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class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue Nile</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Blue_Nile" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Abbay" redirects here. For district in Oromia Region, Ethiopia, see <a href="/wiki/Abaya_(woreda)" title="Abaya (woreda)">Abaya (woreda)</a>. For Mississippi politician, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_Abbay" title="Richard Abbay">Richard Abbay</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blue Nile (disambiguation)">Blue Nile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Blue Nile</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> originating at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. It travels for approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) through Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Along with the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>, it is one of the two major <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and supplies about 85.6% of the water to the Nile during the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a>. </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Blue Nile<br><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Abay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img32_view_from_Bezawit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img32_view_from_Bezawit.jpg/250px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img32_view_from_Bezawit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img32_view_from_Bezawit.jpg/375px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img32_view_from_Bezawit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img32_view_from_Bezawit.jpg/500px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img32_view_from_Bezawit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7689" data-file-height="5126"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Blue Nile River in Ethiopia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_nile_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Blue_nile_map.png/220px-Blue_nile_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Blue_nile_map.png/330px-Blue_nile_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Blue_nile_map.png/440px-Blue_nile_map.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="479"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilgel_Abay" title="Gilgel Abay">Gilgel Abay</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sekela_(woreda)" title="Sekela (woreda)">Sekela</a>, Ethiopia</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blue_Nile&params=11.002_N_37.225_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°00′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°13′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.002°N 37.225°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.002; 37.225</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,560 m (8,400 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blue_Nile&params=15.642_N_32.505_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°38′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°30′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.642°N 32.505°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.642; 32.505</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">373 m (1,224 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,450 km (900 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">325,000 km<sup>2</sup> (125,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,548 m<sup>3</sup>/s (54,700 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Progression</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> → <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">River system</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bashilo_River" title="Bashilo River">Bashilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walaqa_River" title="Walaqa River">Walaqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamma_River" title="Jamma River">Jamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muger_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Muger River">Muger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Guder River">Guder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulla_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulla River">Gulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didessa_River" title="Didessa River">Didessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dabus_River" title="Dabus River">Dabus</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beles_River" title="Beles River">Beles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinder_River" title="Dinder River">Dinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahad_River" title="Rahad River">Rahad</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Course"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Course</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_Ethiopia"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">In Ethiopia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_Sudan"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">In Sudan</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Water_flow"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Water flow</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Early_European_exploration"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early European exploration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Present_day"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Present day</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Course" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The distance of the river from its <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">source</a> to its <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> has been variously reported between 1,460 and 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This uncertainty might result from the fact that the river flows through a series of virtually impenetrable gorges cut in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> to a depth of some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to materials published by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency" title="Central Statistical Agency">Central Statistical Agency</a>, an Ethiopian government agency, the Blue Nile has a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of which 800 kilometres (500 mi) are inside Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Ethiopia">In Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Ethiopia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Blue Nile originates at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in Ethiopia (where it is called the Abay River). The river flows generally south before entering a canyon about 400 km (250 mi) long, about 30 km (19 mi) from Lake Tana, which is a tremendous obstacle for travel and communication between north and south Ethiopia. The canyon was first referred to as the "Grand Canyon" in 1968 by a British team that accomplished the first descent of the river from Lake Tana to the end of the canyon; subsequent river rafting parties called it the "Grand Canyon of the Nile".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Falls" title="Blue Nile Falls">Blue Nile Falls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia's biggest tourist attractions, is located at the start of the canyon. </p><p>The river loops across northwest Ethiopia before being fed by numerous tributaries between Lake Tana and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Ethiopia–Sudan border">Ethiopia–Sudan border</a>. Those on its left bank, in downstream order, include the Wanqa River, the <a href="/wiki/Bashilo_River" title="Bashilo River">Bashilo River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walaqa_River" title="Walaqa River">Walaqa River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wanchet_River" title="Wanchet River">Wanchet River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jamma_River" title="Jamma River">Jamma River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muger_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Muger River">Muger River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Guder River">Guder River</a>, the Agwel River, the Nedi River, the <a href="/wiki/Didessa_River" title="Didessa River">Didessa River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dabus_River" title="Dabus River">Dabus River</a>. Those on the right side, also in downstream order, include the Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muga_River_(Ethiopia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muga River (Ethiopia) (page does not exist)">Muga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulla_(river)" title="Gulla (river)">Gulla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temcha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temcha (page does not exist)">Temcha</a>, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter and the <a href="/wiki/Beles_River" title="Beles River">Beles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huntingford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntingford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sudan">In Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Sudan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/220px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/220px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/330px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/440px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Satellite image of where White and Blue Niles merge</figcaption></figure> <p>The Blue Nile then heads northwest into Sudan. It travels for approximately 650 km (400 mi), flowing past <a href="/wiki/Er_Roseires" title="Er Roseires">Er Roseires</a> and receiving the <a href="/wiki/Dinder_River" title="Dinder River">Dinder River</a> on its right bank at <a href="/wiki/Dinder,_Sudan" title="Dinder, Sudan">Dinder</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, the Blue Nile joins the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> and, as the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, flows through <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Water_flow">Water flow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Water flow" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG/290px-Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG/290px-Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="290" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG/435px-Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG/580px-Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers near <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The flow of the Blue Nile reaches maximum volume in the rainy season from June to September, when it supplies 80–86% of the water of the Nile proper. The river was a major source of the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">flooding of the Nile</a> in Egypt that contributed to the fertility of the Nile Valley and the consequent rise of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>. With the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a> in 1970, these floods stopped occurring in lower Egypt. During the summer <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season, the Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from the Ethiopian Highlands and carry it downstream as <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, turning the water dark brown or almost black.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Blue Nile is vital to the livelihood of Egypt: as the most significant tributary of the Nile, it contributes over 85% of the Nile's streamflow.<sup id="cite_ref-handle2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handle2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though shorter than the White Nile, 59% of the water that reaches Egypt originates from the Ethiopian highlands via the Blue Nile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The river is also an important resource for Sudan, where the <a href="/wiki/Roseires_Dam" title="Roseires Dam">Roseires Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sennar_Dam" title="Sennar Dam">Sennar Dam</a> contribute to the 80% of the country's electricity generation from <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. These dams also help irrigate the <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Scheme" title="Gezira Scheme">Gezira Scheme</a>, which is most famous for its high-quality <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and animal feed crop production in the area. </p><p>In November 2012, Ethiopia began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam" title="Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam">Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam</a>, a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam on the river. The dam is expected to be a boost for the Ethiopian economy. Sudan and Egypt, however, voiced their concerns over a potential reduction in water available.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electricity generation began in February 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg/220px-Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1211"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg/220px-Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg/330px-Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg/440px-Sebara_Dildiy_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Men pull each other across the Blue Nile by rope prior to the building of a new bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg/220px-Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg/220px-Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg/330px-Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg/440px-Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Suspension bridge over the Blue Nile River. It is the only pedestrian cable bridge over the Blue Nile in Ethiopia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg/220px-Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg/220px-Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg/330px-Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg/440px-Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Blue Nile Gorge in Ethiopia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_European_exploration">Early European exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early European exploration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The first European known to have seen the Blue Nile in Ethiopia and the river's source was <a href="/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A1ez" title="Pedro Páez">Pedro Páez</a>, a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> who reached the river's source on 21 April 1618.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Portuguese João Bermudes, the self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia," provided the first description of the Tis Abay River Falls in his memoirs published in 1565, and any number of Europeans who lived in Ethiopia in the late 15th century such as <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pêro da Covilhã">Pêro da Covilhã</a> could have seen the river long before Páez, but not reached its source. The source of the Nile proper was also reached in 1629 by the Portuguese Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a> and in 1770 by the Scottish explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce" title="James Bruce">James Bruce</a>. </p><p>Although European explorers contemplated tracing the course of the Nile from the Blue Nile's confluence with the White Nile to Lake Tana, the Blue Nile Canyon has discouraged all attempts since <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cailliaud" title="Frédéric Cailliaud">Frédéric Cailliaud</a>'s attempt in 1821. The first serious attempt by a non-local to explore this reach of the river was undertaken by the American W.W. Macmillan in 1902, assisted by the Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen; Jenssen proceeded upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sailed downstream from Lake Tana. However, Jenssen's boats were blocked by the rapids at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Famaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Famaka (page does not exist)">Famaka</a> short of the Sudan-Ethiopia border, and Macmillan's boats were wrecked shortly after they had been launched. Macmillan encouraged Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again in 1905, but he was forced to stop 500 km (300 mi) short of Lake Tana.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ernest_Cheesman" title="Robert Ernest Cheesman">Robert Cheesman</a>, who records his surprise on arriving in Ethiopia at finding that the upper waters of "one of the most famous of the rivers of the world, and one whose name was well known to the ancients" was in his lifetime "marked on the map by dotted lines", managed to map the upper course of the Blue Nile between 1925 and 1933. He did this not by following the river along its banks and through its impassable canyon but by following it from the highlands above, travelling some 8,000 km (5,000 mi) by mule in the adjacent country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present day" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s, several kayakers paddled parts of the canyon. In 1968, at the request of <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, a team of 60 British and Ethiopian servicemen and scientists made the first full descent of the river from Lake Tana to a point near the Sudanese border led by explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Blashford-Snell" title="John Blashford-Snell">John Blashford-Snell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team used specially-built <a href="/wiki/Avon_Inflatables" title="Avon Inflatables">Avon Inflatables</a> and modified <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> <a href="/wiki/Assault_boat" title="Assault boat">assault boats</a> to navigate the formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions in the 1970s and 1980s generally only covered parts of the river canyon. </p><p>In 1999, writer Virginia Morell<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and photographer Nevada Wier made the journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, publishing a documentary about their journey afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, American and National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, saw a photo taken by Nevada Wier for <i>National Geographic</i> which would lead him to found the charity <a href="/wiki/Bridges_to_Prosperity" title="Bridges to Prosperity">Bridges to Prosperity</a>. This photo showed a bridge broken during World War II, with 10 men on either side of the broken span pulling each other across the dangerous gap by rope. This historic bridge was built by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Fasilides" title="Fasilides">Fasilides</a> in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology brought to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during the battle with the Muslim invaders in 1507.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both 2001 and 2009, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travelled from the United States to repair the broken bridge across the Blue Nile and later built a new <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridge</a> not susceptible to flood.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 April 2004, geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, became the first known people to navigate the Blue Nile in its entirety. Though their expedition included several others, Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to remain on the expedition for the entire journey. They chronicled their adventure with an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> camera and two handheld video cameras, sharing their story in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_the_Nile" title="Mystery of the Nile">Mystery of the Nile</a></i> and in a book of the same title.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 January 2005, Canadian Les Jickling and his teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first fully human-powered transit of the entire Blue Nile and the Nile in the Sudan and Egypt. Their journey of over 5,000 km (3,100 mi) took five months and traveled through Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt. They recount that they paddled through civil war conflict zones, regions known for bandits, and encountered multiple hazards and rapids.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia" title="List of rivers of Ethiopia">List of rivers of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sudan" title="List of rivers of Sudan">List of rivers of Sudan</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: <span lang="am">ጥቁር አባይ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">t’ikʼuri ābayi</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: <i lang="om">Mormor or Abbayaa</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'father of streams'</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النيل الأزرق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">an-Nīl al-ʾAzraqu</i></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466">"Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466">Archived</a> 13 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEngelkingMcPherson-Ramirez2008" class="citation book cs1">Engelking, Marina; McPherson-Ramirez, Gloria (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37"><i>Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542738-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542738-7"><bdi>978-0-19-542738-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breakthroughs%3A+An+Integrated+Advanced+English+Program&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-542738-7&rft.aulast=Engelking&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=McPherson-Ramirez%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgzx5qS4AvzwC%26dq%3D%2522Grand%2BCanyon%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNile%2522%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntingford-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huntingford_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, <i>Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704</i> (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm">"Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge"</a>. Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm">the original</a> on 20 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Its+Origin%2C+Falls%2C+and+Gorge&rft.pub=Dinknesh+Ethiopia+Tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinkneshethiopiatour.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handle2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-handle2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsanabary2012" class="citation cs2">Elsanabary, Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa (2012), <i>Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7939%2FR3377641M">10.7939/R3377641M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10402%2Fera.28151">10402/era.28151</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teleconnection%2C+Modeling%2C+Climate+Anomalies+Impact+and+Forecasting+of+Rainfall+and+Streamflow+of+the+Upper+Blue+Nile+River+Basin&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10402%2Fera.28151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7939%2FR3377641M&rft.aulast=Elsanabary&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Helmy+Mahmoud+Moustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point"><i>Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation" title="Thomson Reuters Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a>, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point">archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+Nile+Dam+Project+a+Hydropower+Hope%2C+but+Regional+Sore+Point&rft.place=Africa&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters+Foundation&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trust.org%2Fitem%2F%3Fmap%3Dnile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702">"Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+starts+generating+power+from+River+Nile+dam&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-60451702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. E. Cheesman, <i>Geographical Journal</i>, <b>71</b> (1928), p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Moorehead, <i>The Blue Nile</i>, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp. 319f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheesman, pp. 358–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snailham, Richard. 1970. <i>The Blue Nile Revealed</i>. London: Chatto and Windus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp">"Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com"</a>. <i>bookreporter.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bookreporter.com&rft.atitle=Blue+Nile%3A+Ethiopia%27s+River+of+Magic+and+Mystery+-+Bookreporter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookreporter.com%2Freviews%2F0792279514.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/">"Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com"</a>. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/">the original</a> on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Nile+%40+nationalgeographic.com&rft.pub=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2F0012%2Ffeature1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1838" class="citation book cs1">Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1838). "Abyssinia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1</i></a> (Ninth ed.). Henry G. Allen and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76">65</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Allen+and+Company&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/">"Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists"</a>. Bridges to Prosperity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Envisioning+a+world+where+poverty+caused+by+rural+isolation+no+longer+exists&rft.pub=Bridges+to+Prosperity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bridgestoprosperity.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, <i>Mystery of the Nile</i>. New York: New American Library, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm">"Department - Alumni Association"</a>. <i>web.uvic.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.uvic.ca&rft.atitle=Department+-+Alumni+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uvic.ca%2Ftorch%2Ftorch2005s%2Fdept_alumni_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile" class="extiw" title="commons:Blue Nile"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Blue Nile</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/">The Tana Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/">Paddling the Blue Nile</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blue_Nile&params=12_00_N_037_15_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">037°15′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.000°N 37.250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.000; 37.250</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia" title="Portal:Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="12" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blou-Nyl" title="Blou-Nyl – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blou-Nyl" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ጥቁር አባይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቁር አባይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="النيل الأزرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النيل الأزرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Nilu_Azul" title="Ríu Nilu Azul – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Nilu Azul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavi_Nil" title="Mavi Nil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mavi Nil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="گؤی نیل چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤی نیل چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukad_Nil_Pelung" title="Tukad Nil Pelung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tukad Nil Pelung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6" title="নীলাভ নীল নদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নীলাভ নীল নদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Зәңгәр Нил – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зәңгәр Нил" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Блакітны Ніл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Блакітны Ніл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Блакітны Ніл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Блакітны Ніл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="नीली नील – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नीली नील" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Сини Нил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сини Нил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plavi_Nil" title="Plavi Nil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plavi Nil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Blau" title="Nil Blau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nil Blau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Кăвак Нил – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăвак Нил" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_(suba_sa_Etyopiya)" title="Blue Nile (suba sa Etyopiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Blue Nile (suba sa Etyopiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modr%C3%BD_Nil" title="Modrý Nil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modrý Nil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_N%C3%AEl_Las" title="Afon Nîl Las – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Nîl Las" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5_Nil" title="Blå Nil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blå Nil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauer_Nil" title="Blauer Nil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blauer Nil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinine_Niilus" title="Sinine Niilus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sinine Niilus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γαλάζιος Νείλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλάζιος Νείλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo_Azul" title="Nilo Azul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nilo Azul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blua_Nilo" title="Blua Nilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blua Nilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo_Urdina" title="Nilo Urdina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nilo Urdina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="نیل آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیل آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Bleu" title="Nil Bleu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nil Bleu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauwe_Nyl" title="Blauwe Nyl – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blauwe Nyl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_N%C3%ADl_Ghorm" title="An Níl Ghorm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Níl Ghorm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo_Azul" title="Nilo Azul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nilo Azul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EC%9D%BC%EA%B0%95" title="청나일강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청나일강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Կապույտ Նեղոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապույտ Նեղոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="नीली नील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीली नील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plavi_Nil" title="Plavi Nil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plavi Nil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Biru" title="Nil Biru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nil Biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1a_N%C3%ADl" title="Bláa Níl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bláa Níl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo_Azzurro" title="Nilo Azzurro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nilo Azzurro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הנילוס הכחול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנילוס הכחול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Nil_Biru" title="Kali Nil Biru – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Nil Biru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ಲೂ ನೈಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಲೂ ನೈಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ცისფერი ნილოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცისფერი ნილოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Көк Ніл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көк Ніл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili_y%E2%80%99Ubururu" title="Nili y’Ubururu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nili y’Ubururu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_ya_buluu" title="Nile ya buluu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nile ya buluu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Көк Нил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көк Нил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astapus" title="Astapus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astapus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zil%C4%81_N%C4%ABla" title="Zilā Nīla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zilā Nīla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDydrasis_Nilas" title="Žydrasis Nilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žydrasis Nilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9k-N%C3%ADlus" title="Kék-Nílus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kék-Nílus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Син Нил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Син Нил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD" title="നീല നൈൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീല നൈൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ცაშფერი ნილოსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცაშფერი ნილოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="نهر النيل الازرق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر النيل الازرق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%88_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کهو نیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کهو نیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Biru" title="Nil Biru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nil Biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauwe_Nijl" title="Blauwe Nijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blauwe Nijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9D" title="青ナイル川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="青ナイル川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_bl%C3%A5_Nil" title="Den blå Nil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den blå Nil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Blau" title="Nil Blau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nil Blau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBk_Nil" title="Koʻk Nil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻk Nil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="نیل ازرق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیل ازرق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_B%C5%82%C4%99kitny" title="Nil Błękitny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nil Błękitny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo_Azul" title="Nilo Azul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nilo Azul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilul_Albastru" title="Nilul Albastru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nilul Albastru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Голубой Нил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голубой Нил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Blue Nile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blue Nile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modr%C3%BD_N%C3%ADl" title="Modrý Níl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modrý Níl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modri_Nil" title="Modri Nil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modri Nil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیلی شین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیلی شین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Плави Нил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плави Нил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plavi_Nil" title="Plavi Nil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plavi Nil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sininen-Niili" title="Sininen-Niili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sininen-Niili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5_Nilen" title="Blå Nilen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blå Nilen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நீல நைல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீல நைல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Зәңгәр Нил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәңгәр Нил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavi_Nil" title="Mavi Nil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mavi Nil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Голубий Ніл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голубий Ніл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="نیل ازرق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیل ازرق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Nin_Xanh" title="Sông Nin Xanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Nin Xanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muya_nga_Nilo" title="Muya nga Nilo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Muya nga Nilo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3" title="青尼羅河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青尼羅河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3" title="藍尼羅河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藍尼羅河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="青尼罗河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="青尼罗河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 00:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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