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aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Fosfato" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Fosfato" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu 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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Forme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presenza_sulla_Terra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presenza_sulla_Terra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presenza sulla Terra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presenza_sulla_Terra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Presenza sulla Terra</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presenza_sulla_Terra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Riserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Riserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produzione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produzione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Produzione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruolo_biologico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruolo_biologico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ruolo biologico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruolo_biologico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicazioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicazioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applicazioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicazioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ricerca_dello_ione_fosfato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ricerca_dello_ione_fosfato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ricerca dello ione fosfato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ricerca_dello_ione_fosfato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fosfato</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 73 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaat" title="Fosfaat - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fosfaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فوسفات - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوسفات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فوسفات - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوسفات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfatu" title="Fosfatu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fosfatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فوسفات - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوسفات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Фасфаты - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фасфаты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фосфат - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фосфат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfore%C4%8Dnany" title="Fosforečnany - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fosforečnany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffosffad" title="Ffosffad - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffosffad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phosphate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Φωσφορικά - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωσφορικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phosphate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaadid" title="Fosfaadid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fosfaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فسفات - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فسفات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaatti" title="Fosfaatti - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fosfaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phosphate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaat" title="Fosfaat - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fosfaat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C3%A1it" title="Fosfáit - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fosfáit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%94" title="זרחה - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="फॉस्फेट - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फॉस्फेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfati" title="Fosfati - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fosfati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foszf%C3%A1tion" title="Foszfátion - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Foszfátion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortofosfat" title="Ortofosfat - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ortofosfat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E5%A1%A9" title="リン酸塩 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リン酸塩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ფოსფატი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოსფატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фосфаттар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фосфаттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F" title="ផូស្វាត - khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផូស្វាត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC" title="인산염 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인산염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatum" title="Phosphatum - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phosphatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfatai" title="Fosfatai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fosfatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C4%81ti" title="Fosfāti - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fosfāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4sfaty" title="Fôsfaty - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fôsfaty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фосфат - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фосфат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="फॉस्फेट - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फॉस्फेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaat" title="Fosfaat - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fosfaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforany" title="Fosforany - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fosforany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Фосфаты - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фосфаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱮᱴ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱮᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phosphate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfore%C4%8Dnan" title="Fosforečnan - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fosforečnan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95" title="ฟอสเฟต - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟอสเฟต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Фосфати - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фосфати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="فاسفیٹ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فاسفیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfatlar" title="Fosfatlar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fosfatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphat" title="Phosphat - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phosphat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfoat" title="Fosfoat - fiammingo occidentale" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Fosfoat" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="fiammingo occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphat" title="Phosphat - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Phosphat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="磷酸盐 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="磷酸盐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ფოსფატეფი - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოსფატეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="磷酸鹽 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磷酸鹽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="磷酸鹽 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磷酸鹽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46220103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti 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class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando il gruppo funzionale, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Fosfato_organico" title="Fosfato organico">Fosfato organico</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto" style="width:300px;"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AADDFF;">Ione fosfato</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphat-Ion.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Struttura Lewis dello ione fosfato"><img alt="Struttura Lewis dello ione fosfato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phosphat-Ion.svg/260px-Phosphat-Ion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phosphat-Ion.svg/390px-Phosphat-Ion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phosphat-Ion.svg/520px-Phosphat-Ion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="106" /></a><figcaption>Struttura Lewis dello ione fosfato</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="display:flex; align-items: center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modello 3D a sfere e stecche dello ione fosfato"><img alt="Modello 3D a sfere e stecche dello ione fosfato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Phosphate-3D-balls.png/130px-Phosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Phosphate-3D-balls.png/195px-Phosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Phosphate-3D-balls.png/260px-Phosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Modello 3D a sfere e stecche dello ione fosfato</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphate-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Modello 3D a sfer Van der Waals dello ione fosfato"><img alt="Modello 3D a sfer Van der Waals dello ione fosfato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phosphate-3D-vdW.png/130px-Phosphate-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phosphate-3D-vdW.png/195px-Phosphate-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phosphate-3D-vdW.png/260px-Phosphate-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Modello 3D a sfer Van der Waals dello ione fosfato</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nome <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">Fosfato<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iupac2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Caratteristiche generali</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Formula_bruta" title="Formula bruta">Formula bruta</a> o <a href="/wiki/Formula_molecolare" title="Formula molecolare">molecolare</a></th><td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">Massa molecolare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a>)</th><td>94.9714 g mol<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_CAS" title="Numero CAS">Numero CAS</a></th><td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="https://iw.toolforge.org/magnustools/cas.php?language=it&cas=14265-44-2">14265-44-2</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=1061">1061</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a></th><td><div style="word-break: break-all;"><code style="background-color:transparent; border:none">[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O</code></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Indicazioni di sicurezza</th></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simboli_di_rischio_chimico" title="Simboli di rischio chimico">Simboli di rischio chimico</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="infiammabile"><img alt="infiammabile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="irritante"><img alt="irritante" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span>  </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">attenzione </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Frasi_H" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasi H">Frasi H</a></th><td>--- </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Consigli_P" title="Consigli P">Consigli P</a></th><td>--- </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46220103" class="extiw" title="d:Q46220103"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Fosfato su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Composto_chimico/man" title="Template:Composto chimico/man"><span title="Manuale del template Composto chimico">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>fosfato</b> è un <a href="/wiki/Anione" title="Anione">anione</a> di formula PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>, talvolta indicato anche col nome desueto <b>ortofosfato</b>. </p><p>In questo <a href="/wiki/Ione" title="Ione">ione</a> il <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">fosforo</a> assume <a href="/wiki/Stato_di_ossidazione" title="Stato di ossidazione">stato di ossidazione</a> +5. Consiste in un atomo di <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">fosforo</a> centrale circondato da quattro atomi di <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a>, formanti un <a href="/wiki/Tetraedro" title="Tetraedro">tetraedro</a>. È la base coniugata dello ione <i>idrogenofosfato</i> HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>, coniugato a sua volta nello ione <i>diidrogeno fosfato</i> H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>. </p><p>I fosfati di <a href="/wiki/Metalli_alcalini" title="Metalli alcalini">metalli alcalini</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Ammonio" title="Ammonio">ammonio</a> sono solubili in acqua, gli altri sono per lo più poco <a href="/wiki/Solubilit%C3%A0" title="Solubilità">solubili</a> o praticamente insolubili in <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forme">Forme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Forme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Forme"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In una <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa">soluzione acquosa</a>, lo ione fosfato è in <a href="/wiki/Equilibrio_chimico" title="Equilibrio chimico">equilibrio chimico</a> con altre tre forme protonate. A seconda del <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> della <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa">soluzione acquosa</a> si avranno le seguenti condizioni: </p> <ul><li>soluzione fortemente basica, predomina lo ione <i>fosfato</i> (PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>);</li> <li>soluzione debolmente basica, predomina lo ione <i>idrogenofosfato</i> (HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>);</li> <li>soluzione debolmente acida, predomina lo ione <i>diidrogenofosfato</i> (H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>);</li> <li>soluzione fortemente acida, predomina la forma neutra <i><a href="/wiki/Acido_fosforico" title="Acido fosforico">acido fosforico</a></i> (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>).</li></ul> <p>Precisamente, considerando i seguenti equilibri: </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span></dd> <dd>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span></dd> <dd>HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span></dd></dl> <p>le corrispondenti costanti a 25 °C (in mol/L) sono: </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997750000000000000♠"></span>7,5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span></dd> <dd>HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992650000000000000♠"></span>6,5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−8</sup></span></dd> <dd>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987214000000000000♠"></span>2,14<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−13</sup></span></dd></dl> <p>Per una soluzione fortemente basica (pH = 13), si nota che </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 7,5\times 10^{10}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 6,2\times 10^{5}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> , </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>HPO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> , </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>HPO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 7,5\times 10^{10}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 6,2\times 10^{5}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c66646ef4fcf0b93abb8a01f991f2a90642197eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:66.666ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 7,5\times 10^{10}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 6,2\times 10^{5}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14}"></span></dd></dl> <p>cioè solo gli ioni PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> e HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> sono in quantità significativa. </p><p>Per soluzioni neutre (pH = 7), si nota che </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 7,5\times 10^{4}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 0,62{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14\times 10^{-6}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> , </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>HPO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>62</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> , </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>HPO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 7,5\times 10^{4}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 0,62{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14\times 10^{-6}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e8135a79a4ba998cebbaf648fbf1fb4fc791b65" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:68.285ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 7,5\times 10^{4}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 0,62{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14\times 10^{-6}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>quindi solo H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> and HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> sono in quantità significative (62% H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>, 38% HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>). Nel fluido extracellulare (pH = 7,4), questa proporzione è invertita (61% HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>, 39% H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>). </p><p>In una soluzione fortemente acida (pH = 1), si nota che </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 0,075{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 6,2\times 10^{-7}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14\times 10^{-12}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>075</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> , </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>HPO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> , </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>PO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>HPO</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 0,075{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 6,2\times 10^{-7}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14\times 10^{-12}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/915cbdabf5a75f1dba3cc666a0b49cef609ee89f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:71.548ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{3}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}]}}\simeq 0,075{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}{[{\mbox{H}}_{2}{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{-}]}}\simeq 6,2\times 10^{-7}{\mbox{ , }}{\frac {[{\mbox{PO}}_{4}^{3-}]}{[{\mbox{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}]}}\simeq 2,14\times 10^{-12}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>cioè H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> è dominante rispetto a H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span>. HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> e PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> sono praticamente assenti. </p> <table align="center" style="text-align: center;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddeeff;">Molecola </th> <td style="background:#aaddff;"><i>fosfato</i> </td> <td style="background:#aaddff;"><i>idrogenofosfato</i> </td> <td style="background:#aaddff;"><i>diidrogenofosfato</i> </td> <td style="background:#aaddff;"><i><a href="/wiki/Acido_fosforico" title="Acido fosforico">acido fosforico</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddeeff;">Stato </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ione" title="Ione">ione</a> </td> <td>ione acido </td> <td>ione acido </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acido</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddeeff;">Formula </th> <td>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> </td> <td>HPO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">2−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> </td> <td>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddeeff;">Struttura </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0-phosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lo ione cloruro"><img alt="Lo ione cloruro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0-phosphate-3D-balls.png/140px-0-phosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0-phosphate-3D-balls.png/210px-0-phosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0-phosphate-3D-balls.png/280px-0-phosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1099" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lo ione ipoclorito"><img alt="Lo ione ipoclorito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/150px-1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/225px-1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/300px-1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lo ione clorito"><img alt="Lo ione clorito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/160px-2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/240px-2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/320px-2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="871" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lo ione clorato"><img alt="Lo ione clorato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png/170px-3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png/255px-3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png/340px-3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="877" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>I fosfati possono assumere forme policheriche, tra cui ci sono il <a href="/wiki/Difosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Difosfato">difosfato</a> (P<sub>2</sub>O<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">4−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">7</span></span>) e il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifosfato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifosfato (la pagina non esiste)">trifosfato</a> (P<sub>3</sub>O<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">5−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">10</span></span>). Gli ioni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafosfato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metafosfato (la pagina non esiste)">metafosfato</a>, di formula chimica PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">3</span></span>, sono presenti in molti composti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presenza_sulla_Terra">Presenza sulla Terra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Presenza sulla Terra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Presenza sulla Terra"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_(World_Ocean_Atlas_2005).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2005%29.png/350px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2005%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2005%29.png/525px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2005%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2005%29.png/700px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2005%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>La concentrazione di ione fosfato nelle acque marine. Dove la concentrazione è eccessiva, si riscontrano dei processi di <a href="/wiki/Eutrofizzazione" title="Eutrofizzazione">eutrofizzazione</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riserve">Riserve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Riserve" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Riserve"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I fosfati sono essenzialmente una risorsa non rinnovabile, ed ai tassi attuali di consumo le riserve dureranno ancora 300 anni.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I fosfati si trovano in vari minerali, diversamente dal <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">fosforo</a> elementare e dai <a href="/wiki/Fosfuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfuro">fosfuri</a> (qualche raro minerale fosfuro è stato rinvenuto su meteoriti). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia">mineralogia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologia</a>, fosfato si riferisce ad una <a href="/wiki/Roccia" title="Roccia">roccia</a> contenente ioni fosfati. </p><p>Il più grande deposito di fosfati del mondo si trova in <a href="/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco">Marocco</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Khouribga" title="Khouribga">Khouribga</a>, conosciuta come la capitale mondiale dei fosfati. </p><p>Il più grande deposito di fosfati del <a href="/wiki/America_del_Nord" title="America del Nord">Nord America</a> è situato nella <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone Valley (la pagina non esiste)">Bone Valley</a>, regione centrale della <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, mentre depositi più piccoli sono presenti in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> e <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Georgia (Stati Uniti d'America)">Georgia</a>. Il piccolo Stato di <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> è famoso per aver avuto depositi di fosfati di prima qualità, che però sono stati utilizzati eccessivamente. Fosfati rocciosi si possono trovare anche in <a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> e in <a href="/wiki/Giordania" title="Giordania">Giordania</a>, con annesse industrie di estrazione. </p><p>Depositi di fosfati possono contenere quantità significative di <a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">uranio</a>. Secondo il <i>Red Book</i> del <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>, le riserve mondiali di uranio da fosfati assommano a circa 7 milioni di tonnellate al <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>, concentrati per oltre l'85% in <a href="/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco">Marocco</a>, stime meno conservative arrivano a riportare fino a 22 milioni di tonnellate, considerando anche depositi marini ed organici di fosfati.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produzione">Produzione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Produzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Produzione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I tre principali paesi produttori di fosfato (<a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco">Marocco</a> e <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti</a>) rappresentano circa il 70% della produzione mondiale. </p> <table class="wikitable centre sortable width=80%;"> <caption>Produzione e riserve mondiali per Stato del fosfato naturale nel 2015<br /><small>(USGS, 2016)</small><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Stato</th> <th>Produzione<br />(milioni kg)</th> <th>% sul totale mondiale<br />(%)</th> <th>Riserva mondiale<br />(milioni kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Algeria (bandiera)"><img alt="Algeria (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td align="right">1 200</td> <td align="right">0,54</td> <td align="right">2 200 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabia Saudita (bandiera)"><img alt="Arabia Saudita (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a></td> <td align="right">3 300</td> <td align="right">1,48</td> <td align="right">956 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australia (bandiera)"><img alt="Australia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td align="right">2 600</td> <td align="right">1,17</td> <td align="right">1 030 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brasile (bandiera)"><img alt="Brasile (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile">Brasile</a></td> <td align="right">6 700</td> <td align="right">3,00</td> <td align="right">315 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cina (bandiera)"><img alt="Cina (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a></td> <td align="right">100 000</td> <td align="right">44,83</td> <td align="right">3 700 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egitto (bandiera)"><img alt="Egitto (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a></td> <td align="right">5 500</td> <td align="right">2,47</td> <td align="right">1 250 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giordania (bandiera)"><img alt="Giordania (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Giordania" title="Giordania">Giordania</a></td> <td align="right">7 500</td> <td align="right">3,36</td> <td align="right">1 300 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="India (bandiera)"><img alt="India (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">1 100</td> <td align="right">0,49</td> <td align="right">65 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iraq (bandiera)"><img alt="Iraq (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td align="right">200</td> <td align="right">0,09</td> <td align="right">430 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>🇵🇸 <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a></td> <td align="right">3 300</td> <td align="right">1,48</td> <td align="right">130 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazakistan (bandiera)"><img alt="Kazakistan (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan">Kazakistan</a></td> <td align="right">1 600</td> <td align="right">0,72</td> <td align="right">260 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marocco (bandiera)"><img alt="Marocco (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco">Marocco</a></td> <td align="right">30 000</td> <td align="right">13,45</td> <td align="right">50 000 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Messico (bandiera)"><img alt="Messico (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Messico" title="Messico">Messico</a></td> <td align="right">1 700</td> <td align="right">0,76</td> <td align="right">30 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perù (bandiera)"><img alt="Perù (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/20px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/30px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù">Perù</a></td> <td align="right">4 000</td> <td align="right">1,79</td> <td align="right">820 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russia (bandiera)"><img alt="Russia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td align="right">12 500</td> <td align="right">5,60</td> <td align="right">1 300 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senegal (bandiera)"><img alt="Senegal (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td align="right">1 000</td> <td align="right">0,45</td> <td align="right">50 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siria (bandiera)"><img alt="Siria (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a></td> <td align="right">750</td> <td align="right">0,34</td> <td align="right">1 800 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stati Uniti (bandiera)"><img alt="Stati Uniti (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti</a></td> <td align="right">27 600</td> <td align="right">12,37</td> <td align="right">1 100 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sudafrica (bandiera)"><img alt="Sudafrica (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica">Sudafrica</a></td> <td align="right">2 200</td> <td align="right">0,99</td> <td align="right">1 500 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Togo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Togo (bandiera)"><img alt="Togo (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/20px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/40px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td align="right">1 000</td> <td align="right">0,45</td> <td align="right">30 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunisia (bandiera)"><img alt="Tunisia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td align="right">4 000</td> <td align="right">1,79</td> <td align="right">100 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td align="right">2 700</td> <td align="right">1,21</td> <td align="right">30 000 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>Altri Stati</td> <td align="right">2 600</td> <td align="right">1,17</td> <td align="right">380 000 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><b>Totale</b></td> <td align="right"><b>223 000</b></td> <td align="right"><b>100</b></td> <td align="right"><b>69 000 000</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruolo_biologico">Ruolo biologico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Ruolo biologico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ruolo biologico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_biologico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema biologico (la pagina non esiste)">sistema biologico</a>, il fosforo è presente sotto forma di ione fosfato sia nei liquidi biologici come tale (nel plasma a seconda del pH c'è certo rapporto idrogenofosfato/diidrogeno fosfato), ma anche incorporato in varie molecole. </p><p>In particolare possiamo distinguere </p> <ul><li>fosfato organico: è incorporato in molecole organiche come <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_monofosfato" title="Adenosina monofosfato">AMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_difosfato" title="Adenosina difosfato">ADP</a> e <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfato" title="Adenosina trifosfato">ATP</a> (e quindi anche nelle catene di <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> e <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicotinammide_adenina_dinucleotide_fosfato" title="Nicotinammide adenina dinucleotide fosfato">NADP</a> e molte altre;</li> <li>fosfato inorganico: è il nome che diamo al fosfato incorporato nelle ossa.</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Svolgendo questi ruoli è chiaro che lo ione fosfato è fondamentale in ogni organismo vivente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicazioni">Applicazioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Applicazioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Applicazioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I fosfati sono comunemente utilizzati come detergenti sotto forma di <a href="/wiki/Fosfato_di_sodio" title="Fosfato di sodio">fosfato di sodio</a>, ma, per l'azione <a href="/wiki/Eutrofizzazione" title="Eutrofizzazione">eutrofizzante</a>, sono vietati in alcune aree. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Agricoltura" title="Agricoltura">agricoltura</a>, lo ione fosfato è uno dei tre principali nutrienti delle <a href="/wiki/Plant%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantæ">piante</a>, e per questo è un componente di diversi <a href="/wiki/Fertilizzante" title="Fertilizzante">fertilizzanti</a>. I fosfati rocciosi sono ricavati dalle rocce sedimentarie, e, in passato, venivano solo polverizzati ed utilizzati senza nessun trattamento. Normalmente, adesso, vengono trattati chimicamente per avere <a href="/wiki/Superfosfato" title="Superfosfato">superfosfati</a> o <a href="/wiki/Fosfato_di_ammonio" title="Fosfato di ammonio">fosfato di ammonio</a>, che hanno una più alta concentrazione di ione fosfato e sono più <a href="/wiki/Solubilit%C3%A0" title="Solubilità">solubili</a>, quindi più assorbibili dalla piante. </p><p>L'uso eccessivo di fosfati, con il trasporto delle acque, può causare un serio inquinamento da fosfati, con conseguente <a href="/wiki/Eutrofizzazione" title="Eutrofizzazione">eutrofizzazione</a> delle <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alghe</a> e deficit di <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a> nelle acque. Questi fertilizzanti possono portare i <a href="/wiki/Pesce" title="Pesce">pesci</a> all'<a href="/wiki/Ipossia" title="Ipossia">ipossia</a>, con le stesse conseguenze dei detergenti sopra nominati. </p><p>Sali fosfati sono aggiunti occasionalmente all'acqua potabile pubblica per ridurre la quantità di piombo disciolta che precipita come sale insolubile. </p><p>L'industria del cibo usa i fosfati per diversi scopi. Ad esempio, nella produzione di carne, questi ioni solubilizzano le proteine. Nei prodotti da forno, come <a href="/wiki/Biscotto" title="Biscotto">biscotti</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cracker" title="Cracker">cracker</a>, i pirofosfati acidi reagiscono con delle basi (solitamente il <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonato_di_sodio" title="Bicarbonato di sodio">bicarbonato di sodio</a>) dando la <a href="/wiki/Lievito" title="Lievito">lievitazione</a> chimica, più veloce della naturale, ma con un gusto decisamente differente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ricerca_dello_ione_fosfato">Ricerca dello ione fosfato</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Ricerca dello ione fosfato" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ricerca dello ione fosfato"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In chimica analitica esistono diversi saggi ad umido per determinare la presenza di ioni fosfato all'interno di una soluzione acquosa. Il test analitico più utilizzato è la ricerca ad umido per precipitazione del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato_di_ammonio_e_magnesio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfato di ammonio e magnesio (la pagina non esiste)">fosfato di ammonio e magnesio</a>: </p> <dl><dd>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> + <a href="/wiki/Cloruro_di_magnesio" title="Cloruro di magnesio">MgCl<sub>2</sub></a> + <a href="/wiki/Idrossido_d%27ammonio" title="Idrossido d'ammonio">NH<sub>4</sub>OH</a> + <a href="/wiki/Cloruro_d%27ammonio" title="Cloruro d'ammonio">NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato_di_ammonio_e_magnesio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfato di ammonio e magnesio (la pagina non esiste)">NH<sub>4</sub>MgPO<sub>4</sub></a>↓</dd></dl> <p>La miscela magnesica contenente MgCl<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>4</sub>OH e NH<sub>4</sub>Cl rappresenta il reattivo del saggio. Il test è positivo in seguito a comparsa del precipitato di colore bianco. </p><p>Un altro metodo possibile, in genere utilizzato come test di conferma, è quello del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdato_d%27ammonio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdato d'ammonio (la pagina non esiste)">molibdato d'ammonio</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il saggio va eseguito in ambiente acidificato con <a href="/wiki/Acido_nitrico" title="Acido nitrico">acido nitrico</a>: </p> <dl><dd>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> + <a href="/wiki/Acido_nitrico" title="Acido nitrico">HNO<sub>3</sub></a> + <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdato_d%27ammonio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdato d'ammonio (la pagina non esiste)">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></a> —<sup><ins>Δ</ins></sup>→ <a href="/wiki/Fosfomolibdato_d%27ammonio" title="Fosfomolibdato d'ammonio">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>·12MoO<sub>3</sub></a>↓</dd></dl> <p>La soluzione contenente il fosfato e il <a href="/wiki/Molibdato" title="Molibdato">molibdato</a> deve essere riscaldata a bagnomaria. Il test è positivo se compare il precipitato di colore giallo. </p><p>In presenza di ioni che possono interferire con i saggi è inoltre possibile eseguire il test del <a href="/wiki/Nitrato_d%27argento" title="Nitrato d'argento">nitrato d'argento</a>: </p> <dl><dd>PO<span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:left"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">3−</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">4</span></span> + <a href="/wiki/Nitrato_d%27argento" title="Nitrato d'argento">AgNO<sub>3</sub></a> → <a href="/wiki/Fosfato_d%27argento" title="Fosfato d'argento">Ag<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a>↓</dd></dl> <p>È importante mantenere un pH neutro. Il test è positivo se compare il precipitato di colore giallo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=1061&loc=ec_rcs"><span style="font-style:italic;">Phosphates – PubChem Public Chemical Database</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The PubChem Project</span>, USA, National Center of Biotechnology Information.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac2005-2"><a href="#cite_ref-iupac2005_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nomenclatureofin0000unse_s5m7"><span style="font-style:italic;">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (Red Book)</span></a>, Cambridge, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nomenclatureofin0000unse_s5m7/page/315">315</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-85404-438-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-85404-438-2">978-0-85404-438-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> G. Gioia Lobbia e G. Novara, <span style="font-style:italic;">Anioni di elementi del quinto gruppo</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">ANALISI QUALITATIVA E COMPLEMENTI DI CHIMICA</span>, Firenze, 1988, p. 357.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Simon Lewis, Mark Maslin, <i>Il pianeta umano. Come abbiamo creato l'Antropocene</i>,pag.190, trad Simonetta Frediani, Einaudi, le Scienze, 19, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/browseit/6608031E.PDF">Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand - Pag 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-6"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_6-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2016-phosp.pdf">USGS Minerals Year Book - Phosphate Rock</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Fisologia medica Vol. 2 (Conti )</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223010153/http://itisravenna.dyndns.org/corso/chim/qualitativa/ricerca_anioni.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ricerca anioni</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">itisravenna.dyndns.org</span>, Sito dell'ITIS di Ravenna <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://itisravenna.dyndns.org/corso/chim/qualitativa/ricerca_anioni.htm">url originale</abbr> il 23 febbraio 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diidrogenofosfato_di_potassio" title="Diidrogenofosfato di potassio">Diidrogenofosfato di potassio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diidrogeno_fosfato_d%27ammonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Diidrogeno fosfato d'ammonio">Diidrogeno fosfato d'ammonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrogenofosfato_di_potassio" title="Idrogenofosfato di potassio">Idrogenofosfato di potassio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrogenofosfato_di_magnesio" title="Idrogenofosfato di magnesio">Idrogenofosfato di magnesio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfatazione" title="Fosfatazione">Fosfatazione</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/fosfato" class="extiw" title="wikt:fosfato">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Phosphates"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phosphates?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/fosfato" class="extiw" title="wikt:fosfato">fosfato</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sul <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phosphates?uselang=it">fosfato</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfato&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/phosphate"><span style="font-style:italic;">phosphate</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46220103#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=21193">21193</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85101098">sh85101098</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134029-2">4134029-2</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119445241">cb119445241</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119445241">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543514105171">987007543514105171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/38px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/50px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b>: il portale della scienza della composizione, delle proprietà e delle trasformazioni della materia</div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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