Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr">  <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb# website: http://ogp.me/ns/website#"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://justatic.com"> <link rel="preload" as="image" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court-extended-md.webp" fetchpriority="high"> <link href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/branding/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" /> <title> Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center</title><meta name="robots" content="index,follow"><meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"><meta name="is-li" content="0"><meta name="page-type" content="Law: Cases: Homepage (USSC)"><meta name="description" content="United States Supreme Court Opinions"><meta name="keywords" content="United States Supreme Court, Cases, Opinions, Decisions"><meta property="og:title" content="U.S. Supreme Court Center" /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Justia Law" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/social-media/law.jpg" /><meta property="og:admins" content="656268335,686786921,25900864" /><meta property="og:app_id" content="119529808075661" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://supreme.justia.com//" /><meta property="og:description" content="United States Supreme Court Opinions" /><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta property="twitter:site" content="@JustiaCom" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://supreme.justia.com//" /><meta name="trigger-ga" content="1" /><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P2QTGCR');</script><link href="https://company.justia.com" rel="publisher" /> <script>window.jshides = [];</script> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="128x128" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_128.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_144.png" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v40/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTS-mu0SC55I.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/css/supreme.css" /> <style> .grecaptcha-badge { visibility: hidden; height: 0 !important;} </style> </head> <body class=" supreme content-right-sidebar sticky-footer index" data-directive="j-gdpr" data-privacy-policy-url="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/" data-project="law">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P2QTGCR" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header id="header" class="header-wrapper portal" data-directive="j-topnav"> <div id="sticky-nav"> <div class="burger-wrapper"> <div id="hamburger" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Hamburger" class="hamburger"> <div class="inner-ham" style="pointer-events:none"> <span class="lns ln2-1" style="pointer-events:none"></span> <span class="lns ln2-2" style="pointer-events:none"></span> </div> </div> <div id="header-nav"> <div class="inner-wrapper"> <div class="logo-wrapper"> <a href="/" title="Justia" class="logo"> <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/branding/logos/sites/justia.svg" alt="Justia"> <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo - Subdomain" class="sub-domain" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/branding/logos/sites/us-supreme-court.svg" alt="Case Law"> </a> </div> <div class="buttons-wrapper"> <div class="topnav-button search-icon" id="search-icon-button"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/> </div> <div class="topnav-button sign-in-icon" id="sign-in-icon-button"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/profile.svg" alt="My Account" width="20" height="20"> </div> <div id="accounts-buttons-wrapper"> <span class="topnav-button login-buttons" id="login-buttons-wrapper"> <span class="login-buttons-wrapper"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Account" data-gtm-label="Log In" data- data-directive="j-login" href="https://accounts.justia.com/signin?destination=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com" class="login">Log In</a> <a href="https://accounts.justia.com/" class="sign-up">Sign Up</a> </span> </span> </div> <div id="search-form-wrapper"> <form action="https://law.justia.com/lawsearch/redirect-from-header" method="get" class="search-form jform" id="search-form"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input type="text" name="query" value="" id="querybox" title="Search" placeholder="Search"> </div> <button type="submit"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="subnavigation"> <div class="subnavigation-wrapper"> <ul> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer </a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Research the Law" href="https://www.justia.com/">Research the Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Law & Regs" href="https://law.justia.com/">Laws & Regs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Newsletters" href="https://connect.justia.com/case-law-summary-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> <div class="sublist"> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Pro Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#pro-membership">Pro Membership</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Basic Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#basic-membership">Basic Membership</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Platinum Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/platinum/">Platinum Placements</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Gold Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/gold/">Gold Placements</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="SEO" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/search-engine-optimization/">SEO</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Websites & LSA Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-firm-websites/">Websites</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-blogs/">Blogs</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="PPC Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/cpc-ppc/">PPC Management</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Google Business Profile" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/google-business-profile/">Google Business Profile</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Social Media" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/social-media-networking/">Social Media</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="has-topnav-padding font-opensans" data-directive="j-announcement" data-project="law"></div> <main id="main-content" class="main-content -single-column font-opensans bg-white"> <div class="stripe hp-block main-image-stripe"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="image-banner"> <picture> <source srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court-extended-md.webp 780w, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court-extended.webp 1559w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court-extended-md.jpg 780w, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court-extended.jpg 1559w" type="image/jpeg"> <img class="banner" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court-extended.jpg" width="1559" height="600" alt="Banner image"> </picture> </div> <div class="block-banner clearfix -hide-medium-tablet"> <strong class="banner-title"> U.S. Supreme Court Center </strong> </div> </div> </div> <section class="stripes"> <div class="stripe-wrapper -full-size"> <div class="stripe-v2 highest-tribunal-stripe"> <div class="wrapper"> <h1 class="heading-1">Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center</h1> <div class="wrapper"> <p> As the highest court in the nation, the U.S. Supreme Court has shaped the rights and freedoms of Americans since the Founding. Justia provides a free collection of all U.S. Supreme Court decisions from 1791 to the present. We also offer opinion summaries, briefs, oral argument audio, and resources that provide a panoramic view of each case in its context. </p> </div> <div class="grid-wrapper--25 clearfix has-margin-top-50"> <div class="col--one-half"> <div class="text-center"> <a class="button button-xlarge" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Cases By Date Button" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/cases/federal/us/"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/cases-by-date.svg" class="jicon -medium" style="pointer-events:none" role="img" title="Cases By Date"/> <div class="text-wrapper to-large-font" style="pointer-events:none"> <strong style="pointer-events:none">Cases by Date</strong> <span class="detailed-text" style="pointer-events:none"></span> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col--one-half"> <div class="text-center"> <a class="button button-xlarge" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Cases By Topic Button" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/cases-by-topic/"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/cases-by-topic.svg" class="jicon -medium" style="pointer-events:none" role="img" title="Cases By Topic"/> <div class="text-wrapper to-large-font" style="pointer-events:none"> <strong style="pointer-events:none">Cases by Topic</strong> <span class="detailed-text" style="pointer-events:none"></span> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col--one-half"> <div class="text-center"> <a class="button button-xlarge" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Supreme Court History Button" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/supreme-court-history/"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/history.svg" class="jicon -medium" style="pointer-events:none" role="img" title="Supreme Court History"/> <div class="text-wrapper to-large-font" style="pointer-events:none"> <strong style="pointer-events:none">Supreme Court History</strong> <span class="detailed-text" style="pointer-events:none"></span> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col--one-half"> <div class="text-center"> <a class="button button-xlarge" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Supreme Court Justices Button" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/justices/"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/justices.svg" class="jicon -medium" style="pointer-events:none" role="img" title="Supreme Court Justices"/> <div class="text-wrapper to-large-font" style="pointer-events:none"> <strong style="pointer-events:none">Supreme Court Justices</strong> <span class="detailed-text" style="pointer-events:none"></span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding font-opensans flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2 supreme-videos"> <div class="main-content wrapper has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding has-no-bottom-padding"> <strong class="heading-3 text-center has-no-top-margin">Watch Our Supreme Court Term Previews & Reviews</strong> <div class="flex-col-wrapper"> <div class="flex-col width-50 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <div class="lazyframe" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VqNAHXOIt90" data-thumbnail="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/supreme/23-24-supreme-court-term-thumbnail.webp, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/supreme/23-24-supreme-court-term-thumbnail.jpg" data-vendor="youtube"></div> <div class="title-video text-center"> 2023-24 Supreme Court Term Preview </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-50 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <div class="lazyframe" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GAInRg7S9zc" data-thumbnail="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/supreme/key-ruling-from-23-24-supreme-court-term.webp, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/supreme/key-ruling-from-23-24-supreme-court-term.jpg" data-vendor="youtube"></div> <div class="title-video text-center"> Breaking Down the Bench: Key Rulings From the 2023-2024 Supreme Court Term </div> </div> </div> <div class="button-container text-center stripe-view has-margin-top-20"> <a href="/supreme-court-cases-preview-and-review-videos/" class="button button-ghost-transparent width-20 -v2" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="More Videos" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" >More Videos</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2 bg-wild-sand landmark-supreme"> <div class="main-content wrapper has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding has-no-bottom-padding"> <strong class="heading-3 text-center has-margin-bottom-25">Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Cases</strong> <ul class="has-padding-full has-no-bottom-padding has-no-right-padding has-no-left-padding list-no-styles to-large-font list-gutter--normal list-columns-two list-columns-three has-margin-bottom-25 has-no-top-padding"> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/abortion-reproductive-rights.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Abortion & Reproductive Rights"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Abortion & Reproductive Rights" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/abortion-reproductive-rights/"> Abortion & Reproductive Rights </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/antitrust.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Antitrust"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Antitrust" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/antitrust/"> Antitrust </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/climate-change-environment.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Climate Change & Environment"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Climate Change & Environment" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/climate-change-environment/"> Climate Change & Environment </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/copyrights.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Copyrights"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Copyrights" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/copyrights/"> Copyrights </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/criminal-trials-prosecutions.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Criminal Trials & Prosecutions"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Criminal Trials & Prosecutions" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/criminal-trials-prosecutions/"> Criminal Trials & Prosecutions </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/death-penalty-criminal-sentencing.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Death Penalty & Criminal Sentencing"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Death Penalty & Criminal Sentencing" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/death-penalty-criminal-sentencing/"> Death Penalty & Criminal Sentencing </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/due-process.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Due Process"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Due Process" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/due-process/"> Due Process </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/equal-protection.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Equal Protection"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Equal Protection" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/equal-protection/"> Equal Protection </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/free-speech.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Free Speech"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Free Speech" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/free-speech/"> Free Speech </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/government-agencies.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Government Agencies"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Government Agencies" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/government-agencies/"> Government Agencies </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/gun-rights.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Gun Rights"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Gun Rights" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/gun-rights/"> Gun Rights </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/healthcare.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Health Care"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Health Care" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/healthcare/"> Health Care </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/immigration-national-security.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Immigration & National Security"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Immigration & National Security" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/immigration-national-security/"> Immigration & National Security </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/labor-employment.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Labor & Employment"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Labor & Employment" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/labor-employment/"> Labor & Employment </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/lawsuits-legal-procedures.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Lawsuits & Legal Procedures"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Lawsuits & Legal Procedures" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/lawsuits-legal-procedures/"> Lawsuits & Legal Procedures </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/lgbtq-rights.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="LGBTQ+ Rights"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="LGBTQ+ Rights" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/lgbtq-rights/"> LGBTQ+ Rights </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/miranda-rights.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Miranda Rights"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Miranda Rights" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/miranda-rights/"> Miranda Rights </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/patents.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Patents"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Patents" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/patents/"> Patents </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/powers-of-congress.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Powers of Congress"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Powers of Congress" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/powers-of-congress/"> Powers of Congress </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/property-rights-land-use.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Property Rights & Land Use"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Property Rights & Land Use" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/property-rights-land-use/"> Property Rights & Land Use </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/religion.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Religion"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Religion" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/religion/"> Religion </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/role-of-courts.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Role of Courts"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Role of Courts" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/role-of-courts/"> Role of Courts </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-shown"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/search-seizure.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Search & Seizure"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Search & Seizure" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/search-seizure/"> Search & Seizure </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/separation-of-powers.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Separation of Powers"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Separation of Powers" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/separation-of-powers/"> Separation of Powers </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/taxes.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Taxes"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Taxes" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/taxes/"> Taxes </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/trademarks.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Trademarks"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Trademarks" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/trademarks/"> Trademarks </a> </span> </li> <li class="-collapsed-hidden hidden"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/version2/cases/voting-elections.svg" class="jicon -medium"role="img" title="Voting & Elections"/> <span> <a class="case-text" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Voting & Elections" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Landmark Section" href="/cases-by-topic/voting-elections/"> Voting & Elections </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="button-container text-center stripe-view"> <a href="#" class="expand button button-ghost-transparent width-20 -v2" data-directive="j-expand" data-collapsed_class="hidden" data-expanded_class="shown" data-collapsed_text="View More" data-expanded_text="Show Less" data-elements=".-collapsed-hidden">View More</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2 recent-supreme-court"> <div class="main-content wrapper content-image-grid has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding has-no-bottom-padding"> <strong class="heading-3 text-center has-margin-bottom-50">Recent U.S. Supreme Court Decisions</strong> <div class="content -wide"> <p class="title"> <strong class="large-font"> <a href="/cases/federal/us/604/23-980/">Facebook, Inc. v. Amalgamated Bank (November 22, 2024)</a> </strong> </p> <p class="title"> <strong class="large-font"> <a href="/cases/federal/us/604/23-167/">Hamm v. Smith (November 4, 2024)</a> </strong> </p> <p class="title"> <strong class="large-font"> <a href="/cases/federal/us/603/24a78/">Department of Education v. Louisiana (August 16, 2024)</a> </strong> <p class="text to-large-font">The Supreme Court left in place an injunction blocking the Department of Education from implementing a new rule that most notably expanded the definition of sex discrimination under Title IX to include sexual orientation and gender identity.</p> </p> <p class="title"> <strong class="large-font"> <a href="/cases/federal/us/603/22-277/">Moody v. NetChoice, LLC (July 1, 2024)</a> </strong> <p class="text to-large-font">The First Amendment offers protection when an entity engaging in expressive activity, including compiling and curating others’ speech, is directed to accommodate messages it would prefer to exclude. Also, a state may not interfere with private actors’ speech to advance its own vision of ideological balance.</p> </p> <p class="title"> <strong class="large-font"> <a href="/cases/federal/us/603/23-939/">Trump v. United States (July 1, 2024)</a> </strong> <p class="text to-large-font">Under our constitutional structure of separated powers, the nature of Presidential power entitles a former President to absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for actions within his conclusive and preclusive constitutional authority. And he is entitled to at least presumptive immunity from prosecution for all his official acts. There is no immunity for unofficial acts.</p> </p> </div> <div class="image"> <picture> <source srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court.webp" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court.jpg" type="image/jpeg"> <img class="-display-block set-maxlimit half-centered" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/supreme-court.jpg" width="596" loading="lazy" height="662" alt="Supreme Court"> </picture> </div> <div class="button-container text-center stripe-view has-margin-top-50"> <a href="/cases/federal/us/year/2024.html" class="button button-ghost-transparent width-20 -v2" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="More Decisions" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Content" >More Decisions</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2 bg-wild-sand supreme-court-resources"> <div class="main-content wrapper has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding has-no-bottom-padding"> <strong class="heading-3 text-center has-margin-bottom-50">U.S. Supreme Court Resources</strong> <ul class="has-padding-full has-no-bottom-padding has-no-right-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding list-no-styles to-large-font list-gutter--normal list-columns-two list-columns-three"> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Supreme Court History" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="/supreme-court-history/"> Supreme Court History </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - The Supreme Court Building" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="/supreme-court-building/"> The Supreme Court Building </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Stages of a Supreme Court Case" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="/stages-of-supreme-court-case/"> Stages of a Supreme Court Case </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Reading a Supreme Court Decision" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="/reading-supreme-court-decision/"> Reading a Supreme Court Decision </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - U.S. Supreme Court Website" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" target="_blank" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/"> U.S. Supreme Court Website </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Oyez" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" target="_blank" href="https://www.oyez.org/"> Oyez </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - SCOTUSblog" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" target="_blank" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/"> SCOTUSblog </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Justia Verdict" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" target="_blank" href="https://verdict.justia.com/"> Justia Verdict </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - U.S. Supreme Court Code of Conduct" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="/supreme-court-code-of-conduct-justices/"> U.S. Supreme Court Code of Conduct </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - View Cases by Volume" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="/cases/federal/us/volume/"> View Cases by Volume </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - View All Courts" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="#supreme-court-timeline"> View All Courts </a> </strong> </li> <li> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - View All Justices" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Resources Section" href="/justices/"> View All Justices </a> </strong> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans width-100-v2 current-supreme-court"> <strong class="heading-3 text-center has-margin-bottom-50">Current U.S. Supreme Court</strong> <div class="main-content has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding has-no-bottom-padding court-list"> <div class="grid-wrapper--25 clearfix"> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - John G. Roberts, Jr." data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/john-g-roberts-jr"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/john-g-roberts-jr-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/john-g-roberts-jr-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/john-g-roberts-jr-xl.jpg 2x" alt="John G. Roberts, Jr." class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - John G. Roberts, Jr." data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/john-g-roberts-jr">John G. Roberts, Jr.</a> </strong><br> Chief Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Clarence Thomas" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/clarence-thomas"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/clarence-thomas-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/clarence-thomas-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/clarence-thomas-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Clarence Thomas" class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Clarence Thomas" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/clarence-thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Samuel A. Alito, Jr." data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/samuel-a-alito-jr"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/samuel-a-alito-jr-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/samuel-a-alito-jr-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/samuel-a-alito-jr-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Samuel A. Alito, Jr." class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Samuel A. Alito, Jr." data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/samuel-a-alito-jr">Samuel A. Alito, Jr.</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Sonia Sotomayor" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/sonia-sotomayor"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/sonia-sotomayor-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/sonia-sotomayor-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/sonia-sotomayor-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Sonia Sotomayor" class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Sonia Sotomayor" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/sonia-sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Elena Kagan" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/elena-kagan"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/elena-kagan-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/elena-kagan-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/elena-kagan-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Elena Kagan" class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Elena Kagan" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/elena-kagan">Elena Kagan</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Neil M. Gorsuch" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/neil-gorsuch"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/neil-m-gorsuch-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/neil-m-gorsuch-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/neil-m-gorsuch-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Neil M. Gorsuch" class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Neil M. Gorsuch" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/neil-gorsuch">Neil M. Gorsuch</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Brett M. Kavanaugh" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/brett-m-kavanaugh"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/brett-m-kavanaugh-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/brett-m-kavanaugh-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/brett-m-kavanaugh-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Brett M. Kavanaugh" class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Brett M. Kavanaugh" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/brett-m-kavanaugh">Brett M. Kavanaugh</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Amy Coney Barrett" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/amy-coney-barrett"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/amy-coney-barrett-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/amy-coney-barrett-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/amy-coney-barrett-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Amy Coney Barrett" class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Amy Coney Barrett" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/amy-coney-barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> <div class="col--one-third"> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-left-padding has-no-top-padding"> <a class="photo-box -display-flex -no-underline" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Ketanji Brown Jackson" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/ketanji-brown-jackson"> <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/ketanji-b-jackson-xl.jpg" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/ketanji-b-jackson-xl.jpg, //justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/justices/double/ketanji-b-jackson-xl.jpg 2x" alt="Ketanji Brown Jackson" class="image" style="pointer-events:none" width="150" height="150"/> </a> </div> <div class="pull-left has-padding has-no-top-padding has-no-left-padding"> <strong> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Justice - Ketanji Brown Jackson" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Justices Section" href="/justices/ketanji-brown-jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> </strong><br> Associate Justice </div> </div> </diV> </div> </div> <div id="supreme-court-history" class="has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2 bg-wild-sand supreme-court-through-centuries"> <div id="supreme-court-timeline" class="main-content wrapper has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding has-no-bottom-padding"> <strong class="heading-3 text-center has-margin-bottom-50">U.S. Supreme Court History</strong> <div class="flex-columns -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2"> <div class="flex-col-wrapper -flex-wrap"> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet show" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/roberts-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Roberts Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_g_roberts_jr.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_g_roberts_jr.png" alt="Roberts Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/roberts-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Roberts Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Roberts Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">2005-present</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet show" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/rehnquist-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Rehnquist Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/william_h_rehnquist.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/william_h_rehnquist.png" alt="Rehnquist Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/rehnquist-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Rehnquist Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Rehnquist Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1986-2005</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet show" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/burger-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Burger Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/warren_e_burger.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/warren_e_burger.png" alt="Burger Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/burger-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Burger Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Burger Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1969-1986</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/warren-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Warren Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/earl_warren.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/earl_warren.png" alt="Warren Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/warren-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Warren Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Warren Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1953-1969</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/vinson-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Vinson Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/fred_m_vinson.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/fred_m_vinson.png" alt="Vinson Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/vinson-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Vinson Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Vinson Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1946-1953</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/stone-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Stone Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/harlan_fiske_stone.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/harlan_fiske_stone.png" alt="Stone Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/stone-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Stone Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Stone Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1941-1946</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/hughes-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Hughes Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/charles_e_hughes.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/charles_e_hughes.png" alt="Hughes Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/hughes-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Hughes Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Hughes Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1930-1941</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/taft-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Taft Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/william_howard_taft.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/william_howard_taft.png" alt="Taft Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/taft-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Taft Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Taft Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1921-1930</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/white-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="White Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/edward_d_white.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/edward_d_white.png" alt="White Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/white-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="White Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">White Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1910-1921</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/fuller-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Fuller Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/melville_w_fuller.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/melville_w_fuller.png" alt="Fuller Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/fuller-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Fuller Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Fuller Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1888-1910</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/waite-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Waite Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/morrison_r_waite.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/morrison_r_waite.png" alt="Waite Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/waite-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Waite Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Waite Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1874-1888</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/chase-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Chase Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/salmon_p_chase.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/salmon_p_chase.png" alt="Chase Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/chase-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Chase Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Chase Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1864-1873</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/taney-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Taney Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/roger_b_taney.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/roger_b_taney.png" alt="Taney Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/taney-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Taney Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Taney Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1836-1864</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/marshall-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Marshall Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_marshall.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_marshall.png" alt="Marshall Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/marshall-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Marshall Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Marshall Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1801-1835</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/ellsworth-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Ellsworth Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/oliver_ellsworth.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/oliver_ellsworth.png" alt="Ellsworth Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/ellsworth-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Ellsworth Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Ellsworth Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1796-1800</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/rutledge-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Rutledge Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_rutledge.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_rutledge.png" alt="Rutledge Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/rutledge-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Rutledge Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Rutledge Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1795</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="flex-col width-25-in-lvl3 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet hide hide-lvl2-only" > <a href="/supreme-court-history/jay-court/" class="image-link" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Jay Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <img loading="lazy" src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_jay.png" srcset="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/law/supreme/chiefs/john_jay.png" alt="Jay Court" class="image"/> </a> <div class="align-middle text-center to-large-font has-margin-top-10"> <a class="-text" href="/supreme-court-history/jay-court/" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Jay Court" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="Supreme Court History" > <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">Jay Court</strong> <strong class="-display-block width-100-v2" style="pointer-events:none">1789-1795</strong> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="button-container text-center has-margin-top-25 stripe-view -show-landscape-tablet"> <a href="#" class="expand button button-ghost-transparent width-20 -v2 show-lvl2-only" data-directive="j-expand" data-collapsed_class="hide-lvl2-only" data-expanded_class="show-lvl2-only" data-collapsed_text="View More" data-expanded_text="Show Less" data-go_to="#supreme-court-history" data-elements=".flex-col.width-25-in-lvl3.reset-width-below-landscape-tablet.hide">View More</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="notification-banner hidden hide-print"> <a href="#" class="toggle -expanded " data-section="notification-banner-content" data-directive="j-expand" data-cookie="law-sticky-footer-collapsed"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Toggle button</span> <svg class="jicon -fill-red" role="img" title="Toggle" viewbox="0 0 270 270"> <use xlink:href="/justatic/shared/images/icons/simple-icons-sprite.svg#down"></use> </svg> </a> <div id="notification-banner-content" class="container -expanded has-no-border"> <div class="wrapper"> <p class="text"> <strong>Get free summaries of new <span id="footer-summaries-court-name">U.S. Supreme Court</span> opinions delivered to your inbox!</strong> </p> <div class="form-container"> <form id="subscribe-footer-form" data-directive="j-validator" data-runs-recaptcha="1" data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Sticky Footer Form" data-gtm-category="Summary Newsletters" data-gtm-value="Submission" > <input type="hidden" name="footer-summaries-identifier" id="footer-summaries-identifier" value="ussc" /> <div class="jform-simple form-v2 -always-inline"> <div class="jfld-group floating-label" data-directive="j-floating-label"> <span class="jfld-floating-label flabel" id="subscriptions-footer-email-label">Enter Your Email</span> <input id="footer-email" class="form-text jinput-large jfld-block" placeholder="Enter email" title="Enter email" required="true" data-validations="isEmail" data-container="#footer-email-container" name="footer-email" type="email" value=""> <div id="footer-email-container" class="errors-list"></div> </div> <button class="button button-red save-button" type="submit"> <span class="nowrap">Sign Up</span> </button> </div> <div id="footer-g-recaptcha" class="g-recaptcha text-center -display-flex captcha" data-sitekey="6Lc8e9QZAAAAALXCMYspBhWr45nC7vkovxjiIKzP"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function functionAddAttribute(){ document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response').setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true'); document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response').setAttribute('aria-label', 'do not use'); document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response').setAttribute('aria-readonly', 'true'); }; window.onload = functionAddAttribute; </script> </div> </section> </div> <div id="footer" class="-v2 short bg-white color-black"> <div class="wrapper has-no-padding"> <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix ussc-resources"> <div class="section-title">U.S. Supreme Court Resources</div> <div class="columns"> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Cases by Date" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/">Cases by Date</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Cases by Topic" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases-by-topic/">Cases by Topic</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Cases by Volume" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/volume/">Cases by Volume</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Supreme Court History" href="https://supreme.justia.com/supreme-court-history/">Supreme Court History</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Supreme Court Justices" href="https://supreme.justia.com/justices/">Supreme Court Justices</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Supreme Court Building" href="https://supreme.justia.com/supreme-court-building/">Supreme Court Building</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Stages of a Case" href="https://supreme.justia.com/stages-of-supreme-court-case/">Stages of a Case</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Supreme Court" data-gtm-action="U.S. Supreme Court Resources" data-gtm-label="Law - Reading a Decision" href="https://supreme.justia.com/reading-supreme-court-decision/">Reading a Decision</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper has-border-top-mercury has-no-padding"> <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix"> <div class="section-title">Justia Legal Resources</div> <div class="columns"> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-01"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-01" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/bankruptcy">Bankruptcy Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/business-law">Business Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/criminal-law">Criminal Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/employment-law">Employment Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/estate-planning">Estate Planning Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/family-law">Family Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/personal-injury">Personal Injury Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer - More" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">Individuals</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-02"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-02" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy" href="https://www.justia.com/bankruptcy/">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/">Criminal</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Divorce" href="https://www.justia.com/family/divorce/">Divorce</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="DUI" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/drunk-driving-dui-dwi/">DUI</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning" href="https://www.justia.com/estate-planning/">Estate Planning</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Law" href="https://www.justia.com/family/">Family Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury" href="https://www.justia.com/injury/">Personal Injury</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals - More" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">Business</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-03"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-03" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Formation" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/starting-your-own-business/">Business Formation</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Operations" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/">Business Operations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.com/employment/">Employment</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Intellectual Property" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/">Intellectual Property</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="International Trade" href="https://www.justia.com/international-law/international-trade-law/">International Trade</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Real Estate" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/commercial-real-estate-the-law/">Real Estate</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Tax Law" href="https://www.justia.com/tax/">Tax Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business - More" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/ ">Law Schools</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-04"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-04" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dictionary" href="https://dictionary.justia.com/">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Admissions" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Admissions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Financial Aid" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Course Outlines" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/outlines/">Course Outlines</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Journals" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Journals</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/blogs/categories/law-student">Blogs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.jobs/jobs/summer-associate-legal-internship">Employment</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Schools - More" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">US Federal Law</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-05"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-05" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Constitution" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/">US Constitution</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Code" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/us">US Code</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Regulations" href="https://regulations.justia.com/">Regulations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Supreme Court" href="https://supreme.justia.com/">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Circuit Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/">Circuit Courts</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="District Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/">District Courts</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dockets & Filings" href="https://dockets.justia.com/">Dockets & Filings</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">US State Law</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-06"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-06" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Constitutions" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">State Constitutions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Codes" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/">State Codes</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Case Law" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/">State Case Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="California" href="https://law.justia.com/california/">California</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Florida" href="https://law.justia.com/florida/">Florida</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="New York" href="https://law.justia.com/new-york/">New York</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Texas" href="https://law.justia.com/texas/">Texas</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases" href="https://www.justia.com/">Other Databases</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-07"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-07" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Jobs" href="https://www.justia.jobs/">Legal Jobs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/">Legal Blogs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Forms" href="https://contracts.justia.com/">Business Forms</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Product Recalls" href="https://recalls.justia.com/">Product Recalls</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Patents" href="https://patents.justia.com/">Patents</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Trademarks" href="https://trademarks.justia.com/">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Countries" href="https://www.justia.com/countries/">Countries</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases - More" href="https://www.justia.com/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-08"> <img src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-08" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect Membership</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Premium Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/#premium-placements">Justia Premium Placements</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate (SEO, Websites)</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify (PPC, GBP)</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Testimonials" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/testimonials/">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions - More" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="small-font jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block has-no-margin text-center"> <div class="disclaimer"> This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank">Terms of Service</a> apply. </div> </div> <div class="bg-justia-blue"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="copyright"> <span class="site"> <span class="social-media"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/justia" title="Facebook" target="_blank" class="fb icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/facebook.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Facebook" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Facebook"> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/justiacom" title="Twitter" target="_blank" class="twitter icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/twitter.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Twitter" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Twitter"> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/justia" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" class="linkedin icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/linkedin.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="LinkedIn" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - LinkedIn"> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/justia" title="YouTube" target="_blank" class="youtube icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/youtube.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="YouTube" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - YouTube" /> </a> <a href="https://lawyers.justia.com/organization/justia-inc-16302" title="Justia Lawyer Directory" class="justia icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/justia.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Justia" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Justia Lawyer Directory"> </a> </span> <span class="credits">© 2024 <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Copyright" href="https://www.justia.com/">Justia</a></span> </span> <span class="nav"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://connect.justia.com/">Justia Connect</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Legal Portal" href="https://www.justia.com/">Legal Portal</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Company" href="https://company.justia.com/">Company</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Help" href="https://support.justia.com/">Help</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Terms of Service" href="https://www.justia.com/terms-of-service/">Terms of Service</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Privacy Policy" href="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" class="nowrap" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="//justatic.com/v/20241125095820/shared/js/supreme.js"></script> <script src="//justatic.com/h/20241125095820/shared/js/law.js"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=recaptchaOnLoad&render=explicit" async defer></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center