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id="toc-Modern_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linear_prediction-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_prediction-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Linear prediction-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_prediction-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waveform-interpolative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waveform-interpolative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Waveform-interpolative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waveform-interpolative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artistic effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artistic effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uses_in_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Uses in music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voice_effects_in_other_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice_effects_in_other_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Voice effects in other arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voice_effects_in_other_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="مرمز صوتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرمز صوتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocodificador" title="Vocodificador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vocodificador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocodeur" title="Vocodeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vocodeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8D%94" title="보코더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보코더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raddk%C3%B3tari" title="Raddkótari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raddkótari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вокодер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вокодер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="ヴォコーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォコーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokoder" title="Vokoder – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vokoder" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вокодер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вокодер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokooderi" title="Vokooderi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vokooderi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vocoder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokoder" title="Vokoder – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vokoder" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вокодер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вокодер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E7%A2%BC%E5%99%A8" title="聲碼器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聲碼器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the voice encoder. For the dictation machine, see <a href="/wiki/Voice_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice recorder">voice recorder</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG/250px-Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG/500px-Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Early 1970s vocoder, custom-built for electronic music band <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>vocoder</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>vo</i>ice and en<i>coder</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding#Categories" title="Speech coding">category</a> of <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a> that analyzes and <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">synthesizes</a> the human voice signal for <a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">audio data compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice encryption">voice encryption</a> or voice transformation. </p><p>The vocoder was invented in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/Homer_Dudley" title="Homer Dudley">Homer Dudley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> as a means of synthesizing human speech.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work was developed into the <b>channel vocoder</b> which was used as a voice <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> for <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> for speech coding to conserve <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> in transmission. </p><p>By <a href="/wiki/Encrypting" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypting">encrypting</a> the control signals, voice transmission can be secured against interception. Its primary use in this fashion is for secure radio communication. The advantage of this method of encryption is that none of the original signal is sent, only envelopes of the bandpass filters. The receiving unit needs to be set up in the same filter configuration to re-synthesize a version of the original signal spectrum. </p><p>The vocoder has also been used extensively as an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instrument</a>. The decoder portion of the vocoder, called a <a href="/wiki/Voder" title="Voder">voder</a>, can be used independently for speech synthesis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vocoder" title="Special:EditPage/Vocoder">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">human voice</a> consists of sounds generated by the periodic opening and closing of the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>, which produces an acoustic waveform with many <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a>. This initial sound is then <a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">filtered</a> by movements in the nose, mouth and throat (a complicated <a href="/wiki/Resonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant">resonant</a> piping system known as the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a>) to produce fluctuations in harmonic content (<a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formants</a>) in a controlled way, creating the wide variety of sounds used in speech. There is another set of sounds, known as the <a href="/wiki/Unvoiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvoiced">unvoiced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> sounds, which are created or modified by a variety of sound generating disruptions of airflow occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a>. </p><p>The vocoder analyzes speech by measuring how its <a href="/wiki/Spectral_energy_distribution" title="Spectral energy distribution">spectral energy distribution</a> characteristics fluctuate across time. This analysis results in a set of temporally parallel <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(waves)" title="Envelope (waves)">envelope</a> signals, each representing the individual <a href="/wiki/Frequency_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency band">frequency band</a> amplitudes of the user's speech. Put another way, the voice signal is divided into a number of <a href="/wiki/Frequency_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency bands">frequency bands</a> (the larger this number, the more accurate the analysis) and the level of signal present at each frequency band, occurring simultaneously, measured by an <a href="/wiki/Envelope_detector" title="Envelope detector">envelope follower</a>, represents the spectral energy distribution across time. This set of envelope amplitude signals is called the <a href="/wiki/Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">"modulator"</a>. To recreate speech, the vocoder reverses the analysis process, variably filtering an initial broadband noise (referred to alternately as the "source" or "carrier"), by passing it through a set of <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">band-pass filters</a>, whose individual envelope amplitude levels are controlled, in real time, by the set of analyzed envelope amplitude signals from the modulator. </p><p>The digital encoding process involves a periodic analysis of each of the modulator's multiband set of filter envelope amplitudes. This analysis results in a set of digital <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse code modulation</a> stream readings. Then the pulse code modulation stream outputs of each band are transmitted to a decoder. The decoder applies the pulse code modulations as control signals to corresponding amplifiers of the output filter channels. </p><p>Information about the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a> of the initial voice signal (as distinct from its spectral characteristic) is discarded; it was not important to preserve this for the vocoder's original use as an encryption aid. It is this dehumanizing aspect of the vocoding process that has made it useful in creating special voice effects in popular music and audio entertainment. </p><p>Instead of a point-by-point recreation of the waveform, the vocoder process sends only the parameters of the vocal model over the communication link. Since the parameters change slowly compared to the original speech waveform, the bandwidth required to transmit speech can be reduced. This allows more speech channels to utilize a given <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a>, such as a radio channel or a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a>. </p><p>Analog vocoders typically analyze an incoming signal by splitting the signal into multiple tuned frequency bands or ranges. To reconstruct the signal, a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier signal</a> is sent through a series of these tuned band-pass filters. In the example of a typical robot voice the carrier is noise or a <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_waveform" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawtooth waveform">sawtooth waveform</a>. There are usually between 8 and 20 bands. </p><p>The amplitude of the modulator for each of the individual analysis bands generates a voltage that is used to control amplifiers for each of the corresponding carrier bands. The result is that frequency components of the modulating signal are mapped onto the carrier signal as discrete amplitude changes in each of the frequency bands. </p><p>Often there is an unvoiced band or <a href="/wiki/Sibilance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilance">sibilance</a> channel. This is for frequencies that are outside the analysis bands for typical speech but are still important in speech. Examples are words that start with the letters <i>s</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>ch</i> or any other sibilant sound. Using this band produces recognizable speech, although somewhat mechanical sounding. Vocoders often include a second system for generating unvoiced sounds, using a <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise generator</a> instead of the fundamental frequency. This is mixed with the carrier output to increase clarity. </p><p>In the channel vocoder algorithm, among the two components of an <a href="/wiki/Analytic_signal" title="Analytic signal">analytic signal</a>, considering only the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> component and simply ignoring the <a href="/wiki/Instantaneous_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Instantaneous phase">phase</a> component tends to result in an unclear voice; on methods for rectifying this, see <a href="/wiki/Phase_vocoder" title="Phase vocoder">phase vocoder</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_Dudley_(October_1940)._%22The_Carrier_Nature_of_Speech%22._Bell_System_Technical_Journal,_XIX(4);495-515._--_Fig.7_Schematic_circuit_of_the_vocoder_(derived_from_Fig.8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Homer_Dudley_%28October_1940%29._%22The_Carrier_Nature_of_Speech%22._Bell_System_Technical_Journal%2C_XIX%284%29%3B495-515._--_Fig.7_Schematic_circuit_of_the_vocoder_%28derived_from_Fig.8%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Homer_Dudley_%28October_1940%29._%22The_Carrier_Nature_of_Speech%22._Bell_System_Technical_Journal%2C_XIX%284%29%3B495-515._--_Fig.7_Schematic_circuit_of_the_vocoder_%28derived_from_Fig.8%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Homer_Dudley_%28October_1940%29._%22The_Carrier_Nature_of_Speech%22._Bell_System_Technical_Journal%2C_XIX%284%29%3B495-515._--_Fig.7_Schematic_circuit_of_the_vocoder_%28derived_from_Fig.8%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Schematic circuit of Dudley's Vocoder<br />(based on: <a href="#CITEREFDudley1940">Dudley 1940</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bellsystemtechni19amerrich/bellsystemtechni19amerrich#page/508/mode/1up">508</a>, Fig.7<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SIGSALY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SIGSALY.jpg/144px-SIGSALY.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SIGSALY.jpg/216px-SIGSALY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SIGSALY.jpg/288px-SIGSALY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">SIGSALY (1943–1946) speech encipherment system</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HY-2_VOCODER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HY-2_VOCODER.jpg/250px-HY-2_VOCODER.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HY-2_VOCODER.jpg/330px-HY-2_VOCODER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">HY-2 Vocoder (designed in 1961) was the last generation of channel vocoder in the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cryptomuseum_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cryptomuseum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jproc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jproc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The development of a vocoder was started in 1928 by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Homer_Dudley" title="Homer Dudley">Homer Dudley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was granted patents for it on March 21, 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-USpatentapplication2151019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USpatentapplication2151019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nov 16, 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-USpatentapplication2098956_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USpatentapplication2098956-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To demonstrate the <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a> ability of its decoder section, the <a href="/wiki/Voder" title="Voder">voder</a> (voice operating demonstrator)<sup id="cite_ref-USpatentapplication2121142_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USpatentapplication2121142-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced to the public at the AT&T building at the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair.<sup id="cite_ref-120years-HomerDudley_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120years-HomerDudley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voder consisted of an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">electronic oscillator</a> –  a sound source of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(sound)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch (sound)">pitched</a> tone –  and <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise generator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Noise_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (audio)">hiss</a>, a 10-band <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">resonator filters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Variable-gain_amplifier" title="Variable-gain amplifier">variable-gain amplifiers</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a>, and the manual controllers including a set of pressure-sensitive keys for filter control, and a <a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">foot pedal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pitch_control" title="Pitch control">pitch control</a> of tone.<sup id="cite_ref-haskinsLabs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haskinsLabs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filters controlled by keys convert the tone and the hiss into <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a>. This was a complex machine to operate, but a skilled operator could produce recognizable speech.<sup id="cite_ref-120years-HomerDudley_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120years-HomerDudley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>media 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dudley's vocoder was used in the <a href="/wiki/SIGSALY" title="SIGSALY">SIGSALY</a> system, which was built by Bell Labs engineers in 1943. SIGSALY was used for encrypted voice communications during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The KO-6 voice coder was released in 1949 in limited quantities; it was a close approximation to the SIGSALY at <span class="nowrap">1200 bit/s</span>. In 1953, KY-9 THESEUS<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">1650 bit/s</span> voice coder used solid-state logic to reduce the weight to 565 pounds (256 kg) from SIGSALY's 55 short tons (50,000 kg), and in 1961 the HY-2 voice coder, a 16-channel <span class="nowrap">2400 bit/s</span> system, weighed 100 pounds (45 kg) and was the last implementation of a channel vocoder in a secure speech system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later work in this field has since used digital <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a>. The most widely used speech coding technique is <a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">linear predictive coding</a> (LPC).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another speech coding technique, <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">adaptive differential pulse-code modulation</a> (ADPCM), was developed by P. Cummiskey, <a href="/wiki/Nikil_Jayant" title="Nikil Jayant">Nikil S. Jayant</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a> at Bell Labs in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Terminal equipment for systems based on <a href="/wiki/Digital_mobile_radio" title="Digital mobile radio">digital mobile radio</a> (DMR).</li> <li>Digital voice scrambling and encryption</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">Cochlear implants</a>: noise and tone vocoding is used to simulate the effects of cochlear implants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Musical and other artistic effects<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_implementations">Modern implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Speech_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech codec">Speech codec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Audio codec</a></div> <p>Even with the need to record several frequencies, and additional unvoiced sounds, the compression of vocoder systems is impressive. Standard speech-recording systems capture frequencies from about 500 to 3,400 Hz, where most of the frequencies used in speech lie, typically using a sampling rate of 8 kHz (slightly greater than the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_rate" title="Nyquist rate">Nyquist rate</a>). The sampling resolution is typically 8 or more bits per sample resolution, for a data rate in the range of <span class="nowrap">64 kbit/s</span>, but a good vocoder can provide a reasonably good simulation of voice with as little as <span class="nowrap">5 kbit/s</span> of data. </p><p><i>Toll quality</i> voice coders, such as ITU <a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a>, are used in many telephone networks. G.729 in particular has a final data rate of <span class="nowrap">8 kbit/s</span> with superb voice quality. G.723 achieves slightly worse quality at data rates of 5.3 and <span class="nowrap">6.4 kbit/s</span>. Many voice vocoder systems use lower data rates, but below <span class="nowrap">5 kbit/s</span> voice quality begins to drop rapidly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several vocoder systems are used in <a href="/wiki/NSA_encryption_systems" title="NSA encryption systems">NSA encryption systems</a>: </p> <ul><li>LPC-10, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS</a> Pub 137, <span class="nowrap">2400 bit/s</span>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">linear predictive coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">Code-excited linear prediction</a> (CELP), 2400 and <span class="nowrap">4800 bit/s</span>, Federal Standard 1016, used in <a href="/wiki/STU-III" title="STU-III">STU-III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_slope_delta_modulation" title="Continuously variable slope delta modulation">Continuously variable slope delta modulation</a> (CVSD), <span class="nowrap">16 kbit/s</span>, used in wide band encryptors such as the KY-57.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">Mixed-excitation linear prediction</a> (MELP), MIL STD 3005, <span class="nowrap">2400 bit/s</span>, used in the Future Narrowband Digital Terminal <a href="/wiki/FNBDT" class="mw-redirect" title="FNBDT">FNBDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>'s 21st century secure telephone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Differential_Pulse_Code_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation">Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation</a> (ADPCM), former <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> G.721, <span class="nowrap">32 kbit/s</span> used in <a href="/wiki/Secure_Terminal_Equipment" title="Secure Terminal Equipment">STE</a> secure telephone<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Modern vocoders that are used in communication equipment and in voice storage devices today are based on the following algorithms: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">Algebraic code-excited linear prediction</a> (ACELP 4.7–24 kbit/s)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">Mixed-excitation linear prediction</a> (MELPe 2400, 1200 and <span class="nowrap">600 bit/s</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-band excitation">Multi-band excitation</a> (AMBE <span class="nowrap">2000 bit/s</span> – <span class="nowrap">9600 bit/s</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sinusoidal-Pulsed Representation (SPR <span class="nowrap">600 bit/s</span> – <span class="nowrap">4800 bit/s</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Robust Advanced Low-complexity Waveform Interpolation (RALCWI 2050, 2400 and <span class="nowrap">2750 bit/s</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tri-Wave Excited Linear Prediction (TWELP 300–9600 bit/s)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Noise Robust Vocoder (NRV 300 and <span class="nowrap">800 bit/s</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Vocoders are also currently used in <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">cochlear implant</a> research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_prediction-based">Linear prediction-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linear prediction-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">Linear predictive coding</a></div> <p>Since the late 1970s, most non-musical vocoders have been implemented using <a href="/wiki/Linear_prediction" title="Linear prediction">linear prediction</a>, whereby the target signal's spectral envelope (formant) is estimated by an all-pole <a href="/wiki/Infinite_impulse_response" title="Infinite impulse response">IIR</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_filter" title="Digital filter">filter</a>. In linear prediction coding, the all-pole filter replaces the bandpass filter bank of its predecessor and is used at the encoder to <i>whiten</i> the signal (i.e., flatten the spectrum) and again at the decoder to re-apply the spectral shape of the target speech signal. </p><p>One advantage of this type of filtering is that the location of the linear predictor's spectral peaks is entirely determined by the target signal, and can be as precise as allowed by the time period to be filtered. This is in contrast with vocoders realized using fixed-width filter banks, where the location of spectral peaks is constrained by the available fixed frequency bands. LP filtering also has disadvantages in that signals with a large number of constituent frequencies may exceed the number of frequencies that can be represented by the linear prediction filter. This restriction is the primary reason that LP coding is almost always used in tandem with other methods in high-compression voice coders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waveform-interpolative">Waveform-interpolative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Waveform-interpolative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waveform-interpolative (WI) vocoder was developed at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Laboratories">AT&T Bell Laboratories</a> around 1995 by W.B. Kleijn, and subsequently, a low- complexity version was developed by AT&T for the DoD secure vocoder competition. Notable enhancements to the WI coder were made at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. AT&T holds the core patents related to WI and other institutes hold additional patents.<sup id="cite_ref-kleijn95_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleijn95-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kleijn96_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleijn96-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gottesman01_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottesman01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_effects">Artistic effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artistic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_in_music">Uses in music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses in music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vocoder.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vocoder.PNG/220px-Vocoder.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Vocoder.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Channel vocoder setting as a musical application; the Dutch captions are "Band-pass filters" and "Level meters".</figcaption></figure> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> applications, a source of musical sounds is used as the carrier, instead of extracting the fundamental frequency. For instance, one could use the sound of a <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> as the input to the filter bank, a technique that became popular in the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Werner_Meyer-Eppler" title="Werner Meyer-Eppler">Werner Meyer-Eppler</a>, a German scientist with a special interest in electronic voice synthesis, published a thesis in 1948 on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a> from the viewpoint of <a href="/wiki/Sound_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound synthesis">sound synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meyer-eppler1949_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer-eppler1949-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he was instrumental in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Studio_for_Electronic_Music_(WDR)" title="Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)">Studio for Electronic Music</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> in Cologne, in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-meyer-eppler_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer-eppler-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siemens_Tonstudio,_Deutsches_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siemens_Tonstudio%2C_Deutsches_Museum.jpg/250px-Siemens_Tonstudio%2C_Deutsches_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siemens_Tonstudio%2C_Deutsches_Museum.jpg/330px-Siemens_Tonstudio%2C_Deutsches_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siemens_Tonstudio%2C_Deutsches_Museum.jpg/500px-Siemens_Tonstudio%2C_Deutsches_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Siemens Synthesizer (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1959</span>) at <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> Studio for Electronic Music was one of the first attempts to use a vocoder (rear) to create music.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first attempts to use a vocoder in creating music was the <i>Siemens Synthesizer</i> at the Siemens Studio for Electronic Music, developed between 1956 and 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-siemens_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siemens-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holmes2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>media 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> developed one of the first <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid-state</a> musical vocoders for the electronic music studio of the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bode1984_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bode1984-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Haack" title="Bruce Haack">Bruce Haack</a> built a prototype vocoder, named <i>Farad</i> after <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-farad_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farad-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first featured on "The Electronic Record For Children" released in 1969 and then on his rock album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Lucifer" title="The Electric Lucifer">The Electric Lucifer</a></i> released in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-brucehaack_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brucehaack-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>media 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vocoder effects have been used by musicians in both electronic music and as a special effect along with more traditional instruments. In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a> used it in "Sex Machine", a song on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Stand!" title="Stand!">Stand!</a></i>. Other artists who have made vocoders an essential part of their music, overall or during an extended phase. Examples include the German <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> group <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a>, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> group <a href="/wiki/Polysics" title="Polysics">Polysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Send_One_Your_Love" title="Send One Your Love">Send One Your Love</a>", "<a href="/wiki/A_Seed%27s_a_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="A Seed's a Star">A Seed's a Star</a>") and jazz/fusion keyboardist <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a> during his late 1970s period. In 1982 <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> used a Sennheiser Vocoder VSM201 on six of the nine tracks on <i><a href="/wiki/Trans_(album)" title="Trans (album)">Trans</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tompkins_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tompkins-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chorus and bridge of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/P.Y.T._(Pretty_Young_Thing)" title="P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)">P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)</a>". features a vocoder ("Pretty young thing/You make me sing"), courtesy of session musician <a href="/wiki/Michael_Boddicker" title="Michael Boddicker">Michael Boddicker</a>. </p><p>Among the most consistent users of the vocoder in emulating the human voice are <a href="/wiki/Daft_Punk" title="Daft Punk">Daft Punk</a>, who have used this instrument from their first album <i><a href="/wiki/Homework_(Daft_Punk_album)" title="Homework (Daft Punk album)">Homework</a></i> (1997) to their latest work <i><a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memories" title="Random Access Memories">Random Access Memories</a></i> (2013) and consider the convergence of technological and human voice "the identity of their musical project".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the lyrics of "<a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_(Daft_Punk_song)" title="Around the World (Daft Punk song)">Around the World</a>" (1997) are integrally vocoder-processed, "<a href="/wiki/Get_Lucky_(Daft_Punk_song)" title="Get Lucky (Daft Punk song)">Get Lucky</a>" (2013) features a mix of natural and processed human voices, and "<a href="/wiki/Instant_Crush" title="Instant Crush">Instant Crush</a>" (2013) features <a href="/wiki/Julian_Casablancas" title="Julian Casablancas">Julian Casablancas</a> singing into a vocoder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice_effects_in_other_arts">Voice effects in other arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voice effects in other arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Robotic_voice_effects" title="Robotic voice effects">Robotic voice effects</a></div> <p>Robot voices became a recurring element in popular music during the 20th century. Apart from vocoders, several other methods of producing variations on this effect include: the <a href="/wiki/Sonovox" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonovox">Sonovox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">Talk box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-T-Pain_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-Pain-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>media 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> linear prediction vocoders, <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Speech_Synthesis_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speech_Synthesis-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>media 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Speak_&_Spell_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speak_&_Spell-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>media 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">ring modulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comb_filter" title="Comb filter">comb filter</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Vocoder_demo.ogg" title="File:Vocoder demo.ogg">Example of vocoder</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Vocoder_demo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Vocoder_demo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Vocoder_demo.ogg/Vocoder_demo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVocoder_demo.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Demonstration of the "robotic voice" effect found in film and television</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Vocoders are used in <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> and games, usually for robots or talking computers. The robot voices of the <a href="/wiki/Cylon_(1978)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylon (1978)">Cylons</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(1978_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> were created with an EMS Vocoder 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-tompkins_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tompkins-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_theme#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who theme">1980 version</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> theme, as arranged and recorded by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Howell_(musician)" title="Peter Howell (musician)">Peter Howell</a>, has a section of the main melody generated by a Roland SVC-350 vocoder. A similar <a href="/wiki/Roland_VP-330" title="Roland VP-330">Roland VP-330</a> vocoder was used to create the voice of <a href="/wiki/Soundwave_(Transformers)" title="Soundwave (Transformers)">Soundwave</a>, a character from the <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers" title="Transformers">Transformers</a></i> series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">Audio time stretching and pitch scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vocoders" title="List of vocoders">List of vocoders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_speech_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent speech interface">Silent speech interface</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADPCM is not a proper vocoder but rather a waveform codec. <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> has gathered G.721 along with some other ADPCM codecs into G.726.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2121142A/en">US 135416A</a>, "System for the artificial production of vocal or other sounds", issued 1937-04-07</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=135416A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=System+for+the+artificial+production+of+vocal+or+other+sounds&rft.date=1937-04-07"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDudley1940" class="citation journal cs1">Dudley, Homer (October 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bellsystemtechni19amerrich/bellsystemtechni19amerrich#page/495/mode/1up">"The Carrier Nature of Speech"</a>. <i>Bell System Technical Journal</i>. <b>XIX</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Carrier+Nature+of+Speech&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1940-10&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbellsystemtechni19amerrich%2Fbellsystemtechni19amerrich%23page%2F495%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cryptomuseum-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cryptomuseum_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/usa/hy2/index.htm">"HY-2"</a>. Cryptomuseum.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HY-2&rft.pub=Cryptomuseum.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cryptomuseum.com%2Fcrypto%2Fusa%2Fhy2%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jproc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jproc_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jproc.ca/crypto/hy02.html">"HY-2 Vocoder"</a>. Crypto Machines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HY-2+Vocoder&rft.pub=Crypto+Machines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjproc.ca%2Fcrypto%2Fhy02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills,_Mara2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mills, Mara (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/491050/summary">"Media and Prosthesis: the Vocoder, the Artificial Larynx, and the History of Signal Processing"</a>. <i>Qui Parle</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5250%2Fquiparle.21.1.0107">10.5250/quiparle.21.1.0107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143012886">143012886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qui+Parle&rft.atitle=Media+and+Prosthesis%3A+the+Vocoder%2C+the+Artificial+Larynx%2C+and+the+History+of+Signal+Processing&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5250%2Fquiparle.21.1.0107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143012886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Mills%2C+Mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F491050%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USpatentapplication2151019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USpatentapplication2151019_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFDudley,_Homer_W."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2151091">US application 2151091</a>, Dudley, Homer W., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2151091">Signal Transmission</a>", published May 21, 1939,  assigned to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a>, Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.applnumber=2151091&rft.cc=US&rft.title=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2151091+Signal+Transmission%5D&rft.inventor=Dudley%2C+Homer+W.&rft.assignee=%5B%5BBell+Telephone+Laboratories%5D%5D%2C+Inc.&rft.appldate=October 30, 1935&rft.pubdate=May 21, 1939"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (filed October 30, 1935)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USpatentapplication2098956-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USpatentapplication2098956_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFDudley,_Homer_W."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2098956">US application 2098956</a>, Dudley, Homer W., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2098956">Signaling system</a>", published 1937-11-16,  assigned to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a>, Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.applnumber=2098956&rft.cc=US&rft.title=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2098956+Signaling+system%5D&rft.inventor=Dudley%2C+Homer+W.&rft.assignee=%5B%5BBell+Telephone+Laboratories%5D%5D%2C+Inc.&rft.appldate=1936-12-03&rft.pubdate=1937-11-16"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USpatentapplication2121142-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USpatentapplication2121142_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFDudley,_Homer"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2121142">US apprication 2121142</a>, Dudley, Homer, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2121142">Signal Transmission</a>", published 1938-06-21,  assigned to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a>, Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2121142&rft.cc=US&rft.title=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2121142+Signal+Transmission%5D&rft.inventor=Dudley%2C+Homer&rft.assignee=%5B%5BBell+Telephone+Laboratories%5D%5D%2C+Inc.&rft.appldate=1937-04-07&rft.pubdate=1938-06-21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120years-HomerDudley-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-120years-HomerDudley_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-120years-HomerDudley_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://120years.net/the-voder-vocoderhomer-dudleyusa1940/">"The 'Voder' & 'Vocoder' Homer Dudley, USA, 1940"</a>. <i>120 Years of Electronic Music (120years.net)</i>. 2013-09-21. <q>The Vocoder (Voice Operated reCorDER) and Voder (Voice Operation DEmonstratoR) developed by the research physicist Homer Dudley, ... The Voder was first unveiled in 1939 at the New York World Fair (where it was demonstrated at hourly intervals) and later in 1940 in San Francisco. There were twenty trained operators known as the 'girls' who handled the machine much like a musical instrument such as a piano or an organ, ... This was done by manipulating fourteen keys with the fingers, a bar with the left wrist and a foot pedal with the right foot.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=120+Years+of+Electronic+Music+%28120years.net%29&rft.atitle=The+%27Voder%27+%26+%27Vocoder%27+Homer+Dudley%2C+USA%2C+1940&rft.date=2013-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F120years.net%2Fthe-voder-vocoderhomer-dudleyusa1940%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haskinsLabs-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haskinsLabs_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/heads/SIMULACRA/voder.html">"The Voder (1939)"</a>. <i>Talking Heads: Simulacra</i>. <a href="/wiki/Haskins_Laboratories" title="Haskins Laboratories">Haskins Laboratories</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talking+Heads%3A+Simulacra&rft.atitle=The+Voder+%281939%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haskins.yale.edu%2Ffeatured%2Fheads%2FSIMULACRA%2Fvoder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span> Based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Flanagan1965" class="citation book cs1">James L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbn.com/technology/speech/nrv">the original</a> on 2014-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noise+Rubust+Vocoders&rft.pub=Raytheon+BBN+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbn.com%2Ftechnology%2Fspeech%2Fnrv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleijn95-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kleijn95_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleijnHaagen1995" class="citation book cs1">Kleijn, W.B.; Haagen, J. (1995). "A speech coder based on decomposition of characteristic waveforms". <i>1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing</i>. Vol. 1. (AT&T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ). pp. <span class="nowrap">508–</span>511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICASSP.1995.479640">10.1109/ICASSP.1995.479640</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-2431-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-2431-2"><bdi>978-0-7803-2431-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9105323">9105323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+speech+coder+based+on+decomposition+of+characteristic+waveforms&rft.btitle=1995+International+Conference+on+Acoustics%2C+Speech%2C+and+Signal+Processing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E508-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9105323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICASSP.1995.479640&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-2431-2&rft.aulast=Kleijn&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rft.au=Haagen%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleijn96-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kleijn96_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleijnShohamSenHagen1996" class="citation conference cs1">Kleijn, W.B.; Shoham, Y.; Sen, D.; Hagen, R. 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(2001). "Enhanced waveform interpolative coding at low bit-rate". <i>IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing</i>. <b>9</b> (November 2001). (Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA): <span class="nowrap">786–</span>798. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F89.966082">10.1109/89.966082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17949435">17949435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Speech+and+Audio+Processing&rft.atitle=Enhanced+waveform+interpolative+coding+at+low+bit-rate&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=November+2001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E786-%3C%2Fspan%3E798&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F89.966082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17949435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gottesman&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Gersho%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer-eppler1949-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meyer-eppler1949_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Eppler1949" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Meyer-Eppler" title="Werner Meyer-Eppler">Meyer-Eppler, Werner</a> (1949), <i>Elektronische Klangerzeugung: Elektronische Musik und synthetische Sprache</i>, Bonn: Ferdinand Dümmlers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elektronische+Klangerzeugung%3A+Elektronische+Musik+und+synthetische+Sprache&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Ferdinand+D%C3%BCmmlers&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Meyer-Eppler&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer-eppler-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meyer-eppler_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiesterhöft2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diesterhöft, Sonja (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305021509/http://www.kgw.tu-berlin.de/statisch/Studio/Meyer-Eppler/Meyer-Eppler.html">"Meyer-Eppler und der Vocoder"</a>, <i>Seminars Klanganalyse und -synthese</i> (in German), Fachgebiet Kommunikationswissenschaft, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin#Geisteswissenschaften" class="extiw" title="de:Technische Universität Berlin">Institut für Sprache und Kommunikation, Technische Universität Berlin</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kgw.tu-berlin.de/statisch/Studio/Meyer-Eppler/Meyer-Eppler.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-05</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+Klanganalyse+und+-synthese&rft.atitle=Meyer-Eppler+und+der+Vocoder&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Diesterh%C3%B6ft&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kgw.tu-berlin.de%2Fstatisch%2FStudio%2FMeyer-Eppler%2FMeyer-Eppler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siemens-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siemens_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930175905/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-vi/siemens-studio">"Das Siemens-Studio für elektronische Musik von Alexander Schaaf und Helmut Klein"</a> (in German). 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Bruce Haack Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruce+Haack%27s+Biography+1965%E2%80%931974&rft.pub=Bruce+Haack+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brucehaack.com%2Fbiography%2Fbiography-1965-1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tompkins-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tompkins_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tompkins_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTompkins2010–2011" class="citation book cs1">Tompkins, Dave (2010–2011). <i>How to Wreck a Nice Beach: The Vocoder from World War II to Hip-Hop, The Machine Speaks</i>. Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-093-8"><bdi>978-1-61219-093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Wreck+a+Nice+Beach%3A+The+Vocoder+from+World+War+II+to+Hip-Hop%2C+The+Machine+Speaks&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2010%2F2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61219-093-8&rft.aulast=Tompkins&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/2013/05/03/03006-20130503ARTFIG00588-daft-punk-la-musique-actuelle-manque-d-ambition.php">"Daft Punk: "La musique actuelle manque d'ambition"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(interview)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>. May 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Daft+Punk%3A+%22La+musique+actuelle+manque+d%27ambition%22&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fmusique%2F2013%2F05%2F03%2F03006-20130503ARTFIG00588-daft-punk-la-musique-actuelle-manque-d-ambition.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Multimedia references</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSdFu1xdoZk"><i>One Of The First Vocoder Machine [sic]</i></a> (Motion picture). c. 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Of+The+First+Vocoder+Machine+%5Bsic%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmSdFu1xdoZk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span> A demonstration of the <a href="/wiki/Voder" title="Voder">voder</a> (not the vocoder).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9F7wP9dz5IY&list=PL84027969B66FECBD&index=2"><i>Siemens Electronic Music Studio in Deutsches Museum (multi part)</i></a> (Video).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siemens+Electronic+Music+Studio+in+Deutsches+Museum+%28multi+part%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9F7wP9dz5IY%26list%3DPL84027969B66FECBD%26index%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span>  Details of the Siemens Electronic Music Studio, exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bruce Haack (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7BCyF3xiY0"><i>Electric to Me Turn – from "The Electric Lucifer"</i></a> (Phonograph). Columbia Records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electric+to+Me+Turn+%E2%80%93+from+%22The+Electric+Lucifer%22&rft.pub=Columbia+Records&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dt7BCyF3xiY0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span>   A sample of earlier Vocoder.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T-Pain-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T-Pain_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">T-Pain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwzOWFqsa0Q#t=0m50s"><i>I'm Sprung</i></a> (CD Single/Download). Jive Records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%27m+Sprung&rft.pub=Jive+Records&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhwzOWFqsa0Q%23t%3D0m50s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span>  (A sample of <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a> effect (a.k.a. <i><a href="/wiki/T-Pain_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Pain effect">T-Pain effect</a></i>).)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speech_Synthesis-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speech_Synthesis_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebK4wX76RZ4"><i>Earlier Computer Speech Synthesis</i></a> (Audio). AT&T Bell Labs. c. 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earlier+Computer+Speech+Synthesis&rft.pub=AT%26T+Bell+Labs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DebK4wX76RZ4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span>  (A sample of earlier computer-based <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a> and song synthesis, by <a href="/wiki/John_Larry_Kelly,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Larry Kelly, Jr.">John Larry Kelly, Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gerstman" title="Louis Gerstman">Louis Gerstman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, using <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a> computer. The demo song "<a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bell" title="Daisy Bell">Daisy Bell</a>", musical accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a>, impressed <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> and later he used it in the climactic scene of the screenplay for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speak_&_Spell-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speak_&_Spell_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qM8FcN0aAvU"><i>TI Speak & Spell</i></a> (Video). Texas Instruments. c. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TI+Speak+%26+Spell&rft.pub=Texas+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqM8FcN0aAvU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span>  (A sample of <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vocoders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vocoders">Vocoders</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907154842/http://www.paia.com/ProdArticles/vocodwrk.htm">"How Vocoders Work"</a>. PAIA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paia.com/ProdArticles/vocodwrk.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Vocoders+Work&rft.pub=PAIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paia.com%2FProdArticles%2Fvocodwrk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocoder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://120years.net/the-voder-vocoderhomer-dudleyusa1940/">Description, photographs, and diagram for the vocoder at 120years.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209035536/http://digitalmedia.oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/digitalmedia/2006/03/29/vocoder-tutorial-and-tips.html">O'Reilly Article on Vocoders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/object-interest-vocoder">Object of Interest: The Vocoder The New Yorker Magazine mini documentary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4188473-5">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/1d04494c-a06b-409e-9a95-bde7a94860dd">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&oldid=1275798155">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vocoder&oldid=1275798155</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_effects" title="Category:Audio effects">Audio effects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Electronic musical 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