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Support</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="main" role="main" class="group"> <div id="journal_banner_wrap" class="banner_wrap"> <div class="content row" style="background-color: #000000; background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(#000000), to(#006699)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #006699); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #006699); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #006699); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #000000, #006699); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #000000, #006699); -ms-filter: 'progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient (GradientType=0, startColorstr=#000000, endColorstr=#006699)';" > <div id="journal_banner_title_wrap" class="wrap left banner_title_wrap"> <div id="journal_banner_title" class="banner_title"> <h1>Tikkun</h1> </div> </div> <div id="journal_banner_search_wrap" class="show-for-large wrap banner_search_wrap"> <div id="journal_banner_search" class="banner_search" role="search" aria-label="search inside this journal"> <div> <noscript> <form method="post" action="/search/" aria-label="search within this journal"> <input type="text" name="no_js_journal_query" placeholder="Search Within Journal"/> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="search"/> <input type="hidden" name="t" value="search_journal_header"/> </noscript> <input type="hidden" name="search_within_journal_id" id="search_within_journal_id" value="583" title="search within journal" aria-label="search within journal" /> <script>document.write('<input type="text" name="search_within_journal_input" id="search_within_journal_input" title="search within journal" aria-label="search within journal" placeholder="Search Within Journal"/>');</script> <a id="search_within_journal_button"> <script>document.write('<img src="/images/search_blue.png" alt="search button, a blue magnifying glass"/>');</script> <noscript><input type="image" src="/images/search_blue.png" alt="search button, a blue magnifying glass" /></noscript> </a> <noscript></form></noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="summary_wrap wrap columns large-20"> <span id="skip_target"></span> <div class="card row wrap no_image"> <div class="card_text"> <ul> <li class="title"> <h2> <img src="/images/access/no_access.png" alt="restricted access" class="left_access"/> Violence, Morality, and Religion </h2> </li> <li class="authors"> <a href="/search?action=search&query=author:James Gilligan:and&min=1&max=10&t=query_term">James Gilligan</a> , <a href="/search?action=search&query=author:James Vrettos:and&min=1&max=10&t=query_term">James Vrettos</a> </li> <li class="journal"><a href="/pub/4/journal/583">Tikkun</a></span></li>  <li class="publisher"> <a href="/search?action=browse&limit=publisher_id:4">Duke University Press</a> </li> <li class="designation"> <span> <a href="/issue/39473">Volume 33, Number 4, Fall 2018</a> </span> </li> <li class="type"><span class="article small">Article</span></li> <li> <div class="content_action"> <ul class="action_btns"> <li class="view_citation"> <span><a href="/view_citations?type=article&id=710231">View Citation</a></span> </li> <li class="related_content" style="display: none;"> <a href="/related_content?type=article&id=710231" onclick="gtag('event', 'click', {'event_category': 'Related Content link', 'event_label': 'link from summary'});"> <img src="/images/icon_related.png" alt="Related Content" class="icon"> <span class="link_text">Related Content</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li style="padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px;"> <a href="#info_wrap">Additional Information</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="abstract"> <span class="abstractheader"><span class="lieu">In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <div xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" id="mainArticle"> <div id="article"> <div id="front"> <div class="card row"> <div class="card_text"> <ul> <li class="title"> <div id="article-title">Violence, Morality, and Religion</div> </li> <li class="author"> <div class="contrib">James Gilligan (bio) and James Vrettos (bio)</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="body"> <div class="sec no-title"> <div class="figure"> <div class="thumbnail"><br> Click for larger view<br> View full resolution</div> <div class="zoom_caption"> <p>We now have the power to destroy all human life, if not all life, on Earth. Let's try the path of <em>tikkun olam</em> instead.</p> </div> </div> <p class="clearfloat"></p> <p>I<small class="caps">f the theory of evolution</small> has taught us anything, it is that most species become extinct, and that there is no guarantee that this will not be as true of the human species as it has been of the overwhelming majority of other ones鈥攆rom the dinosaurs to our closest cousins in the genus <em>Homo</em>, to Neanderthals and others. That is one reason it is important to ask: what are the main sources of risk in the contemporary world to our continued survival?</p> <p>We believe that the largest and most immediate risk today is the human propensity to engage in acts of violence, such as the wars and genocides by means of which we now have the power to destroy all human life, if not all life, on earth鈥攑articularly given that several of the nations currently in possession of thermonuclear and other weapons of mass destruction are led by rulers of questionable sanity, rationality, and morality. We include in this group not only the most obvious examples, the United States and North Korea (both of whose leaders have questioned the hitherto existing absolute prohibition on the first use of such weapons), but also Pakistan, India, Israel, and Russia鈥攊n all of which their leaders have made plain their willingness to commit military aggression, mass murder, violations of international law, and if necessary, war and genocide, in order to consolidate their own political power.</p> <p>That is why we believe that the most important and critical task facing us today is to learn how to understand the causes and prevention of violence. But the moment we attempt to do that, we are faced with a paradox: the main institutions we have invented in our endeavor to prevent or at least minimize human violence have been morality and religion鈥攖hat is, moral and religious value judgments, commandments, and belief systems鈥攂ut the most deadly violence has always been committed in the name of morality and religion. That has been true from the dawn of human history, when the ancient Israelites were commanded by their God to slaughter every man, woman, and child of neighboring tribes, to the Crusades, pogroms, and religious wars of the Middle Ages and the early modern era. This extends to the contemporary world, in which the violence associated with traditional religions has been supplemented by that committed in the name of pseudo-secular "political religions," such as nationalism and totalitarianism (culminating not only in the most extensive genocide ever committed but also in what has been called "the collective suicide of Europe").</p> <p>How can we understand this? And more importantly, what can we do about it? We are doomed to self-extinction if the only means of preventing the violence we are capable of inventing is to simply stimulate it further. And yet, that pessimistic description does seem to fit every method we have devised for rescuing us, or enabling us to liberate ourselves, from our own species-destructive inclinations.</p> <p>This article will be devoted to explaining how we can escape from that trap by learning enough about the causes of violence to see how our traditional notions of morality and religion have stimulated rather than inhibited violence, and to showing how transcending those notions, to the degree and in the contexts in which we have done so, has enabled us to succeed in preventing violence.</p> <p>Public intellectuals, activists, academics, and spiritual leaders can have important roles to play in this analysis and struggle. The real transformation will have to be a creative one鈥攁 response by ordinary Americans and people around the world involved through the "praxis" and experience of healing, radical love, and <em>tikkun olam</em>鈥攔epair of the world. A movement is envisioned here that, without limiting itself to any one existing religion, would express and build on an inclusive spiritual vision that has been the common wisdom of humanity for much of recorded history.</p> </div> <div class="sec"> <h2 class="sec-headA">The Birth of Violence and Morality</h2> <p>The...</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div class="pdf_preview"> <img id="fullsizepdfpreview" src="/article/710231/pdfimage" alt="pdf" /> </div>  <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $("#auth_toggle").click(function(){ toggleAuth(); }); $(document).on("keypress","#auth_toggle",function(e) { if(e.which == 13) { toggleAuth(); } }); }); function toggleAuth() { $("#auth_box").toggle(); if ($("#auth_toggle").hasClass("open")) { $("#auth_toggle").html("expand"); $("#auth_toggle").removeClass("open"); } else { $("#auth_toggle").html("collapse"); $("#auth_toggle").addClass("open"); } } </script> <div id="sticky_foot"> <a id="auth_toggle" tabindex="0" class="open"> collapse </a> <div id="auth_box"> <strong>You are not currently authenticated.</strong> <div id="auth_sm">If you would like to authenticate using a different subscribed institution or have your own login and password to Project MUSE</div> <a class="btn_authenticate" href="/account">Authenticate</a> </div> </div> </div>   <div id="rightnav_wrap" class="article_wrap columns large-10 full"> <div class="aux">   <div class="title_wrap title_social"><h2>Share</h2></div> <div class="social"> <div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_26 a2a_default_style" data-a2a-icon-color="#284f84" data-a2a-url="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/710231" data-a2a-title="Project MUSE - Violence, Morality, and Religion"><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a><a class="a2a_button_print"></a><a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div id="info_wrap" class="row wrap" role="complementary"> <div class="column full"> <div class="title_wrap details"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> </div> <div class="details_tbl"> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> ISSN </div> <div class="cell"> 2164-0041 </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Print ISSN </div> <div class="cell"> 0887-9982 </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Launched on MUSE </div> <div class="cell"> 2018-11-29 </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Open Access </div> <div class="cell"> No </div> </div> <div class="details_row"> <div class="cell label"> Archive Status </div> <div class="cell"> Archived </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column full"> </div> </div> <div id="footer_block" role="contentinfo" aria-label="footer"> <div id="footer_mission" class="content"> <div class="wrap row" id="about_wrap"> <div id="about"> <h2>Project MUSE Mission</h2> <p>Project MUSE promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide. 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