CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Benue–Congo languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a022444f-7e48-4ad9-8829-bcca8013a787","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Benue–Congo_languages","wgTitle":"Benue–Congo languages","wgCurRevisionId":1225824907,"wgRevisionId":1225824907,"wgArticleId":549843,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Niger–Congo languages","Benue–Congo languages","Volta–Congo languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Benue–Congo_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":549843,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33253","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/1200px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1004"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/800px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="669"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/640px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Benue–Congo languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Benue–Congo_languages rootpage-Benue–Congo_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Benue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Benue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Benue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Benue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches_and_locations_(Nigeria)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_and_locations_(Nigeria)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Branches and locations (Nigeria)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches_and_locations_(Nigeria)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparative vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benue–Congo languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Kongo-tale" title="Benue-Kongo-tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Benue-Kongo-tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_benue-congoleses" title="Llingües benue-congoleses – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües benue-congoleses" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_benouek-kongoek" title="Yezhoù benouek-kongoek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù benouek-kongoek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_Benu%C3%A9-Congo" title="Llengües Benué-Congo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües Benué-Congo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Kongo-Sprachen" title="Benue-Kongo-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benue-Kongo-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_Benue-Congo" title="Lenguas Benue-Congo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas Benue-Congo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_b%C3%A9nou%C3%A9-congolaises" title="Langues bénoué-congolaises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues bénoué-congolaises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_benue-congo" title="Linguas benue-congo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas benue-congo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%88%84%EC%97%90%EC%BD%A9%EA%B3%A0%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="베누에콩고어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베누에콩고어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Benue-Congo" title="Harsunan Benue-Congo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Benue-Congo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-kongoanski_jezici" title="Benue-kongoanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benue-kongoanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Kongo-lingui" title="Benue-Kongo-lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benue-Kongo-lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Benue-Congo" title="Asụsụ Benue-Congo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Benue-Congo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Benue%E2%80%93Kongo" title="Rumpun bahasa Benue–Kongo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Benue–Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%BAe-Kong%C3%B3m%C3%A1l" title="Benúe-Kongómál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benúe-Kongómál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_Benue-Congo" title="Lingue Benue-Congo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue Benue-Congo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бенуе-конгоански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенуе-конгоански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_benoe-k%C3%B4ng%C3%B4ley" title="Fiteny benoe-kôngôley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny benoe-kôngôley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Congotalen" title="Benue-Congotalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benue-Congotalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Kongo_spriaken" title="Benue-Kongo spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Benue-Kongo spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_benue-kongijskie" title="Języki benue-kongijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki benue-kongijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_benue-congolesas" title="Línguas benue-congolesas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas benue-congolesas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бенуэ-конголезские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенуэ-конголезские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benuenkongolaiset_kielet" title="Benuenkongolaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benuenkongolaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Kongospr%C3%A5k" title="Benue-Kongospråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benue-Kongospråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Kongo_dilleri" title="Benue-Kongo dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benue-Kongo dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Бенуе-конголезькі мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенуе-конголезькі мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%92-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="بینوے-کانگو زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینوے-کانگو زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Benue-Congo" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Benue-Congo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Benue-Congo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_B%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%BA%C3%A9-K%C3%B3ng%C3%B2" title="Àwọn èdè Bẹ́núé-Kóngò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Bẹ́núé-Kóngò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="贝努埃-刚果语支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝努埃-刚果语支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33253#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&oldid=1225824907" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&id=1225824907&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBenue%25E2%2580%2593Congo_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBenue%25E2%2580%2593Congo_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benue-Congo_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33253" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major subdivision of the Niger–Congo language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ffddaa;">Benue–Congo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">East Benue–Congo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, from Nigeria eastwards and southwards</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic–Congo">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Benue–Congo</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantoid">Bantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Defoid">Defoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Baissa" title="Fali of Baissa">Fali of Baissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tita_language" title="Tita language">Tita</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/benu1247">benu1247</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The Benue–Congo languages shown within the Niger–Congo language family. Non-Benue–Congo languages are greyscale.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Benue–Congo</b> (sometimes called <b>East Benue–Congo</b>) is a major branch of the <a href="/wiki/Volta-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo languages">Volta-Congo languages</a> which covers most of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Nigerian (or Platoid) contains the <a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a> families, and Bantoid–Cross combines the <a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a> groups. </p><p>Bantoid is only a collective term for every subfamily of Bantoid–Cross except Cross River, and this is no longer seen as forming a valid branch, however one of the subfamilies, Southern Bantoid, is still considered valid. It is Southern Bantoid which contains the Bantu languages, which are spoken across most of Sub-Saharan Africa. This makes Benue–Congo one of the largest subdivisions of the Niger–Congo language family, both in number of languages, of which <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> counts 976 (2017), and in speakers, numbering perhaps 350 million. Benue–Congo also includes a few minor <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a> in the Nigeria–Cameroon region, but their exact relationship is uncertain. </p><p> The neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta–Niger">Volta–Niger</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> is sometimes called "West Benue–Congo", but it does not form a united branch with Benue–Congo. When Benue–Congo was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> (1963), it included Volta–Niger (as West Benue–Congo); the boundary between Volta–Niger and <a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a> has been repeatedly debated. Blench (2012) states that if Benue–Congo is taken to be "the noun-class languages east and north of the Niger", it is likely to be a valid group, though no demonstration of this has been made in print.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style></p><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>The Benue–Congo branches of Nigeria and Cameroon</figcaption></figure></div></div><p>The branches of the Benue–Congo family are thought to be as follows: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid%E2%80%93Cross_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantoid–Cross languages">Bantoid–Cross languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Nigerian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Nigerian languages">Central Nigerian languages</a>, also known as Platoid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a> is also related to Benue–Congo; Roger Blench suspects it might be either the most divergent (East) Benue–Congo language or the closest relative to Benue–Congo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Baissa" title="Fali of Baissa">Fali of Baissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tita_language" title="Tita language">Tita</a> are also Benue–Congo but are otherwise unclassified. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png/220px-Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png/330px-Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png/440px-Dispersal_of_the_Benue-Congo_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>The Benue-Congo homeland and dispersal of the sub-branches<sup id="cite_ref-watters_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watters-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_and_locations_(Nigeria)"><span id="Branches_and_locations_.28Nigeria.29"></span>Branches and locations (Nigeria)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Branches and locations (Nigeria)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of major Benue–Congo branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) within Nigeria based on Blench (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Distributions of Benue–Congo branches in Nigeria</b><sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Branch</th> <th>Primary locations </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages#Branches_and_locations" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a> States; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bendi_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Bendi languages">Bendi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obudu" title="Obudu">Obudu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogoja" title="Ogoja">Ogoja</a> LGAs, <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mambiloid_languages#Names_and_locations_(Nigeria)" title="Mambiloid languages">Mambiloid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardauna">Sardauna</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakoid_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Dakoid languages">Dakoid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Belwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayo Belwa">Mayo Belwa</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a> and adjacent areas </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a> States of Nigeria; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukubenic_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Yukubenic languages">Yukubenic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Takum" title="Takum">Takum</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kauru" title="Kauru">Kauru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lere,_Nigeria" title="Lere, Nigeria">Lere</a> LGAs, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna State</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Bassa,_Plateau_State" title="Bassa, Plateau State">Bassa</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kainji_Lake" title="Kainji Lake">Kainji Lake</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a> States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages#Branches_and_locations" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a> States and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Nigeria)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)">FCT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tivoid_languages#Names_and_locations_(Nigeria)" title="Tivoid languages">Tivoid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Obudu" title="Obudu">Obudu</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardauna">Sardauna</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beboid_languages#Names_and_locations_(Nigeria)" title="Beboid languages">Beboid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Takum" title="Takum">Takum</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekoid_languages#Names_and_locations_(Nigeria)" title="Ekoid languages">Ekoid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ikom" title="Ikom">Ikom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogoja" title="Ogoja">Ogoja</a> LGAs, <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages#Names_and_locations_(Nigeria)" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardauna">Sardauna</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jarawan_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Jarawan languages">Jarawan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a> States </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_vocabulary">Comparative vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparative vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sample basic vocabulary for reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-languages</a> of different Benue-Congo branches: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Branch</th> <th>Language</th> <th>eye</th> <th>ear</th> <th>nose</th> <th>tooth</th> <th>tongue</th> <th>mouth</th> <th>blood</th> <th>bone</th> <th>tree</th> <th>water</th> <th>eat</th> <th>name </th></tr> <tr> <td>Benue-Congo</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Benue-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Benue-Congo languages">Benue-Congo</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*-lito</td> <td>*-tuŋi</td> <td>*-zua</td> <td>*-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo</td> <td>*-lemi; *-lake</td> <td></td> <td>*-zi; *-luŋ</td> <td>*-kupe</td> <td>*-titi; *-kwon</td> <td>*-izi; *-ni</td> <td></td> <td>*-zina </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kainji</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/East_Kainji_languages" title="East Kainji languages">Northern Jos</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>**iji (lì-/à-)</td> <td>*toŋ (ù-/tì-)</td> <td>*nyimu (bì-/ì-)</td> <td>*ʔini (lì-/à-)</td> <td>*lelem (lì-/à-)</td> <td>*nua (ù-/tì-)</td> <td>*nyì(aw) (mà-)</td> <td></td> <td>*ti (with reduplication) (ù-/tì-)</td> <td>*nyi (mà-)</td> <td>*lia</td> <td>*ji(a) (lì-/sì-) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plateau</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*giP (ri-/a-)</td> <td>*tóŋ (ku-/a-)</td> <td>*wíǹ (ri-/a-)</td> <td>*baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-)</td> <td>*déma (ri-/a-)</td> <td>*ndut (u-/i-)</td> <td>*yíŋ (ma-)</td> <td>*kup (ku-/a-)</td> <td>*kun (ku-/i-)</td> <td>*mbyed</td> <td>*dyi</td> <td>*gyin (ri-/a-) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plateau</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Kagoro_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagoro language (Nigeria)">Kagoro</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*-gi</td> <td>*-two</td> <td></td> <td>*nii[ŋ]</td> <td>*-dyam</td> <td>*-nu[ŋ]</td> <td>*-suok</td> <td>*-kup</td> <td>*-kwan</td> <td>*-sii</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plateau</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Jaba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaba language">Jaba</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*gu-su</td> <td>*gu-to[ŋ]</td> <td></td> <td>*-gi[ŋ]</td> <td>*ga-lem</td> <td>*ga-nyu</td> <td>*ba-zi</td> <td>*gu-kup</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plateau</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Beromic_languages" title="Beromic languages">Beromic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*-gis</td> <td>*-toŋ</td> <td></td> <td>*-ɣiŋ</td> <td>*-lyam</td> <td>*-nu</td> <td>*nì-ji</td> <td>*-kup</td> <td>*-kon</td> <td>*-sii</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plateau</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Ninzic_languages" title="Ninzic languages">Ninzic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*ki-sị́</td> <td>*ku-tóŋ</td> <td></td> <td>*ki-Nyin / *-Nyir</td> <td>*ì-rem</td> <td>*-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ</td> <td>*ma-ɣì</td> <td>*kù-kụp</td> <td>*ù-kon</td> <td>*a-ma-sit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cross</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Upper_Cross_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cross languages">Upper Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*dyèná</td> <td>*-ttóŋ(ì)</td> <td>*dyòná</td> <td>*-ttân</td> <td>*-dák</td> <td>*-mà</td> <td>*-dè; *-yìŋ</td> <td>*-kúpà</td> <td>*-tté</td> <td>*-nì</td> <td>*dyá</td> <td>*-dínà </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cross</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Lower_Cross_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Cross languages">Lower Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*ɛ́-ɲɛ̀n / *a-</td> <td>*ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a-</td> <td>*í-búkó</td> <td>*é-dɛ̀t / *a-</td> <td>*ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ̀ / *a-</td> <td>*í-núà</td> <td>*-ɟìːp</td> <td>*ɔ́-kpɔ́</td> <td>*é-tíé</td> <td>*ˊ-mɔ́ːŋ</td> <td>*líá</td> <td>*ɛ́-ɟɛ́n </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cross</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*adɛ́ɛ̃</td> <td>*ɔ̀tɔ́̃</td> <td>*m̀ bĩɔ́̃</td> <td>*àdáNa</td> <td>*àdídɛ́Nɛ́</td> <td></td> <td>*m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu</td> <td>*ákpogó</td> <td>*èté</td> <td>m̀ mṹṹ</td> <td>*dè</td> <td>*àbée </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grassfields</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*Ít`</td> <td>*túŋ-li</td> <td>*L(u)Í`</td> <td>*sòŋ´</td> <td>*lím`</td> <td>*cùl`</td> <td>*lém`; *cÌ´</td> <td>*gÚp; *kúi(n)´</td> <td>*tí´</td> <td>*LÍb; *kÌ´; *mò´</td> <td>*lÍa</td> <td>*lÍn`; *kúm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grassfields</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Ring_languages" title="Ring languages">Ring</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*túɛ̀</td> <td>*túndé</td> <td>*dúì, *tɔ́ŋ</td> <td>*túŋɔ̀, *góìk</td> <td>*dɔ́mì, *dídè</td> <td>*dúɔ̀</td> <td>*dúŋá, *káŋù</td> <td>*gúpɛ́</td> <td>*kák`, *tíɛ́</td> <td>*múɔ̀</td> <td>*dúɛ̀</td> <td>*dítɔ́, *gíd' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bantu</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*i=jíco</td> <td>*kʊ=tʊ́i</td> <td>*i=jʊ́lʊ</td> <td>*i=jíno; *i=gego</td> <td>*lʊ=lɪ́mi</td> <td>*ka=nʊa; *mʊ=lomo</td> <td>*ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí; *mʊ=lopa; *ma=ɲínga</td> <td>*i=kúpa</td> <td>*mʊ=tɪ́</td> <td>*ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?)</td> <td>*=lɪ́ -a</td> <td>*i=jína </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bantu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></td> <td>jicho</td> <td>sikio</td> <td>pua</td> <td>jino</td> <td>ulimi</td> <td>kinywa</td> <td>damu (Ar.)</td> <td>mfupa</td> <td>mti</td> <td>maji</td> <td>la</td> <td>jina </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Benue-Congo_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions">List of Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Niger-Congo_speakers.png" title="File:Niger-Congo speakers.png">Systematic graphic of the Niger–Congo languages with numbers of speakers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Blench, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf">Niger-Congo: an alternative view</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watters-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watters_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWatters2018" class="citation book cs1">Watters JR (2018). Watters, John R (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/190"><i>East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1314306">10.5281/zenodo.1314306</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-100-9"><bdi>978-3-96110-100-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000742/http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/190">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Benue-Congo%3A+Nouns%2C+pronouns%2C+and+verbs&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1314306&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-100-9&rft.aulast=Watters&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2019" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2019). <i>An Atlas of Nigerian Languages</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Kay+Williamson+Educational+Foundation&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de wolf, Paul. 1971. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/3021">The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111163831/https://www.degruyter.com/">Archived</a> 2023-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizu1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shimizu, Kiyoshi (1982). "Die Nord-Jos-Grüppe der Plateau-Sprachen Nigerias". <i>Afrika und Übersee</i> (in German). <b>65</b> (2): 161–210. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0427">0002-0427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afrika+und+%C3%9Cbersee&rft.atitle=Die+Nord-Jos-Gr%C3%BCppe+der+Plateau-Sprachen+Nigerias&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-210&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0002-0427&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=Kiyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. <i>Comparative Jukunoid</i>, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerhardt1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt1983_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerhardt, Ludwig (1983). <i>Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des Nigerianischen Plateaus</i>. Afrikanistische Forschungen (in German). Vol. 9. Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87030-062-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-87030-062-0"><bdi>3-87030-062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Kenntnis+der+Sprachen+des+Nigerianischen+Plateaus&rft.place=Gl%C3%BCckstadt&rft.series=Afrikanistische+Forschungen&rft.pub=J.+J.+Augustin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-87030-062-0&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimmendaal1978" class="citation thesis cs1">Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (1978). <i>The Consonants of Proto-Upper Cross and their Implications for the Classification of the Upper Cross Languages</i> (PhD). Leiden University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37049861">37049861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Consonants+of+Proto-Upper+Cross+and+their+Implications+for+the+Classification+of+the+Upper+Cross+Languages&rft.inst=Leiden+University&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37049861&rft.aulast=Dimmendaal&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenue%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell, Bruce. n.d. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Lower%20Cross/Lower%20Cross%20wordlists%20Unicode.pdf">Comparative Lower Cross wordlist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000524/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Lower%20Cross/Lower%20Cross%20wordlists%20Unicode.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Unpublished manuscript.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger and Kay Williamson. 2008. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Ogoni/Comparative%20Ogonic%20RMB.pdf">The Ogoni languages: comparative word list and historical reconstructions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805211059/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Ogoni/Comparative%20Ogonic%20RMB.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyman, L.M. 1979. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comparalex.org/index.php?page=query&w1=133">Index of Proto-Grassfields Bantu roots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904092801/http://comparalex.org/index.php%3Fpage%3Dquery%26w1%3D133">Archived</a> 2019-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Ms. U.S.C.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/Data/LangInfoFiles/PGrassfields.H.info.html">CBOLD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915194614/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/Data/LangInfoFiles/PGrassfields.H.info.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; accessed from <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comparalex.org/">Comparalex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815041750/http://comparalex.org/">Archived</a> 2020-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulin, Pascale. 1995. <i>Etude comparative des langues du groupe Ring: langues Grassfields de l'ouest, Cameroun</i>. MA thesis, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Lumi%C3%A8re_Lyon_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Lumière Lyon 2">Université Lumière Lyon 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thilo_C._Schadeberg" title="Thilo C. Schadeberg">Schadeberg, Thilo C.</a> 2003. Historical linguistics. In Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson (eds.), <i>The Bantu languages</i>. (Routledge language family series 4. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71134-5">978-0-700-71134-5</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Wolf, Paul Polydoor de (1971) <i>The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue–Congo</i> (Thesis, Leiden University). The Hague/Paris: Mouton.</li> <li>Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Benue–Congo Overview', pp. 248–274 in Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) <i>The Niger–Congo Languages – A classification and description of Africa's largest language family</i>. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comparalex.org/">ComparaLex</a>, database with Benue-Congo word lists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040506191929/http://www.african.gu.se/webresources/benuecongo.html">Web resources for the Benue–Congo languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726210908/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/BenueCongo.aspx">Journal of West African Languages: Benue-Congo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/protoBC_deWolf.pdf">Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709140828/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/protoBC_deWolf.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (de Wolf 1971)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Platoid_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Platoid_languages" title="Template:Platoid languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Platoid_languages" title="Template talk:Platoid languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Platoid_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Platoid languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Platoid_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Platoid languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Como_Karim_language" title="Como Karim language">Como Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etkywan_language" title="Etkywan language">Etkywan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B5ne_language" title="Hõne language">Hõne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Awei_language" title="Jan Awei language">Jan Awei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiba_language" title="Jiba language">Jiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibu_language" title="Jibu language">Jibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiru_language" title="Jiru language">Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukun_Takum_language" title="Jukun Takum language">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpan_language" title="Kpan language">Kpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_language" title="Kuteb language">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_language" title="Lau language">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyifon_language" title="Nyifon language">Nyifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoo-Minda-Nye_language" title="Shoo-Minda-Nye language">Shoo-Minda-Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigon_language" title="Tigon language">Tigon Mbembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannu_language" title="Wannu language">Wannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapan_language" title="Wapan language">Wapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A3pha_language" title="Wãpha language">Wãpha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kambari_languages" title="Kambari languages">Kambari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baangi_language" title="Baangi language">Baangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimba_language" title="Kimba language">Kimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingini_language" title="Shingini language">Shingini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadi_language" title="Vadi language">Vadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenci_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenci language">Wenci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Yumu language (Nigeria)">Yumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basa_languages" title="Basa languages">Basa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa-Benue">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Gumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa-Gumna">Basa-Gumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Gurara" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa-Gurara">Basa-Gurara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Kontagora" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa-Kontagora">Basa-Kontagora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Kwali" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa-Kwali">Basa-Kwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Makurdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa-Makurdi">Basa-Makurdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koromba_language" title="Koromba language">Koromba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Nge">Bassa Nge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamuku_languages" title="Kamuku languages">Kamuku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinda-Regi_language" title="Cinda-Regi language">Cinda-Regi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Acipa_language" title="Eastern Acipa language">Eastern Acipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungworo_language" title="Hungworo language">Hungworo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagare_language" title="Kagare language">Kagare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogo_language" title="Rogo language">Rogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubaruba_language" title="Rubaruba language">Rubaruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shama_language" title="Shama language">Shama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiroro_languages" title="Shiroro languages">Shiroro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baushi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baushi language">Baushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungwa_language" title="Fungwa language">Fungwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmana_language" title="Gurmana language">Gurmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongu_language" title="Pongu language">Pongu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Kainji_languages" title="Northwest Kainji languages">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damakawa_language" title="Damakawa language">Damakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwamhi-Wuri_language" title="Gwamhi-Wuri language">Gwamhi-Wuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Saare_language" title="Hun-Saare language">Hun-Saare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lela_language" title="Lela language">Lela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut-Ma%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ut-Ma'in language">ut-Ma'in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laru_language" title="Laru language">Laru</a> (Shen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopa_language" title="Lopa language">Lopa</a> (Rerang)</li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Reshe_language" title="Reshe language">Reshe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Kainji_languages" title="East Kainji languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamo-Ningi_language" title="Gamo-Ningi language">Gamo-Ningi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyem_language" title="Gyem language">Gyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguta language">Iguta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izora_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Izora language">Izora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janji_language" title="Janji language">Janji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudu-Camo_language" title="Kudu-Camo language">Kudu-Camo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemoro_language" title="Lemoro language">Lemoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lere_language" title="Lere language">Lere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shau_language" title="Shau language">Shau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziriya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziriya language">Ziriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kauru</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bina_language" title="Bina language">Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungu_language" title="Dungu language">Dungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbiri-Niragu_language" title="Gbiri-Niragu language">Gbiri-Niragu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivi_language" title="Kaivi language">Kaivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinuku_language" title="Kinuku language">Kinuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_language_(Nigeria)" title="Kono language (Nigeria)">Kono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">Kurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language_(Nigeria)" title="Mala language (Nigeria)">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruma_language" title="Ruma language">Ruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwa-Zamani_language" title="Shuwa-Zamani language">Shuwa-Zamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vori_language" title="Vori language">Vori</a> (Surubu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi_language" title="Tumi language">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vono_language" title="Vono language">Vono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shammo_languages" title="Shammo languages">Shammo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zele_language" title="Zele language">Zele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boze_language" title="Boze language">Boze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panawa_language" title="Panawa language">Panawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_language_(Nigeria)" title="Sanga language (Nigeria)">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusu_language" title="Gusu language">Gusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_language_(Nigeria)" title="Moro language (Nigeria)">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_language" title="Loro language">Loro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bunu language (Nigeria)">Bunu</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Tunzu_language" title="Tunzu language">Tunzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atsam_language" title="Atsam language">Atsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_language" title="Map language">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti_language" title="Piti language">Piti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarokoid_languages" title="Tarokoid languages">Tarokoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kusur%E2%80%93Myet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusur–Myet language">Kusur–Myet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwang_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwang language (Nigeria)">Kwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_language" title="Pe language">Pe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shall-Zwall_language" title="Shall-Zwall language">Shall-Zwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangkam_language" title="Yangkam language">Yangkam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Plateau_languages" title="South Plateau languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ake_language" title="Ake language">Ake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijili_language" title="Jijili language">Jijili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jili_language" title="Jili language">Jili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alumic_languages" title="Alumic languages">Alumic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alumu_language" title="Alumu language">Alumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambe_language" title="Sambe language">Sambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigbo_language" title="Nigbo language">Nigbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ninzic_languages" title="Ninzic languages">Ninzic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Ninkada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Ninkada language">Bu-Ninkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ce_language" title="Ce language">Ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gb%C9%99tsu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbətsu language">Gbətsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwantu language">Gwantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanufi_language" title="Kanufi language">Kanufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mada_language" title="Mada language">Mada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningye language">Ningye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninka_language" title="Ninka language">Ninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkyop_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninkyop language">Ninkyop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninzo_language" title="Ninzo language">Ninzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nk%C9%94_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkɔ language">Nkɔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungu_language" title="Nungu language">Nungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayu_language" title="Ayu language">Ayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Plateau_languages" title="East Plateau languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkul_language" title="Barkul language">Barkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyam language">Fyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horom_language" title="Horom language">Horom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plateau_languages" title="Central Plateau languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashe language">Ashe</a> (Koro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuwa_language" title="Ajuwa language">Ajuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cori language">Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangana_language" title="Dangana language">Dangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doka_language" title="Doka language">Doka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feran_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Feran language">Fəràn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwara_language" title="Gwara language">Gwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyong_language" title="Gyong language">Gyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_language" title="Hyam language">Hyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idon_language" title="Idon language">Idon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idun_language" title="Idun language">Idun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku_language" title="Iku language">Iku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadara language">Kadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamanton_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamanton language">Kamanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_language" title="Kulu language">Kulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuturmi_language" title="Kuturmi language">Kuturmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigwe_language" title="Rigwe language">Rigwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamang_language" title="Shamang language">Shamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeskwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeskwa language">Yeskwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhire_language" title="Zhire language">Zhire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beromic_languages" title="Beromic languages">Beromic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cara_language" title="Cara language">Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iten_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iten language">Iten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nincut_language" title="Nincut language">Nincut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yukubenic_languages" title="Yukubenic languages">Yukubenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akum_language" title="Akum language">Akum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beezen_language" title="Beezen language">Beezen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bete_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bete language (Nigeria)">Bete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapya_language" title="Kapya language">Kapya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufu_language" title="Lufu language">Lufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukuben_language" title="Yukuben language">Yukuben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ndunic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndunic languages">Ndunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahwai_language" title="Ahwai language">Ahwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eloyi_language" title="Eloyi language">Eloyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Niger–Congo_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template talk:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niger–Congo_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savannas_languages" title="Savannas languages">Savannas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages" title="Bena–Mboi languages">Bena–Mboi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">Bikwin–Jen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bua_languages" title="Bua languages">Bua</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_language" title="Day language">Day</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fali_languages_(Cameroon)" title="Fali languages (Cameroon)">Fali</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_languages" title="Kim languages">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwah_language" title="Kwah language">Kwah (Baa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">Mbum (Kebi–Benue)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_languages" title="Mumuye languages">Mumuye</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom (Kam)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duru_languages" title="Duru languages">Samba–Duru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula–Waja</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yendang_languages" title="Yendang languages">Yendang (Maya)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Central Gur</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Miyobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viemo_language" title="Viemo language">Viemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Banda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mba_languages" title="Mba languages">Mba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sere_languages" title="Sere languages">Sere (Ndogo)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benue–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Delta_languages" title="Central Delta languages">Central Delta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Cross_River_languages" title="Lower Cross River languages">Lower Cross River</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cross_River_languages" title="Upper Cross River languages">Upper Cross River</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakoid_languages" title="Dakoid languages">Dakoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mambiloid_languages" title="Mambiloid languages">Mambiloid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beboid_languages" title="Beboid languages">Beboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bendi_languages" title="Bendi languages">Bendi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekoid_languages" title="Ekoid languages">Ekoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tivoid_languages" title="Tivoid languages">Tivoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere–Ahan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Atlantic_languages" title="West Atlantic languages">West Atlantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bak_languages" title="Bak languages">Bak</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijago_language" title="Bijago language">Bijago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gola_language" title="Gola language">Gola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language" title="Limba language">Limba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mel_languages" title="Mel languages">Mel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalu_language" title="Nalu language">Nalu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rio_Nunez_languages" title="Rio Nunez languages">Rio Nunez</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sua_language" title="Sua language">Sua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dompo_language" title="Dompo language">Dompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangree_language" title="Mangree language">Mangree</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbre_language" title="Mbre language">Mbre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mande_languages" title="Eastern Mande languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanga_language" title="Shanga language">Shanga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kyenga_language" title="Kyenga language">Tyenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mande_languages" title="Southern Mande languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Goo_language" title="Goo language">Goo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tura_language" title="Tura language">Tura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gban_language" title="Gban language">Gban</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beng_language" title="Beng language">Beng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_language" title="Guro language">Guro</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yaure_language" title="Yaure language">Yaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_language" title="Mano language">Mano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central West<br />(Manding–Kpelle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jogo_languages" title="Jogo languages">Jogo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mokole_languages" title="Mokole languages">Mokole</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soso%E2%80%93Jalonke_languages" title="Soso–Jalonke languages">Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mande_languages" title="Southwestern Mande languages">Southwestern Mande</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vai%E2%80%93Kono_languages" title="Vai–Kono languages">Vai–Kono</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest<br />(Samogo–Soninke)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowulu_language" title="Jowulu language">Jowulu (Jɔ)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soninke%E2%80%93Bozo_languages" title="Soninke–Bozo languages">Soninke–Bozo</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komta_language" title="Komta language">Komta</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degere" title="Degere">Degere</a> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dima-Bottego_language" title="Dima-Bottego language">Dima-Bottego</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaio_language" title="Omaio language">Omaio</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a> ?</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">Serengeti-Dorobo</a></i>" ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawu_language" title="Wawu language">Wawu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Niger%E2%80%93Congo_language" title="Proto-Niger–Congo language">Proto-Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language" title="Proto-Bantu language">Proto-Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33253#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33253#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33253#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4250260-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="benue-konžské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph285140&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4797545">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027756017">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benue–Congo_languages&oldid=1225824907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benue–Congo_languages&oldid=1225824907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Category:Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Category:Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Category:Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 May 2024, at 23:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c5gcc","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.525","walltime":"0.717","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2612,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":150351,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2563,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":51186,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 556.999 1 -total"," 31.55% 175.706 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.17% 156.915 12 Template:Navbox"," 20.83% 116.004 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 19.20% 106.918 1 Template:Platoid_languages"," 19.12% 106.491 1 Template:Infobox"," 18.88% 105.181 3 Template:Cite_book"," 15.32% 85.342 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.96% 49.931 1 Template:Endangered_Languages_Project"," 8.23% 45.856 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.280","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5897538,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c8xbz","timestamp":"20241122142629","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Benue\u2013Congo languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33253","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33253","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-24T23:39:57Z","dateModified":"2024-05-26T23:18:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4a\/Map_of_the_Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg","headline":"language family"}</script> </body> </html>