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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Thomas Cushing Aylwin (January 5, 1806 – October 14, 1871) was a lawyer, political figure and judge in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>). He was born in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> and trained as a lawyer, including a period of education at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He developed a reputation as an excellent trial lawyer, particularly in criminal cases. He became interested in politics and supported the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a> (later the Parti patriote) in their struggles with the British governors of the province. He did not support the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">armed rebellion in 1837</a>, but defended some of the individuals accused of treason or other crimes for their roles in the rebellion. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thomas Cushing Aylwin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin.png/220px-Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin.png/330px-Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin.png/440px-Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="564"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a> for <a href="/wiki/Portneuf_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Portneuf (Province of Canada electoral district)">Portneuf</a> (two elections)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1841–1844</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">New position</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thomas_Drummond" title="Lewis Thomas Drummond">Lewis Thomas Drummond</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Quebec City (Province of Canada electoral district)">Quebec City</a> (three elections) (two member constituency)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1844–1848<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chabot" title="Jean Chabot">Jean Chabot</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Black_(Quebec_judge)" title="Henry Black (Quebec judge)">Henry Black</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_M%C3%A9thot" title="François-Xavier Méthot">François-Xavier Méthot</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Solicitor-General for Lower Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 24, 1842 – December 11, 1843</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dewey_Day" title="Charles Dewey Day">Charles Dewey Day</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position vacant until August 21, 1845</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 11, 1848 – April 25, 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Turcotte" title="Joseph-Édouard Turcotte">Joseph-Édouard Turcotte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Lewis Thomas Drummond</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Court of Queen's Bench, Lower Canada / Quebec</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 26, 1848 – 1868</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1806-01-05)January 5, 1806 <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, Lower Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 14, 1871(1871-10-14) (aged 65) Montreal, Quebec</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_Cemetery" title="Mount Hermon Cemetery">Mount Hermon Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sillery,_Quebec_City" title="Sillery, Quebec City">Sillery</a>, Quebec</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">French-Canadian Group; Reform</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">(1) Margaret Nelson Hanna (m. June 2, 1832) (2) Eliza Margaret Felton (m. May 14, 1836 (3) Ann Blake (m. September 7, 1850)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Bowman_Felton" title="William Bowman Felton">William Bowman Felton</a> (father-in-law) <a href="/wiki/William_Locker_Pickmore_Felton" title="William Locker Pickmore Felton">William Locker Pickmore Felton</a> (brother-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">Articled clerkship at law</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer, judge</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> After the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> in 1841, merging Lower Canada with <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, Aylwin was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly</a> of the new province. Fluently bilingual, he was renowned for his debating skills in the Assembly, in either language, often with a fair bit of sarcasm. He served twice as the solicitor-general of Lower Canada, in the Reform ministries of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine" title="Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine">Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a>. In 1845, he fought a duel with a former <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Executive Council of the Province of Canada">Executive Council</a> colleague, <a href="/wiki/Dominick_Daly" title="Dominick Daly">Dominick Daly</a>, over Daly's lack of support for <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in the ministerial crisis of 1843. In 1848, Lafontaine appointed Aylwin to the Court of Queen's Bench for Lower Canada, partly to make space on the Executive Council for another member of the Reform coalition. Aylwin served as a judge for twenty years, and continued to build on his reputation for detailed knowledge of the law, coupled with the ability to move quickly to the key points in issue in a case. His eloquence, now on the bench, continued to draw notice. However, in 1860 he had a stroke, which reduced his health and his mental acuity. He resigned from the bench in 1868, and died in 1871. Aylwin was married three times, and widowed twice. None of his marriages produced children. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education">1 Early life and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Legal_career">2 Legal career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Political_career">3 Political career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Lower_Canada">3.1 Lower Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Province_of_Canada">3.2 Province of Canada</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Role_in_the_Legislative_Assembly">3.2.1 Role in the Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Solicitor_General,_1842%E2%80%931843">3.2.2 Solicitor General, 1842–1843</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Resignation_of_LaFontaine-Baldwin_ministry_1843">3.2.3 Resignation of LaFontaine-Baldwin ministry 1843</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Opposition_1843_%E2%80%93_1848">3.2.4 Opposition 1843 – 1848</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Solicitor-General_1848">3.2.5 Solicitor-General 1848</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Court_of_Queen's_Bench">4 Court of Queen's Bench</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Marriages_and_later_life">5 Marriages and later life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Aylwin was born in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> in 1806, son of Thomas Aylwin and of Louise-Catherine Connolly.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> His paternal grandparents were Thomas Aylwin and Lucy Cushing, who had moved to Quebec from Massachusetts after the outbreak of the American Revolution. His grandfather was a merchant at Quebec, as was his father.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Aylwin's education began in a private school operated by a Presbyterian minister, Daniel Wilkie. He studied for a short time at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, without taking a degree.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Aylwin <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">articled in law</a>, first with Louis Moquin and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Plamondon_(lawyer)" title="Louis Plamondon (lawyer)">Louis Plamondon</a> in Quebec, then with John Thompson in <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9,_Quebec" title="Gaspé, Quebec">Gaspé</a>, who was later appointed to the district court. Aylwin was <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the bar</a> in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> Fluently bilingual, he acted as an interpreter in the courts in Quebec in his mid-teens.<a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> He entered the practice of law in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Short_(Canadian_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Short (Canadian judge)">Edward Short</a>, who later was also a member of the Legislative Assembly and then appointed to the bench. Aylwin developed a reputation as an excellent criminal lawyer, able to see the strengths and weaknesses in a case better than other lawyers. He was also known for his eloquence in court, in both English and French. Following the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> in 1837, he was defence counsel for some of the prisoners who had taken up arms.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> Aylwin was appointed <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> in 1842, on his appointment as Solicitor-General of Lower Canada.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Canada">Lower Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lower Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._(BM_1853,0112.2138)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1165"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Archibald_Earl_of_Gosford._%28BM_1853%2C0112.2138%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lord Gosford, Governor General of British North America, who was the target of Aylwin's "slashing" newspaper critiques</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Sydenham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lord_Sydenham.jpg/150px-Lord_Sydenham.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lord_Sydenham.jpg/150px-Lord_Sydenham.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lord_Sydenham.jpg/225px-Lord_Sydenham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lord_Sydenham.jpg/300px-Lord_Sydenham.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lord Sydenham, Governor General of the Province of Canada, whom Aylwin opposed in Parliament</figcaption></figure> Aylwin began his political involvement in the 1830s, as a founding member of the Constitutional Association of Quebec, which aimed at increasing popular control of government through the elected Legislative Assembly. He wrote numerous "slashing" articles published in the newspapers, critiquing Governor General <a href="/wiki/Lord_Gosford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Gosford">Lord Gosford</a>'s policies.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> He agreed with some of the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Parti_patriote" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti patriote">Parti patriote</a>, but did not support their move to rebellion under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a>. Following the Lower Canada Rebellion in 1837–1838, he was defence counsel for some of prisoners who were arrested after taking up arms.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Province_of_Canada">Province of Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Province of Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_the_Legislative_Assembly">Role in the Legislative Assembly</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role in the Legislative Assembly" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As a result of the Lower Canada Rebellion, and a similar rebellion the same year in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (now Ontario), the British Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Union Act</a> which merged the two Canadas into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>. There was a single <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament for the new province</a>, composed of an elected <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly</a> and an appointed <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Council of the Province of Canada">Legislative Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of the Province of Canada">Governor General</a> retained a strong position in the government.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The Union Act came into force in 1841, and Aylwin stood for election to the new <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the Parliament. He was elected by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation#Uncontested_election" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a> to the Legislative Assembly district of <a href="/wiki/Portneuf_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Portneuf (Province of Canada electoral district)">Portneuf</a>, campaigning against the union of the Canadas.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the first session of the Parliament, the first major item of business was a motion on the union of the Canadas. The motion passed, supporting the union. Opposition to the motion came from the group of French-Canadian members, along with some English Canadians from Canada East, and the Ultra Reformers from Canada West. Aylwin voted with the French-Canadian group, opposed to the union. As the session went on, Aylwin's voting pattern demonstrated that he was a consistent opponent of the government of Governor General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Lord Sydenham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Aylwin became recognised as a leader in parliamentary debates, due to his personal popularity and also his talents in oratory and argument, honed in his years as a courtroom barrister. He was able to argue the strong points of his position, and clearly point out the weaknesses in opposing views. Although he generally voted along the same lines as the French-Canadian Group, he was not a close member of the Group and had little in common with many of them. In debate, he often used "sarcasm and vituperation", and was later said to have had a "tongue that cut like a sword".<a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solicitor_General,_1842–1843">Solicitor General, 1842–1843</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Solicitor General, 1842–1843" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg/150px-Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg/150px-Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg/225px-Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg/300px-Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, who had Aylwin appointed Solicitor-General for Lower Canada</figcaption></figure> Lord Sydenham died suddenly at the end of the first session of the new Parliament. His successor as governor general, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bagot" title="Charles Bagot">Charles Bagot</a>, had to reconstruct the ministry. Sydenham had tried to have a broad-based ministry, reducing the strength of the Reformers and the French-Canadians, but those two groups had developed their strength in the Assembly, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine">Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine</a> from Canada East, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a> from Canada West. Bagot found that he had to invite them into the Executive Council.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Aylwin was appointed Solicitor-General for Lower Canada, replacing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dewey_Day" title="Charles Dewey Day">Charles Dewey Day</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Tory</a>. The law at that time required that a member of the Assembly who took an office under the Crown had to resign his seat in the Assembly and stand for re-election. Aylwin was re-elected in the Portneuf riding.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> During his time as Solicitor-General, Aylwin gave strong support for a proposal made by another member, <a href="/wiki/John_Solomon_Cartwright" title="John Solomon Cartwright">John Solomon Cartwright</a>, for the creation of juvenile <a href="/wiki/Reform_school" title="Reform school">reform schools</a> for young offenders, who at that time were housed in the same prisons as adult offenders. The Assembly referred the matter to a special committee for consideration.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> However, the proposal never came to a vote, as the Legislative Assembly was prorogued in December 1843, upon the resignation of the Lafontaine–Baldwin ministry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation_of_LaFontaine-Baldwin_ministry_1843">Resignation of LaFontaine-Baldwin ministry 1843</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resignation of LaFontaine-Baldwin ministry 1843" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The LaFontaine-Baldwin ministry only lasted a year, from September 1842 to November 1843. Governor General Bagot died in early 1843 and was replaced by Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe" title="Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe">Charles Metcalfe</a>. Metcalfe had instructions from the British government to prevent party rule from developing, and to retain the governing powers of the Crown. LaFontaine and Baldwin, on the other hand, were determined to develop <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in Canada, which would require the Governor General to appoint the ministry from the political group which controlled the elected Legislative Assembly, and allow the ministers to appoint government officials who would carry out their policies.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Matters came to a head in October and November 1843, when Metcalfe filled various government positions without consulting the Executive Council. On November 28, 1843, all but one of the members of the LaFontaine-Baldwin ministry resigned their positions in the Executive Council in protest. The only exception was the Provincial Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Dominick_Daly" title="Dominick Daly">Dominick Daly</a>, who remained in office alone.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_1843_–_1848">Opposition 1843 – 1848</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition 1843 – 1848" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Governor General Metcalfe <a href="/wiki/Prorogation" title="Prorogation">prorogued</a> the first Parliament in 1843 after the resignation of the Executive Council, and did not recall it. In 1844 he dissolved Parliament, triggering new general elections. The Reformers in Upper Canada lost significantly, changing the balance of power in the new Legislative Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Metcalfe was able to draw on more conservative members to form a new ministry.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Aylwin again stood for Parliament in 1844, this time in Quebec City, and was elected. His background as a strong supporter of the French-Canadian group, and his fluent bilingualism, stood him in good stead with the electorate. He was also one of the leading party organisers for Lafontaine in Quebec City, with considerable success.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg/150px-Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg/150px-Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg/225px-Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg/300px-Sir_Dominick_Daly_1861.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dominick Daly, who fought a duel with Aylwin over Daly's decision not to resign in 1843</figcaption></figure> Aylwin became a leading figure on the opposition benches in the new Parliament, with his lawyer's skill in debate and his personal popularity. His debating style was could be both eloquent and aggressive, relying on sarcasm as well as his understanding of the issues. One contemporary newspaper described him as "Short, nearsighted, and (at this time at least) never quite sober, Aylwin commanded not by his physical presence as much as by his charming, genial bluffness and, above all, by his prodigious bilingual gift for words."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> One target of his tongue was his former colleague, Dominick Daly, still in government. In 1845, there was a particularly pointed exchange of comments in the Assembly between Aylwin and Daly over Daly's refusal to resign from the Executive Council with the rest of the Lafontaine-Baldwin ministry in 1843. Tempers flared, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> between the two men. They met and shots were fired, but neither was injured, leading to a settlement of the dispute.<a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solicitor-General_1848">Solicitor-General 1848</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solicitor-General 1848" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Aylwin was re-elected for Quebec City in the general elections of 1848, which the Reform alliance won. Lafontaine and Baldwin formed their second ministry, and Aylwin was again appointed Solicitor-General for Lower Canada.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He had to stand for election under the same law as earlier, for taking a position under the Crown. The election was held quickly and he was re-elected on March 28, 1848. However, he only held the position for a short time, as Lafontaine offered him an appointment to the Court of Queen's Bench for Lower Canada, in Quebec City, possibly to make room for another member of the Reform group, Hume Blake. Aylwin accepted the appointment on April 26, 1848, and left politics.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Court_of_Queen's_Bench">Court of Queen's Bench</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Court of Queen's Bench" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> In 1848, Aylwin accepted the appointment as judge if the Court of Queen's Bench, sitting first in Quebec. He later was transferred to Montreal. In 1854, he was also appointed to the Seigneurial Court, which was set up to resolve claims resulting from the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial tenures</a> of land-holding.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a> While on the bench, Aylwin continued to maintain his reputation for deep knowledge of the law, clear understanding of the issues presented, and eloquence in his charges and decisions. He presided over trials in both English and in French. However, in 1860 he had a paralytic stroke which impaired both his physical and mental abilities. He resigned from the bench in 1868, on a pension.<a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Marriages_and_later_life">Marriages and later life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marriages and later life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg/200px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg/200px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg/300px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg/400px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_Mount_Hermon-21477.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Entrance to Mount Hermon Cemetery, where Aylwin is buried</figcaption></figure> Aylwin was married three times, and widowed twice. His first wife was Margaret Nelson Hanna, whom he married in Quebec City in 1832. In 1836, after the death of his first wife, he married Eliza Margaret Felton of Sherbrooke. She also predeceased him. In 1850, he married Anne Blake. He did not have any children from the three marriages.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-2">[2]</a> After retiring from the bench, Aylwin lived in strict seclusion in his home in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-Dent-3">[3]</a> He died in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> on October 14, 1871. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_Cemetery" title="Mount Hermon Cemetery">Mount Hermon Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sillery,_Quebec_City" title="Sillery, Quebec City">Sillery</a>, on October 17, 1871.<a href="#cite_note-naq-1">[1]</a> Aylwin Township in the <a href="/wiki/Outaouais" title="Outaouais">Outaouais</a> region of Quebec, Canada, was named in his honour in 1858. It was renamed <a href="/wiki/Kazabazua,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazabazua, Quebec">Kazabazua</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="1st Parliament of the Province of Canada">1st Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada">2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-naq-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_1-11">l</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/aylwin-thomas-cushing-1797/biographie.html">"Biography of Thomas Cushing Aylwin"</a>. 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Thomas Cushing Aylwin"</a>, The Canadian Portrait Gallery, Vol. IV (Toronto: John B. Magurn, 1881), pp. 105–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Jean Lafleur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/aylwin_thomas_4E.html">"Aylwin (Aylwyn), Thomas"</a>, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume IV (1771-1780), University of Toronto / Université Laval. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> J.M.S. Careless, The Union of the Canadas — The Growth of Canadian Institutions, 1841–1857 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967), pp. 1–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Paul G. Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015), pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/PreConfederation/ua_1840.html">Union Act, 1840</a>, 3 & 4 Vict. (UK), c. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> J.O. 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Douglas Stewart and Mary Stewart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cartwright_john_solomon_7E.html">"Cartwright, John Solomon"</a>, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, volume VII (1836-1850), University of Toronto / Université Laval. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_00952_3/71?r=0&s=4">Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from the 28th day of September to the 9th day of December in the year of Our Lord 1843</a>, pp. 60–61 (October 20, 1843). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, at pp. 76–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a>, pp. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, at pp. 91–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, at p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a>, pp. 14–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, at pp. 86, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Garon,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/aylwin_thomas_cushing_10E.html">"Aylwin, Thomas Cushing"</a>, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, citing Le Canadien newspaper. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> John Charles Dent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.07406/105">"The Hon. Sir Dominick Daly"</a>, The Canadian Portrait Gallery, Vol. III (Toronto: John B. Magurn, 1881), p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a>, pp. 22–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/18/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections</a>, pp. 18, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/48/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections</a>, p. 49, note (112). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/CT/toposweb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=72427">"Kazabazua"</a> (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Retrieved August 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazabazua&rft.pub=Commission+de+toponymie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca%2FCT%2Ftoposweb%2Ffiche.aspx%3Fno_seq%3D72427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cushing+Aylwin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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