CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91351bccbe9140aa',cH: '6FcTeKEdqLEhWooEho01L.BrXkHGR.Z7BVjKPB9LOxs-1739788295-1.2.1.1-4Gc5SVs3Zyfog43us3Rqy.YNedw2rynsYeh6KDs4YWGLHMvYE90pYD4nnLo6s9lO',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=game%20design&__cf_chl_tk=kuw5D9X1z8LvhOeUR4oFa5ArWpmerY115e9Ow5Auxfc-1739788295-1.0.1.1-c4daD5efOyVKNRRa.vFF9T0K2opWOtv6ADfRoZo.zfg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788295',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=game%20design&__cf_chl_f_tk=kuw5D9X1z8LvhOeUR4oFa5ArWpmerY115e9Ow5Auxfc-1739788295-1.0.1.1-c4daD5efOyVKNRRa.vFF9T0K2opWOtv6ADfRoZo.zfg",md: "QdnC2lqg7MwdhO075M_gyDWmnXX3dev47grGgk1_6ZI-1739788295-1.2.1.1-fw2ZaTPjPZ3ODATy7sj2pnSgiXhDIiFK9_m6Csen_6PpF2dsEnmSDN1M9LAfRJohLcJBEjFMn4uMJ3QZqte1iZ1qh1_u_FT4mUTq8_x1FA6HO_8wVbbARDH6JLi86cbqYrOVNFvFB7nCFqCjJLNm3i8ggdKd1_JYyyW2Sz1_YlIVJ7HCjU0Du.QPE6kbTJrRqFv84gohVpPKaWw2UzycGN2SP8qOJxqdu7GeKJQwVMTMLU5kaTPYoyAIxf8Xm3Eroyq_Mbl1z4lO4bS4kok6RmaUkFoP0f9O7ypLQDHPmgV6gdI4O_I8XDCLO8OE0IU3vH9gHdDWcQ2ZrajZ2fFcIwaBwu4urAJh1ODSBhXgqhvH1nwBRCIHA9aqumtLeU4TacuKHWJ1HVndt.TicgSyKck_p_DRyPvGs42SK_h0hLuJmq_Fslr2ZKZyrIyWzdzxL6JGLbql4q_QKE5_q3rLer2s32_i7cVG.AisnfemSmH_w3wDFawV9sqwtvwelbtIbpQz6p1B3PYNmmmGKlPH80kzph_AAo0sOyKeT1dzH_wWf1MWNfs0boPHQm.ecZrVuO5EGNwFkSncoTV5U1vYL5MgQjEFUwiTCBD36fmQqPln_bzrUy3q31dJHpXLtV81OctVwDqG9GfJWXNBvhrho88xrvImS5iFaFu.Dxq3H_0u38g2wbIY_..sPzhtys0Qfe30qiueu1TBrbgLOjJagJgU.CdjvJg8s4mWA6RUOK05hAsCzekSakLAbRoD.afIkTltU9hkw16Nc361Z3h4FuoU3v.WA7T5O87nn1_AmuvIQCQZonhMs2fdzji2YKrBt603f55DMo0.LE2T4bGFYOKgL0YoJmX6OFIYgTbPIaUHTp4y8JAOq2kkHeHlexRTcWyZhSjgg.rpcc.qzZ5VWLSBa1b10FKiOLIQbQUakxusbGTP9XMRc1ogViXXkPMvWqp7Fgoj1GeLNrVwIOWREWjH0qqCWOEugj_tP5jrz0WSJmN27tggmUCTdif2Ep0tUo0IIPiu52hft0rS4ZUD2gDni.ZlfLGkWZbKlknGxP3tbZfhGXEqO0p_ZMtcAoFvvmmMwO6n4FV9OiJUcwo2omlhFUjlxf945HjkuNxnkD75vvLkeNVqzahUmXr97Ik0F0G0GpB5rX4PrgLB8JaQXvshQiKOkYWZ.W0leCUgeG2oPrmwibmefYwZRP8stToTpsvS6rbRiC7NUuNmjgrQ04Fc7jIMlHgUAc5K3.kuN_gf2xHuEfwdWEHVhU_xDWAl7Ju8aZPpw5_cU5gyQPvblB1vsEUkhfDgzt.uQ9YIz8aK6PADBWwCp9LYV36zW2ZCJsQcT3Hyzhc2LaoUMQiYEv_a6dlZHYORW3iBz_a2.2X6XXDuTUUmGw3PiTJC7qejz42q5YoXRNmKib9ankqnV56D8bWROeruv6thOESXy1640ml8Iz7auYY2D4C0UXZeFoJ2XZSQ1kJrYEdU2Ey_P3vcvm2Y343ZK2_Z.5NfUUxP2P2UGCLDqtYHo1O204uWd_RTSnGTJZtIrTVDJTdnOZWVr9K8a_kWj828P5.kTNpSBuF.vLFQGaa8Z3Tf2hv7ManxDz62tpohgkT3ho0mF2dtjXd1YFT53UdC2fhpg1HKt3bIjva19G5eSkAFDArsFm10rELz6kt0DprhbgQtXgH42bbQcjHK7mGsdn1psigDTuMqb1qmgBa81I9fliewUq8hhUvAZEZiYgTGWODpzf3wFPqpXE02U_RoJfkP.w2HewKu7AgZCEaDUSXvfAaazb.BGr5Br85qOW3dNPYdsAreYIOppBk1oIJmi7o0kTrszKuk2wRKRfMxLguxCjf4wgFQ8sPxY.p09oas0NfeHThSH9hizh6WB5NNc7ZL9Sr2qhHk2xpXPb4cUNKG2MP6mKHppPOYfk3HHExtrcguG5cR2m548JtAkbo4UY2XQUk",mdrd: "6voaSR3EtBPZEcjOxxSrP8MXVN5WTOt8Ibxq6Wab568-1739788295-1.2.1.1-Og28mqFXf3Y6Kx.lCuX3lLvCb4Kl0KnV4ffSNpfyI1yxHq8dQ6OnqVTW3xc6Je_q4zC2fijLqZYfVU4mJWrFXIV9reuvzvK_5ruRw9pJqXO0xGk5isAAI7jWbgpqkGjSDb41U3H5dvcmyzuTDVM_FO0MGK8VR88BJ0wAH7Cav_HBIshUCC04JxlILYm3yYV4Yotk4zweH451657yrKZh_ufW2_gIeEGtGQ1FsgDCtd0Ob2nw4zZYRTRS2RG4pYix20ZfBbHT0GfRDD_8JcRTCWI6zKULNAtS6wYaU2D_NKy3VeLHOrXYsKZHvV6z6mU7SwNtN3Of90mwGzbKU7gWhaxPch7yxToQ.LrSgW_96DdM8wxh4ZWa8V1IYxwc874qzH4k_9JAX.sqGDZbnIT3SuVL2KP2JI4p8rACypRg7ayD49bLCQcj5bT3BVV788qufhQMtaoqJDp9.NgVAh_pkh3U4gn2b6NjO35SFbVe8_sZ9uXkLSPLLl3m7X.weKBxVAsRnWyH3VyUqE_wZvPMyQZEUeOxzmklPi401jAMxZWf8XcDigAXObWXZHpgYrS5a6TR.sfDvSZ0f4FQWtUEucRac81TJGm9zd7zopZGZzAqjnpLO9I4g2PGu3TEnYYk9T6a6KLUlJLf7uoJ0SZIrRvoZQGrY71F4RBGrfGVJ8nEWv8V9QYZPxaeDpELHJ48GnmO0O46s3akt_06.EE2BADNYCfXS_4XUJVjdKaj3zaS95VqBl8iZI3mjqucDnAiWSsg4bxZtzzm1.nCqCXqq_FMkVoznoFG1B36bvv01GtB.KP.ACuA4C.Wxneryt9C0GVLBXhrlOkLOeND8GBPtr.q4ARmen7vbbd9RpsolhvXqKFaSFPNWSd4_QQ__1Bq7gLqqBvuB.ZPD.EuwWrMDJepmywZD0AOgpPmDYU4G4JEX_AkYvc3uRRuKQa_Uval1Zaw283Dqs4Tie0K6Cvx_ROXiKUVTSHRwkjAGEHd0QK.gbpgwap5eLbpIJUkdJ0_5JPN98j4ik8_5pqiZW.a8yYDcu9MnnOc9vi2Ii6swpEtH4LvBGYSTuhT3RQBzfNEEYoKfvSe_Q9NPVTta0QiK402TFQCGo2Gb74vJxnLIG8bVmGXI4puxgWm5sUYnHcpRyN61W_0opoemaNn7YiVlPaGoBW0m11WsYO_n3qBXHQyu37ydZ4LsD6UfWjA2aGDNWF1gmFsOc09ZwWbEqdazTRRDoPIsdnMeCGOGuhoE7VpWTh77Ctz6ApWg3GG7t2STMTY_1X5v5FFGr.3I4pXX5geTSq.v41eBszRyGSsV9JeLp2FwhsjWUebEmqGljuhWCnLDlkqk8sjJ20szjsz.76npqF64barWN83ngg5a_HVHDna5xCWcZO2gD0vMAwM0g56u8Ke.oeDgym.OQDGNWpZhj1DG1m.QvkteklNtCb6dE8rMeBAusx5HX_FDOTiNPUfHaHUz7prgJVMOKZXX93CxqbzawiEx7hY6T61dXpUsWXq944pcbn_XpBsdFmTfdWoMglwAVH1l5JMkIbNof6.FXoEKrsbwanglmLrn.XEcxcBR..8IfyAamA7.17O.YM.FO1P5RGoA3OX82kIGLU6xHiZcsDZef7dzaZfuqisk3Xs1Pgx9hO3jkiQjXGzXRmOPymQtjOdzUQvpuddZaII2KUZBHjWYS0X3x9quBBgPam5juyOKHez.jU.6JG8A4GTLNzs6YXCNKSzRdCBx15t.P7jtHdfyntSBjT5uQ9GhWOd.r0qEgRGaCvTPo_0Xa25GUHQ_jrzMct9TrQcVVxdogtrhc3rH71ERZfL4xOcwjQSq4Zw6lmBB.Dv_NXunoedrXdnPLU6uU882FPiNun7s4EfJ0I_eNEzZ.SrP267LYUL_tmHay8Eq6pJvVQUcQXeqPxP8BaNqYzL.g9Gah46udmx9OEPEhXs7Jur6BNmknnlLnyds6y5GgO1zKgZe7V7O3rW4XifmmkzO.D2RA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91351bccbe9140aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=game%20design&__cf_chl_rt_tk=kuw5D9X1z8LvhOeUR4oFa5ArWpmerY115e9Ow5Auxfc-1739788295-1.0.1.1-c4daD5efOyVKNRRa.vFF9T0K2opWOtv6ADfRoZo.zfg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>