The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="csrf-token" content="E3iZTsmJYckAPR7aDdbhTZ8UugfaLqGgngHP2lwp"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="77BC9EC2757BFFD6B08AB6E9830867E2" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="8F0A17F8B7EE136DC522E193ADA44AC2" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="81E0B92D870F20A5A81469EF8E834B59" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="B3D56BE8396E01BC4B5FF1FADDBFEBAC" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="6CF243145B598540D3EBE639EC0CED69" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="5FE75E29938FE1D0DD54BAD2B25C99E4" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="A20920FE8B2693A844693CA7B2DA0341" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="443527962984ED6113E71C2E1C1E6FCC" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="58D49F2458FE6C8E642907D29D522720" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="851D73C3284A97030F2B09FDECBB3AD4" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="A656B1E6BC13BAE9D5A8773D01104738" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="61789A989A2520E21E638DD047CB7332" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="B7C6A3E0D04CC5BA0C608C9520F3D00B" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="F48263C70EDE1DC309187238F96CCE3F" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0EE0DAA2E0981DF931A252C15FCBCA2C" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0A07E3A82E7C0D9F9D9C345659EDB9DE" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="131BBB629297ACBB160173ED53395845" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="05555D8659A1D65F7D0E2EBA014AF981" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="78AC6224A015A61918E531E916DD44FA" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="7D606D72FCE39D630B7985DE1F0361B1" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="EF3C401C6A614F8D465A9341CBFC5090" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="EB952236EB778B9340696B13F7353A3D" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="897AEDC10475FB0295F82A4210D64590" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="F430E75F1EF116C6EFA24DE7CB3E0BC9" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="F7B3BD2FE69072BCCE4126B9CC5045CB" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="98EF95AD212ADD48C878F21B193AB8E4" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="7C25DA74C8FF5FAB142FC70204BB07A6" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="1D0E1105D459663D83517C7646FC097D" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="81D4616A768B982EB9CE2018AECAE8F6" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="8A3522EFAF15FC4FDF3B35078C516DB7" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="5D38CFA2B20914936FDB97E2B9FB39C6" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="3BC91AA62DFB93BBB6AF0F324F83B879" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="EF8A373ACF36FCC9C576F7E17BDC0ED0" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="8C25C1EC562A320C4E886F6FBD551AA0" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="4BA3D4BEDFCBDE8D855A5D67FB70ECAD" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="E10CD32B036CAFEE4E0BAF11165F6D14" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="E97FE2DDBEBEE0B3AB82D7D7499D54B0" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="895A1ECBF4F65AB03AB7449235C31DA7" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="F03D9D95ECB8E1D15F5DF466E55DC2EF" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="10D1437BF96D7A042B768C9F7731BAB4" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="7ED6C9C1C31D32B7B13F91DFB3BCB4F7" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="37AF4033FCDC8814D80B3347D8DCFD61" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="14828660C6B43D54B71B032573D1DCC6" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="968272C9D1F17F43A36BEF900C379237" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="752B68F93142732EAB7CCB7A5D776D16" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="B1A99BDD7D6156B30A78E68F365C9F83" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="6C25E85F718295037CD6F2B882C55F0C" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="5C7D771CAF9E1D204A650ACD0E1CCC27" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0A33808F913B3177D30C05FFEA18A778" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="6A58B74EB884C7D4DFF37B085C2EF641" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0154F0B163EC39E2C00077A555BB712F" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="78D17C560AC7BBDC345D966938135AD5" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="9DD6BD390FBB5FCE73E03376DF6923C2" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="2BBC0BE30006807810C289BDF64CFF11" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="6EB50B0564B4A30C435A67724D547579" /> <meta name='ir-site-verification-token' value='529231765' /> <meta name='impact-site-verification' value='34bab047-b19c-4a2d-83b9-4e7b91954a89'> <title>The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)</title><meta name="description" content="Reading Time: 4 minutesLi Zicheng’s peasant revolt against the declining Ming dynasty in 1642 laid siege to the city of Kaifeng for six months. His forces attempted to penetrate the city’s walls in various ways—barraging them with cannon-fire, digging under them to subvert their foundations, and set..."><meta property="article:published_time" content="2025-02-03T05:16:43+07:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-02-03T05:16:43+07:00"><link rel="canonical" href="https://calcabreta.com/article/the-siege-of-kaifeng-the-1440-review/8917"/><meta property="og:title" content="The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)" /><meta property="og:description" content="Reading Time: 4 minutesLi Zicheng’s peasant revolt against the declining Ming dynasty in 1642 laid siege to the city of Kaifeng for six months. His forces attempted to penetrate the city’s walls in various ways—barraging them with cannon-fire, digging under them to subvert their foundations, and set..." /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Calcabreta" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://calcabreta.com/article/the-siege-of-kaifeng-the-1440-review/8917" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/1440review.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Siege-of-Kaifeng.jpg" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Reading Time: 4 minutesLi Zicheng’s peasant revolt against the declining Ming dynasty in 1642 laid siege to the city of Kaifeng for six months. His forces attempted to penetrate the city’s walls in various ways—barraging them with cannon-fire, digging under them to subvert their foundations, and set..." /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/1440review.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Siege-of-Kaifeng.jpg" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /><meta name="twitter:data1" content="Mr. See Jast" /><meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /><meta name="twitter:data2" content="3 minutes" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"AggregateRating","name":"The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)","description":"Reading Time: 4 minutesLi Zicheng’s peasant revolt against the declining Ming dynasty in 1642 laid siege to the city of Kaifeng for six months. His forces attempted to penetrate the city’s walls in various ways—barraging them with cannon-fire, digging under them to subvert their foundations, and set...","image":"https://i0.wp.com/1440review.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Siege-of-Kaifeng.jpg","itemReviewed":{"name":"The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review","@type":"MediaObject"},"ratingValue":4.444444444444445,"ratingCount":75}</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static-res/css/newsike.css?id=3dec9ad9859d5f7df554"> <script src="/static-res/js/newsike.js?id=7f363cc5445f1191888e" defer></script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://api.missouribreaksriverco.com/v1/rss"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-57x57.png?id=7f2dd0f19fc9423ccae5" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-60x60.png?id=0bd5f84ce8093a295d08" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-72x72.png?id=fed97a82d99287329aa1" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-76x76.png?id=8dd2b4bd97e42ce4bb48" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-114x114.png?id=e1350d22e08f3a9a98ee" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-120x120.png?id=c8f79402edc377935736" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-144x144.png?id=e103a4bdcfdaedd66ae6" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-152x152.png?id=026787d9b01866dc2ecb" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static-res/img/newsike/apple-icon-180x180.png?id=ac5d8669f9fac00716da" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="/static-res/img/newsike/android-icon-192x192.png?id=8de180f7a159494d7e57" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/static-res/img/newsike/favicon-32x32.png?id=39a6afc44c6afe88283c" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/static-res/img/newsike/favicon-96x96.png?id=98b4072dae559862b5fc" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/static-res/img/newsike/favicon-16x16.png?id=a43a5a3c7de4d329262b" /> <link rel="manifest" href="/static-res/img/newsike/manifest.json?id=6d0a109cbc6d45f4e64b"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static-res/img/newsike/ms-icon-144x144.png?id=e103a4bdcfdaedd66ae6" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-54725HQVMF"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-54725HQVMF'); </script> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3704095200755419" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3704095200755419" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </head> <body> <time datetime="2025-02-03T05:16:43+07:00"></time> <div x-data="{"show":true,"style":"success","message":null}" :class="{ 'bg-indigo-500': style == 'success', 'bg-red-700': style == 'danger', 'bg-gray-500': style != 'success' && style != 'danger' }" style="display: none;" x-show="show && message" x-init=" document.addEventListener('banner-message', event => { style = event.detail.style; message = event.detail.message; show = true; }); "> <div class="max-w-screen-xl mx-auto py-2 px-3 sm:px-6 lg:px-8"> <div class="flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap"> <div class="w-0 flex-1 flex items-center min-w-0"> <span class="flex p-2 rounded-lg" :class="{ 'bg-indigo-600': style == 'success', 'bg-red-600': style == 'danger' }"> <svg x-show="style == 'success'" class="h-5 w-5 text-white" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 12l2 2 4-4m6 2a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z" /> </svg> <svg x-show="style == 'danger'" class="h-5 w-5 text-white" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M12 8v4m0 4h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z" /> </svg> <svg x-show="style != 'success' && style != 'danger'" class="h-5 w-5 text-white" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M13 16h-1v-4h-1m1-4h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z" /> </svg> </span> <p class="ml-3 font-medium text-sm text-white truncate" x-text="message"></p> </div> <div class="flex-shrink-0 sm:ml-3"> <button type="button" class="-mr-1 flex p-2 rounded-md focus:outline-none sm:-mr-2 transition" :class="{ 'hover:bg-indigo-600 focus:bg-indigo-600': style == 'success', 'hover:bg-red-600 focus:bg-red-600': style == 'danger' }" aria-label="Dismiss" x-on:click="show = false"> <svg class="h-5 w-5 text-white" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M6 18L18 6M6 6l12 12" /> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="min-h-screen bg-gray-100"> <nav x-data="{ open: false }" class="bg-white">  <div class="max-w-7xl mx-auto px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8"> <div class="flex justify-between h-11 sm:h-12"> <div class="flex">  <div class="flex-shrink-0 flex items-center"> <a href="https://calcabreta.com" class="text-xl font-bold tracking-wider text-primary-500"> Calcabreta </a> </div>  <div class="hidden space-x-8 sm:-my-px sm:ml-10 sm:flex"> <a class="inline-flex items-center px-1 pt-1 border-b-2 border-transparent text-sm font-medium leading-5 text-gray-500 hover:text-gray-700 hover:border-gray-300 focus:outline-none focus:text-gray-700 focus:border-gray-300 transition" href="https://calcabreta.com"> Home </a> <a class="inline-flex items-center px-1 pt-1 border-b-2 border-transparent text-sm font-medium leading-5 text-gray-500 hover:text-gray-700 hover:border-gray-300 focus:outline-none focus:text-gray-700 focus:border-gray-300 transition" href="https://calcabreta.com/search-article"> Search </a> <form class="inline-flex items-center w-72 mb-0" action="https://calcabreta.com/search-article" target="_top" > <input aria-label="keyword" type="text" name="keyword" class="ml-4 sm:ml-0 mt-2 sm:mt-0 w-full text-sm rounded-lg border-gray-200 border-solid-x" placeholder="Search..." /> </form> </div> </div>  <div class="-mr-2 flex items-center sm:hidden"> <button @click="open = ! open" aria-label="menu" class="inline-flex items-center justify-center p-2 rounded-md text-gray-400 hover:text-gray-500 hover:bg-gray-100 focus:outline-none focus:bg-gray-100 focus:text-gray-500 transition"> <svg class="h-6 w-6" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path :class="{'hidden': open, 'inline-flex': ! open }" class="inline-flex" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4 6h16M4 12h16M4 18h16" /> <path :class="{'hidden': ! open, 'inline-flex': open }" class="hidden" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M6 18L18 6M6 6l12 12" /> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div>  <div :class="{'block': open, 'hidden': ! open}" class="hidden sm:hidden"> <div class="pt-2 pb-3 space-y-1"> <a class="block pl-3 pr-4 py-2 border-l-4 border-transparent text-base font-medium text-gray-600 hover:text-gray-800 hover:bg-gray-50 hover:border-gray-300 focus:outline-none focus:text-gray-800 focus:bg-gray-50 focus:border-gray-300 transition" href="https://calcabreta.com"> Home </a> <a class="block pl-3 pr-4 py-2 border-l-4 border-transparent text-base font-medium text-gray-600 hover:text-gray-800 hover:bg-gray-50 hover:border-gray-300 focus:outline-none focus:text-gray-800 focus:bg-gray-50 focus:border-gray-300 transition" href="https://calcabreta.com/search-article"> Search </a> <form class="inline-flex items-center w-72 mb-0" action="https://calcabreta.com/search-article" target="_top" > <input aria-label="keyword" type="text" name="keyword" class="ml-4 sm:ml-0 mt-2 sm:mt-0 w-full text-sm rounded-lg border-gray-200 border-solid-x" placeholder="Search..." /> </form> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="text-center text-center my-0 sm:my-1 " > <ins class="adsbygoogle adsense " data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" style="display:block" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <main class="mt-2 flex"> <div class="text-center sticky top-2 left-2 hidden xl:block flex-shrink-0 " style="width: 160px; height: 600px;" > <ins class="adsbygoogle adsense h-ad4 " data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" style="display:block" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="main-container container"> <main class="left-container doc-detail"> <section class="hentry flex items-center md:items-start mt-3 md:mt-3 ml-0 flex-col md:flex-row"> <div class="w-full"> <h1 class="entry-title mb-5 text-center font-semibold text-2xl xl:text-4xl !leading-common"> The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025) </h1> <div class="text-center my-2 sm:my-4 " > <ins class="adsbygoogle adsense h-ad3 " data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" style="display:block" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <article class="article-detail"> <section class="entry-content paragraph"><div><p><span><span>Reading Time: </span> <span> 4</span> <span>minutes</span></span></p><p>Li Zicheng’s peasant revolt against the declining Ming dynasty in 1642 laid siege to the city of Kaifeng for six months. His forces attempted to penetrate the city’s walls in various ways—barraging them with cannon-fire, digging under them to subvert their foundations, and setting off barrels of gunpowder to blow an entrance into the city. Despite these efforts, the walls held strong, and as Li’s frustration mounted, the city’s defenders ran increasingly low on food and water. As their desperation grew, both sides resorted to an extreme and risky course of action — one which would prove incredibly costly — diverting the Yellow River to burst onto its banks and engulf their enemy.</p><p>Popular mythology of Li held that his leadership of the peasants’ revolt was born from an incident in 1630, when he was 24. Numerous accounts report that he was shackled in public for failing to repay a high-interest loan from a magistrate named Ai Zhao. A guard tried to offer Li shade and water, but was struck down by a Ming official. This, however, angered the local peasants, who rebelled and freed Li, proclaiming him as their leader. This story encapsulated his reputation as a man of the people, combatting the late Ming Dynasty’s corruption and greed. The unpopular Ming grain taxes, for instance, allowed Li a foothold to gain popularity, branding his campaign with the slogan <em>“dividing land equally and abolishing the grain taxes payment system”</em>. Indeed, he was widely celebrated and popular among the peasants, who soon gave him the title of ‘The Dashing King’, a name inherited from Gao Yingxiang, the previous leader of the revolt, upon his death in 1633.</p><p>By 1636, Li had rallied a force of over 30,000 peasants, and had begun seizing Ming strongholds to weaken Emperor Chongzhen enough to attack Beijing. Kaifeng was a significant city for a number of reasons. It held huge political and historical significance, having served as China’s imperial capital for eight former dynasties, most notably the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1642, it was the capital of Henan province and was enormously populous. Estimates for the total population of Kaifeng vary from around 350,000 to around 600,000, yet regardless, its significance as a military target for Li was unquestionable.</p><p>Kaifeng’s strategic importance and prosperity was largely due to its position on the Southern bank of the Yellow River, providing ample opportunities for trade and transportation. However, its proximity to China’s second longest waterway proved both a blessing and a curse; known as ‘China’s Sorrow’, the temperamental river frequently burst its banks with disastrous results. Five major floods devastated the city between 1375 and 1416, and flooding events occurred more than 300 times near Kaifeng from the time of the Southern Song Dynasty to the late Qing dynasty. It was clear, therefore, that the city required protection from the floods, and in the mid-15th century a solution was implemented: a complex series of dikes along the river. The project to install these dikes was a titanic feat of civic engineering, and allowed Kaifeng to expand without the constant threat of complete inundation. This was a threat that Kaifeng’s citizens were reminded of by the very foundation upon which the city stood, which were formed by the remains of such an event in 225 BC.</p><p>It was in October of 1642, then, that Gao Mingheng, the Governor of Henan, and Li Zicheng simultaneously realised the destructive power of the Yellow River. Gao feared that starvation would soon drive the people of Kaifeng to open the city gates, and when it became clear the city could not hold out any longer, the governor ordered the waters of the Yellow River to be unleashed in hopes of destroying the rebel army. At the same time, Li was determined that this, his third attempt to take Kaifeng, would succeed by any means necessary. With both forces destroying different parts of the flood control system, the resulting disaster was more powerful and unpredictable than either side anticipated. Harry Miller of the University of South Alabama notes that <em>“both sides tried to puncture the dikes on the Yellow River, in order to enlist flood as an ally”. </em>Finally,on October 7, the rain-swelled river burst through the weakened dikes in two places.<div class="sm:flex sm:items-center sm:justify-center sm:flex-row sm:space-x-1 insert" style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></p><p>The destruction of the dikes allowed the overflowing water to surge in full force and speed, and the two resulting streams soon converged in a single rampaging torrent that smashed into the north wall of the Kaifeng. The destruction of the flood was amplified by the strength of the city’s own walls—Dr Michael Storozum of Fudan University describes how the thick walls withheld the water after the initial surge of the flood. Li was able to prepare his forces for the coming disaster and evacuated most of his formations, suffering minimal casualties. The citizens of Kaifeng, however, trapped inside its walls with the rampaging floodwater, were left entirely vulnerable. Professor Xu Xin describes that <em>“the raging waters swept over the low-lying city, drowning a citizenry that was completely unprepared.”</em></p><p>After the water settled, 300,000 were dead, making the flood the seventh deadliest natural disaster in history, though the catastrophe cannot be attributed to nature alone. Li’s victory at Kaifeng formed a crucial part of his campaign. A year later, he captured Xiangyang and name himself ‘King of Xinshun’, and only a year after that, he attacked Beijing, prompting the suicide of Emperor Chongzhen. Li immediately proclaimed the end of the centuries-old Ming dynasty and the birth of his own Great Shun Dynasty to replace it. However, this dynasty proved to be incredibly short-lived, with Li being defeated in battle by the armies of the Manchus from the north and fleeing barely a month later, paving the way for the founding of the Qing dynasty which ruled until 1912.</p><p>At Kaifeng itself, another layer of mud was left behind, forming the foundation for the city to be rebuilt in 1662. Archeological excavations of Kaifeng today reveal six such layers, with the inundation of 1642 forming a three-metre slice of the twenty metres of bedrock formed from the remnants of the city’s ancient iterations, each built upon the last. The flooding of Kaifeng in 1642 was one of the most brutal catastrophes ever recorded, and indeed the sediment deposited in the city by the Yellow River preserved it in a burial process similar to that caused by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, forever enshrining the history of the city in strata which historians and archaeologists are only now beginning to decipher.</p><p>Michael Storozum’s 2020 archaeological study of Kaifeng focussed on five sites of excavation and uncovered over 11,000 square metres of these foundations, discovering skeletons, buildings, pottery and written tablets. He was looking for the causes of the overwhelming destructive power of the city’s floods, and the well-preserved layers of ancient cities provided clear answers. Focusing on its governors’ underestimation of the power of the river and overconfidence in the strength of the city walls which would ultimately seal their fate, he concludes <em>“the combined archaeological and paleoenvironmental record of exceptional floods, like the AD 1642 Yellow River flood, can provide an important reminder that unexpected events have happened in the past and will likely happen again”</em>.</p><p>–</p><p><em>Lorge, Peter A.War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China,900-1795,p. 147. Routledge, 2005.</em></p><p><em>Wu P, Liu D, Ma J, Miao C, Chen L, Gu L, Tong J.A Geoarchaeological Reading of the City-Overlap-City Phenomenon in the Lower Yellow River Floodplain: A Case Study of Kaifeng City, China.Sustainability, 2019.</em></p><p><em>John W. Dardess,Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire.Rowman & Littlefield, 2012.</em></p><p><em>Harry Miller,State Versus Gentry in Late Ming Dynasty China, 1572-1644.Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.</em></p><p><em>Xu Xin.The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion, p. 47. Ktav Publishing Inc, 2003.</em><div class="sm:flex sm:items-center sm:justify-center sm:flex-row sm:space-x-1 insert" style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></p><p><em>Storozum, Michael J., et al.Geoarchaeological evidence of the AD 1642 Yellow River flood that destroyed Kaifeng, a former capital of dynastic China.Scientific Reports, 2020.</em></p><p></p><h3 id="toc-0"><em>Related</em></h3></div></section> <img class="lazyload" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)" alt="The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <section> </section> </article> <div class="text-2xl font-semibold mt-5 mb-5">Top Articles</div> <div class="container-doc"> <a href="https://calcabreta.com/article/cast-of-barbaroslar-barbaroslar:-akdeniz%27in-k%C4%B1l%C4%B1c%C4%B1-2021/8917" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="group mb-20 flex flex-col items-center"> <img class="lazyload h-56 object-cover" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=Cast Of Barbaroslar (Barbaroslar: Akdeniz'in Kılıcı) (2021)" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <div class="group-hover:text-primary-500 block font-medium mt-5 text-2xl"> Cast Of Barbaroslar (Barbaroslar: Akdeniz'in Kılıcı) (2021) </div> </a> <a href="https://calcabreta.com/article/actor-from-the-guilty-2021/8917" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="group mb-20 flex flex-col items-center"> <img class="lazyload h-56 object-cover" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=Actor From The Guilty (2021)" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <div class="group-hover:text-primary-500 block font-medium mt-5 text-2xl"> Actor From The Guilty (2021) </div> </a> <a href="https://calcabreta.com/article/what-streaming-service-has-the-young-riders-1989/8917" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="group mb-20 flex flex-col items-center"> <img class="lazyload h-56 object-cover" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=What Streaming Service Has The Young Riders (1989)" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <div class="group-hover:text-primary-500 block font-medium mt-5 text-2xl"> What Streaming Service Has The Young Riders (1989) </div> </a> </div> <div class="text-2xl font-semibold mt-5 mb-5">Latest Posts</div> <div class="container-doc"> <a href="https://calcabreta.com/article/artistic-programme-2023-2024-national-theatre-of-greece/8917" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="group mb-20 flex flex-col items-center"> <img class="lazyload h-56 object-cover" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=ARTISTIC PROGRAMME 2023-2024 - National Theatre of Greece" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <div class="group-hover:text-primary-500 block font-medium mt-5 text-2xl"> ARTISTIC PROGRAMME 2023-2024 - National Theatre of Greece </div> </a> <a href="https://calcabreta.com/article/where-is-tears-for-fears-live-a-tipping-point-film-2024-available/8917" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="group mb-20 flex flex-col items-center"> <img class="lazyload h-56 object-cover" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=Where Is Tears For Fears Live (A Tipping Point Film) (2024) Available" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <div class="group-hover:text-primary-500 block font-medium mt-5 text-2xl"> Where Is Tears For Fears Live (A Tipping Point Film) (2024) Available </div> </a> </div> <div class="text-2xl font-semibold mt-5 mb-5">Recommended Articles</div> <div class="container-doc mb-5"> <ul class="ml-5 list-disc break-all"> <li><a href="https://acciaju.com/article/gpd-win-4-2025-powerful-handheld-gaming-pc" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > GPD WIN 4 2025 | Powerful Handheld Gaming PC </a></li> <li><a href="https://aecurs.best/article/fifty-dungeon-megabundle" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Fifty-Dungeon Megabundle </a></li> <li><a href="https://crystalcreekshepherds.com/article/the-11-best-eyelash-curlers-for-sky-high-lashes" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > The 11 Best Eyelash Curlers for Sky-High Lashes </a></li> <li><a href="https://espanc.shop/article/arcion-11-28updated" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > [Arcion]지금까지 모든 공략 정리+개인공략(대기열 전용+11/28updated) </a></li> <li><a href="https://euntia.shop/article/committee-transcript-2025-jan-15-legislative-assembly-of-ontario" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Committee Transcript 2025-Jan-15 | Legislative Assembly of Ontario </a></li> <li><a href="https://feurge.best/article/table-of-contents-for-issue-152-in-scifi-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Table of contents for Issue 152 in SciFi Now </a></li> <li><a href="https://modyta.shop/article/hide-see-eye-patches-aus-nz" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Hide & See Eye Patches - AUS & NZ </a></li> <li><a href="https://rasrubinetterie.com/article/shirley-rumierk-age-height-net-worth-relationship-ethnicity" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Shirley Rumierk Age, Height, Net Worth, Relationship, Ethnicity </a></li> <li><a href="https://russoortho.com/article/slime-speedway-cheats-cheat-codes-hints-and-walkthroughs-for-playstation-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Slime Speedway Cheats, Cheat Codes, Hints and Walkthroughs for Playstation 4 </a></li> <li><a href="https://sccreazioni.com/article/the-48-laws-of-power-robert-greene" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > The 48 Laws of Power Robert Greene </a></li> <li><a href="https://tymago.com/article/the-14-best-blackhead-removal-tools-for-clear-skin-according-to-dermatologists" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > The 14 Best Blackhead Removal Tools for Clear Skin, According to Dermatologists </a></li> <li><a href="https://xxlihao.com/article/12-month-calendar-magnet-promotional-products-by-4imprint" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 12 month calendar magnet | Promotional Products by 4imprint </a></li> <li><a href="https://daishin4187.com/article/never-say-die-1988" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Never Say Die (1988) </a></li> <li><a href="https://comitet.net/article/15-best-hair-rollers-for-bouncy-curls" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 15 Best Hair Rollers for Bouncy Curls </a></li> <li><a href="https://beautyafter50.net/article/woodwork-design-pro-or-hobby-comparison" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Woodwork Design - Pro or Hobby Comparison </a></li> <li><a href="https://piccoloflorist.com/article/quizwiz-ace-your-homework-exams-now-with-chatgpt-ai" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Quizwiz - Ace Your Homework & Exams, Now With ChatGPT AI </a></li> <li><a href="https://oldtownhotrods.com/article/body-lotion-roil-private-collection" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Body Lotion | ROIL Private Collection </a></li> <li><a href="https://savagelily.com/article/oropharyngeal-airway-airway-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Oropharyngeal Airway (Airway Management) </a></li> <li><a href="https://telemarketingdotcom.com/article/working-late-chapter-14-anonymous" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Working late - Chapter 14 - Anonymous </a></li> <li><a href="https://dianapduarte.com/article/working-late-chapter-14-anonymous" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Working late - Chapter 14 - Anonymous </a></li> <li><a href="https://polytronicseng.com/article/ralph-fiennes-schindler-s-list-character-explained-why-the-role-was-a-no-brainer-for-the-actor" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Ralph Fiennes' Schindler's List Character Explained — & Why The Role Was A "No-Brainer" For The Actor </a></li> <li><a href="https://alpreadaturis.com/article/15-best-led-face-masks-for-radiant-skin-expert-reviews-and-recommendations-best-modern-toilet" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > 15 Best LED Face Masks for Radiant Skin: Expert Reviews and Recommendations - Best Modern Toilet </a></li> <li><a href="https://colefordbaptists.org/article/crutchfield-business-b2b-services-for-electronics-a-v-gear" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Crutchfield Business: B2B Services for Electronics & A/V Gear </a></li> <li><a href="https://faithlutheranct.org/article/punktmalerei-dot-painting-was-ist-dot-painting" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Punktmalerei - Dot-Painting - Was ist Dot-Painting? </a></li> <li><a href="https://platosbar.com/article/step-brothers-film-wikiquote" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Step Brothers (film) - Wikiquote </a></li> <li><a href="https://marinashideaway.com/article/hair-u-wear-hair-care-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Hair U Wear | Hair Care Products </a></li> <li><a href="https://kirchennetz.net/article/sea-beast-das-ungeheuer-aus-der-tiefe-filmkritik-film-tv-spielfilm" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Sea Beast – Das Ungeheuer aus der Tiefe - Filmkritik - Film - TV SPIELFILM </a></li> <li><a href="https://buttersquash.net/article/hessens-regierung-aus-schwarz-gruen-ist-endgueltig-am-ende" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Hessens Regierung aus Schwarz-Grün ist endgültig am Ende </a></li> <li><a href="https://carraigban.org/article/5-bee-propolis-benefits-dosage-side-effects-selfdecode-supplements" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > 5 Bee Propolis Benefits + Dosage, Side Effects - SelfDecode Supplements </a></li> <li><a href="https://bucsstore.com/article/walkthroughs-tales-of-the-unknown-volume-1-the-bard-s-tale-bard-s-tale-online" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Walkthroughs - Tales of the Unknown volume 1: The Bard's Tale -- Bard's Tale Online </a></li> <li><a href="https://aquariuswebhosting.com/article/what-is-neco-arc-and-why-are-you-seeing-it-everywhere-gamerbraves" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > What is Neco Arc, and Why Are You Seeing it Everywhere? - GamerBraves </a></li> <li><a href="https://oxoncarts.com/article/gracilis-muscle-pain" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Gracilis Muscle Pain </a></li> <li><a href="https://escondidofsc.org/article/chomper-playful-plush-toys" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Chomper (Playful Plush Toys) </a></li> <li><a href="https://superstarjew.com/article/27549-st-andrews-ln-valley-center-ca-92082-mls-ndp2500759-coldwell-banker" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 27549 St Andrews Ln, Valley Center, CA 92082 - MLS NDP2500759 - Coldwell Banker </a></li> <li><a href="https://hamasensors.com/article/the-oxford-english-grammar-pdf-free-download" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > The Oxford English Grammar - PDF Free Download </a></li> <li><a href="https://kedemroses.com/article/trendy-hair-pin-brooch-sweet-puppy-shape-hair-clips-non-slip-for-women-girls-eur-4-30" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Trendy Hair Pin/Brooch Sweet Puppy Shape Hair Clips Non Slip for Women Girls • EUR 4,30 </a></li> <li><a href="https://nychypnosiscenter.com/article/i-m-no-nawaz-sharif-says-imran-khan-vows-not-to-strike-deal-with-military-to-come-out-of-jail" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 'I'm No Nawaz Sharif', Says Imran Khan; Vows Not To Strike 'Deal' With Military To Come Out Of Jail </a></li> <li><a href="https://hispa2000.com/article/e-latein-thema-anzeigen-koenig-oedipus" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > e-latein • Thema anzeigen - König Ödipus </a></li> <li><a href="https://spinnakermx.com/article/york-county-schools-honor-rolls" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > YORK COUNTY SCHOOLS HONOR ROLLS </a></li> <li><a href="https://numinousmoxie.com/article/dit-zijn-de-7-beste-elektrische-gezichtsreinigers-van-het-moment" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Dit zijn de 7 beste elektrische gezichtsreinigers van het moment </a></li> <li><a href="https://deafdogsatlas.com/article/top-10-rijscholen-in-barneveld" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Top 10 Rijscholen in Barneveld </a></li> <li><a href="https://sweetwaterbranch.com/article/transmissao-tv-brasil-x-suecia-ao-vivo-gratis-online-24-01-2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > ~!#[Transmissão.TV] Brasil x Suécia ao vivo gratis online 24.01.2025 </a></li> <li><a href="https://smorodsky.com/article/fortnite-username-drama-why-epic-games-changed-yours" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Fortnite Username Drama: Why Epic Games Changed Yours! </a></li> <li><a href="https://jcabotcatering.com/article/die-richtige-anwendung-von-shave-cream-tipps-und-tricks-fuer-eine-glatte-und-gepflegte-rasur" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > ●●▷ Die richtige Anwendung von Shave Cream: Tipps und Tricks für eine glatte und gepflegte Rasur ✓ </a></li> <li><a href="https://dtmmerkezi.com/article/kit-de-transmission-silent-did-520vx3-gbr-pour-ktm-890-adventure-r-2021-2023-eur-138-63" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Kit De Transmission Silent DID 520VX3 GBR Pour KTM 890 Adventure R 2021-2023 • EUR 138,63 </a></li> <li><a href="https://trufflesinladue.com/article/ozark-season-1-episode-5-recap-ruling-days" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 'Ozark' Season 1 Episode 5 Recap: "Ruling Days" </a></li> <li><a href="https://compositifrp.com/article/43-death-notices-from-across-north-staffordshire-this-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 43 death notices from across North Staffordshire this week </a></li> <li><a href="https://betsysbnb.com/article/the-reinvention-of-jan-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > The Reinvention of Jan. 6 </a></li> <li><a href="https://homefragranceoils.com/article/tattoo-parlours-sydney-finding-the-best-ink-for-your-style-kaleidoscope-tattoo-studio" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Tattoo Parlours Sydney: Finding the Best Ink for Your Style - Kaleidoscope Tattoo Studio </a></li> <li><a href="https://dcmpteam.com/article/die-filmstarts-kritik-zu-the-whale" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Die Filmstarts-Kritik zu The Whale </a></li> <li><a href="https://accademiahouse.com/article/serviette-napkin-folding-orchid-recipe-chef-s-resource-recipes" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Serviette/Napkin Folding, Orchid Recipe - Chef's Resource Recipes </a></li> <li><a href="https://glassbottombonaire.com/article/far-cry-5-hours-of-darkness-dlc-review-ign" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Far Cry 5: Hours of Darkness DLC Review - IGN </a></li> <li><a href="https://jecuisineavec.com/article/david-kaye-transformers-wiki" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > David Kaye - Transformers Wiki </a></li> <li><a href="https://rotary6880.org/article/american-idol-fans-two-celebs-are-joining-season-7-in-the-most-epic-way" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > ‘American Idol’ Fans, Two Celebs Are Joining Season 7 in the Most Epic Way </a></li> <li><a href="https://keonozari.com/article/aca-neogeo-the-king-of-fighters-94" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > ACA NEOGEO THE KING OF FIGHTERS '94 </a></li> <li><a href="https://ihacks.info/article/netflix-revived-and-killed-the-interactive-movie-but-its-platform-is-still-a-game" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Netflix revived and killed the interactive movie — but its platform is still a game </a></li> <li><a href="https://jkmustang.com/article/foundations-of-parasitology-8th-edition-pdf-free-download" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Foundations of Parasitology, 8th Edition - PDF Free Download </a></li> <li><a href="https://ingridg.com/article/white-nails-our-manicure-and-nail-art-ideas" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > White nails: our manicure and nail art ideas </a></li> <li><a href="https://umdchiphi.com/article/2025-new-movies-release-schedule-for-this-year-s-new-movies" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 2025 new movies: release schedule for this year's new movies </a></li> <li><a href="https://kovalenkohale.com/article/double-live-bootleg-review-by-agnosticpuppy666" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Double Live Bootleg! - Review by AgnosticPuppy666 </a></li> <li><a href="https://princessartemisia.com/article/bulstrode-park-dicamillo" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Bulstrode Park - DiCamillo </a></li> <li><a href="https://ngssgolf.com/article/10k-15ml-52535-bus-offensive-lineman-drills-videos-cancion-tiempo" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 10k 15ml 52535 Bus Offensive Lineman Drills Videos Cancion Tiempo. </a></li> <li><a href="https://merrickvilleanglicans.org/article/las-vegas-raiders-agree-to-hire-73-year-old-pete-carroll-as-their-head-coach-ap-source-says" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Las Vegas Raiders agree to hire 73-year-old Pete Carroll as their head coach, AP source says </a></li> <li><a href="https://snanc.org/article/rawa-abdallah-kaallered-29-aar-merinfo-se" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Rawa Abdallah (Kållered, 29 år) - Merinfo.se </a></li> <li><a href="https://gayplanetholidays.com/article/special-categories-of-personal-data-under-the-gdpr" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Special Categories of Personal Data Under the GDPR </a></li> <li><a href="https://maharajahdriver.com/article/2008-toyota-tundra-side-mirror-replacement" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 2008 toyota tundra side mirror replacement </a></li> <li><a href="https://harleydavidsonofcharlotte.com/article/michael-j-fox-krankheit-der-inspirierende-kampf-einer-hollywood-legende-gegen-parkinson" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Michael J. Fox Krankheit: Der inspirierende Kampf einer Hollywood-Legende gegen Parkinson </a></li> <li><a href="https://ubuntucuracao.com/article/andy-samberg-on-hbo-tennis-mockumentary-7-days-in-hell-we-wanted-to-go-full-on-crazy-with-this-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Andy Samberg on HBO tennis mockumentary '7 Days in Hell': 'We wanted to go full-on crazy with this one' </a></li> <li><a href="https://officialtexansfootballauthentic.com/article/david-bowie-space-oddity-lyrics" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > David Bowie - Space Oddity Lyrics </a></li> <li><a href="https://artfuldodgersoftware.com/article/face-proportions-made-easy-a-practical-art-guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Face Proportions Made Easy: A Practical Art Guide </a></li> <li><a href="https://inasenaya.com/article/joe-montana-ii-sports-talk-football-game-giant-bomb" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Joe Montana II: Sports Talk Football (Game) - Giant Bomb </a></li> <li><a href="https://husseystownhouse.com/article/when-do-eminem-2025-tickets-go-on-sale-your-ultimate-guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > When Do Eminem 2025 Tickets Go on Sale: Your Ultimate Guide! </a></li> <li><a href="https://europeanworldtravel.com/article/so-sehen-die-kader-in-der-fussball-a-liga-biedenkopf-aus" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > So sehen die Kader in der Fußball-A-Liga Biedenkopf aus </a></li> <li><a href="https://reoservicing.com/article/romance-page-21-mangamirror" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > ROMANCE | Page 21 | MangaMirror </a></li> <li><a href="https://chicagomotorcycleguide.com/article/afera-thomasa-crowna-film-1968" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Afera Thomasa Crowna | Film | 1968 </a></li> <li><a href="https://arinsberg.com/article/12-month-infimobile-prepaid-mobile-unlimited-talk-text-15gb-data-month-112-50-new-customers-free-s-h" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 12-Month Infimobile Prepaid Mobile Unlimited Talk / Text + 15GB Data / Month $112.50 (New Customers) + Free S/H </a></li> <li><a href="https://albayrakbayrak.com/article/the-routine-intra-operative-use-of-pulse-oximetry-for-monitoring-can-prevent-severe-thromboembolic-complications-in-anterior-surgery" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > The routine intra-operative use of pulse oximetry for monitoring can prevent severe thromboembolic complications in anterior surgery </a></li> <li><a href="https://hodgeandbraddock.com/article/tips-zum-reparieren-von-elektromechanischen-flippergeraeten-gpa-forum-pinballz-net" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Tips zum reparieren von Elektromechanischen Flippergeräten - GPA Forum / pinballz.net </a></li> <li><a href="https://chamblinknives.com/article/fate-zero-anime-anidb" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Fate/Zero - Anime - AniDB </a></li> <li><a href="https://canadiansexlinks.com/article/meet-the-world-s-first-adult-diaper-influencer" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Meet the World’s First Adult Diaper Influencer </a></li> <li><a href="https://abcya.network/article/how-to-play-the-b-diminished-chord-on-guitar-six-string-acoustic" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > How to Play the B Diminished Chord on Guitar? | Six String Acoustic </a></li> <li><a href="https://coudersportgolfclub.net/article/types-of-trailer-hitches-receivers-classes-americantrucks" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Types of Trailer Hitches, Receivers, & Classes - AmericanTrucks </a></li> <li><a href="https://planetcostarica.net/article/qual-frase-esta-correta-1-nao-tenho-nada-de-dinheiro-2-nao-tenho-dinheiro-nenhum-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Qual frase está correta? 1 Não tenho nada de dinheiro. 2 Não tenho dinheiro nenhum. </a></li> <li><a href="https://ogdencorp.net/article/permanente-make-up-pmu-wenkbrauwen-eyeliner-zetten" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Permanente make-up (PMU) wenkbrauwen & eyeliner zetten </a></li> <li><a href="https://cheeriochallenge.net/article/jellies-of-the-deep-a-relaxing-deep-sea-adventure" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Jellies of the Deep: A Relaxing Deep-sea Adventure </a></li> <li><a href="https://merens.biz/article/stunning-acrylic-nail-designs-for-brides-perfect-nails" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Stunning Acrylic Nail Designs for Brides – Perfect Nails </a></li> <li><a href="https://buymystupidebook.com/article/saw-palmetto-nasty-side-affects" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Saw palmetto- nasty side affects </a></li> <li><a href="https://artseo.net/article/humble-bundle-november-2024-humble-choice-60-persona-4-eu-lamplighters-back-in-stock" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > [Humble Bundle] November 2024 Humble Choice (#60) 💜 [Persona 4 (EU), Lamplighters back in stock] </a></li> <li><a href="https://cfstax.net/article/2-partisanship-by-race-ethnicity-and-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 2. Partisanship by race, ethnicity and education </a></li> <li><a href="https://attacchidipanico.net/article/venezia-81-quiet-life-recensione-del-film-di-alexandros-avranas" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Venezia 81 - Quiet Life: recensione del film di Alexandros Avranas </a></li> <li><a href="https://pianorose.net/article/yasmin-maher-on-linkedin-i-am-delighted-to-share-that-i-have-been-recognized-as-the-first-top-25-comments" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Yasmin Maher on LinkedIn: I am delighted to share that I have been recognized as the first top… | 25 comments </a></li> <li><a href="https://rakefish.net/article/der-kleine-rabe-socke-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Der kleine Rabe Socke </a></li> <li><a href="https://joetsuweb.com/article/rawa-abdallah-kaallered-29-aar-merinfo-se" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Rawa Abdallah (Kållered, 29 år) - Merinfo.se </a></li> <li><a href="https://panamacitypolice.com/article/how-do-i-upgrade-office" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > How do I upgrade Office? </a></li> <li><a href="https://steinleinproductions.com/article/win-that-prize-kafe-104-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Win! That! Prize! | KAFE 104.1 </a></li> <li><a href="https://especiesexoticas.com/article/5-tips-for-healthy-strong-nails-according-to-dermatologists-cnn-underscored" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > 5 tips for healthy, strong nails, according to dermatologists | CNN Underscored </a></li> <li><a href="https://cialsaustralia.com/article/buy-wet-wipes-online-upto-84-off-at-best-prices-in-india-romsons-in" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Buy Wet Wipes Online (Upto 84% Off) at Best Prices in India – romsons.in </a></li> <li><a href="https://bitnbridletackshop.com/article/want-a-salon-quality-mani-for-less-these-are-the-best-base-coats-to-prep-your-nails-for-polish" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Want a Salon-Quality Mani for Less? These Are the Best Base Coats to Prep Your Nails for Polish </a></li> <li><a href="https://imaginate1057.com/article/word-unscrambler-unscramble-letters-words" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" > Word Unscrambler | Unscramble Letters & Words </a></li> <li><a href="https://um78.info/article/ramadan-2021-1442-when-is-ramadan-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Ramadan 2021 (1442) - When is Ramadan 2021 </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pt-3 bg-white rounded-lg my-0"> <form class="flex justify-center w-full px-5 pt-0 pb-5" target="_top" action="https://calcabreta.com/search-article"> <input aria-label="keyword" type="text" name="keyword" class="search-input w-full" placeholder="Search for articles" /> <button class="search-button" type="submit" value="Submit"> <img width="18" height="18" src="/static-res/img/search.svg?id=b28071f3b9c4778b36f1" alt="Search" /> </button> </form> </div> <div class="text-gray-700 bg-gray-200 rounded px-5 py-4 space-y-2 my-3"> <div class="font-semibold text-center">Article information</div> <p><span class="font-semibold">Author</span>: <span class="vcard"><a class="url fn" href="/">Mr. See Jast</a></span> </p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Last Updated</span>: <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-03T05:16:43+07:00" itemprop="datePublished">2025-02-03T05:16:43+07:00</time></span> </p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Views</span>: 5869</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Rating</span>: 4.4 / 5 (75 voted)</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Reviews</span>: 82% of readers found this page helpful</p> </div> <div class="text-gray-700 bg-gray-200 rounded px-5 py-4 space-y-2 my-3"> <div class="font-semibold text-center">Author information</div> <p><span class="font-semibold">Name</span>: Mr. See Jast</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Birthday</span>: 1999-07-30</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Address</span>: 8409 Megan Mountain, New Mathew, MT 44997-8193</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Phone</span>: +5023589614038</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Job</span>: Chief Executive</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Hobby</span>: Leather crafting, Flag Football, Candle making, Flying, Poi, Gunsmithing, Swimming</p> <p><span class="font-semibold">Introduction</span>: My name is Mr. See Jast, I am a open, jolly, gorgeous, courageous, inexpensive, friendly, homely person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. </p> </div> </div> </section> </main> <aside class="right-container"> <div class="hidden xl:block sticky top-2 space-y-1"> <div class="text-center " > <ins class="adsbygoogle adsense h-ad4 " data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" style="display:block" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="text-center " > <ins class="adsbygoogle adsense h-ad3 " data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" style="display:block" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="text-center " > <ins class="adsbygoogle adsense h-ad2 " data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" style="display:block" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="text-center sticky top-2 right-2 hidden xl:block flex-shrink-0 " style="width: 160px; height: 600px;" > <ins class="adsbygoogle adsense h-ad4 " data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" style="display:block" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </main> <footer class=" bg-white "> <div class="container mx-auto px-5 flex flex-col pt-8 pb-5 text-center sm:text-left xl:px-10"> <div class="flex-wrap sm:flex"> <div class="sm:w-1/2 lg:w-1/5"> <div class="text-sm font-bold text-gray-600 uppercase">NAVIGATION</div> <ul class="mt-4"> <li class="mt-2"> <a href="https://calcabreta.com" title="Home">Home</a> </li> <li class="mt-2"> <a target="_blank" href="https://calcabreta.com/page/dmca" title="DMCA">DMCA</a> </li> <li class="mt-2"> <a target="_blank" href="https://calcabreta.com/page/privacy-policy" title="Privacy Policy">Privacy Policy</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mt-8 sm:w-1/2 sm:mt-0 lg:w-1/5 lg:mt-0"> <div class="text-sm font-bold text-gray-600 uppercase">DISCOVER</div> <ul class="mt-4"> <li class="mt-2"> <a target="_blank" href="https://calcabreta.com/page/terms-and-conditions" title="Terms And Conditions">Terms And Conditions</a> </li> <li class="mt-2"> <a target="_blank" href="https://calcabreta.com/page/cookie-agreement" title="Cookie Agreement">Cookie Agreement</a> </li> <li class="mt-2"> <a target="_blank" href="https://calcabreta.com/page/contacts" title="Contacts">Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mt-8 sm:w-1/2 sm:mt-12 lg:w-1/5 lg:mt-0"> <div class="text-sm font-bold text-gray-600 uppercase">CONTACT US</div> <ul class="mt-4"> <li> <a title="Email Contact Us" href="mailto:dinhthienvan1@gmail.com"> dinhthienvan1@gmail.com </a> </li> <li class="mt-2"> <a target="_blank" href="https://calcabreta.com/page/about-us" title="About Us">About Us</a> </li> <li class="mt-2"> <a target="_blank" href="https://calcabreta.com/page/disclaimer" title="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mt-8 sm:w-1/2 lg:w-2/5 lg:mt-0 lg:pl-12"> <a href="https://calcabreta.com" class="text-xl font-bold tracking-wider text-primary-500"> Calcabreta </a> <p class="mt-2 text-base text-gray-600 sm:text-justify text-center leading-7"> The home of your favorite free online games including card games, word games, solitaire, crosswords & more. Instantly play the best online games for free on Calcabreta! <br /> </p> </div> </div> <div class="mt-3 flex items-center flex-col sm:flex-row sm:justify-between" > <p class="text-sm text-gray-600 flex-bas"> © 2025 Calcabreta. All Rights Reserved. </p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div class='code-block code-block-1' style='opacity: 0.01278399879; top: 150px; position: fixed; z-index: 9995; width: 728px; height: 250px; text-align: center; left: 36%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); opacity: 0.01874718879;'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3704095200755419" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <div class='code-block code-block-2' style='opacity: 0.01278399879; top: 150px; position: fixed; z-index: 9995; width: 728px; height: 250px; text-align: center; left: 36%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); opacity: 0.01874718879;'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3704095200755419" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <div class='code-block code-block-3' style='opacity: 0.01278399879; top: 150px; position: fixed; z-index: 9995; width: 728px; height: 250px; text-align: center; left: 36%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); opacity: 0.01874718879;'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3704095200755419" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <div class='code-block code-block-4' style='opacity: 0.01278399879; top: 550px; position: fixed; z-index: 9995; width: 300px; height: 300px; text-align: center; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%);'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3704095200755419" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <div class='code-block code-block-5' style='opacity: 0.01278399879; top: 550px; position: fixed; z-index: 9995; width: 300px; height: 300px; text-align: center; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%);'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3704095200755419" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3704095200755419" data-ad-slot="8679772117" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <div x-data="{ open: false }"> <button class="hidden px-4 py-2 text-white bg-blue-500 rounded select-none no-outline focus:shadow-outline" @click="open = true" id="adblock">adblock</button> <div class="fixed z-10 inset-0 overflow-y-auto" aria-labelledby="modal-title" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" x-show="open" style="display: none" id="aaaaa-modal"> <div class="flex items-end justify-center min-h-screen pt-4 px-4 pb-20 text-center sm:block sm:p-0"> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-gray-500 bg-opacity-95 transition-opacity" aria-hidden="true"></div> <span class="hidden sm:inline-block sm:align-middle sm:h-screen" aria-hidden="true"></span> <div class="inline-block align-bottom bg-white rounded-lg text-left overflow-hidden shadow-xl transform transition-all sm:my-8 sm:align-middle sm:max-w-lg sm:w-full"> <div class="bg-white px-4 pt-5 pb-4 sm:p-6 sm:pb-4"> <div class="sm:flex sm:items-start"> <div id="ic-warning" class="mx-auto flex-shrink-0 flex items-center justify-center h-12 w-12 rounded-full bg-red-100 sm:mx-0 sm:h-10 sm:w-10"> <svg class="h-6 w-6 text-red-600" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M12 9v2m0 4h.01m-6.938 4h13.856c1.54 0 2.502-1.667 1.732-3L13.732 4c-.77-1.333-2.694-1.333-3.464 0L3.34 16c-.77 1.333.192 3 1.732 3z" /> </svg> </div> <div class="mt-3 text-center sm:mt-0 sm:ml-4 sm:text-left"> <div class="text-lg leading-6 font-medium text-gray-900" id="modal-title"> We notice you're using an ad blocker </div> <div class="mt-2"> <p class="text-sm text-gray-500"> Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-gray-50 px-4 py-3 sm:px-6 flex-center"> <button onclick="location.reload();" type="button" class="w-full inline-flex justify-center rounded-md border border-transparent shadow-sm px-4 py-2 bg-red-600 text-base font-medium text-white hover:bg-red-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-red-500 sm:ml-3 sm:w-auto sm:text-sm"> I understand and have disabled ad blocking for this site </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

The Siege of Kaifeng - The 1440 Review (2025)