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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ben Fernandez</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ben Fernandez</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Fernandez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Ben_Fernandez.png/220px-Ben_Fernandez.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/Ben_Fernandez.png 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States#Special_envoys,_representatives,_and_coordinators" title="Ambassadors of the United States">U.S. Special Envoy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 1, 1973 – August 31, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1925-02-24</span>)</span>February 24, 1925<br /><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City, Kansas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 25, 2000<span style="display:none">(2000-04-25)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">politician, financial consultant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">First major-party presidential contender of Hispanic origin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Benjamin Fernandez</b> (February 24, 1925 – April 25, 2000) was an American <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, financial consultant and special ambassador. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. He ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> three times, seriously in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> and with more perfunctory campaigns in <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>, making him America's first major-party presidential contender of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fernandez was born in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a> parents who were <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrants">illegal immigrants</a>. He served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and then began a successful business career. He began to get involved with politics in the late 1960s, co-founding the Republican National Hispanic Council and serving as a fundraiser for Republican candidates starting with President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in 1972. In 1973, Nixon appointed him <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States#Special_envoys,_representatives,_and_coordinators" title="Ambassadors of the United States">U.S. Special Envoy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benjamin Fernandez was born in the railroad yards of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City, Kansas</a>, in a converted <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">boxcar</a>. Fernandez was one of seven brothers and sisters. His parents were illiterate <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a> migrants who were in the U.S. illegally seeking work.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire family worked as farm workers in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, refusing government assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-tribute_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribute-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his political career he was fondly nicknamed "Boxcar Ben". </p><p>Fernandez enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> during World War II and served in the military for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his tour of duty, he landed in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> with only $20 and his G.I. benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-tribute_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribute-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernandez enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Redlands" title="University of Redlands">University of Redlands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Redlands,_California" title="Redlands, California">Redlands, California</a>, and found a job as a waiter and "supervisor of youngsters" at the local <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>, paying his own way through college.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon graduating from Redlands, Fernandez moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. He worked at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> during the day and attended night school at the Graduate School of Business of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. He received a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> (MBA) degree in Foreign Trade and Marketing. In addition, he completed all of the course work for the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree in Economics, Marketing, Corporate Finance, Foreign Trade and Financial History. Fernandez completed the four-year course work in two years.<sup id="cite_ref-tribute_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribute-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Electric recruited him for its financial management training program. Following his employment and training with General Electric, he was appointed Director of Marketing Research at the O. A. Sutton Corporation of <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>. After three years at the post, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, and became a consulting <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, specializing in the organization of <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings and loan">savings and loan</a> associations and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tribute_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribute-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work as a financial consultant gained national attention. From 1960 through 1976, Fernandez was asked to testify over 500 times under oath before federal and state agencies on his specialties. </p><p>He also received national acclaim for his innovation in business and was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> for his work with the National Economic Development Association (NEDA), a non-profit corporation Fernandez founded to foster the free enterprise system among Spanish-speaking Americans. NEDA was responsible for over $2 billion in private sector loans, with a default factor of less than two percent. </p><p>Through his various business ventures Ben Fernandez became a <a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">millionaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a reporter asked him why he was a Republican, Fernandez recalled a story from his college days in California when someone told him that the Republican Party was the party of rich people. "Sign me up!" Fernandez replied. "I've had enough of poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-Boxcar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxcar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernandez stated that Hispanic voters presented a "golden opportunity for the GOP," and that the Republican Party was "truly the party of the open door."<sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was persistent in stating that the party could reap huge benefits by embracing the fast-growing Hispanic minority in the United States, claiming that Hispanics were "natural Republicans" because they had a "centuries-old suspicion of oppressive central governments" and "learned fiscal conservatism at the knees of their mothers, who assured them that if they didn't watch their nickels they wouldn't eat."<sup id="cite_ref-Boxcar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxcar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fernandez was very active within Republican circles and served in multiple political positions throughout the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> administrations. In 1972, he served as a fundraiser for President Nixon, chairing the Hispanic Finance Committee to Re-elect the President and as National Co-Chairman of the Finance Committee to Re-Elect the President. With the help of Fernandez, Nixon's 1972 Presidential campaign was the first in U.S. history to create an outreach committee for Hispanics, which was instrumental in the acquisition of 60% of the Hispanic vote.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Nixon later named Fernandez to the President's Council for Minority Enterprise. After Fernandez's fundraising for Nixon led to accusations that he promised government favors in return for campaign contributions, Fernandez appeared before the Senate <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a> Committee on November 8, 1973, to deny allegations of wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-Watergate_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watergate-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1973, President Nixon appointed Fernandez as Special Ambassador to the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> to represent the United States at the inauguration of the President of Paraguay. While there, he addressed the banking and savings and loan industries. Fernandez also served as a member of the Executive Council of the Republican National Committee in 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Republican National Hispanic Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fernandez was an early and adamant supporter of Hispanic involvement within the GOP. In 1967, Fernandez was one of five World War II veterans who came together in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to discuss Hispanic involvement in American Politics. He co-founded the Republican National Hispanic Council and was elected as its first national chairman. The group would later change its name to the Republican National Hispanic Assembly, and became an official branch of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> under the leadership of then-RNC Chairman <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. </p><p>While chairman of the Republican Hispanic Assembly, Fernandez experienced his share of controversy. In one instance, he sent out a "dear amigos" letter to federal employees and contractors urging attendance at a fundraising dinner for President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. A Republican Hispanic Assembly spokesman said he saw no impropriety in the solicitations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Ford relied heavily on Fernandez to raise money and rally support for him in the Spanish-speaking community.<sup id="cite_ref-Blade_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blade-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When President Ford's director of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Armendaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Armendaris (page does not exist)">Alex Armendaris</a> was accused of misconduct, Fernandez allegedly made a personal phone call to Ford urging him not to fire Armendaris. Fernandez had previously teamed up with Armendaris to raise over $400,000 for Richard Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-Blade_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blade-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Senate's Watergate hearings, a Florida builder who was in trouble with the government testified that Fernandez had promised him cabinet-level help in return for a $100,000 cash donation to the Nixon campaign. Fernandez stated that he was never promised any favors for a $25,000 contribution he had made. Fernandez also denied that he had attempted to help the Nixon administration's political backers by speeding up the approval of contracts by the Office of Minority Business. Fernandez was exonerated by the Senate Watergate committee of any wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-Watergate_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watergate-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_runs">Presidential runs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidential runs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Fernandez_campaign_button.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ben_Fernandez_campaign_button.png/170px-Ben_Fernandez_campaign_button.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Ben_Fernandez_campaign_button.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>1980 Ben Fernandez campaign button.</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1978, Fernandez announced his candidacy for the Republican Party's nomination for President at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. He was the first major-party presidential contender of Hispanic origin. Running in a crowded primary field in 1980, he appeared on the ballot in 18 primaries. He received <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1980">25,520 votes</a> nationally,.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Presidential primaries, Fernandez campaigned in both English and Spanish, emphasizing that private enterprise can do a better job than government and calling for a balanced federal budget. His campaign focused heavily on the first primary in the nation in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, believing that the Hispanic vote would go to a fellow Hispanic.<sup id="cite_ref-Refuse_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refuse-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernandez's campaign manager, David Miller, later admitted that the Puerto Rico strategy was a failure, as the early voting states of New Hampshire and Iowa completely overshadowed the Puerto Rico primary. After a lackluster showing in Puerto Rico, Fernandez admitted that he was unable to fire up his Hispanic base as much as he thought he could, and the lack of TV coverage of his campaign made it difficult to raise money and garner name recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Refuse_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refuse-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Fernandez ended his primary bid, he spoke at the 1980 Republican Convention in Detroit in support of Ronald Reagan.<sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President-elect Reagan appointed Fernandez to his transition team as his senior small business adviser. Fernandez also welcomed Reagan to Texas during his general election campaign, helping him make the pitch for the sought-after Mexican-American vote. </p><p>In 1984, Fernandez attempted a second, largely ceremonial run for the Presidency. Despite being a former Reagan adviser, Fernandez ran to highlight his disagreement with the high unemployment rate, deficit spending, and "heavy-handed" military approach of the Reagan Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Born_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Born-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He kept to the New Hampshire primary, along with perennial candidate <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a>. Each received around one percent of the vote. Fernandez ran one last campaign on a similar scale in 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_later_years">Personal life and later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fernandez had three daughters with his first wife. He remarried later in life to Jacqueline Coon and they lived in Calabasas, California. Fernandez then resided in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>, until his death. He continued his work professionally and politically even after his retirement, often traveling throughout the country as a consulting economist. In 2000, he served on the <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a> Presidential Finance Committee, his last political involvement before his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fernandez's status as the first Hispanic presidential candidate was largely forgotten in subsequent decades; when <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">New Mexico Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a>, running in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, declared himself to be the first ever Hispanic candidate, his statement went mostly uncorrected.<sup 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUPI1978" class="citation news cs1">UPI (1978-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V-AzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=5338%2C3265641">"Presidential race gets second entry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lodi_News-Sentinel" title="Lodi News-Sentinel">Lodi News-Sentinel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lodi+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Presidential+race+gets+second+entry&rft.date=1978-11-30&rft.au=UPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DV-AzAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DlDIHAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5338%252C3265641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1979" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Harry (1979-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F9NOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HkoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6989%2C6589495">"Meet Ben Fernandez, The Next President?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ludington_Daily_News" title="Ludington Daily News">Ludington Daily News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ludington+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Meet+Ben+Fernandez%2C+The+Next+President%3F&rft.date=1979-03-24&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DF9NOAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DHkoDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6989%252C6589495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribute-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribute_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribute_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribute_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribute_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco_M._"Pancho"_Vega" class="citation web cs1">Francisco M. "Pancho" Vega. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502205639/http://www.rnha.org/our_history.htm">"A Tribute to Ben Fernandez"</a>. National Republican Hispanic Assembly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnha.org/our_history.htm">the original</a> on 2007-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tribute+to+Ben+Fernandez&rft.pub=National+Republican+Hispanic+Assembly&rft.au=Francisco+M.+%22Pancho%22+Vega&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnha.org%2Four_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird1973" class="citation news cs1">Bird, Mike (1973-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYxLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8CMNAAAAIBAJ&dq=ben%20fernandez%20paraguay%20ambassador&pg=5805%2C2751117">"Man Named Fernandez"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Press-Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Press-Courier">The Press-Courier</a></i>. The Press-Courier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Press-Courier&rft.atitle=Man+Named+Fernandez&rft.date=1973-11-13&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DfYxLAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D8CMNAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dben%2520fernandez%2520paraguay%2520ambassador%26pg%3D5805%252C2751117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harlan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harlan_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1979" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Harry F. (1979-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=325BAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TakMAAAAIBAJ&dq=ben%20fernandez%20isn-t%20shy&pg=5546%2C3576363">"Ben Fernandez Isn't Shy About Presidential Aim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Daily_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Daily Enterprise">Harlan Daily Enterprise</a></i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harlan+Daily+Enterprise&rft.atitle=Ben+Fernandez+Isn%27t+Shy+About+Presidential+Aim&rft.date=1979-03-25&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Harry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D325BAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DTakMAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dben%2520fernandez%2520isn-t%2520shy%26pg%3D5546%252C3576363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxcar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boxcar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boxcar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill1979" class="citation news cs1">Will, George (1979-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pscsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OhMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=ben%20fernandez%20from%20boxcar%20to%20capital&pg=4341%2C5867785">"From boxcar to capital: A highly improbable dream"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star-News" title="Star-News">Star-News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-News&rft.atitle=From+boxcar+to+capital%3A+A+highly+improbable+dream&rft.date=1979-08-25&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DpscsAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DOhMEAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dben%2520fernandez%2520from%2520boxcar%2520to%2520capital%26pg%3D4341%252C5867785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reagan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press1980" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (1980-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rZIlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OPMFAAAAIBAJ&dq=&pg=1084%2C1530340">"Fernandez urges Reagan vote"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post" title="The Palm Beach Post">The Palm Beach Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Fernandez+urges+Reagan+vote&rft.date=1980-07-15&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DrZIlAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DOPMFAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D%26pg%3D1084%252C1530340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly2012" class="citation news cs1">The Republican National Hispanic Assembly (2012-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnha.org/">"The Republican National Hispanic Assembly"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Republican+National+Hispanic+Assembly&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.au=The+Republican+National+Hispanic+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnha.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watergate-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watergate_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watergate_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press1978" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (1978-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n-5dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dF8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=ben%20fernandez%20millionaire%20management%20consultant%20raised%20from%20poverty&pg=5850%2C151279">"To Gain GOP Presidential Nomination, Wants $7.5 Million For Campaign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Observer-Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Observer-Reporter">Observer-Reporter</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer-Reporter&rft.atitle=To+Gain+GOP+Presidential+Nomination%2C+Wants+%247.5+Million+For+Campaign&rft.date=1978-12-01&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dn-5dAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DdF8NAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dben%2520fernandez%2520millionaire%2520management%2520consultant%2520raised%2520from%2520poverty%26pg%3D5850%252C151279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Jack (1976-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zegrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yQUGAAAAIBAJ&dq=ben-fernandez%20hispanic%20republican&pg=6231%2C1787695">"Washington Merry-Go-Round"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kentucky_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kentucky New Era">The Kentucky New Era</a></i>. Kentucky New Era<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kentucky+New+Era&rft.atitle=Washington+Merry-Go-Round&rft.date=1976-09-16&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DzegrAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DyQUGAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dben-fernandez%2520hispanic%2520republican%26pg%3D6231%252C1787695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blade-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blade_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blade_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Jack (1976-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lg9PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=ben-fernandez%20ford&pg=6855%2C2364305">"Chemical Industry Influence Seen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Toledo_Blade" class="mw-redirect" title="The Toledo Blade">The Toledo Blade</a></i>. The Toledo Blade<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Chemical+Industry+Influence+Seen&rft.date=1976-02-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DLg9PAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DdgIEAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dben-fernandez%2520ford%26pg%3D6855%252C2364305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=51805">Our Campaigns</a>, "<i>US President – R Primaries, 1980</i>" (retrieved on February 3rd, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Refuse-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Refuse_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Refuse_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1980" class="citation news cs1">Stein, Mark (1980-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131161907/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/665811312.html?dids=665811312:665811312&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+06,+1980&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Fernandez+Refuses+to+Drop+Quest+for+Presidency&pqatl=google">"Fernandez Refuses to Drop Quest for Presidency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/665811312.html?dids=665811312:665811312&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+06%2C+1980&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Fernandez+Refuses+to+Drop+Quest+for+Presidency&pqatl=google">the original</a> on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Fernandez+Refuses+to+Drop+Quest+for+Presidency&rft.date=1980-03-06&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F665811312.html%3Fdids%3D665811312%3A665811312%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DMar%2B06%252C%2B1980%26author%3D%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26desc%3DFernandez%2BRefuses%2Bto%2BDrop%2BQuest%2Bfor%2BPresidency%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Born-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Born_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUPI1983" class="citation news cs1">UPI (1983-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DJszAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nDIHAAAAIBAJ&dq=ben-fernandez&pg=7070%2C7092395">"Man Named Fernandez"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lodi_News-Sentinel" title="Lodi News-Sentinel">Lodi News-Sentinel</a></i>. The Lodi (Co.) News-Sentinel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lodi+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Man+Named+Fernandez&rft.date=1983-08-31&rft.au=UPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DDJszAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DnDIHAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dben-fernandez%26pg%3D7070%252C7092395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinthicum2007" class="citation news cs1">Linthicum, Leslie (2007-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abqjournal.com/news/state/536152nm02-07-07.htm">"Richardson Not Quite the First"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_Journal" title="Albuquerque Journal">Albuquerque Journal</a></i>. Albuquerque Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albuquerque+Journal&rft.atitle=Richardson+Not+Quite+the+First&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.aulast=Linthicum&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abqjournal.com%2Fnews%2Fstate%2F536152nm02-07-07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Fernandez" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Fernandez&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnha.org">Republican National Hispanic Assembly web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1976)_1980_United_States_presidential_election_(1984_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">← 1976</a>) <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">Phil Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Fernandez</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Ron Dellums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Candidate</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></b></dd> <dt>Running mate</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lucey" title="Patrick Lucey">Patrick Lucey</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_independent_and_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1980">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Ed Clark</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Harris" title="LaDonna Harris">LaDonna Harris</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (United States)">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Smith" title="Maureen Smith">Maureen Smith</a></b></li> <li><b>VP Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cervantes_Barron" title="Elizabeth Cervantes Barron">Elizabeth Cervantes Barron</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bubar_Jr." title="Benjamin Bubar Jr.">Ben Bubar</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Diane_Drufenbrock" title="Diane Drufenbrock">Diane Drufenbrock</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominees</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Congress" title="Richard Congress">Richard Congress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Griswold" title="Deirdre Griswold">Deirdre Griswold </a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Spannaus" title="Warren Spannaus">Warren Spannaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1980 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1980 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">← 1980</a>) <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Alan Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Fritz Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Burns" title="Gene Burns">Gene Burns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Ravenal" title="Earl Ravenal">Earl Ravenal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Helen_Halyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Halyard">Helen Halyard</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Melvin_T._Mason" title="Melvin T. Mason">Melvin T. Mason</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Matilde Zimmermann</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b>Larry Holmes</b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles Doty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Harmon" title="Larry Harmon">Larry "Bozo" Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li>running mate: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Davis_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Billy Davis (Mississippi politician)">Billy Davis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1984 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1984 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1984 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">← 1984</a>) <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_du_Pont" title="Pete du Pont">Pete du Pont</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Applegate" title="Douglas Applegate">Douglas Applegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Schroeder">Patricia Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Paul Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Traficant" title="James Traficant">James Traficant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election#Other_nominations" title="1988 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Ormsby_(politician)" title="George Ormsby (politician)">George Ormsby</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Willa_Kenoyer" title="Willa Kenoyer">Willa Kenoyer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Ehrenreich" title="Ron Ehrenreich">Ron Ehrenreich</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James Warren</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mickells" title="Kathleen Mickells">Kathleen Mickells</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: Larry Holmes</b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and others</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jack_Herer" title="Jack Herer">Jack Herer</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_G._Lewin" title="Herbert G. Lewin">Herbert G. Lewin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_A._Marra" title="William A. Marra">William A. Marra</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1988 elections:</b> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1988 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1988 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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