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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bacteriology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bacteriology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bacteriology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bacteriology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serotyping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serotyping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Serotyping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serotyping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lysogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lysogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lysogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lysogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virulence_factors" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bionanotechnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bionanotechnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bionanotechnology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bionanotechnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Genome editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="عقدية مقيحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقدية مقيحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D8%B2" title="استرپتوکوک پیوژنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استرپتوکوک پیوژنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EB%86%8D%EC%84%B1%EC%97%B0%EC%87%84%EC%83%81%EA%B5%AC%EA%B7%A0" title="화농성연쇄상구균 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화농성연쇄상구균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%87" title="عقديه مقيحه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقديه مقيحه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%86%BF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" title="化膿レンサ球菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化膿レンサ球菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_A-streptokokker" title="Gruppe A-streptokokker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gruppe A-streptokokker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Пиогени стрептокок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиогени стрептокок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piogeni_streptokok" title="Piogeni streptokok – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Piogeni streptokok" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Streptococcus pyogenes" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%84%93%E6%80%A7%E9%93%BE%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" title="化脓性链球菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化脓性链球菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bacterium</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_Pyogenes_(Group_A_Strep)_(52602981880).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852602981880%29.jpg/220px-Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852602981880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852602981880%29.jpg/330px-Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852602981880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852602981880%29.jpg/440px-Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852602981880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="813" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">False-color scanning electron micrograph of chain of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> bacteria (yellow) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Streptococcus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">Lactobacillales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Streptococcaceae" title="Streptococcaceae">Streptococcaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus"><i>Streptococcus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. pyogenes</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Rosenbach 1884</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Streptococcus pyogenes</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">Gram-positive</a>, aerotolerant <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i>. These bacteria are <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a>, and made up of non-motile and non-sporing <a href="/wiki/Cocci" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocci">cocci</a> (round cells) that tend to link in chains. They are clinically important for humans, as they are an infrequent, but usually <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Skin_microbiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin microbiota">skin microbiota</a> that can cause <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">group A streptococcal infection</a>. <i>S. pyogenes</i> is the predominant species harboring the <a href="/wiki/Lancefield_grouping" title="Lancefield grouping">Lancefield</a> group A <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>, and is often called <b>group A <i>Streptococcus</i></b> (<b>GAS</b>). However, both <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_dysgalactiae" title="Streptococcus dysgalactiae">Streptococcus dysgalactiae</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_anginosus" title="Streptococcus anginosus">Streptococcus anginosus</a></i> group can possess group A antigen as well. Group A streptococci, when grown on <a href="/wiki/Blood_agar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood agar">blood agar</a>, typically produce small (2–3 mm) zones of <a href="/wiki/Beta-hemolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hemolysis">beta-hemolysis</a>, a complete <a href="/wiki/Lysis" title="Lysis">destruction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. The name <b>group A (beta-hemolytic) <i>Streptococcus</i></b> is thus also used.<sup id="cite_ref-PSDS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The species name is derived from Greek words meaning 'a chain' (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">streptos</i></span>) of berries (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">coccus</i></span> [Latinized from <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">kokkos</i></span>]) and <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">pyo</i></span>)-forming (<i>genes</i>), since a number of infections caused by the bacterium produce pus. The main criterion for differentiation between <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> spp. and <i>Streptococcus</i> spp. is the <a href="/wiki/Catalase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalase test">catalase test</a>. Staphylococci are catalase positive whereas streptococci are catalase-negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S. pyogenes</i> can be <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">cultured</a> on fresh blood agar plates. The <a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidonyl-%CE%B2-naphthylamide" title="Pyrrolidonyl-β-naphthylamide">PYR</a> test allows for the differentiation of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> from other morphologically similar beta-hemolytic streptococci (including <i>S. dysgalactiae</i> subsp. <i>esquismilis</i>) as <i>S. pyogenes</i> will produce a positive test result.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 700 million GAS infections occur worldwide each year. While the overall mortality rate for these infections is less than 0.1%, over 650,000 of the cases are severe and invasive, and these cases have a mortality rate of 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early recognition and treatment are critical; <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnostic failure</a> can result in <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> and death.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT71112_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT71112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT71812_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT71812-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S. pyogenes</i> is clinically and historically significant as the cause of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, which results from exposure to the species' <a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">exotoxin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29939666_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29939666-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/220px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/330px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/440px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Chains of <i>S. pyogenes</i> bacteria (orange) at 900× magnification</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gram_stain_of_Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gram_stain_of_Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/220px-Gram_stain_of_Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gram_stain_of_Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/330px-Gram_stain_of_Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Gram_stain_of_Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a> of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most bacterial pathogens, <i>S. pyogenes</i> only infects humans. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic transmission</a> from an animal (or animal products) to a human is rare.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>S. pyogenes</i> typically colonizes the throat, genital mucosa, <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, and skin. Of healthy adults, 1% to 5% have throat, vaginal, or rectal carriage, with children being more common carriers. Most frequently, transmission from one person to another occurs due to inhalation of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplet" title="Respiratory droplet">respiratory droplets</a>, produced by sneezing and coughing from an infected person. Skin contact, contact with <a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">objects</a> harboring the bacterium, and consumption of contaminated food are possible but uncommon modes of transmission. <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Streptococcal pharyngitis</a> occurs most frequently in late winter to early spring in most countries as indoor spaces are used more often and thus more crowded. Disease cases are the lowest during autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-epidemiology_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epidemiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maternal <i>S. pyogenes</i> infection usually happens in late pregnancy, at more than 30 weeks of <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">gestation</a> to four weeks <a href="/wiki/Postpartum" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum">postpartum</a>. Maternal infections account for 2 to 4% of all clinically diagnosed <i>S. pyogenes</i> infections.<sup id="cite_ref-epidemiology_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epidemiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> is relatively high compared to other bacterial infections acquired during pregnancy, and <i>S. pyogenes</i> is a leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a> and death in pregnant and postpartum women.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bacteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_Pyogenes_(Group_A_Strep)_(52606801786).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852606801786%29.jpg/220px-Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852606801786%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852606801786%29.jpg/330px-Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852606801786%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852606801786%29.jpg/440px-Streptococcus_Pyogenes_%28Group_A_Strep%29_%2852606801786%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>False-color <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> image of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (orange) during <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> with a human <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophil</a> (blue)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serotyping">Serotyping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Serotyping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lancefield" title="Rebecca Lancefield">Rebecca Lancefield</a> published a method for serotyping <i>S. pyogenes</i> based on its cell-wall polysaccharide,<sup id="cite_ref-Pignanelli_2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pignanelli_2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> factor displayed on its surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancefield_1928_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancefield_1928-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1946, Lancefield described the serologic classification of <i>S. pyogenes</i> isolates based on components of their surface <a href="/wiki/Pilus" title="Pilus">pili</a> (known as the T-antigen)<sup id="cite_ref-Lancefield_1946_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancefield_1946-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are used by bacteria to attach to host cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Mora_2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mora_2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, a total of 120 M proteins are identified. These <a href="/wiki/M_protein_(Streptococcus)" title="M protein (Streptococcus)">M proteins</a> are encoded by 234 types <i>emm</i> gene with greater than 1,200 alleles.<sup id="cite_ref-epidemiology_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epidemiology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lysogeny">Lysogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lysogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All strains of <i>S. pyogenes</i> are polylysogenized, in that they carry one or more bacteriophage on their genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti_2001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti_2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the 'phages may be defective, but in some cases active 'phage may compensate for defects in others.<sup id="cite_ref-Canchaya_2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canchaya_2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the genome of <i>S. pyogenes</i> strains isolated during disease are >90% identical, they differ by the 'phage they carry.<sup id="cite_ref-Banks_2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banks_2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virulence_factors">Virulence factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Virulence factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>S. pyogenes</i> has several <a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">virulence factors</a> that enable it to attach to host tissues, evade the immune response, and spread by penetrating host tissue layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A carbohydrate-based <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_capsule" title="Bacterial capsule">bacterial capsule</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">hyaluronic acid</a> surrounds the bacterium, protecting it from <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neutrophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophils">neutrophils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the capsule and several factors embedded in the cell wall, including <a href="/wiki/M_protein_(Streptococcus)" title="M protein (Streptococcus)">M protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipoteichoic_acid" title="Lipoteichoic acid">lipoteichoic acid</a>, and protein F (SfbI) facilitate attachment to various host cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bisno_2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisno_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M protein also inhibits <a href="/wiki/Opsonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsonization">opsonization</a> by the alternative <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement pathway</a> by binding to host complement regulators. The M protein found on some serotypes is also able to prevent opsonization by binding to <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the M protein is also the weakest point in this pathogen's defense, as <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> against M protein target the bacteria for engulfment by <a href="/wiki/Phagocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagocytes">phagocytes</a>. M proteins are unique to each strain, and identification can be used clinically to confirm the strain causing an infection.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Streptolysin O </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">exotoxin</a>, one of the bases of the organism's beta-hemolytic property, streptolysin O causes an immune response and detection of antibodies to it; antistreptolysin O (ASO) can be clinically used to confirm a recent infection. It is damaged by oxygen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Streptolysin S </td> <td>A cardiotoxic exotoxin, another beta-hemolytic component, not immunogenic and O<sub>2</sub> stable: A potent cell poison affecting many types of cell including neutrophils, platelets, and subcellular organelles. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">Superantigens</a> secreted by many strains of <i>S. pyogenes</i>: This <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pyrogenic_exotoxin" title="Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin">streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin</a> is responsible for the rash of scarlet fever and many of the symptoms of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, also known as toxic shock like syndrome (TSLS). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) </td> <td>A cysteine protease and the predominant secreted protein. Multiple actions, including degrading the extracellular matrix, cytokines, complement components, and immunoglobulins. Also called <a href="/wiki/Streptopain" title="Streptopain">streptopain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Streptokinase" title="Streptokinase">Streptokinase</a> </td> <td>Enzymatically activates <a href="/wiki/Plasminogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasminogen">plasminogen</a>, a proteolytic enzyme, into <a href="/wiki/Plasmin" title="Plasmin">plasmin</a>, which in turn digests <a href="/wiki/Fibrin" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a> and other proteins </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyaluronidase" title="Hyaluronidase">Hyaluronidase</a> </td> <td>Hyaluronidase is widely assumed to facilitate the spread of the bacteria through tissues by breaking down <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">hyaluronic acid</a>, an important component of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. However, very few isolates of <i>S. pyogenes</i> are capable of secreting active hyaluronidase due to mutations in the gene that encodes the enzyme. Moreover, the few isolates capable of secreting hyaluronidase do not appear to need it to spread through tissues or to cause skin lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr_2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the true role of hyaluronidase in pathogenesis, if any, remains unknown. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Streptodornase </td> <td>Most strains of <i>S. pyogenes</i> secrete up to four different <a href="/wiki/DNase" class="mw-redirect" title="DNase">DNases</a>, which are sometimes called streptodornase. The DNases protect the bacteria from being trapped in <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil_extracellular_traps" title="Neutrophil extracellular traps">neutrophil extracellular traps</a> (NETs) by digesting the NETs' web of DNA, to which are bound <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophil</a> <a href="/wiki/Serine_protease" title="Serine protease">serine proteases</a> that can kill the bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_5a" title="Complement component 5a">C5a</a> <a href="/wiki/Peptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptidase">peptidase</a> </td> <td>C5a peptidase cleaves a potent <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophil</a> chemotaxin called <a href="/wiki/Complement_component_5a" title="Complement component 5a">C5a</a>, which is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wexler_1985_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexler_1985-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C5a peptidase is necessary to minimize the influx of <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> early in infection as the bacteria are attempting to colonize the host's tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Ji_1996_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ji_1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C5a peptidase, although required to degrade the neutrophil chemotaxin C5a in the early stages of infection, is not required for <i>S. pyogenes</i> to prevent the influx of neutrophils as the bacteria spread through the <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidalgo-Grass_2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidalgo-Grass_2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Streptococcal chemokine protease </td> <td>The affected tissue of patients with severe cases of necrotizing fasciitis are devoid of neutrophils.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidalgo-Grass_2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidalgo-Grass_2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Serine_protease" title="Serine protease">serine protease</a> ScpC, which is released by <i>S. pyogenes</i>, is responsible for preventing the migration of neutrophils to the spreading infection. ScpC degrades the <a href="/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine">chemokine</a> <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">IL-8</a>, which would otherwise attract <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> to the site of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Ji_1996_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ji_1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hidalgo-Grass_2006_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidalgo-Grass_2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genomes of different strains were sequenced (genome size is 1.8–1.9 Mbp)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encoding about 1700-1900 proteins (1700 in strain NZ131,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McShan2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McShan2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1865 in strain MGAS5005<sup id="cite_ref-Sumby_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumby-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Complete genome sequences of the type strain of <i>S. pyogenes</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phe-culturecollections.org.uk/products/bacteria/detail.jsp?refId=NCTC+8198&collection=nctc">NCTC 8198<sup>T</sup></a> = <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccug.se/strain?id=4207&s=0&p=1&sort=rel&collection=entire&records=25&t=4207">CCUG 4207<sup>T</sup></a>) are available in <a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Nucleotide_Archive" title="European Nucleotide Archive">European Nucleotide Archive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a> under the accession numbers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NZ_LN831034.1">LN831034</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NZ_CP028841.1">CP028841</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofilm_formation">Biofilm formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biofilm formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilms</a> are a way for <i>S. pyogenes,</i> as well as other bacterial cells, to communicate with each other. In the biofilm gene expression for multiple purposes (such as defending against the host immune system) is controlled via <a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">quorum sensing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21829369_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21829369-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the biofilm forming pathways in GAS is the Rgg2/3 pathway. It regulates SHP's (short hydrophobic peptides) that are quorum sensing pheromones a.k.a. autoinducers. The SHP's are translated to an immature form of the pheromone and must undergo processing, first by a metalloprotease enzyme inside the cell and then in the extracellular space, to reach their mature active form. The mode of transportation out of the cell and the extracellular processing factor(s) are still unknown. The mature SHP pheromone can then be taken into nearby cells and the cell it originated from via a transmembrane protein, oligopeptide permease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21829369_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21829369-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cytosol the pheromones have two functions in the Rgg2/3 pathway. Firstly, they inhibit the activity of Rgg3 which is a transcriptional regulator repressing SHP production. Secondly, they bind another transcriptional regulator, Rgg2, that increases the production of SHP's, having an antagonistic effect to Rgg3. SHP's activating their own transcriptional activator creates a positive feedback loop, which is common for the production for quorum sensing peptides. It enables the rapid production of the pheromones in large quantities. The production of SHP's increases biofilm biogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21829369_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21829369-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that GAS switches between biofilm formation and degradation by utilizing pathways with opposing effects. Whilst Rgg2/3 pathway increases biofilm, the <a href="/wiki/RopB" class="mw-redirect" title="RopB">RopB</a> pathway disrupts it. RopB is another Rgg-like protein (Rgg1) that directly activates SpeB (Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B), a cysteine protease that acts as a virulence factor. In the absence of this pathway, biofilm formation is enhanced, possibly due to the lack of the protease degrading pheromones or other Rgg2/3 pathway counteracting effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21829369_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21829369-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease">Disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A streptococcal infection</a></div> <p><i>S. pyogenes</i> is the cause of many human diseases, ranging from mild superficial skin infections to life-threatening systemic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent manifestations of disease are commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>. Infections typically begin in the throat or skin. The most striking sign is a strawberry-like rash. Examples of mild <i>S. pyogenes</i> infections include <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">pharyngitis</a> (strep throat) and localized skin infection (<a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">impetigo</a>). <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a> are characterized by multiplication and lateral spread of <i>S. pyogenes</i> in deep layers of the skin. <i>S. pyogenes</i> invasion and multiplication in the <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a> beneath the skin can lead to <a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">necrotizing fasciitis</a>, a life-threatening surgical emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacterium is also an important cause of <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">infection in newborns</a>, who are susceptible to some forms of the infection that are rarely seen in adults, including <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BaucellsMercadal_Hally2015_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaucellsMercadal_Hally2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many pathogenic bacteria, <i>S. pyogenes</i> may colonize a healthy person's respiratory system without causing disease, existing as a <a href="/wiki/Commensal" class="mw-redirect" title="Commensal">commensal</a> member of the respiratory microbiota. It is commonly found in some populations as part of the mixed <a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">microbiome</a> of the upper respiratory tract. Individuals who have the bacterium in their bodies but no signs of disease are known as <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">asymptomatic carriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid38360357_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid38360357-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31200755_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31200755-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29554121_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29554121-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacteria may start to cause disease when the host's immune system weakens, such as during a viral respiratory infection, which may lead to <i>S. pyogenes</i> <a href="/wiki/Superinfection" title="Superinfection">superinfection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31200755_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31200755-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29554121_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29554121-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>S. pyogenes</i> infections are commonly associated with the release of one or more bacterial <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>. The release of endotoxins from throat infections has been linked to the development of scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29939666_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29939666-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other toxins produced by <i>S. pyogenes</i> may lead to streptococcal <a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">toxic shock syndrome</a>, a life-threatening emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>S. pyogenes</i> can also cause disease in the form of post-infectious "non-pyogenic" (not associated with local bacterial multiplication and pus formation) syndromes. These <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a>-mediated complications follow a small percentage of infections and include <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a> and acute <a href="/wiki/Post-infectious_glomerulonephritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-infectious glomerulonephritis">post-infectious glomerulonephritis</a>. Both conditions appear several weeks following the initial streptococcal infection. Rheumatic fever is characterized by inflammation of the joints and/or heart following an episode of <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">streptococcal pharyngitis</a>. Acute glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the <a href="/wiki/Renal_glomerulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal glomerulus">renal glomerulus</a>, can follow streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>S. pyogenes</i> is sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>, and has not developed <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">resistance</a> to it,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making penicillin a suitable <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> to treat infections caused by this bacterium. Failure of treatment with penicillin is generally attributed to other local commensal microorganisms producing <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactamase" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-lactamase">β-lactamase</a>, or failure to achieve adequate tissue levels in the pharynx. Certain strains have developed resistance to <a href="/wiki/Macrolides" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrolides">macrolides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetracyclines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclines">tetracyclines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaccine">Vaccine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a polyvalent inactivated vaccine against several types of <i>Streptococcus</i> including S. pyogenes called " vacuna antipiogena polivalente BIOL" it is recommended an administration in a series of 5 weeks. Two weekly applications are made at intervals of 2 to 4 days. The vaccine is produced by the Instituto Biológico Argentino.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another potential vaccine being developed; the vaccine candidate peptide is called StreptInCor.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bionanotechnology">Bionanotechnology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bionanotechnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <i>S. pyogenes</i> proteins have unique properties, which have been harnessed in recent years to produce a highly specific "superglue"<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28550142_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28550142-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a route to enhance the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Antibody_therapy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Antibody therapy (disambiguation)">antibody therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome_editing">Genome editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genome editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a> system from this organism<sup id="cite_ref-Deltcheva2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deltcheva2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is used to recognize and destroy <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from invading viruses, thus stopping the infection, was appropriated in 2012 for use as a genome-editing tool that could potentially alter any piece of DNA and later <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fehleisen" title="Friedrich Fehleisen">Friedrich Fehleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Rosenbach" title="Friedrich Julius Rosenbach">Friedrich Julius Rosenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Loeffler" title="Friedrich Loeffler">Friedrich Loeffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Twort" title="Frederick Twort">Frederick Twort</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PSDS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSDS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/strep-pyogenes-eng.php">"Streptococcus pyogenes - Pathogen Safety Data Sheets"</a>. Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. September 26, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Streptococcus+pyogenes+-+Pathogen+Safety+Data+Sheets&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada%2C+Public+Health+Agency+of+Canada&rft.date=2001-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phac-aspc.gc.ca%2Flab-bio%2Fres%2Fpsds-ftss%2Fstrep-pyogenes-eng.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanRay2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0"><bdi>978-0-8385-8529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpellerbergBrandt2022" class="citation book cs1">Spellerberg B, Brandt C (October 9, 2022) [Originally published September 15, 2022]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK587110/">"Chapter 29: Laboratory Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci)"</a>. In Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA (eds.). <i><span></span></i>Streptococcus pyogenes<i>: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations</i> (2nd ed.). Oklahoma City, United States: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36479747">36479747</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2023</span> – via National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+29%3A+Laboratory+Diagnosis+of+Streptococcus+pyogenes+%28group+A+streptococci%29&rft.btitle=Streptococcus+pyogenes%3A+Basic+Biology+to+Clinical+Manifestations&rft.place=Oklahoma+City%2C+United+States&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Health+Sciences+Center&rft.date=2022-10-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36479747&rft.aulast=Spellerberg&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Brandt%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK587110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzizKansalAronowTaylor2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aziz RK, Kansal R, Aronow BJ, Taylor WL, Rowe SL, Kubal M, et al. (April 2010). 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeltchevaChylinskiSharmaGonzales2011" class="citation journal cs1">Deltcheva E, Chylinski K, Sharma CM, Gonzales K, Chao Y, Pirzada ZA, et al. (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070239">"CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>471</b> (7340): 602–607. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.471..602D">2011Natur.471..602D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09886">10.1038/nature09886</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070239">3070239</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21455174">21455174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=CRISPR+RNA+maturation+by+trans-encoded+small+RNA+and+host+factor+RNase+III&rft.volume=471&rft.issue=7340&rft.pages=602-607&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3070239%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21455174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09886&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.471..602D&rft.aulast=Deltcheva&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Chylinski%2C+K&rft.au=Sharma%2C+CM&rft.au=Gonzales%2C+K&rft.au=Chao%2C+Y&rft.au=Pirzada%2C+ZA&rft.au=Eckert%2C+MR&rft.au=Vogel%2C+J&rft.au=Charpentier%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3070239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2016" class="citation news cs1">Zimmer C (June 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/science/rna-c2c2-gene-editing-dna-crispr.html">"Scientists Find Form of Crispr Gene Editing With New Capabilities"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Find+Form+of+Crispr+Gene+Editing+With+New+Capabilities&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F04%2Fscience%2Frna-c2c2-gene-editing-dna-crispr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreibergMcIverShirtliff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Freiberg JA, McIver KS, Shirtliff ME (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187806">"In vivo expression of Streptococcus pyogenes immunogenic proteins during tibial foreign body infection"</a>. <i>Infection and Immunity</i>. <b>82</b> (9): 3891–3899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.01831-14">10.1128/IAI.01831-14</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187806">4187806</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25001603">25001603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=In+vivo+expression+of+Streptococcus+pyogenes+immunogenic+proteins+during+tibial+foreign+body+infection&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3891-3899&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4187806%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25001603&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.01831-14&rft.aulast=Freiberg&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=McIver%2C+KS&rft.au=Shirtliff%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4187806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbach_FJ1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosenbach FJ (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mikroorganismenb00roseuoft"><i>Mikro-Organismen bei den Wund-Infections-Krankheiten des Menschen</i></a> (in German). J.F. Bergmann. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22886502M">22886502M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikro-Organismen+bei+den+Wund-Infections-Krankheiten+des+Menschen&rft.pub=J.F.+Bergmann&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22886502M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Rosenbach+FJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmikroorganismenb00roseuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson LG (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139783">"The early recognition of streptococci as causes of disease"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 403–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300047268">10.1017/s0025727300047268</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139783">1139783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3316876">3316876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+early+recognition+of+streptococci+as+causes+of+disease&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-414&rft.date=1987-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3316876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300047268&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=LG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolleston1928" class="citation journal cs1">Rolleston JD (November 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2456687">"The History of Scarlet Fever"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (3542): 926–929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.3542.926">10.1136/bmj.2.3542.926</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2456687">2456687</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20774279">20774279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Scarlet+Fever&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3542&rft.pages=926-929&rft.date=1928-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2456687%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20774279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.3542.926&rft.aulast=Rolleston&rft.aufirst=JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2456687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2005" class="citation web cs1">World Health Organization (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312100548/http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/fch_cah_05_07/en/index.html">"The current evidence for the burden of group A streptococcal diseases"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/fch_cah_05_07/en/index.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+current+evidence+for+the+burden+of+group+A+streptococcal+diseases&rft.date=2005&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fchild_adolescent_health%2Fdocuments%2Ffch_cah_05_07%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarapetisSteerMulhollandWeber2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M (November 2005). "The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases". <i>The Lancet. Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>5</b> (11): 685–694. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2805%2970267-X">10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16253886">16253886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+global+burden+of+group+A+streptococcal+diseases&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=685-694&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2805%2970267-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16253886&rft.aulast=Carapetis&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Steer%2C+AC&rft.au=Mulholland%2C+EK&rft.au=Weber%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span> (corresponding summary article)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrettiStevensFischetti2016" class="citation book cs1">Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333424/"><i>Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]</i></a>. Oklahoma City, OK: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26866208">26866208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streptococcus+pyogenes%3A+Basic+Biology+to+Clinical+Manifestations+%5BInternet%5D&rft.place=Oklahoma+City%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Health+Sciences+Center&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26866208&rft.aulast=Ferretti&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Stevens%2C+DL&rft.au=Fischetti%2C+VA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK333424%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreptococcus+pyogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_pyogenes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=14758&submit=Search">Type strain of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scitechdaily.com/nature-inspired-crispr-enzyme-discoveries-vastly-expand-genome-editing/">Nature-Inspired CRISPR Enzyme Discoveries Vastly Expand Genome Editing </a>. On: SciTechDaily. June 16, 2020. Source: Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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id="*_Bacillota_(low-G+C)_Infectious_diseases_*_Bacterial_diseases:_G+" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a> (low-<a href="/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content">G+C</a>) <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Bacterial diseases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive bacterial infection">G+</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillales">Lactobacillales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-hemolytic streptococci">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optochin" title="Optochin">optochin</a> susceptible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">S. pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">optochin resistant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viridans_streptococci" title="Viridans streptococci">Viridans streptococci</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mitis" title="Streptococcus mitis">S. mitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">S. mutans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_oralis" title="Streptococcus oralis">S. oralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sanguinis" title="Streptococcus sanguinis">S. sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sobrinus" title="Streptococcus sobrinus">S. sobrinus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_anginosus_group" title="Streptococcus anginosus group"><i>S. anginosus</i> group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hemolytic streptococci">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacitracin" title="Bacitracin">bacitracin</a> susceptible: <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. pyogenes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A streptococcal infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Streptococcal pharyngitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">Scarlet fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>bacitracin resistant, <a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae" title="Streptococcus agalactiae">S. agalactiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)#Gamma" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus#Group_D_(enterococci)_*variable_in_hemolysis" title="Streptococcus">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_bovis" title="Streptococcus bovis">Streptococcus bovis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">Enterococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium" title="Enterococcus faecium">Enterococcus faecium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacillales" title="Bacillales">Bacillales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat+</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Novobiocin" title="Novobiocin">novobiocin</a> susceptible</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">S. epidermidis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>novobiocin resistant</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticus" title="Staphylococcus saprophyticus">S. saprophyticus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">Anthrax</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_cereus" title="Bacillus cereus">Bacillus cereus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Food poisoning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">Clostridia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>motile:</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">Tetanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>nonmotile:</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridial_necrotizing_enteritis" title="Clostridial necrotizing enteritis">Clostridial necrotizing enteritis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides" title="Clostridioides">Clostridioides</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile" title="Clostridioides difficile">Clostridioides difficile</a></i> [<i>Clostridium difficile</i>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous colitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia</a></i> (non-spore forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia magna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollicutes" title="Mollicutes">Mollicutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmataceae" title="Mycoplasmataceae">Mycoplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum">Ureaplasma urealyticum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma infection">Ureaplasma infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_genitalium" title="Mycoplasma genitalium">Mycoplasma genitalium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniae" title="Mycoplasma pneumoniae">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaeroplasmatales" class="mw-redirect" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131271" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q131271">Q131271</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BacDive" title="BacDive">BacDive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/14758">14758</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/52Y4S">52Y4S</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/975366">975366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/STRCPY">STRCPY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3227092">3227092</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/130852">130852</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10541361">10541361</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=966482">966482</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/streptococcus-pyogenes">streptococcus-pyogenes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1314">1314</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/00e3f95c-e293-4eed-b219-d2e5257a96ea">00e3f95c-e293-4eed-b219-d2e5257a96ea</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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