝國</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有184種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Romawi" title="Keurajeuën Romawi – 亞齊文" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Romawi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亞齊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romeinse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="የሮማ ግዛት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮማ ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisc_Rice" title="Romanisc Rice – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Romanisc Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румалъул империя – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Румалъул империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romafo_gindaxo" title="Romafo gindaxo – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Romafo gindaxo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Roma imperiyası – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рим империяһы – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рим империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruomas_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Ruomas imperėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruomas imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рымская імперыя – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рымская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рымская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска империя – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_roman" title="Impalaeriezh roman – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Romà – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Руман импери – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Руман импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Rumanu" title="Imperu Rumanu – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Imperu Rumanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1" title="Roma İmperiyası – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文;克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Roma İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文;克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Římská říše – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerske_Kejserrige" title="Romerske Kejserrige – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerske Kejserrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit" title="Römische Kaiserzeit – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römische Kaiserzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Roma" title="İmperatoriya Roma – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Roma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romski_imperium" title="Romski imperium – 下索布文" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Romski imperium" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_Imperio" title="Romia Imperio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_keisririik" title="Rooma keisririik – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="امپراتوری روم – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_keisarikunta" title="Rooman keisarikunta – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Matanitu_ki_Roma" title="Na Matanitu ki Roma – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Matanitu ki Roma" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverjar%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Rómverjaríkið – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rómverjaríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_romain" title="Empire romain – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msk_Keisertidj" title="Röömsk Keisertidj – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Röömsk Keisertidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinske_Ryk" title="Romeinske Ryk – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romeinske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_R%C3%B3imhe" title="Impireacht na Róimhe – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Róimhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_romen" title="Ampir romen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir romen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_na_R%C3%B2imhe" title="Impireachd na Ròimhe – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd na Ròimhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%B3ma_Mburuvi" title="Rróma Mburuvi – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 – 哥德文" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2_Ti-koet" title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הרומית – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Samrajya" title="Roman Samrajya – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Romske mócnarstwo – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Romske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Women" title="Anpi Women – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Women" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_Birodalom" title="Római Birodalom – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Roman" title="Imperio Roman – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Roman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Romano" title="Imperio a Romano – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Romano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Рума импери – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Рума импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_Imperio" title="Romana Imperio – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Romana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Rómverska keisaradæmið – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómverska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_romano" title="Impero romano – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ローマ帝国 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoman_Empaya" title="Ruoman Empaya – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruoman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/latmo_sosygugje%27a" title="latmo sosygugje'a – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="latmo sosygugje'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaharajan_Rum" title="Kamaharajan Rum – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamaharajan Rum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომის იმპერია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Rim imperiyası – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rim imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_Tarumanit" title="Tamnekda Tarumanit – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda Tarumanit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Ромэ Империэ – 卡巴爾達文" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ромэ Империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴爾達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_Rom" title="A̱byintyokshan Rom – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan Rom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsi_ya_Roma" title="Nsi ya Roma – 剛果文" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nsi ya Roma" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="剛果文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Рим империясы – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="로마 제국 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Rom%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Romê – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Romê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Romanek" title="Emperoureth Romanek – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Romanum" title="Imperium Romanum – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Romanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9imescht_R%C3%A4ich" title="Réimescht Räich – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Réimescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рим империя – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рим империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Roman" title="Impero Roman – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Roman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Riek" title="Romeins Riek – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Romeins Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%AAo_Roman" title="Impêo Roman – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Impêo Roman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Roman" title="Imper Roman – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Roman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_imperija" title="Romos imperija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Romas impērija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_R%C3%B4mana" title="Empira Rômana – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Rômana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_R%C5%8Dmana" title="Emepaea Rōmana – 毛利文" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Emepaea Rōmana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Римско Царство – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ruman" title="Imperu Ruman – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ruman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Ampério Romano – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Romano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روم امپراتوری – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روم امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Rumano" title="Impero Rumano – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impero Rumano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msch_Kaiserriek" title="Röömsch Kaiserriek – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch Kaiserriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Riek" title="Romeinse Riek – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Romeinse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Keizerrijk" title="Romeinse Keizerrijk – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romarriket" title="Romarriket – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_romerske_keiserriket" title="Det romerske keiserriket – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det romerske keiserriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Roman" title="Empire Roman – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Empire Roman" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_roman" title="Empèri roman – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri roman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ромы импери – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ромы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_Romain" title="Impire Romain – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire Romain" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch_Imperium" title="Römisch Imperium – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Römisch Imperium" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Rzymskie" title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman" title="Imperi Roman – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="روم سترواکي – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روم سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Romano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_roman_(sursilvan)" title="Imperi roman (sursilvan) – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperi roman (sursilvan)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Roman" title="Imperiul Roman – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римская империя – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска империя – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рим империята – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рим империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_romanu" title="Impèriu romanu – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu romanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%A8riu_rumanu" title="Mpèriu rumanu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpèriu rumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومي سلطنت – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رومي سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnkda_Ta%E1%B9%9Bumanit" title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්යය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmske_cis%C3%A1rstvo" title="Rímske cisárstvo – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rímske cisárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_cesarstvo" title="Rimsko cesarstvo – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_o_Roma" title="Emepaea o Roma – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Emepaea o Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Romake" title="Perandoria Romake – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Римско царство – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomske_Riek" title="Roomske Riek – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roomske Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_kejsard%C3%B6met" title="Romerska kejsardömet – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska kejsardömet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_la_Roma" title="Dola la Roma – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola la Roma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9C_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%B5" title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት – 提格利尼亞文" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Rim imperiýasy – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rim imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Roma İmparatorluğu – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Рим империясе – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рим империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumu_wa_Roma" title="Ufumu wa Roma – 圖姆布卡文" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ufumu wa Roma" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="圖姆布卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Римська імперія – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومی سلطنت – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyasi" title="Rim imperiyasi – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rim imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_Roman" title="Inpero Roman – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero Roman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimalaine_imperii" title="Rimalaine imperii – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rimalaine imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đế quốc La Mã – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Ryk" title="Romeins Ryk – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Romeins Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_romin" title="Impire romin – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Impire romin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Romano" title="Imperyo Romano – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马帝国 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომიშ იმპერია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="רוימישע אימפעריע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוימישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%BB%8Cbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_R%C3%B3m%C3%B9" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoz_Lozmaj" title="Digoz Lozmaj – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Digoz Lozmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Lô-má Tè-kok – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_ancient_Rome" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2277" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科,自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Roman_Empire_at_its_height.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Roman_Empire_at_its_height.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Roman_Empire_at_its_height.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Roman_Empire_at_its_height.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Roman_Empire_at_its_height.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Roman_Empire_at_its_height.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Roman_Empire_at_its_height.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>羅馬帝國全盛時期版圖</figcaption></figure> <p><b>羅馬帝國</b>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>:<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/羅馬帝國/#yue"><span>lo<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> maa<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> dai<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> gwok<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span></a></span>,Imperium Romanum;Roman Empire)係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>嘅一個時期,話就話係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a>,實際上係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="專制">專制</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="政體">政體</a>。佢係公元<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D27%E5%B9%B4" title="前27年">前27年</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬共和國">羅馬共和國</a>變過嚟,<a href="/wiki/395%E5%B9%B4" title="395年">395年</a>分裂成東羅馬帝國(<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭帝國</a>)同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>。西羅馬帝國係<a href="/wiki/476%E5%B9%B4" title="476年">476年</a>滅亡。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%98%85%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國嘅歷史 (無呢版)">羅馬帝國嘅歷史</a></div> <p>羅馬帝國嘅歷史由奧古斯都開始,喺1453年結束,係由佢啲領導人嘅興衰所標誌嘅。 </p><p>羅馬帝國係古典時期羅馬文明嘅一個階段,以專制政府形式為特徵。帝國嘅誕生係由佢首都羅馬嘅擴張所引致,羅馬將佢嘅控制權擴展到地中海周圍。喺帝國時期,羅馬嘅領土繼續擴大,喺圖拉真統治期間達到最大版圖,由西面嘅大西洋延伸到東面嘅里海、紅海同波斯灣沿岸,由南面嘅撒哈拉沙漠延伸到北面嘅萊茵河同多瑙河沿岸森林地帶,同喺北面同卡利多尼亞嘅邊界。最大估計面積大約係650萬平方公里。 </p><p>「羅馬帝國」呢個詞係拉丁文「Imperium Romanum」嘅翻譯,意思就係羅馬喺呢啲領土嘅統治。波利比奧係最早記錄羅馬喺共和國時期擴張嘅編年史家之一。喺凱撒奧古斯都之前嘅差唔多三個世紀,羅馬已經以各種形式獲得咗好多領土,包括直接受參議院管轄嘅行省、受領事管理嘅地區,以及通過盟友國保護協議而附屬嘅地區。佢當時最主要嘅對手係迦太基,迦太基擴展得好快,同羅馬互相競爭,所以成為共和國嘅第一個主要受害者。布匿戰爭迫使羅馬走出佢天然邊界意大利半島,慢慢獲得新領土需要管理,例如西西里、撒丁島、科西嘉、西班牙、伊利里亞等。 </p><p>羅馬嘅領土變得咁大,好快就難以由一個無法離開首都同迅速作出決定嘅參議院管理。同時,日益壯大嘅軍隊顯示出對軍隊擁有權威嘅重要性,以達到政治目的。就係咁,出現咗一啲野心勃勃嘅人物,佢哋主要目標就係權力。凱撒就係一個例子,佢唔單止通過征服高盧擴大咗羅馬嘅領土,仲挑戰咗羅馬參議院嘅權威。 </p><p>作為政治制度嘅羅馬帝國,係喺凱撒死後嘅內戰之後,喺羅馬共和國最後時期出現嘅。凱撒崛起成為羅馬嘅絕對統治者,俾人封為獨裁者。呢個膽大妄為嘅行為令到羅馬參議院成員唔高興,佢哋密謀反對佢,喺參議院嘅台階上暗殺咗佢,喺三月十五號重建咗共和國,但佢哋嘅回歸只係曇花一現。呢個先例冇逃過凱撒嘅養子屋大維·奧古斯都嘅注意,佢幾年後會被派去對抗馬克·安東尼同埃及豔后嘅野心聯盟。 </p><p>喺佢勝利返回之後,帝國政治制度喺一個實際上已經存在嘅領土帝國上嘅建立係無可避免嘅,雖然保留咗共和國嘅形式。奧古斯都通過重要改革同以地中海國家為中心嘅政治同文化統一(希臘-羅馬文明)確保咗帝國權力,呢啲會一直保持到戴克里先嘅到來,佢試圖挽救一個跌落深淵嘅帝國。戴克里先係第一個為咗方便管理而分割帝國嘅人。帝國跟隨住內戰、篡位者同繼承人之間嘅分割節奏,多次重新統一同分裂,直到狄奧多西一世逝世,帝國最終被分割。 </p><p>最後喺476年,奧多亞塞廢黜咗西羅馬帝國最後一個皇帝羅慕路斯·奧古斯都盧斯。參議院將帝國徽章送到東方首都君士坦丁堡,正式確認咗西方帝國嘅投降。東方帝國以東羅馬帝國(拜占庭帝國)嘅名義繼續存在咗幾個世紀,直到1453年君士坦丁堡落入鄂圖曼帝國手中。 </p><p>羅馬嘅遺產係巨大嘅,以至於有幾次嘗試恢復帝國,至少喺名義上。突出嘅包括查士丁尼一世通過佢嘅將軍納爾西斯同伯利撒留嘅嘗試,查理大帝嘅嘗試,以及神聖羅馬帝國本身嘅嘗試,但冇一個成功重新統一咗地中海所有領土,就好似古典時期嘅羅馬曾經做到嘅咁。 </p><p>隨住西羅馬帝國嘅崩潰,古代正式結束,進入咗中世紀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早期王朝"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span>早期王朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 早期王朝"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬皇帝列表 (無呢版)">羅馬皇帝列表</a></div> <p>由奧古斯都開始到尼祿死嘅第一批皇帝(公元前27年 - 公元68年)組成咗朱里奧-克勞狄王朝。之後經過公元68年到69年嘅四帝之年,轉到弗拉維王朝,佢哋有三個皇帝,由公元69年到96年。然後係安東尼王朝,即係五賢帝,由公元96年到180年。到咗公元180年,塞維魯王朝開始,一直持續到亞歷山大·塞維魯喺公元235年死亡為止。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="奧古斯都(公元前31年-公元14年)"><span id=".E5.A5.A7.E5.8F.A4.E6.96.AF.E9.83.BD.EF.BC.88.E5.85.AC.E5.85.83.E5.89.8D31.E5.B9.B4-.E5.85.AC.E5.85.8314.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.89"></span>奧古斯都(公元前31年-公元14年)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 奧古斯都(公元前31年-公元14年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="《亞克興戰役》,Lorenzo A. Castro 繪,1672年。"><img alt="《亞克興戰役》,Lorenzo A. Castro 繪,1672年。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span> </p><p>奧古斯都戰勝馬克·安東尼之後,共和國實際上吞併咗埃及呢塊富庶嘅土地。雖然新嘅領土冇被納入正常嘅省份管理系統,反而變成咗皇帝嘅私人財產,可以傳俾佢嘅繼承人。奧古斯都返到羅馬之後,佢嘅權力變得好大,同佢對軍團嘅影響力一樣強大。 </p><p>公元前27年,羅馬建立咗一個政治正常嘅假象,參議院授予奧古斯都「Imperator Caesar Augustus」(皇帝凱撒奧古斯都)嘅稱號。「皇帝」呢個稱號意味住「戰場上嘅勝利者」,令佢成為所有軍隊嘅統帥。佢通過保持共和國外表同實際上係世襲君主制嘅憲政形式(元首制)之間嘅脆弱平衡,確保咗佢嘅權力。喺呢個制度入面,佢同參議院分享職能,但實際上元首嘅權力係完全嘅。因此,佢正式上從來冇接受絕對權力,但實際上佢係行使緊,通過擔任共和國嘅幾個重要職位同保持對幾個軍團嘅控制嚟確保佢嘅權力。佢死後,奧古斯都被尊為神聖嘅朱利烏斯·凱撒嘅兒子,呢樣嘢會令佢喺死後成為神。 </p><p>喺軍事方面,奧古斯都將羅馬帝國嘅邊界設定喺埃爾巴-多瑙河邊界,佢認為呢度應該係北邊嘅最大擴張範圍。同時,佢完成咗西班牙嘅征服,降服咗北部坎塔布連山脈最後嘅部落:坎塔布里亞人同阿斯圖里亞斯人,呢啲部落之前仲未受到羅馬軍事控制。呢場血腥嘅戰鬥被稱為坎塔布連戰爭。任務咁難,以致奧古斯都親自帶住佢成個朝廷去咗伊比利亞半島,將塔拉戈納設為臨時帝國首都。喺呢段時期,城市經歷咗大規模嘅城市發展。大約喺公元前17年,整個西班牙完全落入羅馬控制之下,領土被劃分成三個省:盧西塔尼亞、塔拉戈納同伯蒂卡,仲有杜羅河以北省,呢個省管理新征服嘅西北部地區,我哋從最近喺比埃爾索發現嘅碑文知道佢嘅存在:比埃爾索敕令。 </p><p>喺南面,奧古斯都喺埃及同馬克·安東尼同克婁巴特拉七世嘅聯軍作戰,喺亞克興戰役(公元14年)中打敗佢哋。之後,佢征服咗托勒密人嘅土地,托勒密係亞歷山大大帝死後統治埃及嘅將軍,而克婁巴特拉七世就係佢嘅後裔。咁,佢就由亞歷山大港開始,征服咗埃及,直到撒哈拉沙漠附近。 </p><p>喺北面,奧古斯都都取得咗重大勝利,為帝國獲得咗大日耳曼尼亞,佢嘅邊界延伸到埃爾巴河沿岸。不過,呢個情況冇維持太耐,因為奧古斯都將省嘅管理權交咗俾一個冇經驗嘅總督:普布利烏斯·昆提利烏斯·瓦魯斯。佢嘅無能同對當地文化嘅誤解(呢啲文化完全唔習慣向征服者屈服)加劇咗村民嘅疑慮。就係咁,喺公元前9年,由阿米尼烏斯領導嘅叛亂喺條頓堡林戰役嘅殘酷伏擊中殲滅咗瓦魯斯嘅三個軍團。羅馬嘅快速反應令到佢哋可以撤走駐紮喺日耳曼尼亞嘅其他軍事單位,雖然都遇到咗唔少問題。奧古斯都對呢場軍事災難感到震驚,佢大叫:「昆提利·瓦魯斯,還我軍團!」最後,儘管奧古斯都最初嘅願望係咁,軍團都撤退到萊茵河前線防禦,呢度就成為咗帝國嘅北部邊界,一直到帝國崩潰為止。因為跟從咗奧古斯都嘅建議,提比略同之後嘅繼承者都冇嘗試將帝國擴展到萊茵河-多瑙河軸線以外。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="羅馬朱利-克勞狄王朝_(14-69年)"><span id=".E7.BE.85.E9.A6.AC.E6.9C.B1.E5.88.A9-.E5.85.8B.E5.8B.9E.E7.8B.84.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D_.2814-69.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>羅馬朱利-克勞狄王朝 (14-69年)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 羅馬朱利-克勞狄王朝 (14-69年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>唔該幫下手<a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit">加長、改好啲呢篇文</a>。</b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="Talk:羅馬帝國">討論頁</a>或者<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Requests for expansion">要求加料版</a>可能有多啲資料。</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9-%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E7%8B%84%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱利-克勞狄王朝 (無呢版)">朱利-克勞狄王朝</a></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="公元前218年(紅色)、公元前89年(粉紅色)、公元前44年(橙色)、公元14年(黃色)同公元117年(綠色)羅馬帝國嘅擴張。"><img alt="公元前218年(紅色)、公元前89年(粉紅色)、公元前44年(橙色)、公元14年(黃色)同公元117年(綠色)羅馬帝國嘅擴張。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Extent_of_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire_between_218_BC_and_117_AD.png" decoding="async" width="2850" height="1781" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1781" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a> 嘅接班人唔係幾有料,顯示出世襲王朝制度嘅弱點。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%AF%94%E7%95%A5" title="提比略">提比略</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89" title="卡利古拉">卡利古拉</a> 同 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿">尼祿</a> 特別專制,仲鍾意搞啲瘋狂嘅極端行為,真係考驗住喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E7%B6%AD%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧克塔維烏斯 (無呢版)">奧克塔維烏斯</a> 明智管理下建立嘅穩固制度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法拉維王朝_(69-96年)"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E6.8B.89.E7.B6.AD.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D_.2869-96.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>法拉維王朝 (69-96年)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 法拉維王朝 (69-96年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法拉維王朝 (無呢版)">法拉維王朝</a></div> <p>呢個皇帝王朝喺行政管理同建設方面特別出色。佢哋透過軍事營地保護邊界,仲俾咗羅馬公民權畀帝國省份嘅居民。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="威斯巴先_(69-79年)"><span id=".E5.A8.81.E6.96.AF.E5.B7.B4.E5.85.88_.2869-79.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>威斯巴先 (69-79年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 威斯巴先 (69-79年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Colosseum_With_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="威斯巴先建咗羅馬嘅鬥獸場。"><img alt="威斯巴先建咗羅馬嘅鬥獸場。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Roman_Colosseum_With_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>出自一個騎士階級嘅家庭,喺尤利-克勞迪王朝時期攞到參議員地位。佢喺51年當選執政官,因為喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="不列顛">不列顛</a>(43年)嘅軍事指揮而聲名顯赫。佢指揮羅馬軍隊抵抗66年嘅猶太人叛亂。當佢準備圍攻<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>,反叛首都時,皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿">尼祿</a>自殺,令帝國陷入一個叫“四位皇帝之年”的內戰。經過快速嘅更替,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4" title="加爾巴">加爾巴</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98" title="奧托">奧托</a>死咗,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維特利 (無呢版)">維特利</a>上位,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太">猶太</a>嘅軍隊喺69年7月1日擁立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>做皇帝。喺通往皇位嘅路上,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a>省長卡伊烏斯·李基尼烏斯·穆基烏斯結盟,佢指揮威斯巴先嘅軍隊對抗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維特利 (無呢版)">維特利</a>,而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>自己就控制住<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>。12月20日,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維特利 (無呢版)">維特利</a>被打敗,次日<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>獲Senat擁立做皇帝。 </p><p>威斯巴先統治十年後,佢嘅資料所剩無幾。佢進行嘅財政改革計劃特別重要,因為尤利-克勞迪王朝崩潰後急需改善。佢成功嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太">猶太</a>戰爭同雄心勃勃嘅建設計劃,包括著名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%AC%A5%E7%8D%B8%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬鬥獸場">羅馬鬥獸場</a>。佢喺79年6月23日去世,接任皇位嘅係佢大仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="提圖_(79-81年)"><span id=".E6.8F.90.E5.9C.96_.2879-81.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>提圖 (79-81年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 提圖 (79-81年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96_(%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (皇帝) (無呢版)">提圖 (皇帝)</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>喺成為皇帝之前,以軍事指揮官嘅身份出名,喺佢老豆<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>指揮下參加第一次猶太-羅馬戰爭(67-70年)。呢場戰爭喺皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿">尼祿</a>(68年6月9日)去世後短暫停頓,佢老豆喺69年12月21日被軍隊擁立為皇帝。呢個時候,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>開始參與內戰,呢場內戰喺佢成為皇帝後爆發,被稱作“四位皇帝之年”。之後,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>負責鎮壓叛亂嘅猶太人,喺70年圍攻同摧毀咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>,寺廟喺大火中被毀。佢嘅勝利獲得咗凱旋,並用建設<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%BC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖之弓 (無呢版)">提圖之弓</a>來紀念。 </p><p>喺佢老豆統治期間,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>因為作為皇帝護衛隊長而受到羅馬市民嘅忌妒,仲有佢同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基利基亞 (無呢版)">基利基亞</a>女王貝倫妮基嘅關係頗為不堪。儘管有呢啲道德上嘅爭議,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>喺79年6月23日威斯巴先去世之後仍然受人喜愛,佢被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E5%9F%83%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇埃托尼烏斯 (無呢版)">蘇埃托尼烏斯</a>同其他歷史學家評價為一位好皇帝。 </p><p>佢統治期間最重要嘅係公共建築計劃,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>完成咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%AC%A5%E7%8D%B8%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬鬥獸場">羅馬鬥獸場</a>。佢嘅受歡迎程度都係因為佢對於遭受災難嘅人民嘅大方,尤其係79年<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E8%98%87%E5%A8%81%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="維蘇威火山">維蘇威火山</a>爆發同80年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>大火。佢喺位兩年後,因為發燒去世,日期係81年9月13日。因為提圖嘅受歡迎程度,Senat將佢宣佈為神。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>之後由佢細佬<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a>接任。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多米提安_(81-96年)"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E7.B1.B3.E6.8F.90.E5.AE.89_.2881-96.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>多米提安 (81-96年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 多米提安 (81-96年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a></div> <p>佢嘅年輕時代同初期事業都係喺佢哥哥<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>嘅陰影之下,提圖喺60年代嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太">猶太</a>戰役中獲得咗好大名聲。呢個情況喺佢老豆<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯巴先 (無呢版)">威斯巴先</a>統治期間持續,威斯巴先喺69年12月21日被擁立為皇帝,呢年叫“四位皇帝之年”。佢哥哥享有同佢老豆相似嘅權力,而佢則只獲得名譽性嘅榮譽,冇實際責任。79年6月23日佢老豆去世後,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>平穩接任,但因為生病突然去世,日期係81年9月13日。次日<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a>被皇帝護衛隊擁立為皇帝,佢嘅統治將持續十五年,係自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%AF%94%E7%95%A5" title="提比略">提比略</a>以來最長。 </p><p>古典文獻形容佢為殘酷同偏執嘅暴君,喺皇帝中被視為最受厭惡之一,佢嘅惡名同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡里古拉 (無呢版)">卡里古拉</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿">尼祿</a>比較。儘管如此,大部分關於佢嘅說法都來自對佢抱有敵意嘅作家,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%97" title="塔西佗">塔西佗</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小普林尼 (無呢版)">小普林尼</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E5%9F%83%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇埃托尼烏斯 (無呢版)">蘇埃托尼烏斯</a>。呢啲作家誇大佢嘅殘酷,將佢同五位好皇帝比較。基於呢啲原因,現代歷史學界對呢啲作家嘅資料持懷疑態度,認為佢哋唔夠客觀。佢被形容為一個無情但高效嘅獨裁者,佢嘅和平、文化同經濟計劃為繁榮嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Segle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Segle (無呢版)">Template:Segle</a>世紀打下基礎,對比起<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Segle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Segle (無呢版)">Template:Segle</a>世紀嘅動盪。佢嘅去世標誌住法拉維王朝嘅結束,同埋安東尼王朝嘅開始。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="安東尼王朝"><span id=".E5.AE.89.E6.9D.B1.E5.B0.BC.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span>安東尼王朝</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 安東尼王朝"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼王朝 (無呢版)">安東尼王朝</a></div> <p>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a>去世後,96年開始咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼王朝 (無呢版)">安東尼王朝</a>,佢哋嘅五位皇帝被稱為「五位好皇帝」,因為佢哋都好有智慧,治理<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>非常成功。呢個成功主要得益於一個新嘅繼承制度,係根據指定接班人,而唔係直接由最近嘅親戚繼承。直到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>打破呢個傳統,指定佢個仔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科莫杜斯 (無呢版)">科莫杜斯</a>做接班人,呢個決定最終導致災難。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="奧古斯都_(96-98年)"><span id=".E5.A5.A7.E5.8F.A4.E6.96.AF.E9.83.BD_.2896-98.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>奧古斯都 (96-98年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 奧古斯都 (96-98年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>喺65歲時登基,呢位有名嘅參議員喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿">尼祿</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維斯巴先 (無呢版)">維斯巴先</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a>統治期間,為帝國服務一生。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿">尼祿</a>做皇帝嗰陣,佢係皇帝嘅隨扈,仲喺揭發一宗針對皇帝嘅陰謀中發揮咗關鍵作用,呢個陰謀係由參議員<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B1%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%BC%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凱厄斯·卡爾普尼烏斯·皮索 (無呢版)">凱厄斯·卡爾普尼烏斯·皮索</a>策劃(65年)。之後,佢獲得咗兩次執政官職位(71年同90年)。 </p><p>96年9月18日,皇帝<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a>被一宗宮廷陰謀殺咗,幾個近衛軍同自由人都喺入面。第二日,參議院就擁立佢做皇帝;作為新任君主,佢宣誓要恢復喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a>統治期間被廢除或忽略嘅權利。不過,佢嘅管理面臨財政困難,對軍隊嘅處理能力亦有限。97年,近衛軍嘅叛亂差啲迫使佢將受歡迎嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E7%9A%AE%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·烏爾皮烏斯·特拉揚 (無呢版)">馬克·烏爾皮烏斯·特拉揚</a>指定為接班人。經過大約十八個月嘅統治,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>喺98年1月27日自然去世,佢嘅養子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>接任。 </p><p>雖然<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>嘅生平大部分都唔清楚,但古代歷史學家認為佢係一位明智同溫和嘅皇帝。現代歷史學家亦都確認咗呢個觀點,其中一位,愛德華·吉本,稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>同佢嘅四位繼任者為「五位好皇帝」。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>作為接班人,標誌住之前皇帝用親屬做養子嘅傳統結束。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="特拉揚_(98-117年)"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E6.8B.89.E6.8F.9A_.2898-117.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>特拉揚 (98-117年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 特拉揚 (98-117年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:RomanEmpire_117_es.svg&lang=ca" class="mw-file-description" title="喺特拉揚時期,羅馬帝國達到最大擴張。"><img alt="喺特拉揚時期,羅馬帝國達到最大擴張。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/RomanEmpire_117_es.svg/langca-2180px-RomanEmpire_117_es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2180" height="1600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/RomanEmpire_117_es.svg/langca-3270px-RomanEmpire_117_es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/RomanEmpire_117_es.svg/langca-4360px-RomanEmpire_117_es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>喺98年接替<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>做皇帝。作為一個行政管理者,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>因為佢大規模嘅公共建設計劃而聞名,呢啲計劃改革咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>,留低咗好幾個永久性嘅紀念碑,例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚廣場 (無呢版)">特拉揚廣場</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚市場 (無呢版)">特拉揚市場</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A%E6%9F%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚柱 (無呢版)">特拉揚柱</a>。不過,佢最出色嘅成就是作為軍事指揮官。101年,佢發動咗一場懲罰性嘅遠征,針對由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%87%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德奇巴爾 (無呢版)">德奇巴爾</a>統治嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達契亞 (無呢版)">達契亞</a>王國,喺102年喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%95%E4%BC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔帕伊 (無呢版)">塔帕伊</a>附近打敗咗達契亞軍隊,最終喺106年完全征服咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達契亞 (無呢版)">達契亞</a>。107年,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>再向東進軍,併吞咗納巴泰王國,成立咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="阿拉伯">阿拉伯</a>省。經過一段相對平靜嘅時期,佢喺113年針對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕提亞 (無呢版)">帕提亞</a>發動咗最後一場戰役,喺116年到達<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%96%A9" title="蘇薩">蘇薩</a>,實現咗羅馬帝國歷史上最大嘅擴張。喺呢場戰役中,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>病重,返<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>途中去世。佢被參議院神化,佢嘅遺骨埋喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A%E6%9F%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚柱 (無呢版)">特拉揚柱</a>下。之後,佢嘅外甥<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良">哈德良</a>接任。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哈德良_(117-138年)"><span id=".E5.93.88.E5.BE.B7.E8.89.AF_.28117-138.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>哈德良 (117-138年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 哈德良 (117-138年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="今日仍然保存咗部分哈德良長城喺不列顛。"><img alt="今日仍然保存咗部分哈德良長城喺不列顛。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg" decoding="async" width="1296" height="972" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良">哈德良</a>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E9%81%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊達利卡 (無呢版)">伊達利卡</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>出生,佢出自一個富裕家庭,來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9" title="比薩">比薩</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>)並喺公元3世紀末期遷移到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E9%81%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊達利卡 (無呢版)">伊達利卡</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>塞維利亞附近)。佢係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>嘅外甥,雖然特拉揚從來冇公開指定佢做接班人,但佢喺統治期間對佢表現出多次偏好,根據佢老婆<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%90%E8%B2%9D%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B%E6%8F%90%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龐貝亞·普洛提那 (無呢版)">龐貝亞·普洛提那</a>所講,特拉揚喺去世前幾個時刻就已經宣佈佢做接班人。 </p><p>雖然佢可能主要係因為普洛提那嘅支持而登基,但<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>喺統治期間已經標記咗佢作為可能嘅接班人。100至108年期間,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E6%AF%94%E5%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維比亞·薩比娜 (無呢版)">維比亞·薩比娜</a>嫁畀佢,任命佢為皇帝嘅財政官同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>,送咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>嘅鑽石作為「接班人嘅希望」,仲推舉佢做執政官補,仲有其他榮譽同獎項。雖然佢係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>嘅後裔,但普洛提那同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%98%87%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路基·利基尼·蘇拉 (無呢版)">路基·利基尼·蘇拉</a>(108年去世)嘅支持對佢登基至關重要。 </p><p>佢同參議院嘅關係唔好;可能因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良">哈德良</a>,同以往嘅皇帝唔同,唔想執政兩次以上,甚至只係喺統治初期執政兩次:118年上半年同佢外甥<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%88%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%9E%97%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格奈烏斯·佩達尼烏斯·福斯卡林那 (無呢版)">格奈烏斯·佩達尼烏斯·福斯卡林那</a>一齊,119年初四個月同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E6%96%AF%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普布利烏斯·達斯米·魯斯提克 (無呢版)">普布利烏斯·達斯米·魯斯提克</a>,後者係另一個可能嘅親戚。佢喺統治期間進行嘅行政改革引起參議員嘅反對,皇帝通過提升專家同技術官僚來現代化國家行政系統,令好多行政部門都落喺呢啲官員手中,導致上層社會同貴族嘅影響力減少。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="安東尼·皮烏斯_(138-161年)"><span id=".E5.AE.89.E6.9D.B1.E5.B0.BC.C2.B7.E7.9A.AE.E7.83.8F.E6.96.AF_.28138-161.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>安東尼·皮烏斯 (138-161年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 安東尼·皮烏斯 (138-161年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·皮烏斯 (無呢版)">安東尼·皮烏斯</a>喺擔任財政官同法官時都表現出色,120年獲得執政官。之後,佢被<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良">哈德良</a>任命為管理<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>嘅四位總督之一。佢喺亞洲任總督期間,因為表現良好而聲名大噪。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·皮烏斯 (無呢版)">安東尼·皮烏斯</a>喺事業上受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良">哈德良</a>嘅支持,138年2月25日,哈德良喺佢養子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A7%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盧基·艾利·維魯斯 (無呢版)">盧基·艾利·維魯斯</a>去世後,將佢收為接班人,但條件係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·皮烏斯 (無呢版)">安東尼·皮烏斯</a>要收<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·安尼·維魯斯 (無呢版)">馬克·安尼·維魯斯</a>做養子,佢係哈德良兄弟女嘅仔,後來成為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A7%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盧基·維魯斯 (無呢版)">盧基·維魯斯</a>。 </p><p>佢嘅統治期間相對平靜,雖然有一系列軍事動亂喺佢統治期間發生,喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="毛里塔尼亞">毛里塔尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太">猶太</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="不列顛">不列顛</a>出現叛軍,但呢啲叛亂都唔算重要。相信喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="不列顛">不列顛</a>嘅叛亂令皇帝決定喺福斯灣同克萊德灣建<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼長城 (無呢版)">安東尼長城</a>,雖然隨即就放棄咗。佢係少數幾位面對政府危機而冇離開<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>嘅皇帝,通過總督或寫信俾諸如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="以弗所">以弗所</a>等城市處理省外嘅軍事事務。呢種治理風格受到當時人同後世高度讚揚。 </p><p>對於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·皮烏斯 (無呢版)">安東尼·皮烏斯</a>嘅外交政策所知不多,但根據事後嘅事情,喺呢段時間冇重要事件發生,與佢嘅前任同接任者相比。一啲歷史學家認為佢好小心處理帝國事務,可能對<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>以外嘅事件不太關心,佢嘅消極態度導致咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>同其他許多<a href="/w/index.php?title=III%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="III世紀 (無呢版)">III世紀</a>嘅皇帝面對嘅問題。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·皮烏斯 (無呢版)">安東尼·皮烏斯</a>同參議院保持良好關係,與佢前任<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良">哈德良</a>形成鮮明對比。佢嘅統治同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉揚 (無呢版)">特拉揚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良">哈德良</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>嘅統治合稱為羅馬帝國黃金時代。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="馬克·奧勒留_(161-180年)"><span id=".E9.A6.AC.E5.85.8B.C2.B7.E5.A5.A7.E5.8B.92.E7.95.99_.28161-180.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>馬克·奧勒留 (161-180年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 馬克·奧勒留 (161-180年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="馬克·奧勒留"><img alt="馬克·奧勒留" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="1909" height="2987" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="2987" /></a></span> 喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>任內,佢嘅統治面臨軍事衝突,特別係面對復甦嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕提亞帝國 (無呢版)">帕提亞帝國</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼">日耳曼</a>嘅野蠻部落,佢哋沿住<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>邊境、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7" title="高盧">高盧</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>一帶活動。喺佢嘅統治期間,佢需要鎮壓一場由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿維迪·卡修斯 (無呢版)">阿維迪·卡修斯</a>領導嘅東方省份叛亂。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>嘅著作《沉思錄》,係喺170年代嘅軍事行動期間寫嘅,至今仍然被視為完美治理嘅紀念碑,佢被形容為「一部寫得非常優美同無限溫柔嘅作品」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科莫杜斯_(180-192年)"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E8.8E.AB.E6.9D.9C.E6.96.AF_.28180-192.E5.B9.B4.29"></span>科莫杜斯 (180-192年)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 科莫杜斯 (180-192年)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科莫杜斯 (無呢版)">科莫杜斯</a>係第一位繼承父親嘅皇帝,自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提圖 (無呢版)">提圖</a>以來就冇人係咁。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>嘅細路仔亦係第一位「生來就係皇帝」(即羅馬王權嘅象徵),因為佢係喺父親已經登基之後出生。佢嘅統治可以分為兩個階段: </p> <ul><li>177-180年:同父親<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧勒留 (無呢版)">馬克·奧勒留</a>共同統治,呢段期間<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科莫杜斯 (無呢版)">科莫杜斯</a>嘅行為算係溫和。佢同時期同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>嘅軍隊作戰。</li> <li>180-192年:獨立統治。呢位年輕皇帝嘅統治漸漸陷入無法控制嘅偏執,令羅馬帝國面臨自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡里古拉 (無呢版)">卡里古拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿">尼祿</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米提安 (無呢版)">多米提安</a>以來最大嘅危機。</li></ul> <p>佢去世後,帝國陷入一段內戰,稱為「五位皇帝之年」。喺呢場衝突結束後,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE%E6%8F%90%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞普提米·塞維魯 (無呢版)">塞普提米·塞維魯</a>登基,建立咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞維魯王朝 (無呢版)">塞維魯王朝</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞維魯王朝 (無呢版)">塞維魯王朝</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="塞維魯王朝_(193-235)"><span id=".E5.A1.9E.E7.B6.AD.E9.AD.AF.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D_.28193-235.29"></span>塞維魯王朝 (193-235)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 塞維魯王朝 (193-235)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> 喺短暫嘅無政府時期之後,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE%E6%8F%90%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞普提米·塞維魯 (無呢版)">塞普提米·塞維魯</a>,一位唔屬於羅馬貴族嘅軍事將領,喺193年成功建立咗新王朝,佢必須喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%95%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盧古敦 (無呢版)">盧古敦</a>戰役中贏得決定性嘅勝利,呢場係羅馬軍隊之間最大同最血腥嘅衝突。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·塞維魯 (無呢版)">亞歷山大·塞維魯</a>係呢條血統中最後一位皇帝,之後進入咗第三次無政府狀態(第一次係四位皇帝之年,第二次係塞維魯王朝之前)。由此之後,接連出現多位皇帝,佢哋透過軍事成就而非貴族背景登基。呢個新時代嘅第一位皇帝係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克西米努斯·特拉基 (無呢版)">馬克西米努斯·特拉基</a>,佢係農民出身,來自今日<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="保加利亞">保加利亞</a>地區。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="塞普提米·塞維魯_(193-211)"><span id=".E5.A1.9E.E6.99.AE.E6.8F.90.E7.B1.B3.C2.B7.E5.A1.9E.E7.B6.AD.E9.AD.AF_.28193-211.29"></span>塞普提米·塞維魯 (193-211)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 塞普提米·塞維魯 (193-211)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> 喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科莫杜斯 (無呢版)">科莫杜斯</a>喺192年11月31日去世之後,將軍<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%E7%B4%8D%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普布利·赫爾維烏斯·佩爾蒂納克斯 (無呢版)">普布利·赫爾維烏斯·佩爾蒂納克斯</a>掌握政權,佢透過一筆巨額賄賂賄賂近衛軍。但因為佩爾蒂納克斯嘅財政政策,減低咗近衛軍嘅工資,導致佢哋叛變,結果佩爾蒂納克斯被殺。富裕嘅參議員<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迪迪·朱利亞 (無呢版)">迪迪·朱利亞</a>喺一場公開拍賣中買下皇位。 </p><p>接著,當佩爾蒂納克斯去世嘅消息傳開之後,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="萊茵河">萊茵河</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>嘅軍團宣佈<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF" title="塞維魯">塞維魯</a>為皇帝。經過短暫而失敗嘅朱利亞統治,佢喺6月1日被參議院下令處決。6月9日,塞維魯嘅軍隊進入首都。為咗擺脫近衛軍嘅影響,佢邀請佢哋參加一個宴會,然後將佢哋解除武裝,並用忠於自己嘅士兵取代佢哋。 </p><p>194年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a>嘅總督<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩斯基尼·尼格 (無呢版)">佩斯基尼·尼格</a>叛變,但最終喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊蘇斯戰役 (無呢版)">伊蘇斯戰役</a>中被打敗。 </p><p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="不列顛">不列顛</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E7%8B%84%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克勞狄·阿比 (無呢版)">克勞狄·阿比</a>威脅皇帝嘅權力,因為佢手下有一支強大嘅軍隊,但塞維魯賦予佢執政官職同<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92" title="凱撒">凱撒</a>稱號,平息咗緊張局勢。不過,喺195年,塞維魯同阿比對峙,阿比帶住40,000人向塞維魯進軍,喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%95%A6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盧古敦戰役 (無呢版)">盧古敦戰役</a>(即今日<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%98%82" title="里昂">里昂</a>)之後,塞維魯獲勝,阿比自殺。 </p><p>喺197至199年期間,佢發起咗對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯帝國">波斯帝國</a>嘅成功戰役,之後成立咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="美索不達米亞">美索不達米亞</a>省。 </p><p>佢嘅統治以軍事為主,經常俾軍隊大量優惠,例如創建新軍團、提高工資同特權,令佢哋嘅社會地位上升,仲創辦咗新嘅軍事學校。 </p><p>最後,佢發起咗多項公共工程,增加<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>嘅財富。佢喺211年2月9日去世,並任命佢嘅兩個仔<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="卡拉卡拉">卡拉卡拉</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E5%A1%94" title="蓋塔">蓋塔</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卡拉卡拉_(211-217)"><span id=".E5.8D.A1.E6.8B.89.E5.8D.A1.E6.8B.89_.28211-217.29"></span>卡拉卡拉 (211-217)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 卡拉卡拉 (211-217)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> </p><p>喺211年佢父親去世後,帝國由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE%E6%8F%90%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普布利·塞普提米·蓋塔 (無呢版)">普布利·塞普提米·蓋塔</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="卡拉卡拉">卡拉卡拉</a>嘅兄弟)同卡拉卡拉共同統治。然而,兄弟之間嘅殘酷衝突最終導致蓋塔喺212年自殺,因為受到卡拉卡拉嘅壓力。 </p><p>之後,卡拉卡拉離開<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>,發動咗一系列軍事行動。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>,佢成功平定邊界。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="亞歷山卓">亞歷山卓</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘">希臘</a>,佢嘅士兵掠奪同殺害咗成千上萬嘅居民,因為對皇帝嘅羞辱,令人民對佢嘅仇恨加深,尤其喺蓋塔被殺同隨後的大規模處決之後。 </p><p>喺公共工程方面,佢命令喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>建設壯觀嘅溫泉,並於212年頒布《安東尼·皮烏斯法》,將所有自由省民都賦予羅馬公民身份。 </p><p>喺對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>的軍事行動中,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E8%A1%9B%E8%BB%8D%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近衛軍指揮官 (無呢版)">近衛軍指揮官</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克·奧佩利·馬克里 (無呢版)">馬克·奧佩利·馬克里</a>叛變,最終喺217年喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>被殺,馬克里接掌權力。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="馬克里_(217-218)"><span id=".E9.A6.AC.E5.85.8B.E9.87.8C_.28217-218.29"></span>馬克里 (217-218)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 馬克里 (217-218)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> 佢繼續對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>嘅軍事行動,喺自稱皇帝之後,喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼西比斯戰役 (無呢版)">尼西比斯戰役</a>中打成平手,為咗換取和平,向<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>支付咗2億塞斯特修斯,呢筆錢部分來自士兵嘅工資。 </p><p>因為冇經過參議院批准而自宣,參議院決定任命一位名叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦里·阿維特 (無呢版)">瓦里·阿維特</a>(後來成為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%BD%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫利奧伽巴 (無呢版)">赫利奧伽巴</a>)嘅少年做卡拉卡拉嘅繼承人。於是,馬克里嘅處境變得困難。218年6月,佢面對支持赫利奧伽巴嘅軍隊,喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安提阿戰役 (無呢版)">安提阿戰役</a>中被打敗。<sup id="cite_ref-CGB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="赫利奧伽巴_(218-222)"><span id=".E8.B5.AB.E5.88.A9.E5.A5.A7.E4.BC.BD.E5.B7.B4_.28218-222.29"></span>赫利奧伽巴 (218-222)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 赫利奧伽巴 (218-222)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> 喺馬克里喺安提阿戰役失敗之後,喺218年6月8日,第三軍團宣佈<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%BD%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫利奧伽巴 (無呢版)">赫利奧伽巴</a>為皇帝,佢嘅祖母<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E8%8E%89%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E8%8E%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱莉亞·梅莎 (無呢版)">朱莉亞·梅莎</a>幫佢上位,但唔久之後,羅馬軍團就後悔支持佢,因為佢放蕩嘅性行為同對新神明嘅崇拜,引起咗廣泛嘅反感。 </p><p>佢試圖用新神明<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%95%B5%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無敵太陽 (無呢版)">無敵太陽</a>取代<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%BA%87%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="朱庇特">朱庇特</a>。呢啲行為加上佢喺皇宮內賣淫嘅指控,令自己嘅祖母朱莉亞·梅莎同人民、參議院聯手陰謀,據說佢結過六次婚,對象全係<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" class="mw-redirect" title="男同性戀">男同性戀</a>。佢18歲時被殺,接任者係佢嘅表兄<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·塞維魯 (無呢版)">亞歷山大·塞維魯</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞歷山大·塞維魯_(222-235)"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E6.AD.B7.E5.B1.B1.E5.A4.A7.C2.B7.E5.A1.9E.E7.B6.AD.E9.AD.AF_.28222-235.29"></span>亞歷山大·塞維魯 (222-235)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 亞歷山大·塞維魯 (222-235)"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Article_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Article principal (無呢版)">Template:Article principal</a> 新皇帝性格平和,最終將權力交畀佢母親同祖母,佢哋專注於修補赫利奧伽巴統治期間犯下嘅錯誤。佢嘅統治並唔顯著,喺對<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%8F%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薩珊帝國">薩珊帝國</a>嘅軍事行動後,喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>舉行凱旋遊行。喺對<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>部落嘅軍事行動中,佢被部隊殺害。佢嘅統治係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>最後一個平民政府,佢去世後,帝國進入咗50年嘅完全軍事無政府狀態,並結束咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞維魯王朝 (無呢版)">塞維魯王朝</a>。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出面網頁"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E9.9D.A2.E7.B6.B2.E9.A0.81"></span>出面網頁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 出面網頁"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/zh/item/11745/">公元 400 年的历史性舞台:罗马人和野蛮人混居共存的罗马帝国东部</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引述"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E8.BF.B0"></span>引述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 引述"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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