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English Wikipedia's disambig articles [[:en:Classification|Classification]] or [[:en:Taxonomy|Taxonomy]] can prove this topic is very studied and many people found many ways to classify a lot of objects in a lot of domains. At Wikidata, the community chose to use some well known ways to build classification, inspired by so called ''semantic technologies.'' == Klassen und Instanzen == Ich, der Verfasser, du, der Leser, und alle anderen, die diese Seite lesen, haben etwas gemeinsam. Wir gehören zu einer Gruppe von Menschen, die an Wikidata gearbeitet haben oder arbeiten wollen. Nennen wir diese Gruppe ''Wikidataner''. In der echten Welt gibt es andere Gruppe von Dingen, beispielsweise * die Gruppe aller Personen, die jemals an irgendeinem WMF-Projekt mitgearbeitet haben * die Gruppe aller Bäume auf der Welt There are a lot of groups, all kinds of them, on Wikidata. The ones we are interested in are called ''classes''. Others, like music bands, are not the subject of this article. The members of classes will be called ''instances'' (or individuals). They distinguish themselves from members of music bands or other organisations, or from the relationship that exists between a car and its wheels. There is a property to link an individual, like you and me, to the class or classes that the individual belongs to: {{instance of}}. Wenn du zum Beispiel ausdrücken möchtest, das Barack Obama ein Mensch ist, lautet das übersetzt in Wikidata-Sprache <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> * {{Type|Q76|Q5}}. {{Q'|Q5}} ist dabei das Objekt für die Klasse aller Menschen und {{Q'|76}} das Objekt für Barack Obama. </div> ;A note about the ''Wikidatian'' example: : There is a subtlety about the ''Wikidatian'' example. It can be argued that being a wikidata editor is better modeled as an occupation ( {{Q'|https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12737077}} - that is, a class of actions that are often performed by someone or something, or a rôle in society) than as a class of people. If that's the case, then the definition of the occupation would be ''editing regularly Wikidata''. In this case, the property {{P'|occupation}} is better suited, and the class of all people who have this occupation is distinct, although some wikidatians prefer not to make it explicit. === Class-token distinction === An important thing to bear in mind when we want to decide whether or not an item is a member of a class is, to a first approximation, the philosophical principle of the Type/Token distinction, which itself has got an item on Wikidata: {{Q|175928}}. According to this principle, tokens (or ''instances'', or ''individuals''), are concrete objects, or events involving concrete objects, which are localized in time and space. You and I are concrete objects, the {{Q|19024}} or the {{Q|323}} is an {{Q|1190554}}: all of these are tokens. ''The last time Napoleon got angry'' is a token, it's an event involving someone. Classes, on the other hand, are abstract objects that regroup tokens according to some common characteristic they have, for example, the class of all trees. Some concepts like the concept of "angryness" seems to be even more abstract. It's not the case. We showed a token of angryness in our last example: ''The last time Napoleon got angry''. Grouped together with similar events they form a class we can assimilate to the concept of this state of mind. To facilitate {{q|Q1644136}} capabilities, some modern ontologies go further and allow classes to be instances of other classes, effectively providing more than a single layer of abstraction. See [[#Classifying classes|below]] for the discussion of this approach. === Superclasses and subclasses: relationships between classes === In the following, the domain of discourse we are interested in is the Wikimedia project, and especially its contributors. The classes ''Wikidatian'' and ''Wikimedian'' are classes relevant in this context. Clearly every person who is a member of ''Wikidatian'' has contributed to a Wikimedia project. There is a property in Wikidata to express this kind of relationship: {{subclass of}}. For example a claim like : {{SubType|Wikidatians|Wikimedians}} means that every instance of the former class is also an instance of the latter. Similarly, it is very likely that Wikimedians are all human. This would translate in the common language we are defining, independent of the respective languages of Wikidata contributors. <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> * {{SubType|Wikimedianer|Mensch}}<ref group="Witz">Roboter zählen wir nicht als Wikimedianer ;)</ref>. </div> In normaler Sprache gibt es weitere Möglichkeiten, diese Aussage auszudrücken: * ''Wikidatian'' is a special kind of ''Wikimedian''; or, for those who are in computing or programming, the ''Wikidatian'' class is a specialisation of ''Wikimedian'' class. The second statement is also sometimes written (if you hear this somewhere in a discussion, don't panic): * the ''Human'' class is a Generalization of the ''Wikimedian'' class ; all Wikimedians are human ; all instances of Wikimedian are instances of human. Ein Wikimedianer kann sowohl Wikipedianer (die Klasse aller Personen, die an Wikipedia mitarbeiten) als auch Wikidataner sein. Das ist kein Problem. === Classes definition === Imagine two Wikimedians, Bob and Alice. Imagine we have a database of all Wikimedians, and that we have information about them. In that database, we have also items about Wikimedia projects, like ''Wikidata'', ''Wikipedia'', ''Wikisource'', ... We also have a property called ''contributes to'', with information such that: ;Alice :* {{C|Alice|contributes to|Wikipedia}} ;Bob :* {{C|Bob|contributes to|Wikisource}} :* {{C|Bob|contributes to|Wikidata}} We know from this data that Bob is a Wikidatian. In this case, we could use this property, hypothetically, to query the database for all Wikidatians. Actually this even could be used to give a precise definition of what the Wikidatian class is, using only things that are already present in the database. We could create what is called a {{Q'|1026899}} to the class. This is a thing people who are working on other projects do, and something to keep in mind to organize Wikidata: this could give definitions independent of the language of the contributor and a good definition of a class could be very useful for constraints and sanity checks, vandalism fighting, etc. ... All this based on the fact that, if we have a query that gives a good definition of a class, every instance of the class should be in the result set of the query. Some tools can use class definition to deduce other things from existing statements and class definitions. For example, if we have statements about Alice and Bob that say they both contribute to Wikipedia (using the «contributes to» Property), and we know from the definition of the «Wikipedian» class that Wikipedians are people who contribute to Wikipedia, then a tool could deduce that Alice and Bob are Wikipedians, even if there are no explicit «instance of: Wikipedian» statements for their items. Then if Wikipedian is a subclass of Wikimedian, the tool could deduce that Alice and Bob are Wikimedian as well (if it's aware of the {{Q'|Q64861}} of the subclass relationship; that is, that an instance of a class is an instance of all its superclasses). There is a project whose goal is to collect Wikidata's community needs and potential use cases in term of inferences (first) then to find ways to benefit them in Wikidata, please visit {{WikiProject|Reasoning}}. == Classifying classes == It is sometimes useful to use some other classification methods and technologies that do not follow strictly the token/type relationship. For example there are already classifications in use for ships: {{Type|Q5631188|Q4121227}} is a natural things to say. The counterpart of this Wikidata statement exists in American Army members' language, who can say "{{Q|5631188}} is a ship of the class {{Q|4121227}}". So their language can easily have its counterpart in Wikidata. But how can we say that all ship classes on Wikidata are not necessarily ship classes in the sense used by the US-American Army? There are indeed a lot of types of ships (cruise ships, cargo ships) that would never be used in a sentence like "[...] is a ship of the class [...]" The idea is that we can discriminate ship classes in the preceding sense from any ship class in the Wikidata sense by classifying classes themselves, using the same properties that we use to classify instances. Actually Wikidata already had all that it needed to do that even before it existed: the item and the corresponding articles defined {{Q|Q559026}} themselves. It can reasonably be said that : {{SubType|Q4121227|Q11446}}. But it can also reasonably be said that :{{Type|Q4121227|Q559026}} because it's clearly by itself an example of a ship class, and not only a subclass of ships. An army man would use that as an example of a ship class if he wanted to explain that concept to someone. :In that case, {{Q|Q4121227}} is both a class and an instance: :* a class of ship, as it is a subclass of the <ship> concept :* an instance of the <ship class> concept. :This is allowed by semantic web standards like OWL Full or RDF. See the (currently only in english) {{Q'|Q19478619}} english Wikipedia article. === Why having items which are both class and instances === Some people object that this feature, having items which are both classes and instances, is not useful. In their mind, it is enough to search for all the subclasses of some class to get all the relevant classes. We'll explain why it is not always enough. Let's take the ship class example. Say we want to find all ship classes. Some sets of ship are things that are commonly called ''ship class'' ({{Q'|Q559026}}) in the real world. By definition ''A '''ship class''' is a group of ships of a similar design''. {{Q'|Q309336}} has a set of instances, 10 have been built. All are ships, so {{Q|309336}} is a subclass of {{Q|11446}}. {{Q|182531}} is also a Wikidata class. All battleships are ships, so {{Q|182531}} is a subclass of {{Q|11446}} as well. Suppose we want to find all subclasses of {{Q|11446}} that are ship classes in the ''similar design'' ({{Q'|Q559026}}) sense. If we just query all subclasses of ships, we will get both {{Q|182531}} and {{Q|309336}}. The former is not what we want: battleships are not all of similar design. With metaclasses however, we don't have that problem. We just find all the instances of {{Q|Q559026}} and we have what we want. As <battleship> won't be an instance of {{Q|559026}}, that problem is solved. [[File:Atom classes.svg|thumb|Classification of atoms with classes, like Hydrogen as the class of all Hydrogen atoms, and Elements as a class of class of atoms.]] This is also relevant in chemistry. For example there are a lot of hydrogen atoms in the universe. Following the token/type principle, Hydrogen would then be a class, all of whose instances are those billions of hydrogen atoms. ; Note on the definition of chemical element: please note that the definition of "chemical element" taken in this example is, for simplicity, "type of atom with a specific number of protons". The definition of element is sometimes a little bit different and can be "substance in which all atoms have the same number of protons" depending on the country or on the chemistry school. But usually chemists also use the concept of ''chemical elements''. "Hydrogen is a chemical element" is something that teachers can assert. But what is the relationship, then? There is no problem if we decide that chemical element is a class of classes of atoms. It is different than the class of all isotopes of a chemical element as well. If we had only classes and instances, it would be difficult to express the relationship between Hydrogen and chemical elements because we wouldn't have an explicit way to discriminate the different classes of atoms, since both the Hydrogen atoms, atoms of some Hydrogen isotope (i.e., deuterium or tritium), metallic atoms, and so on would all be subclasses of atoms. It's convenient then to classify all those classes into a class of classes that share something. Chemical element classes share something: every one of them contains atoms with the same atomic number. Two different classes of atoms have a different atomic number for their instances. Which is not the case for, let's say the class of all metallic atoms, which groups together atoms some of which have different atomic numbers. A class of classes is called a {{Q'|Q19478619}}. === Class of instances, class of class of instances, ... === It's also possible to repeat the pattern to get ''higher level metaclasses''. These classes are [???]. Some researchers have studied them and have described patterns and antipatterns on Wikidata to help in finding mistakes<ref>http://snap.stanford.edu/wikiworkshop2016/papers/Wiki_Workshop__WWW_2016_paper_11.pdf</ref>. Some items exist on Wikidata that represent those higher level metaclasses : {{Q'|24017414}} (an example of such a class is "ship class") ; {{Q'|Q24017465}} ; {{Q'|Q24027474}} ; {{Q'|24027515}} ... There are, however, very few known instances of the highest levels<ref name="Cyc">{{cite conference|author=Foxvog, D.|year=2005|title=Instances of instances modeled via higher-order classes|conference=Workshop on Foundational Aspects of Ontologies (FOnt 2005), 28th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence|place=Koblenz, Germany|pages=46–54|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Foxvog/publication/231599269_Instances_of_Instances_Modeled_via_Higher-Order_Classes/links/09e41506d92dd5ffbf000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail}}</ref>. == Tools and properties == The two main properties used in Wikidata to class items subjects are {{instance of}} and {{subclass of}}. * {{tl|Classification}}, a template. *{{tl|PropertyForThisType}} : a template that lists some property applicable to the instances of some class === Properties associated to a class === * {{tl|Item documentation}} ; create a list of properties in the item ''/class'' subpage (see for example [[Talk:Q5/class]]) * Wikidata list == Siehe auch == * {{ll|Help:Basic membership properties}} * {{Q|Q28326461}} * {{Q|Q28326730}} == Anmerkungen == <references group="{{int joke}}"/> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Templates used on this page: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Autotranslate" title="Template:Autotranslate">Template:Autotranslate</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Autotranslate&action=edit" title="Template:Autotranslate">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:C" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:C">Template:C</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:C&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:C">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Template:Cite conference</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_conference&action=edit" title="Template:Cite conference">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Claim" 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