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Maeir</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Bar-Ilan University</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44141472" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioanthropology"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto","location":"/RalphGarruto","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/RalphGarruto","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Bioanthropology"]}" data-trace="false" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/126018639/2_AMINO_3_Methylamino_Propionic_Acid_in_Cycad_Derived_Foods_is_an_Unlikely_Cause_of_Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis_Parkinsonism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 2-AMINO-3 (Methylamino)-Propionic Acid in Cycad-Derived Foods is an Unlikely Cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119959515/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126018639/2_AMINO_3_Methylamino_Propionic_Acid_in_Cycad_Derived_Foods_is_an_Unlikely_Cause_of_Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis_Parkinsonism">2-AMINO-3 (Methylamino)-Propionic Acid in Cycad-Derived Foods is an Unlikely Cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Lancet</span><span>, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">HHV-6 AND CMV ANTIBODY STUDIES *Day 0 = date of transplant (or first or only sample for patients ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">HHV-6 AND CMV ANTIBODY STUDIES *Day 0 = date of transplant (or first or only sample for patients G and H). tIF titre; tIF assay, positive (+) = 80, negative (&mdash;) = < 20, NT = not tested; &sect;optical density units, IgG positive = 0 20, IgM positive = 0 4. from the same source. If so, our data suggest that HHV-6 infection may be transmitted in graft tissue. Secondly, infection with one virus may reactivate another, latent, virus. Thirdly, we may simply be demonstrating cross-reactive antibodies, not yet reported. Whatever the explanation, there are important implications. For example, is co-infection, or infection plus reactivation, a more damaging clinical event than infection with a single agent? We are developing western blots for both viruses to find out whether the antibody rises we have demonstrated are directed against multiple proteins of both viruses, or against multiple proteins of one virus plus a cross-reactive protein antigen of the other one.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9eb2525b97f21d2e239d35727744867c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119959515,"asset_id":126018639,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119959515/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126018639"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126018639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126018639; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018762"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018762/Introduction_dermatoglyphics_back_to_the_future"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: dermatoglyphics--back to the future" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018762/Introduction_dermatoglyphics_back_to_the_future">Introduction: dermatoglyphics--back to the future</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018762"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018762; 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V. A note on birth weights and infantile growth rates in the Mulia population" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018761/Congenital_defects_of_the_central_cervous_system_associated_with_hyperendemic_goiter_in_a_neolithic_highland_society_of_Western_New_Guinea_V_A_note_on_birth_weights_and_infantile_growth_rates_in_the_Mulia_population">Congenital defects of the central cervous system associated with hyperendemic goiter in a neolithic highland society of Western New Guinea. V. A note on birth weights and infantile growth rates in the Mulia population</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, May 1, 1974</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018761"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018761"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018761; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018761]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018761]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018761; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018761']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018761]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018761,"title":"Congenital defects of the central cervous system associated with hyperendemic goiter in a neolithic highland society of Western New Guinea. V. A note on birth weights and infantile growth rates in the Mulia population","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018761/Congenital_defects_of_the_central_cervous_system_associated_with_hyperendemic_goiter_in_a_neolithic_highland_society_of_Western_New_Guinea_V_A_note_on_birth_weights_and_infantile_growth_rates_in_the_Mulia_population","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018760"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018760/Observations_on_the_clinical_presentations_and_the_neuropathological_findings_of_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_in_Australia_and_Guam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Observations on the clinical presentations and the neuropathological findings of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Australia and Guam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018760/Observations_on_the_clinical_presentations_and_the_neuropathological_findings_of_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_in_Australia_and_Guam">Observations on the clinical presentations and the neuropathological findings of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Australia and Guam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1986</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Among 20 consecutive autopsies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) occurring in Caucasians in ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Among 20 consecutive autopsies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) occurring in Caucasians in Western Australia (WA), 85% were males. The median age of onset was 58.9 years and the average duration of illness was 2.4 years. Twenty-two randomly selected ALS occurring among natives in Guam also showed a male predominance of 75%, younger age of onset (median 48.5 years) and longer survival period (median 3.4 years). 45% of the WA patients presented with bulbar involvement at the time of first examination. These patients had the lowest median survival period of 1.5 years when compared with the other forms of ALS, the classic upper and lower motor system involvement and progressive muscular atrophy. Theneuropathologic lesions of ALS in WA and Guam were similar with the exception that neurofibrillary tangles were frequently present in the Guamanian brains. In 14%, neuronal loss, gliosis and frequency of tangles in the cerebral cortex especially in Ammon's horn, substantia nigra, and locus ceruleus, were sufficiently severe to indicate the coexistence of another disorder, Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex. This condition was not clinically recognized. In the WA cases only one patient had tangles in the brain and he had concurrent Alzheimers disease. 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018759"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018759/Health_transition_examples_from_the_western_Pacific"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Health transition: examples from the western Pacific" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552898/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018759/Health_transition_examples_from_the_western_Pacific">Health transition: examples from the western Pacific</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Dec 1, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4fc915faada9275b064b4559ae7c843d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552898,"asset_id":123018759,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552898/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018759"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018759; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018758"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018758/Potentiation_in_the_neurotoxic_induction_of_experimental_chronic_neurodegenerative_disorders_N_butyl_benzenesulfonamide_and_aluminum_chloride"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Potentiation in the neurotoxic induction of experimental chronic neurodegenerative disorders: N-butyl benzenesulfonamide and aluminum chloride" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018758/Potentiation_in_the_neurotoxic_induction_of_experimental_chronic_neurodegenerative_disorders_N_butyl_benzenesulfonamide_and_aluminum_chloride">Potentiation in the neurotoxic induction of experimental chronic neurodegenerative disorders: N-butyl benzenesulfonamide and aluminum chloride</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Repeated monthly intracisternal inoculations of N-butyl benzenesulfonamide induced a chronic, slo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Repeated monthly intracisternal inoculations of N-butyl benzenesulfonamide induced a chronic, slowly progressive myelopathy in young adult New Zealand white rabbits that was manifested by hyperreflexia, spasticity, hypertonia, gait impairment and altered tonic immobility responses. The neuropathological features consisted of scattered neuroaxonal spheroids, fusiform distention of the intramedullary portions of the spinal cord ventral roots and, as defined by microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP 2) immunoreactivity, an initial distention and subsequent loss of dendritic processes in neurons of the nucleus motoris lateralis with the perikaryon of these cells remaining intact. A similar chronic progressive myelopathy was induced by repeated low dose intracisternal inoculations of aluminum chloride in New Zealand white rabbits. However, the neuropathological changes were more extensive and consisted of dendritic, axonal and perikaryal inclusions of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament localized to spinal motor neurons in the nucleus motoris medialis, substantia grisea intermedia and select brainstem nuclei with only minimal involvement of the nucleus motoris lateralis. The co-administration of these two neurotoxins over the course of 8 months induced striking behavioral changes as well as a fulminant myelopathy. This was accompanied by a loss of neuronal perikarya in the nucleus motoris accompanied by a loss of neuronal perikarya in the nucleus motoris lateralis and topographically extensive neocortical neurofilamentous degeneration. These features suggest that potentiation occurs when the two toxins are co-administered, a view supported by an estimation of the co-neurotoxicity coefficient (CNC greater than 1). Our results have implications for understanding human neurodegenerative disorders in which potentiation of insults may occur, producing a clinical and neuropathological disease state not expected from either agent alone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018758"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018758"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018758; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018758]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018758; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018758']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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} }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018757"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018757/Characterization_and_distribution_of_dermatoglyphic_features_in_Eskimo_and_North_Central_and_South_American_Indian_populations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Characterization and distribution of dermatoglyphic features in Eskimo and North, Central, and South American Indian populations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018757/Characterization_and_distribution_of_dermatoglyphic_features_in_Eskimo_and_North_Central_and_South_American_Indian_populations">Characterization and distribution of dermatoglyphic features in Eskimo and North, Central, and South American Indian populations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1979</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018757"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018757]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018757']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018757]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018757,"title":"Characterization and distribution of dermatoglyphic features in Eskimo and North, Central, and South American Indian populations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018757/Characterization_and_distribution_of_dermatoglyphic_features_in_Eskimo_and_North_Central_and_South_American_Indian_populations","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018756"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018756/Human_adaptability_research_into_the_beginning_of_the_third_millennium"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human adaptability research into the beginning of the third millennium" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018756/Human_adaptability_research_into_the_beginning_of_the_third_millennium">Human adaptability research into the beginning of the third millennium</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Feb 1, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Human adaptability, as a field of inquiry within human biology, became defined during the researc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Human adaptability, as a field of inquiry within human biology, became defined during the research activities of the International Biological Program (IBP) (1964-1974). During this period, research was focused on ecological, physiological, and genetic studies of human populations within the theoretical frameworks of adaptation and evolution. Other defining characteristics of the IBP human adaptability research were standardization of methods, multidisciplinary projects, international cooperation, and a concern with human health issues. Some observers suggest that this research contributed to the ongoing transformation of physical anthropology and related fields from a largely descriptive to an analytical science. During the 25 years between the end of the IBP and the present, a number of research trends have continued: Several new multidisciplinary projects were initiated and completed; a subfield of demography within human biology has matured; nutrition, infant and child growth, and health studies have proliferated; and molecular genetics and DNA analysis have superseded the earlier population genetics. International programs today are geared toward more practical and applied studies with less emphasis on basic science. Continuation of human adaptability research into the 21st century is likely to make contributions in 3 broad areas: population, environment, and health. Productive research is likely to contribute to these 3 areas in the following categories: reproduction, psychosocial stress, life span approaches to health, effects of losses in biodiversity on health, a human biology of poverty, emerging infectious diseases, epidemiology of modernization, evolutionary medicine, and aging. The success of much of this research in its contribution to knowledge will come from the integrated perspectives of a biobehavioral framework of inquiry.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018756"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018756"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018756; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018756]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018756; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018756']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018756]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018756,"title":"Human adaptability research into the beginning of the third millennium","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018756/Human_adaptability_research_into_the_beginning_of_the_third_millennium","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018755"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018755/Neuron_specific_thresholds_of_aluminum_toxicity_in_vitro_A_comparative_analysis_of_dissociated_fetal_rabbit_hippocampal_and_motor_neuron_enriched_cultures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vitro. A comparative analysis of dissociated fetal rabbit hippocampal and motor neuron-enriched cultures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018755/Neuron_specific_thresholds_of_aluminum_toxicity_in_vitro_A_comparative_analysis_of_dissociated_fetal_rabbit_hippocampal_and_motor_neuron_enriched_cultures">Neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vitro. A comparative analysis of dissociated fetal rabbit hippocampal and motor neuron-enriched cultures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Aug 1, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Mature dissociated motor neuron-enriched and hippocampal neuron cultures derived from fetal New Z...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Mature dissociated motor neuron-enriched and hippocampal neuron cultures derived from fetal New Zealand white rabbits were continuously exposed to 1, 10, 25, 50, or 100 microM AlCl3 in a chemically defined medium for 14 days. Motor neuron-enriched cultures exposed to low concentrations (1 or 10 microM) of AlCl3 remained viable for the entire experiment but developed perikaryal and neuritic inclusions composed of phosphorylated neurofilament. Similar inclusions developed in cultures exposed to 25 and 50 microM AlCl3, but motor neurons did not survive beyond 10 days exposure. The 100 microM AlCl3-supplemented medium induced cell death within 72 hours without development of inclusions. In contrast, hippocampal neurons exposed to 1, 10, or 25 microM AlCl3 developed no morphological changes or inclusions. Although hippocampal cultures exposed to 50 or 100 microM AlCl3 developed perinuclear and proximal neuritic inclusions of phosphorylated neurofilament after 10 days, they remained viable. These in vitro morphological observations demonstrate a 10-fold greater sensitivity of spinal motor neurons to aluminum toxicity when compared with hippocampal neurons and suggest that the earlier observations of neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vivo are related to unique regulatory mechanisms of neurofilament biosynthesis and catabolism within distinct neuronal cell populations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018755"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018755]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018755; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018755']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018755]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018755,"title":"Neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vitro. A comparative analysis of dissociated fetal rabbit hippocampal and motor neuron-enriched cultures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018755/Neuron_specific_thresholds_of_aluminum_toxicity_in_vitro_A_comparative_analysis_of_dissociated_fetal_rabbit_hippocampal_and_motor_neuron_enriched_cultures","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018754"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018754/D_Carleton_Gajdusek_1923_2008"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of D. Carleton Gajdusek: 1923-2008" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018754/D_Carleton_Gajdusek_1923_2008">D. Carleton Gajdusek: 1923-2008</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Human Biology</span><span>, Sep 1, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018754"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018754"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018754; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018754]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018754]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018754; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018754']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018754]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018754,"title":"D. Carleton Gajdusek: 1923-2008","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018754/D_Carleton_Gajdusek_1923_2008","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018753"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018753/Cerebrovascular_inflammation_is_associated_with_tau_pathology_in_Guam_parkinsonism_dementia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cerebrovascular inflammation is associated with tau pathology in Guam parkinsonism dementia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552900/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018753/Cerebrovascular_inflammation_is_associated_with_tau_pathology_in_Guam_parkinsonism_dementia">Cerebrovascular inflammation is associated with tau pathology in Guam parkinsonism dementia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neural Transmission</span><span>, Apr 26, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam (Guam PDC) is a neurodegenerative disease with parkinsonism...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam (Guam PDC) is a neurodegenerative disease with parkinsonism and early onset Alzheimer-like dementia. Guam PDC belongs to the family of neurodegenerative disorders, known as tauopathies, which are histopathologically characterized by abnormal deposition of microtubule-associated protein tau. While changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Alzheimer's disease are increasingly recognized, dysfunction of BBB in Guam PDC has not been extensively studied. In this study, we characterized cerebrovascular changes in the patients with Guam PDC. The brain tissue from ten post-mortem Guam PDC patients and six non-demented controls were assessed for structural and functional changes in BBB. Entorhinal cortex sections were immunostained for the markers of brain endothelial cells (claudin-5, occludin, and collagen IV) and inflammation (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-Selectin, and E-Selectin). The ultrastructure of brain capillaries was investigated by confocal microscopy and morphological changes and intensity alterations were evaluated. We found a significant decrease of tight junction proteins and the upregulation of adhesion molecules that correlated with the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, we showed the presence of CD3 + -positive cells in the brain areas affected by pathological lesions. Our findings indicate that pathological lesions in Guam PDC are associated with inflammatory changes of brain capillaries and could mediate transmigration of cells to the brain parenchyma.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="959f9b03abdeca8460b4a070aa29a715" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552900,"asset_id":123018753,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552900/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018753"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018753"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018753; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018753]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018753]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018753; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018753']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "959f9b03abdeca8460b4a070aa29a715" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018753]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018753,"title":"Cerebrovascular inflammation is associated with tau pathology in Guam parkinsonism dementia","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018753/Cerebrovascular_inflammation_is_associated_with_tau_pathology_in_Guam_parkinsonism_dementia","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[{"id":117552900,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552900/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s00702-018-1883-320240819-1-qyb1c6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552900/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cerebrovascular_inflammation_is_associat.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/117552900/s00702-018-1883-320240819-1-qyb1c6-libre.pdf?1724076160=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCerebrovascular_inflammation_is_associat.pdf\u0026Expires=1740158062\u0026Signature=F1iz0Ei59Q4XAXcaub6fLLyGg2SlCWq8tBCctDJptPKlNySDVWa13bZSnjGfzaRC~Rgc6IyckFoNiL6BRUfgeXQah1h1Ed6pUcV3o4e-LW5PAPTHX6xhbPHv4OGjdGcUsraaQkSiyLGNJQ8nx9TppoHEn-CJWbWVft90WP9G27LYJcEUrdx7dr3EkJIdfhvTX1TNegVS3J8auSh9XosVAkXfQvmqZj461HpHy7yS09p16HBRnIlbPudOMjtWlVdy1l1X-IKVPzUY4v5BlVeNMvDhzC2RrWsXVffPqdcHhSfb5zFziuzE4v0PLHaGLTCO~u4VzwY4K5VUYanqYXOMRg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018752"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018752/Tau_epitopes_in_spinal_cord_neurofibrillary_lesions_in_Chamorros_of_Guam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tau epitopes in spinal cord neurofibrillary lesions in Chamorros of Guam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552901/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018752/Tau_epitopes_in_spinal_cord_neurofibrillary_lesions_in_Chamorros_of_Guam">Tau epitopes in spinal cord neurofibrillary lesions in Chamorros of Guam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Neuroreport</span><span>, Nov 1, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We examined spinal cord sections from Guamanian Chamorros with or without amyotrophic lateral scl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We examined spinal cord sections from Guamanian Chamorros with or without amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or parkinson-ism±dementia complex using immunohistochemistry and antibodies to epitopes that span the length of tau to characterize the tau epitope pro®le of neuro®brillary tangles in these spinal cords. Most (16/20) spinal cords, including some from Chamorros without documented clinical disease, contained tangles with a tau epitope pro®le similar to the tangles found in the forebrain and brain stem of these patients.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="180701fe72555eb5627bab23ef09d7a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552901,"asset_id":123018752,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552901/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018752"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018752"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018752; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018751"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018751/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_and_parkinsonism_dementia_of_Gaum_Clinical_epidemiological_and_genetic_patterns"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Gaum: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic patterns" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018751/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_and_parkinsonism_dementia_of_Gaum_Clinical_epidemiological_and_genetic_patterns">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Gaum: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic patterns</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Human Biology</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The strikingly high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism‐dementia (P...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The strikingly high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism‐dementia (PD), two uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disorders which often occur in the same families and occasionally in the same individual, was recognized on Guam more than three decades ago. Since the first systematic observations began, nearly 800 Guamanian Chamorro patients have been clinically diagnosed as having either disease. The original incidence rates for ALS and PD accounted for one in five deaths among Chamorros over ago 25. During the past 30 years, however, the incidence and mortality rates have dramatically declined and today the risk to Guamanian chamorros is only several‐fold higher than that for non‐Chamorro residents of the continental United States. The accumulating epidemiological and genetic data strongly suggest that environmental factors are primarily involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders. The high incidence focus of ALS and PD on Guam and similar, but less well‐studied, foci in West New Guinea and the Kii Peninsula of Japan represent natural paradigms of chronic degenerative disease that have provided new information and insights for understanding not only ALS and PD, but other neurological disorders such as classical ALS, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and early neuronal aging, insights that might otherwise not have been forthcoming from studies of low incidence sporadic disease in large cosmopolitan Western communities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018751"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018751"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018751; 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Calcium and aluminum were distributed in cell bodies and axonal processes of NFT-bearing neurons. The elemental images show that both calcium and aluminum deposits occur within the same NFT- bearing hippocampal neuron in this dementing disease, sug- gesting that these elements are involved in NFT formation. No prominent concentrations of calcium and aluminum were im- aged in non-NFT-containing regions within the pyramidal cell layer of the parkinsonism-dementia cases or in the control cas- es. These findings support the hypothesis that secondary hyperparathyroidisnm resulting from low environmental calci- um and magnesium in the high-incidence focus of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam had led to abnormal deposition of calcium and aluminum in the cen- tral nervous system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018746"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018746"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018746; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018745"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018745/Cellular_and_molecular_mechanisms_of_neuronal_degeneration_Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_parkinsonism_demantia_and_Alzheimer_disease"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism-demantia, and Alzheimer disease" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552897/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018745/Cellular_and_molecular_mechanisms_of_neuronal_degeneration_Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_parkinsonism_demantia_and_Alzheimer_disease">Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism-demantia, and Alzheimer disease</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Human Biology</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Hyperendemic Pacific foci of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Hyperendemic Pacific foci of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) represent naturally occurring models of lateonset chronic degenerative diseases that occur in different cultures, in different ecological zones, and among genetically divergent populations. These diseases occur among the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands, among the Auyu and Jakai of southern West New Guinea, and among the Japanese from the f i i Peninsula of Honshu Island. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that a defect in mineral metabolism may be etiologically involved. Toxic and essential elements, such as calcium, aluminum, and silicon cross the blood-brain barrier, deposit in affected neurons, and disrupt the axonal transport system, resulting in the abnormal copolymerization of cytoskeletal and amyloid P-proteins in neurons. The pathological accumulation of these and other proteins into neurofibrillary tangles (the hallmark neuropathological lesion) causes neuronal dysfunction and death. Recent immunocytochemical and biochemical studies indicate that the amyloid P-protein in Guamanian PD has an identical amino acid sequence, a similar N-terminus heterogeneity (variation in polypeptide length), and a similar immunoreactivity to those found in Alzheimer disease, suggesting a common mechanism of pathogenesis. Investigations are now underway to determine whether the abnormal accumulation of amyloid P-protein in neurons of Guamanian patients with ALS and PD is the result of an aberrant post-translational modification of a larger precursor protein, an additional copy of the amyloid gene, or an impairment of amyloid catabolism, all of which may be mediated by metal-enzyme or metalgene interactions. The abnormal copolymerization of other proteins such as neurofilament, microtubule-associated protein tau, and ubiquitin in affected neurons suggests their interrelationship in the disease process.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="83e32ed6befc72270d1964915112e0f4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552897,"asset_id":123018745,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552897/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018745"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018745"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018745; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018677"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018677/Intraneuronal_Co_Localization_of_Silicon_with_Calcium_and_Aluminum_in_Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis_and_Parkinsonism_with_Dementia_of_Guam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Intraneuronal Co-Localization of Silicon with Calcium and Aluminum in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinsonism with Dementia of Guam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018677/Intraneuronal_Co_Localization_of_Silicon_with_Calcium_and_Aluminum_in_Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis_and_Parkinsonism_with_Dementia_of_Guam">Intraneuronal Co-Localization of Silicon with Calcium and Aluminum in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinsonism with Dementia of Guam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>New England Journal of Medicine</span><span>, 1986</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... 2. Garruto RM, Swyt C, Fiori CE, Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC. Intraneuronal deposition of calci...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... 2. Garruto RM, Swyt C, Fiori CE, Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC. Intraneuronal deposition of calcium and aluminum in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of Guam . Lancet 1985; 2:1353. ... 11. Victor W. Henderson, Caleb E. Finch. (1989) The neurobiology of Alzheimer&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;s disease. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018677"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018677"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018677; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018677]").text(description); 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} }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="4711957" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126018639"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126018639/2_AMINO_3_Methylamino_Propionic_Acid_in_Cycad_Derived_Foods_is_an_Unlikely_Cause_of_Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis_Parkinsonism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 2-AMINO-3 (Methylamino)-Propionic Acid in Cycad-Derived Foods is an Unlikely Cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119959515/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126018639/2_AMINO_3_Methylamino_Propionic_Acid_in_Cycad_Derived_Foods_is_an_Unlikely_Cause_of_Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis_Parkinsonism">2-AMINO-3 (Methylamino)-Propionic Acid in Cycad-Derived Foods is an Unlikely Cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Lancet</span><span>, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">HHV-6 AND CMV ANTIBODY STUDIES *Day 0 = date of transplant (or first or only sample for patients ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">HHV-6 AND CMV ANTIBODY STUDIES *Day 0 = date of transplant (or first or only sample for patients G and H). tIF titre; tIF assay, positive (+) = 80, negative (&mdash;) = < 20, NT = not tested; &sect;optical density units, IgG positive = 0 20, IgM positive = 0 4. from the same source. If so, our data suggest that HHV-6 infection may be transmitted in graft tissue. Secondly, infection with one virus may reactivate another, latent, virus. Thirdly, we may simply be demonstrating cross-reactive antibodies, not yet reported. Whatever the explanation, there are important implications. For example, is co-infection, or infection plus reactivation, a more damaging clinical event than infection with a single agent? We are developing western blots for both viruses to find out whether the antibody rises we have demonstrated are directed against multiple proteins of both viruses, or against multiple proteins of one virus plus a cross-reactive protein antigen of the other one.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9eb2525b97f21d2e239d35727744867c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119959515,"asset_id":126018639,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119959515/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126018639"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126018639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126018639; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018762"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018762/Introduction_dermatoglyphics_back_to_the_future"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: dermatoglyphics--back to the future" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018762/Introduction_dermatoglyphics_back_to_the_future">Introduction: dermatoglyphics--back to the future</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018762"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018762; 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V. A note on birth weights and infantile growth rates in the Mulia population" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018761/Congenital_defects_of_the_central_cervous_system_associated_with_hyperendemic_goiter_in_a_neolithic_highland_society_of_Western_New_Guinea_V_A_note_on_birth_weights_and_infantile_growth_rates_in_the_Mulia_population">Congenital defects of the central cervous system associated with hyperendemic goiter in a neolithic highland society of Western New Guinea. V. A note on birth weights and infantile growth rates in the Mulia population</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, May 1, 1974</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018761"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018761"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018761; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018761]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018761]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018761; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018761']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018761]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018761,"title":"Congenital defects of the central cervous system associated with hyperendemic goiter in a neolithic highland society of Western New Guinea. V. A note on birth weights and infantile growth rates in the Mulia population","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018761/Congenital_defects_of_the_central_cervous_system_associated_with_hyperendemic_goiter_in_a_neolithic_highland_society_of_Western_New_Guinea_V_A_note_on_birth_weights_and_infantile_growth_rates_in_the_Mulia_population","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018760"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018760/Observations_on_the_clinical_presentations_and_the_neuropathological_findings_of_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_in_Australia_and_Guam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Observations on the clinical presentations and the neuropathological findings of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Australia and Guam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018760/Observations_on_the_clinical_presentations_and_the_neuropathological_findings_of_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_in_Australia_and_Guam">Observations on the clinical presentations and the neuropathological findings of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Australia and Guam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1986</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Among 20 consecutive autopsies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) occurring in Caucasians in ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Among 20 consecutive autopsies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) occurring in Caucasians in Western Australia (WA), 85% were males. The median age of onset was 58.9 years and the average duration of illness was 2.4 years. Twenty-two randomly selected ALS occurring among natives in Guam also showed a male predominance of 75%, younger age of onset (median 48.5 years) and longer survival period (median 3.4 years). 45% of the WA patients presented with bulbar involvement at the time of first examination. These patients had the lowest median survival period of 1.5 years when compared with the other forms of ALS, the classic upper and lower motor system involvement and progressive muscular atrophy. Theneuropathologic lesions of ALS in WA and Guam were similar with the exception that neurofibrillary tangles were frequently present in the Guamanian brains. In 14%, neuronal loss, gliosis and frequency of tangles in the cerebral cortex especially in Ammon's horn, substantia nigra, and locus ceruleus, were sufficiently severe to indicate the coexistence of another disorder, Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex. This condition was not clinically recognized. In the WA cases only one patient had tangles in the brain and he had concurrent Alzheimers disease. While senile plaques were present in this patient they were usually absent in the Guamanian brains.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018760"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018760"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018760; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018760]").text(description); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018759"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018759/Health_transition_examples_from_the_western_Pacific"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Health transition: examples from the western Pacific" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552898/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018759/Health_transition_examples_from_the_western_Pacific">Health transition: examples from the western Pacific</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Dec 1, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4fc915faada9275b064b4559ae7c843d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552898,"asset_id":123018759,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552898/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018759"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018759; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018759]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018759; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018759']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018758"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018758/Potentiation_in_the_neurotoxic_induction_of_experimental_chronic_neurodegenerative_disorders_N_butyl_benzenesulfonamide_and_aluminum_chloride"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Potentiation in the neurotoxic induction of experimental chronic neurodegenerative disorders: N-butyl benzenesulfonamide and aluminum chloride" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018758/Potentiation_in_the_neurotoxic_induction_of_experimental_chronic_neurodegenerative_disorders_N_butyl_benzenesulfonamide_and_aluminum_chloride">Potentiation in the neurotoxic induction of experimental chronic neurodegenerative disorders: N-butyl benzenesulfonamide and aluminum chloride</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Repeated monthly intracisternal inoculations of N-butyl benzenesulfonamide induced a chronic, slo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Repeated monthly intracisternal inoculations of N-butyl benzenesulfonamide induced a chronic, slowly progressive myelopathy in young adult New Zealand white rabbits that was manifested by hyperreflexia, spasticity, hypertonia, gait impairment and altered tonic immobility responses. The neuropathological features consisted of scattered neuroaxonal spheroids, fusiform distention of the intramedullary portions of the spinal cord ventral roots and, as defined by microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP 2) immunoreactivity, an initial distention and subsequent loss of dendritic processes in neurons of the nucleus motoris lateralis with the perikaryon of these cells remaining intact. A similar chronic progressive myelopathy was induced by repeated low dose intracisternal inoculations of aluminum chloride in New Zealand white rabbits. However, the neuropathological changes were more extensive and consisted of dendritic, axonal and perikaryal inclusions of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament localized to spinal motor neurons in the nucleus motoris medialis, substantia grisea intermedia and select brainstem nuclei with only minimal involvement of the nucleus motoris lateralis. The co-administration of these two neurotoxins over the course of 8 months induced striking behavioral changes as well as a fulminant myelopathy. This was accompanied by a loss of neuronal perikarya in the nucleus motoris accompanied by a loss of neuronal perikarya in the nucleus motoris lateralis and topographically extensive neocortical neurofilamentous degeneration. These features suggest that potentiation occurs when the two toxins are co-administered, a view supported by an estimation of the co-neurotoxicity coefficient (CNC greater than 1). Our results have implications for understanding human neurodegenerative disorders in which potentiation of insults may occur, producing a clinical and neuropathological disease state not expected from either agent alone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018758"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018758"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018758; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018758]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018758; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018758']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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} }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018757"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018757/Characterization_and_distribution_of_dermatoglyphic_features_in_Eskimo_and_North_Central_and_South_American_Indian_populations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Characterization and distribution of dermatoglyphic features in Eskimo and North, Central, and South American Indian populations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018757/Characterization_and_distribution_of_dermatoglyphic_features_in_Eskimo_and_North_Central_and_South_American_Indian_populations">Characterization and distribution of dermatoglyphic features in Eskimo and North, Central, and South American Indian populations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 1979</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018757"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018757]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018757']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018757]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018757,"title":"Characterization and distribution of dermatoglyphic features in Eskimo and North, Central, and South American Indian populations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018757/Characterization_and_distribution_of_dermatoglyphic_features_in_Eskimo_and_North_Central_and_South_American_Indian_populations","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018756"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018756/Human_adaptability_research_into_the_beginning_of_the_third_millennium"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human adaptability research into the beginning of the third millennium" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018756/Human_adaptability_research_into_the_beginning_of_the_third_millennium">Human adaptability research into the beginning of the third millennium</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Feb 1, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Human adaptability, as a field of inquiry within human biology, became defined during the researc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Human adaptability, as a field of inquiry within human biology, became defined during the research activities of the International Biological Program (IBP) (1964-1974). During this period, research was focused on ecological, physiological, and genetic studies of human populations within the theoretical frameworks of adaptation and evolution. Other defining characteristics of the IBP human adaptability research were standardization of methods, multidisciplinary projects, international cooperation, and a concern with human health issues. Some observers suggest that this research contributed to the ongoing transformation of physical anthropology and related fields from a largely descriptive to an analytical science. During the 25 years between the end of the IBP and the present, a number of research trends have continued: Several new multidisciplinary projects were initiated and completed; a subfield of demography within human biology has matured; nutrition, infant and child growth, and health studies have proliferated; and molecular genetics and DNA analysis have superseded the earlier population genetics. International programs today are geared toward more practical and applied studies with less emphasis on basic science. Continuation of human adaptability research into the 21st century is likely to make contributions in 3 broad areas: population, environment, and health. Productive research is likely to contribute to these 3 areas in the following categories: reproduction, psychosocial stress, life span approaches to health, effects of losses in biodiversity on health, a human biology of poverty, emerging infectious diseases, epidemiology of modernization, evolutionary medicine, and aging. The success of much of this research in its contribution to knowledge will come from the integrated perspectives of a biobehavioral framework of inquiry.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018756"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018756"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018756; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018756]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018756; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018756']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018756]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018756,"title":"Human adaptability research into the beginning of the third millennium","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018756/Human_adaptability_research_into_the_beginning_of_the_third_millennium","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018755"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018755/Neuron_specific_thresholds_of_aluminum_toxicity_in_vitro_A_comparative_analysis_of_dissociated_fetal_rabbit_hippocampal_and_motor_neuron_enriched_cultures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vitro. A comparative analysis of dissociated fetal rabbit hippocampal and motor neuron-enriched cultures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018755/Neuron_specific_thresholds_of_aluminum_toxicity_in_vitro_A_comparative_analysis_of_dissociated_fetal_rabbit_hippocampal_and_motor_neuron_enriched_cultures">Neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vitro. A comparative analysis of dissociated fetal rabbit hippocampal and motor neuron-enriched cultures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Aug 1, 1991</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Mature dissociated motor neuron-enriched and hippocampal neuron cultures derived from fetal New Z...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Mature dissociated motor neuron-enriched and hippocampal neuron cultures derived from fetal New Zealand white rabbits were continuously exposed to 1, 10, 25, 50, or 100 microM AlCl3 in a chemically defined medium for 14 days. Motor neuron-enriched cultures exposed to low concentrations (1 or 10 microM) of AlCl3 remained viable for the entire experiment but developed perikaryal and neuritic inclusions composed of phosphorylated neurofilament. Similar inclusions developed in cultures exposed to 25 and 50 microM AlCl3, but motor neurons did not survive beyond 10 days exposure. The 100 microM AlCl3-supplemented medium induced cell death within 72 hours without development of inclusions. In contrast, hippocampal neurons exposed to 1, 10, or 25 microM AlCl3 developed no morphological changes or inclusions. Although hippocampal cultures exposed to 50 or 100 microM AlCl3 developed perinuclear and proximal neuritic inclusions of phosphorylated neurofilament after 10 days, they remained viable. These in vitro morphological observations demonstrate a 10-fold greater sensitivity of spinal motor neurons to aluminum toxicity when compared with hippocampal neurons and suggest that the earlier observations of neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vivo are related to unique regulatory mechanisms of neurofilament biosynthesis and catabolism within distinct neuronal cell populations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018755"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018755]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018755; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018755']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018755]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018755,"title":"Neuron-specific thresholds of aluminum toxicity in vitro. A comparative analysis of dissociated fetal rabbit hippocampal and motor neuron-enriched cultures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018755/Neuron_specific_thresholds_of_aluminum_toxicity_in_vitro_A_comparative_analysis_of_dissociated_fetal_rabbit_hippocampal_and_motor_neuron_enriched_cultures","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018754"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018754/D_Carleton_Gajdusek_1923_2008"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of D. Carleton Gajdusek: 1923-2008" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018754/D_Carleton_Gajdusek_1923_2008">D. Carleton Gajdusek: 1923-2008</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Human Biology</span><span>, Sep 1, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018754"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018754"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018754; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018754]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123018754]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018754; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123018754']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018754]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018754,"title":"D. Carleton Gajdusek: 1923-2008","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018754/D_Carleton_Gajdusek_1923_2008","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018753"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018753/Cerebrovascular_inflammation_is_associated_with_tau_pathology_in_Guam_parkinsonism_dementia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cerebrovascular inflammation is associated with tau pathology in Guam parkinsonism dementia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552900/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018753/Cerebrovascular_inflammation_is_associated_with_tau_pathology_in_Guam_parkinsonism_dementia">Cerebrovascular inflammation is associated with tau pathology in Guam parkinsonism dementia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neural Transmission</span><span>, Apr 26, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam (Guam PDC) is a neurodegenerative disease with parkinsonism...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam (Guam PDC) is a neurodegenerative disease with parkinsonism and early onset Alzheimer-like dementia. Guam PDC belongs to the family of neurodegenerative disorders, known as tauopathies, which are histopathologically characterized by abnormal deposition of microtubule-associated protein tau. While changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Alzheimer's disease are increasingly recognized, dysfunction of BBB in Guam PDC has not been extensively studied. In this study, we characterized cerebrovascular changes in the patients with Guam PDC. The brain tissue from ten post-mortem Guam PDC patients and six non-demented controls were assessed for structural and functional changes in BBB. Entorhinal cortex sections were immunostained for the markers of brain endothelial cells (claudin-5, occludin, and collagen IV) and inflammation (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-Selectin, and E-Selectin). The ultrastructure of brain capillaries was investigated by confocal microscopy and morphological changes and intensity alterations were evaluated. We found a significant decrease of tight junction proteins and the upregulation of adhesion molecules that correlated with the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, we showed the presence of CD3 + -positive cells in the brain areas affected by pathological lesions. Our findings indicate that pathological lesions in Guam PDC are associated with inflammatory changes of brain capillaries and could mediate transmigration of cells to the brain parenchyma.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="959f9b03abdeca8460b4a070aa29a715" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552900,"asset_id":123018753,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552900/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018753"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018753"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018753; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018752"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018752/Tau_epitopes_in_spinal_cord_neurofibrillary_lesions_in_Chamorros_of_Guam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tau epitopes in spinal cord neurofibrillary lesions in Chamorros of Guam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552901/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018752/Tau_epitopes_in_spinal_cord_neurofibrillary_lesions_in_Chamorros_of_Guam">Tau epitopes in spinal cord neurofibrillary lesions in Chamorros of Guam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Neuroreport</span><span>, Nov 1, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We examined spinal cord sections from Guamanian Chamorros with or without amyotrophic lateral scl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We examined spinal cord sections from Guamanian Chamorros with or without amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or parkinson-ism±dementia complex using immunohistochemistry and antibodies to epitopes that span the length of tau to characterize the tau epitope pro®le of neuro®brillary tangles in these spinal cords. Most (16/20) spinal cords, including some from Chamorros without documented clinical disease, contained tangles with a tau epitope pro®le similar to the tangles found in the forebrain and brain stem of these patients.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="180701fe72555eb5627bab23ef09d7a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552901,"asset_id":123018752,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552901/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018752"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018752"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018752; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018751"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018751/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_and_parkinsonism_dementia_of_Gaum_Clinical_epidemiological_and_genetic_patterns"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Gaum: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic patterns" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018751/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_and_parkinsonism_dementia_of_Gaum_Clinical_epidemiological_and_genetic_patterns">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Gaum: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic patterns</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Human Biology</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The strikingly high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism‐dementia (P...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The strikingly high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism‐dementia (PD), two uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disorders which often occur in the same families and occasionally in the same individual, was recognized on Guam more than three decades ago. Since the first systematic observations began, nearly 800 Guamanian Chamorro patients have been clinically diagnosed as having either disease. The original incidence rates for ALS and PD accounted for one in five deaths among Chamorros over ago 25. During the past 30 years, however, the incidence and mortality rates have dramatically declined and today the risk to Guamanian chamorros is only several‐fold higher than that for non‐Chamorro residents of the continental United States. The accumulating epidemiological and genetic data strongly suggest that environmental factors are primarily involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders. The high incidence focus of ALS and PD on Guam and similar, but less well‐studied, foci in West New Guinea and the Kii Peninsula of Japan represent natural paradigms of chronic degenerative disease that have provided new information and insights for understanding not only ALS and PD, but other neurological disorders such as classical ALS, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and early neuronal aging, insights that might otherwise not have been forthcoming from studies of low incidence sporadic disease in large cosmopolitan Western communities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018751"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018751"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018751; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018750"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018750/Introduction_Biocultural_implications_of_AIDS_and_other_retroviral_disorders"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: Biocultural implications of AIDS and other retroviral disorders" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552896/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018750/Introduction_Biocultural_implications_of_AIDS_and_other_retroviral_disorders">Introduction: Biocultural implications of AIDS and other retroviral disorders</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Human Biology</span><span>, 1990</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ec5865280695011e15562fe7c6ffe0e2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552896,"asset_id":123018750,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552896/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018750"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018750"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018750; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123018748]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123018748,"title":"Bibliography of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Guam","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123018748/Bibliography_of_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_and_parkinsonism_dementia_of_Guam","owner_id":44141472,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":44141472,"first_name":"Ralph","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garruto","page_name":"RalphGarruto","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:29:49.964-08:00","display_name":"Ralph Garruto","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RalphGarruto"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018746"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018746/Imaging_of_calcium_and_aluminum_i_neurons_in_parkinsonism_dementia_x_ray_microanalysis_pyramidal_neurons_mineral_metabolism_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Imaging of calcium and aluminum i neurons in parkinsonism-dementia (x-ray microanalysis/pyramidal neurons/mineral metabolism)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018746/Imaging_of_calcium_and_aluminum_i_neurons_in_parkinsonism_dementia_x_ray_microanalysis_pyramidal_neurons_mineral_metabolism_">Imaging of calcium and aluminum i neurons in parkinsonism-dementia (x-ray microanalysis/pyramidal neurons/mineral metabolism)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We report the distribution and imaging of calcium and aluminum in neurofibrillary tangle (NFT)-be...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We report the distribution and imaging of calcium and aluminum in neurofibrillary tangle (NFT)-bear- ing neurons within Sommer&#39;S sector of the hippocampus in Guamanian patients with parkinsonism-dementia, using a method of computer-controlled electron beam x-ray micro- analysis and wavelength dispersive spectrometry. Calcium and aluminum were distributed in cell bodies and axonal processes of NFT-bearing neurons. The elemental images show that both calcium and aluminum deposits occur within the same NFT- bearing hippocampal neuron in this dementing disease, sug- gesting that these elements are involved in NFT formation. No prominent concentrations of calcium and aluminum were im- aged in non-NFT-containing regions within the pyramidal cell layer of the parkinsonism-dementia cases or in the control cas- es. These findings support the hypothesis that secondary hyperparathyroidisnm resulting from low environmental calci- um and magnesium in the high-incidence focus of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam had led to abnormal deposition of calcium and aluminum in the cen- tral nervous system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018746"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018746"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018746; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123018745"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018745/Cellular_and_molecular_mechanisms_of_neuronal_degeneration_Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_parkinsonism_demantia_and_Alzheimer_disease"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism-demantia, and Alzheimer disease" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117552897/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123018745/Cellular_and_molecular_mechanisms_of_neuronal_degeneration_Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_parkinsonism_demantia_and_Alzheimer_disease">Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism-demantia, and Alzheimer disease</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Human Biology</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Hyperendemic Pacific foci of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Hyperendemic Pacific foci of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) represent naturally occurring models of lateonset chronic degenerative diseases that occur in different cultures, in different ecological zones, and among genetically divergent populations. These diseases occur among the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands, among the Auyu and Jakai of southern West New Guinea, and among the Japanese from the f i i Peninsula of Honshu Island. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that a defect in mineral metabolism may be etiologically involved. Toxic and essential elements, such as calcium, aluminum, and silicon cross the blood-brain barrier, deposit in affected neurons, and disrupt the axonal transport system, resulting in the abnormal copolymerization of cytoskeletal and amyloid P-proteins in neurons. The pathological accumulation of these and other proteins into neurofibrillary tangles (the hallmark neuropathological lesion) causes neuronal dysfunction and death. Recent immunocytochemical and biochemical studies indicate that the amyloid P-protein in Guamanian PD has an identical amino acid sequence, a similar N-terminus heterogeneity (variation in polypeptide length), and a similar immunoreactivity to those found in Alzheimer disease, suggesting a common mechanism of pathogenesis. Investigations are now underway to determine whether the abnormal accumulation of amyloid P-protein in neurons of Guamanian patients with ALS and PD is the result of an aberrant post-translational modification of a larger precursor protein, an additional copy of the amyloid gene, or an impairment of amyloid catabolism, all of which may be mediated by metal-enzyme or metalgene interactions. The abnormal copolymerization of other proteins such as neurofilament, microtubule-associated protein tau, and ubiquitin in affected neurons suggests their interrelationship in the disease process.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="83e32ed6befc72270d1964915112e0f4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117552897,"asset_id":123018745,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117552897/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123018745"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123018745"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123018745; 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Garruto RM, Swyt C, Fiori CE, Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC. Intraneuronal deposition of calci...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... 2. Garruto RM, Swyt C, Fiori CE, Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC. Intraneuronal deposition of calcium and aluminum in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of Guam . Lancet 1985; 2:1353. ... 11. Victor W. Henderson, Caleb E. Finch. 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