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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Private property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_and_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_and_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Publishing and rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_and_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Commercial purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_restrictions_on_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_restrictions_on_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Legal restrictions on photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_restrictions_on_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-terrorism_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-terrorism_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anti-terrorism law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-terrorism_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infringement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infringement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Infringement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infringement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Public art and architecture in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography_and_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_and_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Photography and privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography_and_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Public property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_property_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_property_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Private property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_property_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Outer space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Privacy issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Commercial photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Public art and architecture in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accident_scenes_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accident_scenes_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Accident scenes and law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accident_scenes_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art_and_architecture_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Public art and architecture in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art_and_architecture_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Public art and architecture in Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philippines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privacy_law_of_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_law_of_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Privacy law of the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_law_of_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_spaces_in_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_spaces_in_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Public spaces in the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_spaces_in_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Public art and architecture in the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan_and_South_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan_and_South_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sudan and South Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan_and_South_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vn%C3%AD_regulace_fotografov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Právní regulace fotografování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Právní regulace fotografování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_y_el_Derecho" title="Fotografía y el Derecho – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía y el Derecho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographie_et_la_loi" title="Photographie et la loi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photographie et la loi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_della_fotografia" title="Diritto della fotografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto della fotografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograferingsf%C3%B6rbud" title="Fotograferingsförbud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotograferingsförbud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potograpiya_at_batas" title="Potograpiya at batas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potograpiya at batas" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal status of photography, including intellectual property and privacy laws</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prohibition_of_photographing.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prohibition_of_photographing.gif/200px-Prohibition_of_photographing.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Prohibition_of_photographing.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>A "<i>No Photography</i>" sign, commonly placed in properties where taking photographs is illegal or objected to by the owner (though in some jurisdictions, this is not a legal requirement)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights on <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a> are protected in different <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> by the laws governing <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a>. In some cases photography may be restricted by civil or criminal law. Publishing certain photographs can be restricted by <a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">privacy</a> or other laws. Photography can be generally restricted in the interests of <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public morality</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">protection of children</a>. </p><p>Reactions to photography differ between societies, and even where there are no official restrictions there may be objections to photographing people or places. Reactions may range from complaints to violence for photography which is not illegal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia's laws in relation to this matter are similar to that of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia you can generally photograph anything or anyone in a public place without permission assuming that it isn't being used in an otherwise illegal way such as <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> and does not contain <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a> material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Furthermore photographing in a place where people would reasonably expect to be afforded privacy such as in a public restroom may also be illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_property">Private property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Private property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While one can generally photograph private property and the people within it if the photographer is not within the bounds of the private property and cannot be asked to stop or delete the images, the owner can restrict recording whilst the photographer is on the private property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Failure to comply with orders to stop recording on the private property is not a criminal offence although it may be against the terms or policy of entrance and the photographer may be asked to leave; if they refuse to leave, they may be liable for trespassing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_and_rights">Publishing and rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publishing and rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The photographer generally has full rights of the images meaning they can publish it to places such as social media without permission from the people in the image. However, there are exceptions in the following scenarios: </p> <ul><li>A breach of the <a href="/wiki/Privacy_Act_1988" title="Privacy Act 1988">Privacy Act 1988</a></li> <li>Was taken while <a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">trespassing</a> on private property<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A breach of duty, such as sharing confidential information<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A photographer can generally also not be forced to show or delete the images unless the photographic practices were at breach of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_purposes">Commercial purposes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If you are seeking to photograph for commercial purposes you may be required to gain permission from anyone who was involved in the film or photograph. Commercial purposes usually means that you are photographing for financial gain or to promote goods or services.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bernstein_of_Leigh_v_Skyviews_%26_General_Ltd" title="Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd">Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_restrictions_on_photography">Legal restrictions on photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal restrictions on photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_photo_gathering_uk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mass_photo_gathering_uk.jpg/220px-Mass_photo_gathering_uk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mass_photo_gathering_uk.jpg/330px-Mass_photo_gathering_uk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mass_photo_gathering_uk.jpg/440px-Mass_photo_gathering_uk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Mass photo gathering in the UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_photo_gathering_uk_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mass_photo_gathering_uk_2.jpg/220px-Mass_photo_gathering_uk_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mass_photo_gathering_uk_2.jpg/330px-Mass_photo_gathering_uk_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mass_photo_gathering_uk_2.jpg/440px-Mass_photo_gathering_uk_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Mass photo gathering in the UK</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom there are no laws forbidding photography of private property from a public place. Photography is not restricted on land if the landowner has given permission to be on the land or the photographer has legal right to access, for example <a href="/wiki/Byways_Open_to_All_Traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byways Open to All Traffic">Byways Open to All Traffic</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Public_right_of_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Public right of way">public right of way</a> or an area of <a href="/wiki/Open_access_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access land">open access land</a>. The Metropolitan Police state in their own advice "Members of the public and the media do not need a permit to film or photograph in public places and police have no power to stop them filming or photographing incidents or police personnel". The IAC, Film and Video Institute recommends that one follows instruction given by police as there may be a reason/reasons for not filming, ignorance of said law(s) notwithstanding.<sup id="cite_ref-met_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is an area that has prohibitions detailed within anti <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">terrorism legislation</a>. Civil proceeding can be taken if a person is filmed without consent, and privacy laws exist to protect a person where they can expect privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-ask_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ask-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two public locations in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, have a specific provision against photography for commercial purposes without the written permission of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Squares' Management Team and paying a fee,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and permission is needed to photograph or film for commercial purposes in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks">Royal Parks</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or on any <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> land.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persistent and aggressive photography of a single individual may come under the legal definition of <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> to take a photograph in any <a href="/wiki/Court_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of law">court of law</a> of any person, being a judge of the court or a juror or a witness in or a party to any proceedings before the court, whether civil or criminal, or to publish such a photograph. This includes photographs taken in a court building or the precincts of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking a photograph in a court can be seen as a serious offence, leading to a prison sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prohibition on taking photographs in the precincts is vague. It was designed to prevent the undermining of the dignity of the court, through the exploitation of images in low brow "picture papers".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photography of certain subject matter is restricted in the United Kingdom. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Children_Act_1978" title="Protection of Children Act 1978">Protection of Children Act 1978</a> restricts making or possessing pornography of children under 18, or what looks like pornography of under-18s. There is no law prohibiting photographing children in public spaces. </p><p>Taking photographs on private property is also legal. The landowner may, as a condition of granting entry to the private property, choose to place conditions or restrictions on photography, but the only consequence of failure to comply with these conditions is the photographer being required to leave. Landowners and their agents cannot inspect or delete, or require the deletion of, photographs taken this way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-terrorism_law">Anti-terrorism law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-terrorism law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is an offence under the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Terrorism_Act_2008" title="Counter-Terrorism Act 2008">Counter-Terrorism Act 2008</a> to publish or communicate a photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constable</a> (not including <a href="/wiki/Police_Community_Support_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Community Support Officer">PCSOs</a>), a member of the armed forces, or a member of the security services, which is of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism. There is a defence of acting with a reasonable excuse; however, the <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">burden of proof</a> is on the defence, under section 58A of the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a>. A PCSO in 2009 cited <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000#Section_44_powers_(stop_and_search)" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Section 44</a> of the Terrorism Act 2000 to prevent a member of the public photographing him. Section 44 actually concerns stop and search powers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in January 2010 the stop-and-search powers granted under Section 44 were ruled illegal by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>. </p><p>While the Act does not prohibit photography, critics have alleged that powers granted to police under Section 44 have been misused to prevent lawful public photography.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-terrorist_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-terrorist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable instances have included the investigation of a schoolboy,<sup id="cite_ref-schoolboy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoolboy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-pelling_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelling-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-overs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of these powers has since been reduced, and guidance around them issued to discourage their use in relation to photography, following litigation in the European Court of Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-sec44_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec44-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a prolonged campaign, including a series of demonstrations by photographers dealt with by police officers and PCSOs, the Metropolitan Police was forced to issue updated legal advice which confirms that "Members of the public and the media do not need a permit to film or photograph in public places and police have no power to stop them filming or photographing incidents or police personnel" and that "The power to stop and search someone under Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 no longer exists."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is an offence under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 to take a photograph of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism, or possessing such a photograph. There is an identical defence of reasonable excuse. This offence (and possibly, but not necessarily the <span class="nowrap">s. 58(a)</span> offence) covers only a photograph as described in <span class="nowrap">s. 2(3)(b)</span> of the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006" title="Terrorism Act 2006">Terrorism Act 2006</a>. As such, it must be of a kind likely to provide practical assistance to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism. Whether the photograph in question is such is a matter for a jury, which is not required to look at the surrounding circumstances. The photograph must contain information of such a nature as to raise a reasonable suspicion that it was intended to be used to assist in the preparation or commission of an act of terrorism. It must call for an explanation. A photograph which is innocuous on its face will not fall foul of the provision if the prosecution adduces evidence that it was intended to be used for the purpose of committing or preparing a terrorist act. The defence may prove a reasonable excuse simply by showing that the photograph is possessed for a purpose other than to assist in the commission or preparation of an act of terrorism, even if the purpose of possession is otherwise unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright">Copyright</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> can subsist in an original photograph, i.e. a recording of light or other radiation on any medium on which an image is produced or from which an image by any means be produced, and which is not part of a film.<sup id="cite_ref-CDPAs1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDPAs1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst photographs are classified as artistic works, the subsistence of copyright does not depend on artistic merit.<sup id="cite_ref-CDPAs1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDPAs1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owner of the copyright in the photograph is the photographer – the person who creates it,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by default.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, where a photograph is taken by an employee <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">in the course of employment</a>, the first owner of the copyright is the employer, unless there is an agreement to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copyright which subsists in a photograph protects not merely the photographer from direct copying of his/her work, but also from indirect copying to reproduce his/her work, where a substantial part of his/her work has been copied. </p><p>Copyright in a photograph lasts for 70 years from the end of the year in which the photographer dies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consequence of this lengthy period of existence of the copyright is that many family photographs which have no market value, but significant emotional value, remain subject to copyright, even when the original photographer cannot be traced (a problem known as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_orphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright orphan">copyright orphan</a>), has given up photography, or died. In the absence of a licence, it will be an infringement of copyright in the photographs to copy them.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When someone dies the rights will have transferred to someone else, perhaps through testamentary deposition (a will) or by inheritance. If there was no will, or if the photographer has not specified where the rights in the material should go, then the normal rules of inheritance will apply (although these rules are not specific to copyright and legal advice should be sought).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scanning old family photographs, without permission, to a digital file for personal use is <a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a> an infringement of copyright. </p><p>Certain photographs may not be protected by copyright. Section 171(3) of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> gives courts jurisdiction to refrain from enforcing the copyright which subsists in works on the grounds of public interest. For example, <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> diagrams are held to be in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, and are thus not subject to copyright. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infringement">Infringement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Infringement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_photographs_stickers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/No_photographs_stickers.png/220px-No_photographs_stickers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/No_photographs_stickers.png/330px-No_photographs_stickers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/No_photographs_stickers.png/440px-No_photographs_stickers.png 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>"No photographs" sticker. Designed for persons at conferences who do not want any digital likeness of them taken, including video, photography, audio, etc.</figcaption></figure> <p>Infringement of the copyright which subsists in a photograph can be performed through copying the photograph. This is because the owner of the copyright in the photograph has the exclusive right to copy the photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For there to be infringement of the copyright in a photograph, there must be copying of a substantial part of the photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A photograph can also be a mechanism of infringement of the copyright which subsists in another work. For example, a photograph which copies a substantial part of an artistic work, such as a sculpture, painting or another photograph (without permission) would infringe the copyright which subsists in those works. </p><p>However, the subject matter of a photograph is not necessarily subject to an independent copyright. For example, in the Creation Records case,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a photographer, attempting to create a photograph for an album cover, set up an elaborate and artificial scene. A photographer from a newspaper covertly photographed the scene and published it in the newspaper. The court held that the newspaper photographer did not infringe the official photographer's copyright. Copyright did not subsist in the scene itself – it was too temporary to be a collage, and could not be categorised as any other form of artistic work. </p><p>Richard Arnold has criticized the protection of photographs in this manner on two grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firstly, it is argued that photographs should not be protected as artistic works, but should instead be protected in a manner similar to that of sound recordings and films. In other words, copyright should not protect the subject matter of a photograph as a matter of course as a consequence of a photograph being taken.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is argued that protection of photographs as artistic works is anomalous, in that photography is ultimately a medium of reproduction, rather than creation. As such, it is more similar to a film, or sound, recording than a painting or sculpture. Some photographers share this view. For example, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Reichmann" title="Michael Reichmann">Michael Reichmann</a> described photography as an art of disclosure, as opposed to an art of inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, it is argued that the protection of photographs as artistic works leads to bizarre results.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subject matter is protected irrespective of the artistic merit of a photograph. The subject matter of a photograph is protected even when it is not deserving of protection. For copyright to subsist in photographs as artistic works, the photographs must be original, since the English test for originality is based on skill, labour and judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, it is possible that the threshold of originality is very low. Essentially, by this, Arnold is arguing that whilst the subject matter of some photographs may deserve protection, it is inappropriate for the law to presume that the subject matter of all photographs is deserving of protection. </p><p>It is possible to say with a high degree of confidence that photographs of three-dimensional objects, including artistic works, will be treated by a court as themselves original artistic works, and as such, will be subject to copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that a photograph (including a scan – digital scanning counts as photography for the purposes of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988) of a two dimensional artistic work, such as another photograph or a painting will also be subject to copyright if a significant amount of skill, labour and judgment went into its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom">Public art and architecture in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public art and architecture in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 provides a freedom of panorama clause at Section 62, in which photography or filming of buildings, sculptures, and works of artistic craftsmanship that are permanently situated in public spaces, as well as distributions of the resulting images or videos to the public, are not infringements to the copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broad exception makes selling printed images of copyrighted buildings like <a href="/wiki/The_Gherkin" title="The Gherkin">The Gherkin</a> legal without needing to worry of potential incriminations from the architects.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography_and_privacy">Photography and privacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Photography and privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> came into existence in UK law as a consequence of the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> into domestic law through the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>. This can result in restrictions on the publication of photography.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether this right is caused by <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_effect" title="Horizontal effect">horizontal effect</a> of the Human Rights Act 1998 or is judicially created is a matter of some controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right to privacy is protected by Article 8 of the convention. In the context of photography, it stands at odds to the Article 10 right of freedom of expression. As such, courts will consider the public interest in balancing the rights through the legal test of proportionality.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very limited statutory right to privacy exists in the <a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a>. This right is held, for example, by someone who hires a photographer to photograph their wedding. The commissioner,<sup id="cite_ref-CDPAs2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDPAs2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> irrespective of any copyright which he does or does not hold in the photograph,<sup id="cite_ref-CDPAs2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDPAs2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a photograph which was commissioned for private and domestic purposes, where copyright subsists in the photograph, has the right not to have copies of the work issued to the public,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the work exhibited in public<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the work communicated to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this right will not be infringed if the rightholder gives permission. It will not be infringed if the photograph is incidentally included in an artistic work, film, or broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local, state, and national laws govern still and motion photography. Laws vary between jurisdictions, and what is not illegal in one place may be illegal in another. Typical laws in the United States are as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_property">Public property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>It is legal to photograph or videotape anything and anyone on any public property, within reasonable community standards.<sup id="cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krages_photo_rights-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_property_2">Private property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Private property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Museum_photography.jpg/220px-Museum_photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Museum_photography.jpg/330px-Museum_photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Museum_photography.jpg/440px-Museum_photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a> do not allow <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Photography may be prohibited or restricted by a property owner on their property. However, a property owner generally cannot restrict the photographing of the property by individuals who are not within the bounds of the property.<sup id="cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krages_photo_rights-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Photography on private property that is generally open to the public (e.g., a shopping mall) is usually permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs. Even if no such signs are posted, the property owner or agent can ask a person to stop photographing, and if the person refuses to do so, the owner or agent can ask the person to leave; in some jurisdictions, a person who refuses to leave can be arrested for criminal trespass, and many jurisdictions recognize the common-law right to use reasonable force to remove a trespasser; a person who forcibly resists a lawful removal may be liable for battery, assault, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-krages_legal_handbook_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krages_legal_handbook-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_space">Outer space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Outer space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a> of the earth from outer space is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> which requires that a license be issued in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_issues">Privacy issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Privacy issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Privacy laws of the United States</a></div> <ul><li>Photographing private property from within the public domain is not illegal, with the exception of an area that is generally regarded as private, such as a bedroom, bathroom, or hotel room.<sup id="cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krages_photo_rights-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some states there is no definition of "private," in which case, there is a general <a href="/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation of privacy">expectation of privacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Should the subjects not attempt to conceal their private affairs, their actions immediately become public to a photographer using normal photographic equipment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the US, there are multiple laws prohibiting photographing a person's genitalia without that person's permission. This also applies to any filming of another within a public restroom or locker room. Some jurisdictions have banned the use of a telephone with camera functionality within a restroom or locker room in order to prevent this. The United States enacted the Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004 to punish those who intentionally capture an individual's genitalia without consent, when the person knew the subject had an expectation of privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> laws have also been passed addressing this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_photography">Commercial photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commercial photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In certain locations, such as <a href="/wiki/California_State_Parks" title="California State Parks">California State Parks</a>, commercial photography requires a permit and sometimes proof of insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-ca_state_parks_CCR_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca_state_parks_CCR-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ca_state_parks_DPR_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca_state_parks_DPR-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places such as <a href="/wiki/Hermosa_Beach,_California" title="Hermosa Beach, California">the city of Hermosa Beach in California</a>, commercial photography on both public property and private property is subject to permit regulations and possibly also insurance requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-hermosa_beach_ca_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hermosa_beach_ca-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal_National_Historical_Park" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park</a>, commercial photography requires a permit under certain circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For photography that involves the <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> of a commercial product or service, or photography that involves <a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">sets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">props</a> or <a href="/wiki/Model_(person)" title="Model (person)">models</a>, a permit is required.<sup id="cite_ref-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, if the photography has aspects that may be disruptive to others, such as additional equipment or a significant number of personnel or the use of public areas for more than four hours, it is necessary to obtain a permit.<sup id="cite_ref-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a photographer or related personnel need to access an area during a time when the area is normally closed, or if access to a restricted area is involved, the photography requires a permit.<sup id="cite_ref-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For commercial <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">portrait photographers</a>, there is a streamlined process for photography permits.<sup id="cite_ref-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesapeake_ohio_canal_natl_park-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park system</a> units, <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">commercial filming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">audio recording</a> requires a permit and liability insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-natl_park_photo_permits_NPS_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natl_park_photo_permits_NPS-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Still photography</a> that uses models or props for the purpose of commercial advertising requires a permit and proof of insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-natl_park_photo_permits_NPS_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natl_park_photo_permits_NPS-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natl_park_photo_permits_CFR_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natl_park_photo_permits_CFR-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If a photograph shows private property in such a manner that a viewer of the photograph can identify the owner of the property, the ASMP (American Society of Media Photographers, Inc.) recommends that a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_release&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Property release (page does not exist)">property release</a> should be used if the photograph is to be used for advertising or commercial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-asmp_faq1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asmp_faq1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ASMP, a property release may be a requirement in such a situation.<sup id="cite_ref-asmp_faq1_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asmp_faq1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_United_States">Public art and architecture in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public art and architecture in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#United_States" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law of the United States</a> only provides a panorama exception limited to the architectural works, found at Section 120(a): "The copyright in an architectural work that has been constructed does not include the right to prevent the making, distributing, or public display of pictures, paintings, photographs, or other pictorial representations of the work, if the building in which the work is embodied is located in or ordinarily visible from a public place."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial_Without_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial_Without_Soldiers.jpg/220px-Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial_Without_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial_Without_Soldiers.jpg/330px-Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial_Without_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial_Without_Soldiers.jpg/440px-Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial_Without_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>Censored image of the Korean War Veterans Memorial, subject of a lawsuit against the United States Postal Service and the photographer of an image used in the incriminated commemorative stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>For works of art meant to be located in public spaces, Attorney Charlie Damschen of Hamilton IP Law in Iowa explained that an artist still holds copyright, though <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> principle exists that permits "transformative" uses of these works, such as in commentary, criticism, news, and parody. But if the public art was reproduced in photographs or videos and those reproductions were made with profit-making intent, the use is no longer subject to fair use defense.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Gaylord v. United States</i> case, concerning the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>'s use of an image of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans Memorial</a> for their 2003 commemorative stamps, the photographer of the said image – former Marine John Alli – was included in the copyright infringement lawsuit filed by the monument creator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gaylord" title="Frank Gaylord">Frank Gaylord</a> against the postal service. Ultimately, a settlement was reached between Alli and Gaylord, with the photographer promising to pay the sculptor a 10% royalty for any subsequent sales of his photograph of the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freely-licensed photographs of <i><a href="/wiki/Clothespin_(Oldenburg)" title="Clothespin (Oldenburg)">Clothespin</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> sculpture authored by <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a>, which were published on <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> were removed after a <a href="/wiki/DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA">DMCA</a> take-down notice was issued by the sculptor's representative against the Wikimedia Foundation, and the photographer chose not to contest the complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accident_scenes_and_law_enforcement">Accident scenes and law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Accident scenes and law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></div> <ul><li>Photographing or videoing accident scenes and law enforcement or emergency activities is usually legal,<sup id="cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krages_photo_rights-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as long as a person does not interfere with their response or situation. Nonetheless, journalists and others have been harassed or arrested when photographing or filming police activity, leading to the formation of the organization <a href="/wiki/Photography_Is_Not_a_Crime" title="Photography Is Not a Crime">Photography Is Not a Crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Filming with the intent of doing unlawful harm against a subject may be a violation of the law in itself.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal legislation governs the questions of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and criminal offences with respect to photography. Otherwise, the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> (in Quebec, the <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a></i>), generally determines when photography can take place. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Act of Canada">Copyright Act</a></i> provides that the duration of copyright for a photograph is the life of the author plus 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a> is also allowed, with respect to photographs of sculptures and architectural works,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is also protection for those who "incidentally and not deliberately include a work or other subject-matter in another work or other subject-matter."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a></i> provides for punishment of various offences, including <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trespassing at night,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Paparazzi" title="Paparazzi">paparazzi</a> behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The law of <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">trespass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> is governed at the provincial level. <ul><li>The common-law provinces of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> have enacted privacy legislation dealing with <a href="/wiki/Personality_rights" title="Personality rights">personality rights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which supplement the law of trespass.</li> <li>In Quebec, the <i>Civil Code</i> goes further by specifying that "keeping ... private life under observation by any means" constitutes an additional ground of invasion of privacy. In <i><a href="/wiki/Aubry_v_%C3%89ditions_Vice-Versa_Inc" title="Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc">Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> held that, because of that, supplemented by Quebec's <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a></i> privacy provisions, a photographer can take photographs in public places but may not publish them unless permission has been obtained from the subject, except where the subject appears in an incidental manner, or whose professional success depends on public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_2">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">French civil code</a> prescribes a simple clause guaranteeing privacy rights to everyone. The French penal code stipulates that unauthorized photographs of individuals in private properties are liable to a one-year term of imprisonment and a fine of €45,000. Consent is also required for publications of images of individuals in public spaces, but no consent is needed if the subject in public space is a public figure, if the ordinary individual is photographed as part of a large crowd, or if the publication of the same ordinary individual "is in the public interest". Strict rules also apply to publications of images of any individuals inside automobiles, as cars are considered private spaces. Additionally, strict rules apply to images of minors and deceased individuals whose relatives may object to public displays of their photographs. "Publication" in France includes posting of images on social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art_and_architecture_in_France">Public art and architecture in France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Public art and architecture in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#France" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § France</a></div> <p>Freedom to use photographs of French public landmarks is restricted to non-commercial purposes, in accordance with Article L122-5(11°) of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">copyright law of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine_FOPed_grey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine_FOPed_grey.jpg/220px-Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine_FOPed_grey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine_FOPed_grey.jpg/330px-Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine_FOPed_grey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine_FOPed_grey.jpg/440px-Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine_FOPed_grey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Censored image of Grande Arche, subject of a 1990 French court ruling incriminating a postcard publisher</figcaption></figure> <p>It is a copyright infringement to photograph a public building for commercial purposes without authorization from rightsholders, whether they are the architect of the building or the entity to whom the architect has assigned their rights. Two separate rulings in 1990 by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">French supreme court</a> ruled that unauthorized postcards depicting <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_G%C3%A9ode" title="La Géode">La Géode</a> as main subjects were infringements to architectural copyrights. However, French jurisprudence traditionally recognized that photographs available for commercial use in which copyrighted landmarks are <a href="/wiki/De_minimis#Copyright" title="De minimis">minor elements</a> are not infringing copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipovetsky2012_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipovetsky2012-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photographing_the_Eiffel_Tower_at_dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Photographing_the_Eiffel_Tower_at_dusk.jpg/220px-Photographing_the_Eiffel_Tower_at_dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Photographing_the_Eiffel_Tower_at_dusk.jpg/330px-Photographing_the_Eiffel_Tower_at_dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Photographing_the_Eiffel_Tower_at_dusk.jpg/440px-Photographing_the_Eiffel_Tower_at_dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The illuminated Eiffel Tower at dusk being photographed</figcaption></figure> <p>Commercial uses of images of an illuminated <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>, such as in magazines, on film posters, or on packaging, may be subject to prior authorizations from <i>Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel</i> (SETE), the tower's operating company who claims copyright on the illuminations although its claim has not been legally challenged. A 2014 article in the <i>Art Law Journal</i> suggested there would be no legal problems for tourists posting casual photographs of the illuminated tower on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the restrictive French copyright law, it is often rare to find images or videos of the lit tower at night on stock image websites, and media outlets rarely broadcast images or videos of it.<sup id="cite_ref-petapixeleiffel_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petapixeleiffel-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thecultureeiffel_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecultureeiffel-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photograph_copyright_(Germany)" title="Photograph copyright (Germany)">Photograph copyright (Germany)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art_and_architecture_in_Germany">Public art and architecture in Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Public art and architecture in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#Germany" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § Germany</a></div> <p>German public art meant for permanent fixtures in public spaces and exteriors of German buildings can be freely photographed courtesy of Section 59 of the <a href="/wiki/German_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="German copyright law">German copyright law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German courts have ruled that <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> photographs of copyrighted pieces of the aforementioned works do not enjoy the aforementioned panorama exemption, since the airspace is "generally inaccessible to the public" and such images should not be published, distributed, or marketed to the public. The legal privilege only protects images of copyrighted pieces of artworks and architecture taken from the street level.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiu_Keng_Leng_Public_Library_No_photography_notice1_201507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiu_Keng_Leng_Public_Library_No_photography_notice1_201507.jpg/250px-Tiu_Keng_Leng_Public_Library_No_photography_notice1_201507.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiu_Keng_Leng_Public_Library_No_photography_notice1_201507.jpg/375px-Tiu_Keng_Leng_Public_Library_No_photography_notice1_201507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiu_Keng_Leng_Public_Library_No_photography_notice1_201507.jpg/500px-Tiu_Keng_Leng_Public_Library_No_photography_notice1_201507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A sign declaring "No Phototaking" inside a Hong Kong public library</figcaption></figure> <p>In some public property owned by government, such as law courts,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> government buildings, libraries, civic centres <sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of the museums in Hong Kong, photography is not allowed without permission from the government. It is illegal to equip or take photographs and recording in a place of public entertainment, such as cinemas and indoor theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In private property, photography may be prohibited or restricted by a property owner on their property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Photography on private property that is generally open to the public (e.g., a shopping mall) is usually permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs. Even if no such signs are posted, the property owner or agent can ask a person to stop photographing, and if the person refuses to do so, the owner or agent can ask the person to leave; in some jurisdictions, a person who refuses to leave can be arrested for criminal trespass, and many jurisdictions recognize the common-law right to use reasonable force to remove a trespasser; a person who forcibly resists a lawful removal may be liable for battery, assault, or both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungary">Hungary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hungary, from 15 March 2014 when the long-awaited Civil Code was published, the law re-stated what had been normal practice, namely, that a person had the right to refuse being photographed. However, <a href="/wiki/Implied_consent" title="Implied consent">implied consent</a> exists: it is not illegal to photograph a person who does not actively object.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iceland">Iceland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calling oneself a photographer, in line with most other trades in Iceland, requires the person to hold a Journeyman's or Master's Certificates in the industry. Exceptions can be made in low population areas, or for people coming from within the EEA.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning use of public spaces in Iceland, the Icelandic copyright law does not permit a freedom of panorama exception. While it is allowed to publish photographs of public art or architecture under Article 16 of the law, reusers are compelled to pay remuneration to the author of the depicted work if the work becomes the main object of the photograph and the use is commercial. Newspapers and television broadcasters are exempted from the aforementioned mandatory remuneration.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macau">Macau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Macau, a photographer must not take or publish any photographs of a person against his/her will without legal justification, even in a public place. Besides, everyone has a right to Personality Rights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> People are not to be photographed, photographs of them displayed or reproduced without their prior consent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Criminal penalties include imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, photography of police officers in Macau is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexico">Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexican law is similar to the law in the United States. Authorities may intimidate or prevent any holder of a camera if they come into close perimeters of Government buildings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_law_of_the_Philippines">Privacy law of the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Privacy law of the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Respicio & Co. opines that photographing public places is generally permissible, but it becomes an issue if the photographs cause harm to the privacy or integrity of the individuals depicted. Respicio cites both the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Data_Privacy_Act_of_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Privacy Act of 2012">Data Privacy Act of 2012</a> as the governing laws regarding photography and privacy rights of individuals depicted in the photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2022 advisory opinion by the National Privacy Commission, regarding the legality of taking photographs of certain medical facilities as part of a health monitoring activity by a local division of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Department of Health</a>, a photograph of an identifiable person was deemed "personal information" under the scope of the Data Privacy Act. The commission listed the following lawful cases of the use of this personal information as prescribed by Section 12 of the Data Privacy Act:<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The data subject has given their consent.</li> <li>The processing of personal information is necessary and is related to the fulfillment of a contract with the data subject or in order to take steps at the request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract.</li> <li>The processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the personal information controller is subject.</li> <li>The processing is necessary to protect vitally important interests of the data subject, including life and health.</li> <li>The processing is necessary in order to respond to national emergency, to comply with the requirements of public order and safety, or to fulfill functions of public authority which necessarily includes the processing of personal data for the fulfillment of its mandate.</li> <li>The processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the personal information controller or by a third party or parties to whom the data is disclosed, except where such interests are overridden by fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection under the Philippine Constitution.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_spaces_in_the_Philippines">Public spaces in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Public spaces in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a controversy among Filipino photographers and establishment managements. On June 12, 2013, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Independence Day">Philippine Independence Day</a>, pro-photography group, Bawal Mag-Shoot Dito (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">No Shooting Here</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) launched at the Freedom to Shoot Day protest at <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a>. The group protested for their right to take photos of historical and public places, especially in Luneta and <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>. The park management imposed a fee for <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> photographers to shoot images for commercial purposes but it was also reported that security guards also charge <span style="white-space: nowrap">₱500</span> to shoot photos even for non-commercial purposes, an act which the advocacy group branded as "extortion". The group also claimed that there is discrimination against Filipino photographers and claimed that the management is lenient on foreign photographers. There is no official policy on taking photographs of historical places and the group has called legislators to create a law on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Philippines)" title="Department of Tourism (Philippines)">Department of Tourism</a>, in their November 15, 2011 press release, clarified that everyone is permitted to take photographs at Rizal Park and <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> for personal or souvenir purposes. The department stated that prior permission from the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Development_Committee" title="National Parks Development Committee">National Parks Development Committee</a> (NPDC, for Rizal Park) or the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros_Administration" title="Intramuros Administration">Intramuros Administration</a> (for Intramuros) is needed for shoots of commercial nature, "to ensure that the well-being of the photographers are taken care of, as well as make certain that everything goes smoothly during the shoot."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NPDC issued rules in 2018 aimed at regulating photography and videography at both Rizal and <a href="/wiki/Paco_Park" title="Paco Park">Paco Parks</a>, after an incident wherein filmmaker Chris Cahilig and boy band <a href="/wiki/1:43_(band)" title="1:43 (band)">1:43</a> were intercepted by the personnel of Rizal Park for failing to secure permission from NPDC before doing a video session. While casual snapshots for personal or souvenir purposes through mobile phones and simple cameras are tolerated, prior permission is required for photography and videography of the parks for commercial, professional, reporting, interviewing, and special occasion purposes, as well as sessions that may cause disruption at the parks. Additionally, consent from the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a> (NHCP) is necessary for shoots involving both the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Monument" title="Rizal Monument">Rizal Monument</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Flagpole" title="Independence Flagpole">the Philippine Flag</a>. Cahilig reacted to the policy, calling it "anti-tourism" and "backward".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, the Bawal Mag-Shoot Dito group held a "Tigil Pitik Photowalk" <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Stop Shooing Photowalk</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> at the <a href="/wiki/Arroceros_Urban_Forest_Park" title="Arroceros Urban Forest Park">Arroceros Urban Forest Park</a> in protest of restrictive policies across various public parks in the country prohibiting the taking of photos for personal and non-commercial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-TigilPitikPhotowalk_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigilPitikPhotowalk-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art_and_architecture_in_the_Philippines">Public art and architecture in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Public art and architecture in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#Philippines" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § Philippines</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines</a></i>, or Republic Act 8293, does not permit a freedom of panorama exception allowing artistic works and architecture situated in public spaces in the Philippines to be photographed and used for commercial purposes without needing the permission from the copyright holders of the said works of art; for example, shooting a video of a public space with a building authored by an architect who is a <a href="/wiki/National_Artist_of_the_Philippines" title="National Artist of the Philippines">National Artist</a>, and selling the said video to Netflix.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> photographing people in public is legal.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reproducing and selling photographs of people is legal for editorial and limited fair use commercial purposes. There exists no case law to define what the limits on commercial use are. Civil law requires the consent of any identifiable persons for advertorial and promotional purposes. Property, including animals, do not enjoy any special consideration. </p><p>During the media coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandla</a> controversy it emerged that there exists a law, the <a href="/wiki/National_Key_Points_Act,_1980" title="National Key Points Act, 1980">National Key Points Act, 1980</a>, prohibiting the photographing of any "national key points." National key points are buildings or structures that serve a strategic or military purpose. Though it wasn't revealed what these are as part of state secrecy it was claimed that the presidential residence is one of them and should thus not be shown in media. Subsequent court action resulted in it being ruled that a list of all key points be made public. Although not currently or previously enforced the law is still in effect even after calls for it to be repealed as a relic of apartheid-era secrecy legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taking pictures or recording police officers is legal, what is a serious offence to share or publish those images if: </p> <ol><li>they could put at risk the police officers and their families from harassment</li> <li>they could put at risk a planned police operation</li> <li>taken at a strategic or classified facilities.</li></ol> <p>If none of the 3 mentioned cases apply, it is only legal to share those images if the faces, voices and any identity signs are removed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sudan_and_South_Sudan">Sudan and South Sudan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sudan and South Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Travelers who wish to take photographs must obtain a photography permit from the Ministry of Interior, Department of Aliens (Sudan)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Ministry of Information (South Sudan).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns" title="Google Street View privacy concerns">Google Street View privacy concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_selfie" title="Ballot selfie">Ballot selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_release" title="Model release">Model release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illustrated in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipit-update.com/copy50.htm"><i>Norowzian v Arks</i> case</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201144636/http://www.ipit-update.com/copy50.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In this case, it was noted that the copyright in a film would be infringed only though photographic copying of a substantial part, as opposed to mere recreation of the film. It was, however, also held that a film could be protected by copyright both as a film and as a dramatic work, provided, of course, that it fulfilled the requirements of protection of a dramatic work, on the facts. The claimant, was eventually unsuccessful. It was held that whilst the film in question in fact had copyright subsist in it both as a film and as a dramatic work, this copyright was not infringed, because there was no copying of a substantial part.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mondaq.com/australia/crime/797520/photography-and-the-law-when-is-it-illegal-to-take-a-photo">"Photography and the law – when is it illegal to take a photo? - Criminal Law - Australia"</a>. <i>www.mondaq.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102151955/https://www.mondaq.com/australia/crime/797520/photography-and-the-law-when-is-it-illegal-to-take-a-photo">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mondaq.com&rft.atitle=Photography+and+the+law+%E2%80%93+when+is+it+illegal+to+take+a+photo%3F+-+Criminal+Law+-+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Faustralia%2Fcrime%2F797520%2Fphotography-and-the-law-when-is-it-illegal-to-take-a-photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artslaw.com.au/info-sheets/info-sheet/street-photographers-rights/">"Arts Law : Information Sheet : Street photographer's rights"</a>. <i>Arts Law</i>. 27 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327081713/https://www.artslaw.com.au/info-sheets/info-sheet/street-photographers-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arts+Law&rft.atitle=Arts+Law+%3A+Information+Sheet+%3A+Street+photographer%27s+rights&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artslaw.com.au%2Finfo-sheets%2Finfo-sheet%2Fstreet-photographers-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capturemag.com.au/advice/know-you-rights-shooting-in-public">"Know you rights - Shooting in public - Capture magazine"</a>. <i>www.capturemag.com.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311025221/http://www.capturemag.com.au/advice/know-you-rights-shooting-in-public">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capturemag.com.au&rft.atitle=Know+you+rights+-+Shooting+in+public+-+Capture+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capturemag.com.au%2Fadvice%2Fknow-you-rights-shooting-in-public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawpath.com.au/blog/legal-film-public-places">"Is It Legal To Film In Public Places?"</a>. <i>LawPath</i>. 2017-06-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329015255/https://lawpath.com.au/blog/legal-film-public-places">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LawPath&rft.atitle=Is+It+Legal+To+Film+In+Public+Places%3F&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawpath.com.au%2Fblog%2Flegal-film-public-places&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-met_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">[Members of the public and the media do not need a permit to film or photograph in public places and police have no power to stop them filming or photographing incidents or police personnel. "Met Police Photography advice"]. <i>Met Police</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Met+Police&rft.atitle=Met+Police+Photography+advice&rft_id=Members+of+the+public+and+the+media+do+not+need+a+permit+to+film+or+photograph+in+public+places+and+police+have+no+power+to+stop+them+filming+or+photographing+incidents+or+police+personnel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ask-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ask_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.askthe.police.uk/content/Q717.htm">"Ask The Police"</a>. <i>Police National Legal Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001222040/https://www.askthe.police.uk/content/Q717.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IP%2FIT-Update&rft.atitle=Case+Note%3A+Creation+Records+Ltd.+v+News+Group+Newspapers&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipit-update.com%2Fcopy21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Arnold, “Copyright in Photographs: A Case for Reform” [2005] <a href="/wiki/European_Intellectual_Property_Review" title="European Intellectual Property Review">European Intellectual Property Review</a> 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichmann" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Reichmann" title="Michael Reichmann">Reichmann, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/theartof.shtml">"The Art of Photography"</a>. The Luminous Landscape. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227065319/http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/theartof.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Photography&rft.pub=The+Luminous+Landscape&rft.aulast=Reichmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminous-landscape.com%2Fessays%2Ftheartof.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.out-law.com/page-8688">"Antiquesportfolio.com plc v Rodney Fitch & Co Ltd"</a>. Pinsent Masons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127165445/http://www.out-law.com/page-8688">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiquesportfolio.com+plc+v+Rodney+Fitch+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.pub=Pinsent+Masons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.out-law.com%2Fpage-8688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Sawkins v Hyperion Records [2005] EWCA Civ 565 at [79]-[84]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> s 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fullfact.org/europe/eu-gherkin-and-freedom-panorama/">"The EU, the Gherkin and 'freedom of panorama'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></i>. 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Full+Fact&rft.atitle=The+EU%2C+the+Gherkin+and+%27freedom+of+panorama%27&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffullfact.org%2Feurope%2Feu-gherkin-and-freedom-panorama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> sections 2 & 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> Schedule 1, Part 1, Article 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosley v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2008] EWHC 1777 (QB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd [2004] UKHL 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray v Express Newspapers Plc [2008] EWCA Civ 446</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Morgan, "Privacy in the House of Lords, Again" (2004), 120 <i>Law Quarterly Review</i> 563, 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDPAs2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDPAs2_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDPAs2_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> s 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> s 85(1)a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> s 85(1)a Paragraph B</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> s 85(1)a Paragraph C</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> s 85(2)(a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krages_photo_rights-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krages_photo_rights_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrages_II,_Bert_P" class="citation web cs1">Krages II, Bert P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krages.com/ThePhotographersRight.pdf">"The Photographer's Right"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210233720/http://www.krages.com/ThePhotographersRight.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Photographer%27s+Right&rft.au=Krages+II%2C+Bert+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krages.com%2FThePhotographersRight.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krages_legal_handbook-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krages_legal_handbook_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrages2007" class="citation book cs1">Krages, Bert P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krages.com/bpkphoto.htm"><i>Legal Handbook for Photographers</i></a> (2nd ed.). Buffalo, NY: Amherst Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58428-194-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58428-194-8"><bdi>978-1-58428-194-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709083517/http://www.krages.com/bpkphoto.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Handbook+for+Photographers&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Amherst+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58428-194-8&rft.aulast=Krages&rft.aufirst=Bert+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krages.com%2Fbpkphoto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/CRSRA/licenseHome.html">"Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs"</a>. <i>The NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)</i>. NOAA. 2018-03-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525234734/https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/CRSRA/licenseHome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-31</span></span>. <q>It is unlawful for any person who is subject to the jurisdiction or control of the United States, directly or through any subsidiary or affiliate to operate a private remote sensing space system without possession of a valid license issued under the Act and the regulations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NOAA+National+Environmental+Satellite%2C+Data%2C+and+Information+Service+%28NESDIS%29&rft.atitle=Commercial+Remote+Sensing+Regulatory+Affairs&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdis.noaa.gov%2FCRSRA%2FlicenseHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Brittany (Fall 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/vermjenvilaw.17.1.138">"Big Brother Watching Mother Nature: Conservation Drones and Their International and Domestic Privacy Implications"</a>. <i>Vermont Journal of Environmental Law</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>159. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312052642/https://www.jstor.org/stable/vermjenvilaw.17.1.138">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vermont+Journal+of+Environmental+Law&rft.atitle=Big+Brother+Watching+Mother+Nature%3A+Conservation+Drones+and+Their+International+and+Domestic+Privacy+Implications&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Brittany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fvermjenvilaw.17.1.138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s108-1301">"S. 1301 [108th]: Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004"</a>. GovTrack.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+1301+%5B108th%26%2393%3B%3A+Video+Voyeurism+Prevention+Act+of+2004&rft.pub=GovTrack.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Ds108-1301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/AGP.Net/Components/documentViewer/Download.aspxnz?DocumentID=40459">"Video Voyeurism Laws"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+Voyeurism+Laws&rft.pub=The+National+Center+for+Victims+of+Crime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncvc.org%2Fncvc%2FAGP.Net%2FComponents%2FdocumentViewer%2FDownload.aspxnz%3FDocumentID%3D40459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca_state_parks_CCR-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ca_state_parks_CCR_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calregs.com/">California Code of Regulations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820091522/http://www.calregs.com/">Archived</a> 2008-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Title 14, Section 4316, Commercial Filming. Retrieved 2010-12-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca_state_parks_DPR-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ca_state_parks_DPR_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1027">"Definition of Commercial Filming Projects"</a>. State of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027144323/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1027">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+Management&rft.atitle=The+value+of+information+in+South+Africa%27s+new+democracy&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10566%2F3811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57358182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0143-5124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FLM-09-2017-0087&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft.au=Nassimbeni%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%2FLM-09-2017-0087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+and+the+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudan.usembassy.gov/information_for_travelers.html">"Information for Travelers: Visiting Sudan"</a> <a 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones689" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones689" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile<br />networks</a>,<br />protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><b>Digital</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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