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con esta direición IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Alderique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Conteníu" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Conteníu</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">despintar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Entamu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialeutos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialeutos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dialeutos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialeutos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservación_de_la_llingua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservación_de_la_llingua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Preservación de la llingua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservación_de_la_llingua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificación" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificación"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clasificación</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificación-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparanza_léxica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparanza_léxica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparanza léxica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparanza_léxica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteníu" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabla de conteníos" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Idioma tujia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 18 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 llingües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐོའུ་ཅ། – tibetanu" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐོའུ་ཅ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_toujiaek" title="Yezhoù toujiaek – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù toujiaek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia" title="Tujia – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tujia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-g%C4%83-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tū-gă-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-gă-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tujia language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tujia" title="Idioma tujia – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tujia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia" title="Tujia – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tujia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tujia" title="Lingua tujia – gallegu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua tujia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुजिया भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुजिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="トゥチャ諸語 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥチャ諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tujia" title="Basa Tujia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Tujia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%96%B4" title="투자어 – coreanu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투자어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia_(taal)" title="Tujia (taal) – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tujia (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Туцзя (язык) – rusu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туцзя (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tujia" title="Wikang Tujia – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tujia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia_dili" title="Tujia dili – turcu" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tujia dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Туцзя теле – tártaru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Туцзя теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土家语 – chinu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土家语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2512084#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar los enllaces d'interllingua" class="wbc-editpage">Editar los enllaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nome"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Idioma_tujia" title="Ver la páxina de conteníu [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Páxina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alderique:Idioma_tujia&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Alderique tocante al conteníu de la páxina (la páxina nun esiste) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Alderique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Idioma_tujia"><span>Lleer</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit" title="Editar el códigu fonte d'esta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar la fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=history" title="Versiones antigües d'esta páxina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramientes de páxina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">despintar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Más opciones" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aiciones </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Idioma_tujia"><span>Lleer</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit" title="Editar el códigu fonte d'esta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar la fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=history"><span>Ver historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Xeneral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:LoQueEnlazaAqu%C3%AD/Idioma_tujia" title="Llista de toles páxines wiki qu'enllacien equí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lo qu'enllaza equí</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:CambiosEnEnlazadas/Idioma_tujia" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recientes nes páxines enllazaes dende esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios rellacionaos</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ast" title="Xubir ficheros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Xubir ficheru</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&oldid=4253820" title="Enllaz permanente a esta revisión de la páxina"><span>Enllaz permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=info" title="Más información sobro esta páxina"><span>Información de la páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Idioma_tujia&id=4253820&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información tocante a cómo citar esta páxina"><span>Citar esta páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Acortador_de_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fast.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIdioma_tujia"><span>Llograr la URL encurtiada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fast.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIdioma_tujia"><span>Xenerar códigu QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprentar/esportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Idioma+tujia"><span>Crear un llibru</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Idioma_tujia&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&printable=yes" title="Versión imprentable d'esta páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión pa imprentar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> N'otros proyeutos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2512084" title="Enllaz al elementu del depósitu de datos coneutáu [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elementu de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramientes de páxina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">despintar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-tradubot" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tujia" title="Esti artículu foi traducíu automáticamente y precisa revisase manualmente"><img alt="Esti artículu foi traducíu automáticamente y precisa revisase manualmente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/16px-Robot_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/24px-Robot_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/32px-Robot_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ast" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox_v2"> <tbody><tr> <th class="media" colspan="2" style="font-size:120%; background-color: #dddddd;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png/40px-Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="45" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <big>Tujia, tuchia</big> <br /> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Faláu en</b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Rexón</b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> y Hubei </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Falantes</b> </td> <td>70 000 (2005) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Families_de_lling%C3%BCes" class="mw-redirect" title="Families de llingües">Familia</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sino-tibetanes" title="Llingües sino-tibetanes">Sino-tibetanu</a><br /> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tibetano-birmanes" title="Llingües tibetano-birmanes">Tibetanu-birmanu</a><br />     <b>Tujia</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #dddddd; text-align:center;">Estatus oficial </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><b>Oficial en</b> </td> <td><i>Nengún país</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b>Reguláu por</b></span> </td> <td><i>Nun ta reguláu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #dddddd; text-align:center;">Códigos </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><i>nengún</i> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></b></td> <td><code></code> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></b></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El <b>tujia</b> o <b>tuchia</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Chinu_mandar%C3%ADn" title="Chinu mandarín">chinu estándar</a>: 土家语, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Tǔjiāyǔ</i>) ye una <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tibetano-birmanes" title="Llingües tibetano-birmanes">llingua tibetanu-birmana</a> de difícil clasificación falada polos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujia (la páxina nun esiste)">tujia</a> del centru de China. Escontra 2005, envalorábase que'l númberu de falantes yera d'unos 70 000, anque'l grupu étnicu tujia algama los 8 millones (esto ye, menos del 1 % de los tujia étnicos falen la llingua propia del grupu). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspeutos_históricos,_sociales_y_culturales"><span id="Aspeutos_hist.C3.B3ricos.2C_sociales_y_culturales"></span>Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar seición: Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialeutos">Dialeutos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar seición: Dialeutos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Dialeutos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esisten dos variedaes distintos, el tujia septentrional y el tujia meridional. Dambos dialeutos son <a href="/wiki/Llingua_tonal" title="Llingua tonal">llingües tonales</a> con cuatro tono de contorna: ˥ ˥˧ ˧˥ ˨˩. La variedá septentrional almite 21 soníos iniciales distintos ente que la variedá meridional almite 26 (hai 5 consonates aspiraes adicionales). Al respective de los soníos finales la variedá spetentrional almite 25 y la meridional 30, anque 12 de los cualos apaecen namái en préstamos procedentes del chinu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservación_de_la_llingua"><span id="Preservaci.C3.B3n_de_la_llingua"></span>Preservación de la llingua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar seición: Preservación de la llingua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Preservación de la llingua"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anque na actualidá bien pocos tuchia falen l'idioma étnicu, esisten munchos grupos entusiastes de la preservación trabayen viviegamente coles mires de caltenela. Nos últimos años editáronse dellos llibros d'aprendizaxe de la llingua, y tase ellaborando un diccionariu de la llingua. L'estudiosu de la llingua tuchia Chu Yongming (储永明) desenvolvió un trabayu na escuela Baifusi pa minoríes étniques (百福司民族小学) na llocalidá de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baifusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baifusi (la páxina nun esiste)">Baifusi</a>, asitiada nel condáu Fang (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincia_de_Hubei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincia de Hubei (la páxina nun esiste)">provincia de Hubei</a>), pa promover l'usu de la llingua ente ellos.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificación"><span id="Clasificaci.C3.B3n"></span>Clasificación</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar seición: Clasificación" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Clasificación"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El tuchia ye claramente una llingua de la <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tibetano-birmanes" title="Llingües tibetano-birmanes">subfamilia tibetanu-birmana</a>, pero la so posición exacta dientro d'esa familia ye bien malo de determinar yá que pola influencia de les llingües siníticas la llingua camudó notablemente y nun resulta fácil identificar los sos parientes más próximos dientro d'esa subfamilia. Dalgunos propunxeron que podría tar más estrechamente rellacionáu cola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_lolo-b%C3%BArmicas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües lolo-búrmicas (la páxina nun esiste)">caña lolo-búrmica</a> y otros propunxeron que ye más cercanu al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_qiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües qiang (la páxina nun esiste)">grupu qiang</a>, pero nun esisten nicios fuertes en favor de nenguna d'estes posibilidaes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparanza_léxica"><span id="Comparanza_l.C3.A9xica"></span>Comparanza léxica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar seición: Comparanza léxica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Comparanza léxica"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los <a href="/wiki/Numberal_(lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Numberal (llingüística)">numberales</a> en distintes variedaes de tuchía son:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><small>GLOSA</small> </th> <th>Tuchía<br />septentrional </th> <th>Tuchía<br />meridional </th> <th><small>PROTO-<br />TUJIA</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td>'1'</td> <td>la˧˥</td> <td>lã˨˩<br />ʑi˨˩</td> <td>*lã<br />*ʑi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'2'</td> <td>ȵie˥</td> <td>lie˥</td> <td>*ȵie˥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'3'</td> <td>so˥</td> <td>sa˥</td> <td>*sɑ˥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'4'</td> <td>zie˥</td> <td>zɨy˧</td> <td>*zie˧ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'5'</td> <td>oŋ˥</td> <td>ŋɨ˧</td> <td>*(o)ŋɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'6'</td> <td>wo˨˩</td> <td>ɣʉ˧˥</td> <td>*ɣʉ˧˥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'7'</td> <td>ȵie˨˩</td> <td>kai˩˧tɕie<br />tɕi˥sa˧ </td> <td>*ȵie˨˩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'8'</td> <td>jie˨˩</td> <td>a˩˧la˥so˧/˨˩ </td> <td>*jie˨˩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'9'</td> <td>kɯy˥</td> <td>kai˩˧tɕie<br />tɕi˥tɕʰi˧ </td> <td>*kɯy˥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'10'</td> <td>xɯ˧˥</td> <td>ħɨ˨˩</td> <td>*xɨ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencies">Referencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar seición: Referencies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tujia&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Referencies"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3503771">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .llistaref{column-count:1!important}}</style><div class="llistaref" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Humes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610010847/http://www.bruce-humes.com/?p=6707">Rejuvenating the Tujia Language Non Easy Feat</a>, based on <span class="citation cita-genérica" id="CITAREF王功尚,蒲哲,孙文振">王功尚,蒲哲,孙文振 (17 d'abril de 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iel.cass.cn/news_show.asp?newsid=10206"><i>大山深处的土家语传承与坚守</i></a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://iel.cass.cn/news_show.asp?newsid=10206">http://iel.cass.cn/news_show.asp?newsid=10206</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%B1%E6%B7%B1%E5%A4%84%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%AD%E4%BC%A0%E6%89%BF%E4%B8%8E%E5%9D%9A%E5%AE%88&rft.aulast=%E7%8E%8B%E5%8A%9F%E5%B0%9A%2C%E8%92%B2%E5%93%B2%2C%E5%AD%99%E6%96%87%E6%8C%AF&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%8A%9F%E5%B0%9A%2C%E8%92%B2%E5%93%B2%2C%E5%AD%99%E6%96%87%E6%8C%AF&rft.date=17+d%27abril+de+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiel.cass.cn%2Fnews_show.asp%3Fnewsid%3D10206&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Idioma_tujia"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222121/http://iel.cass.cn/news_show.asp?newsid=10206">Archiváu</a> 2016-03-03 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305030131/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numberal/Sin%C3%B3n-Tibetan.htm">Sinón-Tibetan Numerals (Eugene Chan)</a>». Archiváu dende l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numberal/Sin%C3%B3n-Tibetan.htm">orixinal</a>, el 2012-03-05.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2260362">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;background-color:#eaecf0;color:#222222}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control navigation-not-searchable"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4075543">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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