CINXE.COM
Niels Bohr Library & Archives | American Institute of Physics
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <script src="https://cmp.osano.com/Azytm7SGW0qsW1JZP/e3ca91f6-0b04-4bcb-aa58-792b2bd5c1bc/osano.js"></script> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"20644bd237",applicationID:"88767368"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K9S7D3L'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon_1.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script>window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={};</script> <title>Niels Bohr Library & Archives | American Institute of Physics</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_HuIkZyUAl2aRNPKdw87Bs6_KDvYX4xYlNOwLR6SJkO4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_nnx4V1oymteGlm8S4ruUYgRQoJkUePZYoh20oDxr81M.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_mt1bojd1nZyjWOaR61Y7JMS_q9dXm9xecMEr4pLWPOo.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Upr_drbtquxsFBVRn_prMbkNaAz0e_nukO76k6zCE_0.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.typekit.net/nfj8rcr.css"> <style> div.osano-cm-info__info-views.osano-cm-info-views.osano-cm-info-views--position_0>div>ul>li:nth-child(5) { display: none; } </style> <script src="https://bc.aip.org/script.js"></script> <script src="https://ww2.aip.org/osano-bc.js"></script> </head> <body class="fontyourface path-node page-node-type-landing-page"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K9S7D3L" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden;"></iframe> </noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="toTop"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-up"></span></div> <!-- #header-top --> <div id="header-top" class="clearfix"> <div class="container"> <!-- #header-top-inside --> <div id="header-top-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <!-- #header-top-left --> <div id="header-top-left" class="clearfix"> <div class="region region-header-top-left"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-secondarymenuaip-menu" id="block-secondarymenuaip" class="settings-tray-editable block block-menu navigation menu--menu-secondary-global-menu" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-secondarymenuaip-menu">Secondary menu: AIP</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-toggle-target menu-toggle-target-show" id="show-block-secondarymenuaip"></div> <div class="menu-toggle-target" id="hide-block-secondarymenuaip"></div> <a class="menu-toggle" href="#show-block-secondarymenuaip">Show — Secondary menu: AIP</a> <a class="menu-toggle menu-toggle--hide" href="#hide-block-secondarymenuaip">Hide — Secondary menu: AIP</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="http://publishing.aip.org" title="Link to publishing.aip.org subsite home page">AIP Publishing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="http://china.aip.org" title="AIP China">AIP China</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <!-- EOF:#header-top-left --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #header-top-inside --> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #header-top --> <div id="master-header"> <!-- header --> <header id="header" role="banner" class="clearfix"> <div class="container"> <!-- #header-inside --> <div id="header-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="region region-header"> <div id="block-bootstrap-business-branding" class="settings-tray-editable site-branding block block-system block-system-branding-block" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <a id="logo" href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-branding__logo"> <img src="/sites/default/files/aip-logo-180.png" alt="Home" /> </a> <div class="site-branding__text"> <div id="site-name" class="site-branding__name"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home">American Institute of Physics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-searchaiphometopblock" class="settings-tray-editable block block-block-content block-block-contentbab0dec1-44f1-4b8d-9477-3323bec3e383" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div> <script async="" src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=003382013941963381872:esxjxm-zsta"></script><div class="gcse-search">聽</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #header-inside --> </div> </header> <!-- EOF: #header --> <!-- #main-navigation --> <div id="main-navigation" class="clearfix"> <div class="container"> <!-- #main-navigation-inside --> <div id="main-navigation-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <nav role="navigation" class="clearfix"> <div class="region region-navigation"> <div id="block-mainmenu" class="settings-tray-editable block block-tb-megamenu block-tb-megamenu-menu-blockmain" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div class="content"> <style type="text/css"> .tb-megamenu.animate .mega > .mega-dropdown-menu, .tb-megamenu.animate.slide .mega > .mega-dropdown-menu > div { transition-delay: 200ms; -webkit-transition-delay: 200ms; -ms-transition-delay: 200ms; -o-transition-delay: 200ms; transition-duration: 400ms; -webkit-transition-duration: 400ms; -ms-transition-duration: 400ms; -o-transition-duration: 400ms; } </style> <div class="tb-megamenu tb-megamenu-main animate elastic" data-duration="400" data-delay="200" id="tb-megamenu-main" role="navigation" aria-label="Main navigation"> <button data-target=".nav-collapse" data-toggle="collapse" class="btn btn-navbar tb-megamenu-button" type="button"> <i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> </button> <div class="nav-collapse "> <ul class="tb-megamenu-nav nav level-0 items-6" role="list" > <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega dropdown active active-trail" data-id="menu_link_content:f26988cb-a45b-4c42-9d0b-a60aa51ced18" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="1" > <span class="dropdown-toggle active-trail tb-megamenu-no-link" title="Physics Resources Center" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"> Programs and Resources <span class="caret"></span> </span> <div class="tb-megamenu-submenu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child" data-class="" data-width="" role="list"> <div class="mega-dropdown-inner"> <div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav" data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-1"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix"> <ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-9" role="list"> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:cf1bc020-345f-49a2-9962-4366ffadd8a0" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/statistics" > Statistical Research </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:95b3e107-ef9d-48f3-a523-09df2e2a1907" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/history-programs" > History Programs </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:88ab147b-56f2-4fa9-89cd-4043bd3a0704" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/history-programs/physics-history" > Center for History of Physics </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega active active-trail" data-id="menu_link_content:cb1d4cc3-49eb-416f-9520-42c834656e67" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library" class="active-trail"> Niels Bohr Library & Archives </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:23e4cb58-b1a4-496b-84d3-f8a3023d8c8e" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/student-programs" > Student Programs </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:cf165e0f-ea19-46ab-8d3c-7a66bec89a2c" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/policy" > Public Policy </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:09ddaee7-62f4-428a-883a-4ada0a5bc627" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/diversity-initiatives" > Diversity Initiatives </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:c2ed38ba-e166-47a7-8053-a67a337e933d" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/covid-impacts-on-physical-science" > COVID 19 </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:277cfef8-7000-46bf-ac60-470edb5204bd" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/facets" > Future of Convening </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega dropdown" data-id="menu_link_content:bf8d4bc1-820d-4100-9d46-ac9088383606" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="1" > <a href="/publications/publications" class="dropdown-toggle" title="AIP's Journals and other publications" aria-expanded="false"> Publications <span class="caret"></span> </a> <div class="tb-megamenu-submenu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child" data-class="" data-width="" role="list"> <div class="mega-dropdown-inner"> <div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav" data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-2"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix"> <ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-6" role="list"> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:5b4afd49-68a1-4f27-98ed-ce1b5e2d86ea" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="https://pubs.aip.org/aip" title="AIP Journals and Conference Proceedings"> Journals </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:113f806f-552f-442c-b7e4-e50f0673192a" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="http://www.insidescience.org" title="Inside Science"> Inside Science </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:8cc17671-327c-4115-ae6a-798ad6203447" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="http://www.physicstoday.org" title="Physics Today online"> Physics Today </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:461b188c-1333-4eaf-b7fd-74106592a236" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/fyi" > FYI: Science Policy News </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:b188a5a3-361c-4899-a293-7f6ddc7bec97" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/news-and-analysis" title="News & Analysis"> News & Analysis </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega dropdown" data-id="menu_link_content:60b3c6aa-c7c0-4df5-8284-851ff381d95f" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="1" > <a href="/career-resources" class="dropdown-toggle" title="AIP Career Resources" aria-expanded="false"> Career Resources <span class="caret"></span> </a> <div class="tb-megamenu-submenu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child" data-class="" data-width="" role="list"> <div class="mega-dropdown-inner"> <div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav" data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-3"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix"> <ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-1" role="list"> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:6c9c04d3-9e30-4d9d-8c15-b1a8c9ce708f" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="https://americaninstituteofphysics.applicantstack.com/x/openings" title="Open positions at AIP"> Careers at AIP </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:e890e66f-407a-447b-ae09-2262984087a1" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="1" > <a href="/member-societies" title="AIP's Member and Affiliated Societies"> Member Societies </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega dropdown" data-id="menu_link_content:f164b606-aa1e-42b2-bd91-d5b6d3246f86" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="1" > <a href="/aip/about-aip" class="dropdown-toggle" title="About AIP landing page" aria-expanded="false"> About AIP <span class="caret"></span> </a> <div class="tb-megamenu-submenu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child" data-class="" data-width="" role="list"> <div class="mega-dropdown-inner"> <div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav" data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-4"> <div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix"> <ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-8" role="list"> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:24dc9f77-1216-4f13-a853-0d0a6d16ce39" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/aip/mission-strategy" > Mission and Strategy </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:18cdeb01-cd2a-440a-946c-299798d8a631" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/aip/leadership" > Organization and Governance </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:5b188432-c390-4b66-a37a-a2f57a5c0c5c" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/aip/policies" > Policies </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:5ee3847c-f75e-4076-ac46-b1a59fda5613" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/news" > News </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:610ac1b1-ea1e-4013-b2c1-de4250cdd0ac" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/aip/awards" > Awards and Prizes </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:ad734f68-18a8-42a2-ad30-ff7d8e7f3053" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/aip/history" title="History of AIP"> History of AIP </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="views_view:views.annual_reports.page_1" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/aip/annual-report-financials" title="/annual-report-financials"> Annual Report and Financials </a> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:29e2396f-5ee7-4da5-ad9f-e82cc769cc09" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="2" > <a href="/aip/contact-us" > Contact Us </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega" data-id="menu_link_content:a8dc6488-61b7-4626-9459-f15c2b613920" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" data-label="" aria-level="1" > <a href="https://foundation.aip.org" class="giving" title="Donate to AIP Programs" target="_blank"> Giving </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #main-navigation-inside --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #main-navigation --> <!-- #page --> <div id="page" class="clearfix"> <!-- #main-content --> <div id="main-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-md-9"> <!-- #main --> <div id="main" class="clearfix"> <!-- #breadcrumb --> <div id="breadcrumb" class="clearfix"> <!-- #breadcrumb-inside --> <div id="breadcrumb-inside" class="clearfix"> </div> <!-- EOF: #breadcrumb-inside --> </div> <!-- EOF: #breadcrumb --> <!-- #promoted --> <div id="promoted" class="clearfix"> <div id="promoted-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="region region-promoted"> <div id="block-bootstrap-business-breadcrumbs" class="settings-tray-editable block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div class="content"> <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/history-programs">History Programs</a> </li> <li> Niels Bohr Library & Archives </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #promoted --> <!-- EOF:#content-wrapper --> <div id="content-wrapper"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-pagetitle" class="block block-core block-page-title-block"> <div class="content"> <h1 class="page-title"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Niels Bohr Library & Archives</span> </h1> </div> </div> <div id="block-bootstrap-business-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <div class="content"> <article role="article" class="node node--type-landing-page node--view-mode-full clearfix"> <header> </header> <div class="node__content clearfix"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentcee9c9b7-99c4-496c-b74a-1c18b29fbb48"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><div alt="Library and Archives cube" data-embed-button="embed_media_images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.float_small_image_left" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="c929ebca-6955-445a-ade6-c22fee3fbcf6" data-langcode="en" class="embedded-entity"><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-float-small-image-left"><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <a href="https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/nbl.png" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{"alt":"Library and Archives cube"}" role="button" title="Library and Archives cube" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-image-208-VWdZm4Vo54k" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"alt":"Library and Archives cube"}"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/160_wide/public/nbl.png?itok=R9g7RdKz" width="160" height="135" alt="Library and Archives cube" loading="lazy" class="image-style-_60-wide" /></a> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-caption field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Library and Archives "cube" is the signature architectural feature of AIP's headquarters.</p> </div> </article></div> </p> <p>The Niels Bohr Library & Archives is a repository and clearinghouse for information in the history of physics, astronomy, geophysics and allied fields.</p> <p>In-house holdings include an outstanding collection of textbooks, monographs and related publications; over 30,000 photographs and other images; over 1,500 oral histories with many of the outstanding figures in the fields that we cover; and archival records of AIP and its Member Societies along with other archival records and personal papers of a select number of scientists.</p> <p>In our <a href="https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=rev-icos&menu=search" rel="noopener" target="_blank">International Catalog of Sources (ICOS)</a> we have over 10,000 collections from over 900 repositories worldwide.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/visiting-niels-bohr-library-archives" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Visiting the Library</a>聽 | <a href="https://aip.libcal.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Scheduling a visit</a> | <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/item-request" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Item request form</a>聽 |聽 <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/terms-of-use" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Using collections</a>聽| <a href="https://aip.libwizard.com/id/5ccaba9f5711d491417a1a6db5d705a2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Ethical Cataloging Statement</a></p> <div style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #333; padding-bottom: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px;">聽</div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; padding-right: 20px;"><strong>Address</strong><br /> One Physics Ellipse<br /> College Park, MD 20740<br /><a href="https://acp.org/?page_id=12" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Get directions</a></div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; padding-right: 20px;"><strong>Hours</strong><br /> Monday-Friday 10am-4pm<br /><a href="https://aip.libcal.com/">Appointments required</a><br /><strong>Closed:<br /> Tuesday November 19<br /> Thursday November 28 & 29<br /> Thursday December 5<br /> Wednesday Dec. 25 - January 1</strong></div> <div style="float: left;"><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Phone (301) 209-3177<br /> Fax (301) 209-0882<br /> Email: <span class="spamspan"><span class="u">nbl</span> [at] <span class="d">aip.org</span></span></div> <p>聽</p> <p>聽</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content23ee1617-9633-44db-abe4-5b23fded391d"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Search our catalogs</h2> <form action="https://aip.ipac.sirsidynix.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp" method="post"> <p><strong>Search the Niels Bohr Library & Archives holdings and the International Catalog of Sources</strong></p> <p> <input name="menu" type="hidden" value="search" /><input name="aspect" type="hidden" value="subtab129" /><input name="sort" type="hidden" value="" /><input name="npp" size="2" type="hidden" value="10" /><input name="ipp" type="hidden" value="20" /><input name="profile" type="hidden" value="rev-all" /></p> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;"> <select class="comboBox" name="index"><option selected="true" value=".GW">General</option><option value=".TW">Title</option><option value=".AW">Author</option><option value=".SW">Subject</option><option value=".SE">Series</option><option value=".DW">Publication Date</option><option value="ALLTITL">Title Browse</option><option value="PAUTHOR">Author Browse</option><option value="SUBJECT">Subject Browse</option></select></div> <div style="float: left;"> <input maxlength="255" name="term" size="25" style="float: left;" type="text" value="" /></div> <div style="clear: both;">聽</div> <p> <input class="search_button" type="submit" value="Search" /> 聽 | 聽 <a href="https://aip.ipac.sirsidynix.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=rev-all&menu=search">Advanced Search聽聽 | 聽 </a><a href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/search-tips-international-catalog-sources">Search Tips</a></p> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF:#content-wrapper --> </div> <!-- EOF:#main --> </section> <aside class="col-md-3"> <!--#sidebar-second--> <section id="sidebar-second" class="sidebar clearfix"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-system-menu-block-menu-niels-bohr-library-menu-menu" id="block-system-menu-block-menu-niels-bohr-library-menu" class="block block-menu navigation menu--menu-niels-bohr-library-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-system-menu-block-menu-niels-bohr-library-menu-menu">Niels Bohr Library menu</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-toggle-target menu-toggle-target-show" id="show-block-system-menu-block-menu-niels-bohr-library-menu"></div> <div class="menu-toggle-target" id="hide-block-system-menu-block-menu-niels-bohr-library-menu"></div> <a class="menu-toggle" href="#show-block-system-menu-block-menu-niels-bohr-library-menu">Show — Niels Bohr Library menu</a> <a class="menu-toggle menu-toggle--hide" href="#hide-block-system-menu-block-menu-niels-bohr-library-menu">Hide — Niels Bohr Library menu</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <span title="">Search our Catalogs</span> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://aip.ipac.sirsidynix.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=rev-icos&menu=search">Archives</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://aip.ipac.sirsidynix.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=rev-nbl&menu=search">Books</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <span title="">Collections</span> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla:segre">Emilio Segr猫 Visual Archives</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="http://repository.aip.org" title="">Digital Collections</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/413691">Oral Histories</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/archival-finding-aids" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4735">Archival Finding Aids</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://history.aip.org/phn/" title="">Physics History Network</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://history.aip.org/society-portals/" title="">Member Society Portals</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://aip.libwizard.com/id/5ccaba9f5711d491417a1a6db5d705a2">Ethical Cataloging Statement</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <span title="">Preservation & Support</span> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/suggest-a-book-purchase" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/397666">Suggest a Book Purchase</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/documentation-projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50880">Documentation Projects</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/donating-materials" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2797">Donating Materials</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/history-newsletter" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/84916">History Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/saving-archival-collections" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2798">Saving Archival Collections</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/grants-archives" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2799">Grants to Archives</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <span title="">Center for History of Physics</span> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/history-programs/physics-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/413146">Scholarship and Outreach</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="block-block-content-c443234d-6482-48c1-a2b0-d0705345f060" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentc443234d-6482-48c1-a2b0-d0705345f060"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p style="margin-top: 30px;"><a href="https://foundation.aip.org/library-programs.html" style="background: #69a554; text-align: center; color: #fff; padding: 7px; border: 1px solid #333; border-radius: 3px;" target="_blank"><strong>Support our work</strong></a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contact-block block block-block-content block-block-content8bce5bf6-61af-490f-a220-e49f755c0981" id="block-block-content-8bce5bf6-61af-490f-a220-e49f755c0981"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="contact_block"> <h2>Contact the Niels Bohr Library & Archives</h2> <p>One Physics Ellipse<br /> College Park, MD 20740</p> <p>(301)-209-3177<br /><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#8de3efe1cdece4fda3e2ffea"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="c8a6aaa488a9a1b8e6a7baaf">[email protected]</span></a></p> <p><a href="/history-programs/physics-history/contact">Staff contacts</a></p> <p><a href="/subscribe-history-center-newsletter">Subscribe to our newsletter</a></p> <p><a href="/subscribe-exlibris">Subscribe to Ex Libris Universum</a></p> <div class="contact_follow"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AIPhistory" target="_blank"><img alt="AIP History Facebook" src="/sites/default/files/aipcorp/images/sitewide/1383075253_facebook.png" style="vertical-align: middle; width: 32px; height: 32px;" /></a>聽聽<a href="https://twitter.com/AIP_Library" target="_blank"><img alt="AIP History Twiter stream" src="/sites/default/files/history/Twitter_Social_Icon_Rounded_Square_Color%5B1%5D.png" style="vertical-align: middle; width: 32px; height: 32px;" /></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contact-block block block-block-content block-block-content9f891fce-e901-41bb-b68f-c96a4fb494a6" id="block-block-content-9f891fce-e901-41bb-b68f-c96a4fb494a6"> <h2>Hours and Events</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Events: </strong><br /><strong><a href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/physics-history/trimble-lectures">Lyne Starling Trimble History of Science Public Lecture</a></strong><a href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/physics-history/trimble-lectures"><strong>s</strong></a></p> <p><strong>Monday - Friday 10am - 4pm, <a href="https://aip.libcal.com/">appointments required</a></strong></p> <p><b>Library will be closed the following dates:</b>聽Tuesday November 19, Thanksgiving (Nov. 28 & 29), Thursday December 5, Winter Break (Dec. 25 - Jan. 1)</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container ex-libris-latest block block-views block-views-blockex-libris-universum-block-2" id="block-views-block-ex-libris-universum-block-2"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-ex-libris-universum view-id-ex_libris_universum view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-e03023200c923f5519e1fe9d6056d66ab13b5e2fbefc1b07f3d43aaa35ef93e2"> <div class="view-header"> <h3 class="block-title"><a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum">Ex Libris Universum</a></h3> <p>A blog about the history of physics collections of the Niels Bohr Library & Archives.</p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type-ex-libris-universum node--view-mode-blog-teaser ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"> <div class="field field--name-field-blog-teaser-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/science-communication-collections-niels" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large_thumbnail/public/2024-11/TVteaser.jpg?itok=uVd0l60O" width="90" height="100" class="image-style-large-thumbnail" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/science-communication-collections-niels" hreflang="en">Science Communication Collections at the Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type-ex-libris-universum node--view-mode-blog-teaser ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"> <div class="field field--name-field-blog-teaser-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/friends-fellowship-and-feasts" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large_thumbnail/public/sites/default/files/history/images/exlibris/frogel_jay_d1.jpg?itok=biVRpHuS" width="90" height="100" alt="(L-R): Jay Frogel, Allan Sandage, Vera Rubin, and Martin McCarthy share a meal. Image information: Frogel Jay D1, AIP Emilio Segr猫 Visual Archives, Rubin Collection" class="image-style-large-thumbnail" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/friends-fellowship-and-feasts" hreflang="en">Friends, Fellowship, and Feasts</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type-ex-libris-universum node--view-mode-blog-teaser ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"> <div class="field field--name-field-blog-teaser-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/working-preserve-man-who-weighed-world" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large_thumbnail/public/2024-10/Anon%20H%20Cav740.jpg?itok=6jScTnr5" width="90" height="100" alt="drawn portrait in black on a beige background: Portrait of Henry Cavendish" class="image-style-large-thumbnail" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/working-preserve-man-who-weighed-world" hreflang="en">Working to Preserve The Man Who Weighed the World</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type-ex-libris-universum node--view-mode-blog-teaser ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"> <div class="field field--name-field-blog-teaser-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/approaches-strategic-science-communication" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large_thumbnail/public/2024-10/BesleyTeaser.jpg?itok=JYQ4U-yS" width="90" height="100" alt="John Besley outdoors" class="image-style-large-thumbnail" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/approaches-strategic-science-communication" hreflang="en">Approaches to Strategic Science Communication</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type-ex-libris-universum node--view-mode-blog-teaser ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"> <div class="field field--name-field-blog-teaser-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/world-space-week-curiosity-cosmos" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large_thumbnail/public/2024-10/Nancybig_740.jpg?itok=yShKGazd" width="90" height="100" class="image-style-large-thumbnail" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum/world-space-week-curiosity-cosmos" hreflang="en">World Space Week: Curiosity for the Cosmos</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <a href="/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/ex-libris-universum" class="views-display-link views-display-link-page_1">MORE</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!--EOF:#sidebar-second--> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF:#main-content --> </div> <!-- EOF:#page --> <footer id="subfooter" class="clearfix"> <div class="container"> <!-- #subfooter-inside --> <div id="subfooter-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <!-- #subfooter-left --> <div class="subfooter-area"> <div class="region region-footer"> <div id="block-globalfooterblock" class="settings-tray-editable block block-block-content block-block-content0ab8bc4b-aefa-4dce-aaeb-57a31df8db45" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="footer-logo"><img src="/sites/default/files/aipcorp/images/sitewide/aip-logo-fullname-400.png" /></div> <div class="footer-elements"> <div class="footer-element-1"> <h5>Corporate Headquarters / Mailing Address<br /><a href="https://www.aip.org">AIP at American Center for Physics - MD</a></h5> <p>1 Physics Ellipse Drive<br /> College Park, MD 20740</p> <!-- +1 301.209.3100--> <h5><a href="https://www.aip.org">AIP at American Center for Physics - DC</a></h5> <p>555 12th Street NW<br /> Suite 250<br /> Washington DC 20004</p> <h5><a href="https://publishing.aip.org/publishing">AIP Publishing</a></h5> <p>1305 Walt Whitman Road<br /> Suite 110<br /> Melville, NY 11747<br /> +1 516.576.2200</p> <p>漏 2023 American Institute of Physics</p> <p><a href="/aip/contact-us">Contact</a> | <a href="/aip/staff-contacts">Staff Directory</a> | <a href="/aip/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></p> <p><a href="https://twitter.com/AIP_HQ" target="_blank"><img src="/sites/default/files/aipcorp/images/sitewide/1383075471_twitter.png" style="vertical-align: middle; float: left;" /></a>聽聽Follow us on Twitter</p> </div> <div class="footer-element-2"> <h5>AIP Member Societies</h5> <ul><li><a href="http://acousticalsociety.org">Acoustical Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="http://aapm.org">American Association of Physicists in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="http://aapt.org">American Association of Physics Teachers</a></li> <li><a href="http://aas.org">American Astronomical Society</a></li> <li><a href="http://amercrystalassn.org">American Crystallographic Association</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/">American Meteorological Society</a></li> <li><a href="http://aps.org">American Physical Society</a></li> <li><a href="http://avs.org">AVS: Science & Technology of Materials, Interfaces, and Processing</a></li> <li><a href="http://osa.org">Optica (formerly The Optical Society)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rheology.org/SoR/">The Society of Rheology</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="footer-element-3"> <p>As a 501(c)(3) non-profit, AIP is a federation that advances the success of our Member Societies and an institute that engages in research and analysis to empower positive change in the physical sciences. The mission of AIP (American Institute of Physics) is to advance, promote, and serve the physical sciences for the benefit of humanity.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #subfooter-left --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- EOF: #subfooter-inside --> </div> </footer> <!-- EOF:#subfooter --> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/413681","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"addtoany\/addtoany.front,bootstrap_business\/bootstrap,bootstrap_business\/bootstrap-cdn,bootstrap_business\/global-styling,bootstrap_business\/to-top,bootstrap_business\/toggle,ckeditor_accordion\/accordion.frontend,classy\/base,classy\/messages,classy\/node,colorbox\/default,colorbox_inline\/colorbox_inline,colorbox_load\/colorbox_load,core\/normalize,ds\/ds_2col,entity_embed\/caption,fitvids\/fitvids,fitvids\/init,layout_discovery\/onecol,ng_lightbox\/ng_lightbox,system\/base,tb_megamenu\/theme.tb_megamenu,views\/views.module","theme":"bootstrap_business","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px"},"fitvids":{"selectors":".content\r,#ar2020","custom_vendors":"","ignore_selectors":""},"ckeditorAccordion":{"accordionStyle":{"collapseAll":1,"keepRowsOpen":0,"animateAccordionOpenAndClose":1,"openTabsWithHash":1}},"TBMegaMenu":{"TBElementsCounter":{"column":4},"theme":"bootstrap_business"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e102c26b0d55e9cc03c6b0bb16301b1f92a7829a78b32b0abca2a9e718584348"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_JKTqKKUFJySoJKr1tRjhLZR97m34jmf2txjDEd8oDIs.js"></script> <script src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" async></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_bTesTJrXxP664fxrMurM7SZVpAehiRWQRI26amURB9w.js"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/ckeditor_accordion/js/accordion.frontend.min.js?sn9iae"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_0pdQapILKlA7poD2HEY4Wh12ktTKzk1BRn3mAxz4Ybw.js"></script> <script src="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function downloadJSAtOnload() { var element = document.createElement("script"); element.src = "yourscript.js"; document.body.appendChild(element); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", downloadJSAtOnload, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload", downloadJSAtOnload); else window.onload = downloadJSAtOnload; </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"20644bd237","applicationID":"88767368","transactionName":"YV0DZUFSCEtTVRVRWFgXIFJHWglWHUYAX1JpWwBSW1Y=","queueTime":14,"applicationTime":24,"atts":"TRoUEwlIGxQQV0MCTEtF","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e9d68ce0eac5f42',t:'MTczMjgyODkwNi4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>