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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sr.wikipedia.org&uselang=sr" class=""><span>Донације</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Иако није обавезно, препоручујемо да отворите налог и пријавите се" class=""><span>Отвори налог</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Иако није обавезно, препоручујемо да се пријавите [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Пријави ме</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Више опција" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Личне алатке" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Личне алатке</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Кориснички мени" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sr.wikipedia.org&uselang=sr"><span>Донације</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Иако није обавезно, препоручујемо да отворите налог и пријавите се"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Отвори налог</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Иако није обавезно, препоручујемо да се пријавите [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Пријави ме</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eодбаци\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"sr\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #FBEBEA; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; 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Викицитату.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #FBEBEA; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-family: \u0026#39;Helvetica\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;Arial\u0026#39;, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display:block; top:4px; width:100%; text-align:center;;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color:#000085; font-size:25px; line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EПридружите се \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B0_2024.\" title=\"Википедија:Уређивачки маратон Вики воли јавну уметност и гробна обележја 2024.\"\u003EУређивачком маратону Вики воли јавну уметност и гробна обележја 2024\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #FBEBEA; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-family: \u0026#39;Helvetica\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;Arial\u0026#39;, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display:block; top:4px; width:100%; text-align:center;;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color:#000085; font-size:25px; line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EУ току је такмичење у писању чланака на тему \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8_2024\" title=\"Википедија:Такмичење у писању чланака/Традиција и обичаји 2024\"\u003EТрадиције и обичаја\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сајт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Садржај" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Садржај</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">помери на страну</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">сакриј</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почетак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Историја" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Историја"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Историја</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Историја-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Садржај одељка Историја</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Историја-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Оригиналне_изјаве:_„термодинамички_приступ“" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Оригиналне_изјаве:_„термодинамички_приступ“"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Оригиналне изјаве: „термодинамички приступ“</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Оригиналне_изјаве:_„термодинамички_приступ“-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Види_још" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Види_још"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Види још</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Види_још-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Референце" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Референце"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Референце</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Референце-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Литература" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Литература"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Литература</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Литература-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спољашње_везе" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спољашње_везе"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Спољашње везе</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спољашње_везе-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Садржај" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прикажи/сакриј садржај" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прикажи/сакриј садржај</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Први принцип термодинамике</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Чланак на другим језицима. Доступан на: 64" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 језика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_termodinamika" title="Eerste wet van termodinamika — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste wet van termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principiu_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primer principiu de la termodinámica — астуријски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer principiu de la termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астуријски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikan%C4%B1n_birinci_qanunu" title="Termodinamikanın birinci qanunu — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamikanın birinci qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_pertama_termodinamika" title="Hukum pertama termodinamika — индонежански" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum pertama termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонежански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_termodinamik_pertama" title="Hukum termodinamik pertama — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hukum termodinamik pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Първи закон на термодинамиката — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първи закон на термодинамиката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Першы пачатак тэрмадынамікі — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першы пачатак тэрмадынамікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার প্রথম সূত্র — бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার প্রথম সূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike — босански" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principi_de_la_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Primer principi de la termodinàmica — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primer principi de la termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88%C4%95" title="Термодинамикăн пĕрремĕш пуçламăшĕ — чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамикăн пĕрремĕш пуçламăшĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_termodynamick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="První termodynamický zákon — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První termodynamický zákon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_1._lov" title="Termodynamikkens 1. lov — дански" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamikkens 1. lov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Hauptsatz_der_Thermodynamik" title="Erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik — немачки" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika_esimene_seadus" title="Termodünaamika esimene seadus — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika esimene seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρώτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics — енглески" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="First law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="енглески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principio_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primer principio de la termodinámica — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primer principio de la termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_le%C4%9Do_de_termodinamiko" title="Unua leĝo de termodinamiko — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua leĝo de termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikaren_lehenengo_legea" title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea — баскијски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قانون اول ترمودینامیک — персијски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اول ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_principe_de_la_thermodynamique" title="Premier principe de la thermodynamique — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier principe de la thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primeira lei da termodinámica — галицијски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira lei da termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галицијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="החוק הראשון של התרמודינמיקה — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החוק הראשון של התרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊष्मागतिकी का प्रथम नियम — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी का प्रथम नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike — хрватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Թերմոդինամիկայի առաջին օրենք — јерменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թերմոդինամիկայի առաջին օրենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="јерменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Primo principio della termodinamica — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primo principio della termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="熱力学第一法則 — јапански" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学第一法則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თერმოდინამიკის პირველი კანონი — грузијски" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერმოდინამიკის პირველი კანონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Термодинамиканың бірінші бастамасы — казашки" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамиканың бірінші бастамасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C1%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제1법칙 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학 제1법칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premye_lwa_t%C3%A8modinamik" title="Premye lwa tèmodinamik — хаићански" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Premye lwa tèmodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаићански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_termodinamikas_likums" title="Pirmais termodinamikas likums — летонски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais termodinamikas likums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="летонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_termodinamika_els%C5%91_f%C5%91t%C3%A9tele" title="A termodinamika első főtétele — мађарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A termodinamika első főtétele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="мађарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Прв закон на термодинамиката — македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прв закон на термодинамиката" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊर्जेच्या अक्षय्यतेचा पहिला नियम — марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊर्जेच्या अक्षय्यतेचा पहिला नियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Eerste wet van de thermodynamica — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste wet van de thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_f%C3%B8rste_hovedsetning" title="Termodynamikkens første hovedsetning — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikkens første hovedsetning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_termodynamikklova" title="Den første termodynamikklova — норвешки нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den første termodynamikklova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвешки нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_principi_de_la_termodinamica" title="Premier principi de la termodinamica — окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Premier principi de la termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikaning_birinchi_qonuni" title="Termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni — узбечки" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwsza_zasada_termodynamiki" title="Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki — пољски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="пољски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Primeira lei da termodinâmica — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira lei da termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii — румунски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румунски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Первое начало термодинамики — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первое начало термодинамики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_o_thermodynamics" title="First law o thermodynamics — шкотски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="First law o thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шкотски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ පළමු නියමය — синхалешки" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ පළමු නියමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_termodynamick%C3%A1_veta" title="Prvá termodynamická veta — словачки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá termodynamická veta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike — словеначки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словеначки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="یاسای یەکەمی تێرمۆداینامیک — централни курдски" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای یەکەمی تێرمۆداینامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="централни курдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikan_ensimm%C3%A4inen_p%C3%A4%C3%A4s%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%B6" title="Termodynamiikan ensimmäinen pääsääntö — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikan ensimmäinen pääsääntö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="முதலாவது வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் விதி — тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாவது வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் விதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กฎข้อที่หนึ่งของอุณหพลศาสตร์ — тајски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎข้อที่หนึ่งของอุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_l%C3%BD_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t_c%E1%BB%A7a_nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên lý thứ nhất của nhiệt động lực học — вијетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên lý thứ nhất của nhiệt động lực học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вијетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Перший закон термодинаміки — украјински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перший закон термодинаміки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украјински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="حرحرکیات کا پہلا قانون — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرحرکیات کا پہلا قانون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_prinsipio_de_%C5%82a_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Primo prinsipio de ła termodinàmica — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Primo prinsipio de ła termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律 — ву кинески" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热力学第一定律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热力学第一定律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="熱力學第一定律 — кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱力學第一定律" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179380#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уреди међујезичке везе" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди везе</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именски простори"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Прочитајте овај чланак [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Чланак</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" rel="discussion" title="Разговарајте о страници [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Разговор</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промени варијанту језика" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ћир./lat.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sr mw-list-item"><a href="/sr/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" lang="sr" hreflang="sr"><span>Ћир./lat.</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sr-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/sr-ec/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" lang="sr-Cyrl" hreflang="sr-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-sr-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/sr-el/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" lang="sr-Latn" hreflang="sr-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Погледи"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5"><span>Читај</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit" title="Уредите ову страницу [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Уреди</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit" title="Уредите изворни код ове странице [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Уреди извор</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=history" title="Историја [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Историја</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Алатке странице"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Алатке" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Алатке</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Алатке</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">помери на страну</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">сакриј</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Више опција" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Радње </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5"><span>Читај</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit" title="Уредите ову страницу [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Уреди</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit" title="Уредите изворни код ове странице [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Уреди извор</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=history"><span>Историја</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Опште </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Списак свих вики страница које воде овамо [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Шта води овамо</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" rel="nofollow" title="Скорашње измене страница које су повезане с овом [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Повезане измене</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Википедија:Водич_за_отпремање" title="Поставите слике и снимке [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Отпреми датотеку</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Списак свих посебних страница [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Посебне странице</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28459536"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28459536"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28459536"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28459536"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика">Termodinamika</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Karnoov_ciklus" title="Karnoov ciklus"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистичка механика">Statistička fizika</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Zakoni</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Нулти закон термодинамике">Nulti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Први закон термодинамике">Prvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugi_zakon_termodinamike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugi zakon termodinamike">Drugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Трећи закон термодинамике">Treći</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sistemi</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> Termodinamičko stanje</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Једначина стања">Jednačina stanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Идеални гас">Idealni gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Реални гас">Realni gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно стање">Agregatno stanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Равнотежно стање (термодинамика)">Ravnoteža</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> Procesi</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Изобарски процес">Izobarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Изохорски процес">Izohorski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Изотермски процес">Izotermski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Адијабатски процес">Adijabatski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Изоентропијски процес">Izoentropijski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Изоенталпијски процес">Izoentalpijski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvazistati%C4%8Dki_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvazistatički proces (страница не постоји)">Kvazistatički</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Политропски процес">Politropski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slobodna_ekspanzija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slobodna ekspanzija (страница не постоји)">Slobodna ekspanzija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverzibilni_proces_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverzibilni proces (termodinamika) (страница не постоји)">Reverzibilnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ireverzibilni_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ireverzibilni proces (страница не постоји)">Ireverzibilnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoreverzibilna_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoreverzibilna termodinamika (страница не постоји)">Endoreverzibilnost</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> Ciklusi</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Топлотни мотор">Toplotni motori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplotna_pumpa_i_ciklus_hla%C4%91enja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toplotna pumpa i ciklus hlađenja (страница не постоји)">Toplotne pumpe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termalna_efikasnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termalna efikasnost (страница не постоји)">Termalna efikasnost</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Osobine sistema</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinami%C4%8Dki_dijagrami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamički dijagrami (страница не постоји)">Termodinamički dijagrami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intenzivne_i_ekstenzivne_veli%C4%8Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intenzivne i ekstenzivne veličine (страница не постоји)">Intenzivne i ekstenzivne veličine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Funkcije stanja</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Termodinami%C4%8Dka_temperatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Termodinamička temperatura">Temperatura</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ентропија">Entropija</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvod_u_entropiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvod u entropiju (страница не постоји)">Uvod u entropiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Притисак">Pritisak</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapremina_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapremina (termodinamika) (страница не постоји)">Zapremina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemijski_potencijal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemijski potencijal (страница не постоји)">Hemijski potencijal</a> / <i>Broj čestica</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvalitet_pare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvalitet pare (страница не постоји)">Kvalitet pare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redukovane_osobine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redukovane osobine (страница не постоји)">Redukovane osobine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Procesne funkcije</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Механички рад">Rad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Топлота">Toplota</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Osobine materijala</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"></div></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Toplotni_kapacitet" title="Toplotni kapacitet">Специфични топлотни капацитет</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Стишљивост флуида">Компресибилност</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Термална експанзија (страница не постоји)">Термална експанзија</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Jednačine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnotova_teorema_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnotova teorema (termodinamika) (страница не постоји)">Karnoova teorema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klauzijusova_teorema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klauzijusova teorema (страница не постоји)">Klauzijusova teorema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamentalna_termodinami%C4%8Dka_relacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamentalna termodinamička relacija (страница не постоји)">Fundamentalna relacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedna%C4%8Dina_stanja_idealnog_gasa" title="Jednačina stanja idealnog gasa">Jednačina stanja idealnog gasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Максвелове једначине">Maksvelove jednačine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onsagerove_recipro%C4%8Dne_relacije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onsagerove recipročne relacije (страница не постоји)">Onsagerove recipročne relacije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridgmanove_termodinami%C4%8Dke_jedna%C4%8Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridgmanove termodinamičke jednačine (страница не постоји)">Bridgmanove termodinamičke jednačine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Potencijali</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmholcova_slobodna_energija" title="Helmholcova slobodna energija">Slobodna energija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slobodna_entropija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slobodna entropija (страница не постоји)">Slobodna entropija</a></li></ul> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" title="Unutrašnja energija">Unutrašnja energija</a> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></li></ul></div> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енталпија">Entalpija</a> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></li></ul></div> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Helmholcova_slobodna_energija" title="Helmholcova slobodna energija">Helmholcova slobodna energija</a> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></li></ul></div> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gibsova_slobodna_energija" title="Gibsova slobodna energija">Gibsova slobodna energija</a> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25469611"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24365379">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-прикажи"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Termodinamika-lat" title="Шаблон:Termodinamika-lat"><abbr title="Погледајте шаблон">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-разговор"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83:Termodinamika-lat" title="Разговор о шаблону:Termodinamika-lat"><abbr title="Разговарајте о шаблону">р</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-уреди"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Termodinamika-lat" title="Посебно:Уреди страницу/Шаблон:Termodinamika-lat"><abbr title="Уредите шаблон">у</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Први принцип термодинамике</b> је варијанта универзалног закона <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">физике</a> о <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Закон о очувању енергије">очувању енергије</a>. Први принцип термодинамике гласи: <i>повећање унутрашње енергије <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Затворени термодинамички систем (страница не постоји)">затвореног</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Термодинамички систем">термодинамичког система</a> једнака је <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Топлота">топлотној енергији</a> додатој систему минус извршен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Механички рад">рад</a> система</i>. Или једноставније речено укупна доведена <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енергија">енергија</a> неком систему троши се на извршени <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Механички рад">рад</a> и на повећање унутрашње енергије система. </p><p>Овај принцип се математички изражава формулом:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc5017b355ca612a7ac02d1a0be5a272e014afc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.318ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W\,}"></span></center> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta U\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/235a43142a67bf7123f4398297e5b6f6392ddd10" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.106ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U\,}"></span> је промена <a href="/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" title="Unutrašnja energija">унутрашње енергије</a> система.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d4ccedd54e0882bfffb73e8084f476e91e01aad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.822ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W\,}"></span> је део енергије који одговара извршеном раду система у односу на околину.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b23c85e3da723c6f662dfd28b9ea209f3f0df613" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.225ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\,}"></span> је количина топлотне енергије.</li></ul> <p>Постоји више могућих врста рада: рад сила притиска, рад електричних сила у хемијској батерији, рад електромагнетних сила, итд. </p><p>Ако се ради о механичком раду под силама <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Притисак">притиска</a>, као што је случај у класичној термодинамици, израз за прираштај топлотне енергије система гласи: </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta W_{fp}=-p_{ext}dV\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta W_{fp}=-p_{ext}dV\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9460f399df415fbaeb4bcb21c8b21ec4040a17b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.204ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta W_{fp}=-p_{ext}dV\,}"></span></center> <p>Знак - означава да се систем шири (dV > 0 ), а рад врше спољашње силе. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{ext}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{ext}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78c879ee38459973e7882a8810ddd1217e452b0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.178ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{ext}\,}"></span> је спољашњи притисак</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dV\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dV\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5dc39742e1b5b3baea6fc4df05139e87baafc08d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.39ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dV\,}"></span> је минимални прираштај запремине</dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Историја"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Историја</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уредите одељак „Историја”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди извор одељка: Историја"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>У првој половини осамнаестог века, француски филозоф и математичар <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Емили ди Шатле">Емили ди Шатле</a> дала је значајан допринос настајању теоријског оквира енергије предлажући облик <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Закон очувања енергије">закона очувања енергије</a> који признаје укључивање <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic energy">кинетичке енергије</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Емпиријски развој првих идеја, у наредном веку, борио се са контрадикторним концептима као што је <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caloric_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caloric theory (страница не постоји)">калоријска теорија</a> топлоте. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germain_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germain Hess (страница не постоји)">Гермејн Хес</a> је 1840. године објавио закон очувања (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hess%27s_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hess's Law (страница не постоји)">Хесов закон</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Aakash1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aakash1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) за <i>топлоту реакције</i> током хемијских трансформација.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Овај закон је касније препознат као последица првог закона термодинамике, мада се Хесова изјава се није експлицитно бавила односом између размене енергије топлотом и радом. </p><p>Године 1842, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Robert von Mayer (страница не постоји)">Јулиус Роберт фон Мајер</a> дао је исказ који је затим <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Truesdell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Truesdell (страница не постоји)">Клифорд Трусдел</a> (1980) изразио тврдњом да се „у процесу под константним притиском, топлота која се користи за ширење може универзално измењивати са радом”, међутим то није општи исказ првог закона.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Прве потпуне изјаве о закону дошле су 1850. од <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рудолф Клаузијус">Рудолфа Клаузијуса</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Truesdell,_C._A._1980_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truesdell,_C._A._1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bailyn_79_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailyn_79-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> и од <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rankine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Rankine (страница не постоји)">Вилијама Ранкина</a>. Неки научници сматрају Ранкинову изјаву мање изразитом од Клаузијусове.<sup id="cite_ref-Truesdell,_C._A._1980_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truesdell,_C._A._1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Оригиналне_изјаве:_„термодинамички_приступ“"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B3.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D1.98.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B5:_.E2.80.9E.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D1.83.D0.BF.E2.80.9C"></span>Оригиналне изјаве: „термодинамички приступ“</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уредите одељак „Оригиналне изјаве: „термодинамички приступ“”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди извор одељка: Оригиналне изјаве: „термодинамички приступ“"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Оригинални искази првог закона термодинамике из 19. века појавили су се у концептуалном оквиру у коме је пренос енергије као топлоте узет као <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primitive_notion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primitive notion (страница не постоји)">примитиван појам</a>, који није дефинисан или конструисан теоријским развојем оквира, већ претпостављен као и раније и већ прихваћен. Примитивни појам топлоте узет је као емпиријски успостављен, посебно путем калориметрије која се сматра субјектом сама по себи, пре термодинамике. Заједно са овим појмом топлоте примитивни су били појмови емпиријске температуре и топлотне равнотеже. Овај оквир је такође узео као примитиван појам пренос енергије као рада. Овај оквир није претпостављао концепт енергије уопште, већ га је сматрао изведеним или синтетисаним из претходних појмова топлоте и рада. Један аутор је овај оквир назвао „термодинамичким“ приступом.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailyn_79_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailyn_79-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Први експлицитни исказ првог закона термодинамике, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Clausius">Рудолфа Клаузијуса</a> 1850. године, односио се на цикличне термодинамичке процесе. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>У свим случајевима у којима рад производи из топлотне, троши се количина топлоте која је пропорционална обављеном послу; и обрнуто, трошењем дате количине рада производи се једнака количина топлоте.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Клаузијус је такође изнео закон у другом облику, позивајући се на постојање функције стања система, <a href="/wiki/Internal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal energy">унутрашње енергије</a>, и изразио га у виду диференцијалне једначине за прирасте термодинамичког процеса.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ова једначина се може описати на следећи начин: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>У термодинамичком процесу који укључује затворени систем, прираст унутрашње енергије једнак је разлици између топлоте коју систем акумулира и његовог рада.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Види_још"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B8_.D1.98.D0.BE.D1.88"></span>Види још</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уредите одељак „Види још”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди извор одељка: Види још"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Закони термодинамике">Закони термодинамике</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нулти принцип термодинамике (страница не постоји)">Нулти принцип термодинамике</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Други принцип термодинамике">Други принцип термодинамике</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Трећи принцип термодинамике">Трећи принцип термодинамике</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Постулати термодинамике">Постулати термодинамике</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Референце"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B5"></span>Референце</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уредите одељак „Референце”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди извор одељка: Референце"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28440201">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandl1988">Mandl 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagengruber, Ruth, editor (2011) <i>Émilie du Chatelet between Leibniz and Newton</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-94-007-2074-9" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-94-007-2074-9">978-94-007-2074-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arianrhod, Robyn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9444991"><i>Seduced by logic : Émilie du Châtelet, Mary Somerville, and the Newtonian revolution</i></a> (US изд.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-19-993161-3" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-19-993161-3">978-0-19-993161-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft.aulast=Arianrhod&rft.btitle=Seduced+by+logic+%3A+%C3%89milie+du+Ch%C3%A2telet%2C+Mary+Somerville%2C+and+the+Newtonian+revolution&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=US&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993161-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D9444991&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aakash1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aakash1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Krishnamurthy, Mannam; Subba Rao Naidu (2012). „7”. Ур.: Lokeswara Gupta. <i>Chemistry for ISEET - Volume 1, Part A</i> (2012 изд.). <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad, India</a>: Varsity Education Management Limited. стр. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.atitle=7&rft.au=Subba+Rao+Naidu&rft.aufirst=Mannam&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.btitle=Chemistry+for+ISEET+-+Volume+1%2C+Part+A&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=2012&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=244&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.pub=Varsity+Education+Management+Limited&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109195637/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/hess.html">„Hess' Law - Conservation of Energy”</a>. University of Waterloo. Архивирано из <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/hess.html">оригинала</a> 9. 1. 2015. г<span class="reference-accessdate">. Приступљено <span class="nowrap">12. 1. 2014</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.btitle=Hess%27+Law+-+Conservation+of+Energy&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Waterloo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.uwaterloo.ca%2F~cchieh%2Fcact%2Fc120%2Fhess.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Формат датума">веза</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hess, H. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151359/f397.image.r=Annalen%20der%20Physik%20(Leipzig)%20125.langEN">„Thermochemische Untersuchungen”</a>. <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. <b>126</b> (6): 385—404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1840AnP...126..385H">1840AnP...126..385H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18401260620">10.1002/andp.18401260620</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_System" class="extiw" title="en:Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.hxdhbq">2027/hvd.hxdhbq</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Слободан приступ"><img alt="Слободан приступ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Thermochemische+Untersuchungen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.date=1840&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.pages=385-404&rft.volume=126&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k151359%2Ff397.image.r%3DAnnalen%2520der%2520Physik%2520%28Leipzig%29%2520125.langEN&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1840AnP...126..385H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18401260620&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.hxdhbq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Truesdell, C. A. (1980), pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Robert (1841). Paper: 'Remarks on the Forces of Nature"; as quoted in: Lehninger, A. (1971). Bioenergetics – the Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations, 2nd. Ed. London: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truesdell,_C._A._1980-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Truesdell,_C._A._1980_9-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truesdell,_C._A._1980_9-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Truesdell, C. A. (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailyn_79-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailyn_79_10-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailyn_79_10-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailyn, M. (1994), p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Clausius">Clausius, R.</a> (1850), page 373, translation here taken from Truesdell, C. A. (1980), pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clausius, R. (1850), p. 384, equation (IIa.).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уредите одељак „Литература”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди извор одељка: Литература"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28440192">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArianrhod2012" class="citation book">Arianrhod, Robyn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9444991"><i>Seduced by logic : Émilie du Châtelet, Mary Somerville, and the Newtonian revolution</i></a> (US изд.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-19-993161-3" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-19-993161-3">978-0-19-993161-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft.aulast=Arianrhod&rft.btitle=Seduced+by+logic+%3A+%C3%89milie+du+Ch%C3%A2telet%2C+Mary+Somerville%2C+and+the+Newtonian+revolution&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=US&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993161-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D9444991&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Adkins, C. J. (1968/1983). <i>Equilibrium Thermodynamics</i>, (first edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-521-25445-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-521-25445-0">0-521-25445-0</a>.</li> <li>Aston, J. G., Fritz, J. J. (1959). <i>Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics</i>, John Wiley & Sons, New York.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Balian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Balian (страница не постоји)">Balian, R.</a> (1991/2007). <i>From Microphysics to Macrophysics: Methods and Applications of Statistical Physics</i>, volume 1, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_ter_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirk ter Haar (страница не постоји)">D. ter Haar</a>, J.F. Gregg, Springer, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-3-540-45469-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-3-540-45469-4">978-3-540-45469-4</a>.</li> <li>Bailyn, M. (1994). <i>A Survey of Thermodynamics</i>, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-88318-797-3" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-88318-797-3">0-88318-797-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Born">Born, M.</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalphilosoph032159mbp"><i>Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance</i></a>, Oxford University Press, London.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_H._Bryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George H. Bryan (страница не постоји)">Bryan, G. H.</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Thermodynamics"><i>Thermodynamics. An Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications</i>, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_B%C4%83lescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Bălescu (страница не постоји)">Balescu, R.</a> (1997). <i>Statistical Dynamics; Matter out of Equilibrium</i>, Imperial College Press, London, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-1-86094-045-3" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-1-86094-045-3">978-1-86094-045-3</a>.</li> <li>Buchdahl, H. A. (1966), <i>The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics</i>, Cambridge University Press, London.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Callen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Callen (страница не постоји)">Callen, H. B.</a> (1960/1985), <i>Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics</i>, (first edition 1960), second edition 1985, John Wiley & Sons, New York, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-471-86256-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-471-86256-8">0-471-86256-8</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Carathéodory (страница не постоји)">Carathéodory, C.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428268">„Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik”</a>. <i>Mathematische Annalen</i>. <b>67</b> (3): 355—386. <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118230148">118230148</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01450409">10.1007/BF01450409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Grundlagen+der+Thermodynamik&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Carath%C3%A9odory&rft.date=1909&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Mathematische+Annalen&rft.pages=355-386&rft.volume=67&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118230148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01450409&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> A translation may be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/caratheodory_-_thermodynamics.pdf">here</a>. Also a mostly reliable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwBRAAAAMAAJ&q=Investigation+into+the+foundations">translation is to be found</a> at Kestin, J. (1976). <i>The Second Law of Thermodynamics</i>, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFClausius1850" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Clausius">Clausius, R.</a> (1850), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f384.table">„Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen”</a>, <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, <b>79</b> (4): 368—397, 500—524, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1850AnP...155..500C">1850AnP...155..500C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18501550403">10.1002/andp.18501550403</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_System" class="extiw" title="en:Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.%24b242250">2027/uc1.$b242250</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Слободан приступ"><img alt="Слободан приступ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+bewegende+Kraft+der+W%C3%A4rme+und+die+Gesetze%2C+welche+sich+daraus+f%C3%BCr+die+W%C3%A4rmelehre+selbst+ableiten+lassen&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.aulast=Clausius&rft.date=1850&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.pages=368-397%2C+500-524&rft.volume=79&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k15164w%2Ff384.table&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1850AnP...155..500C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18501550403&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.%24b242250&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. See English Translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londonedinburghd02lond">On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom</a>. Phil. Mag. (1851), series 4, <b>2</b>, 1–21, 102–119. Also available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbwdWbbM1KgC&pg=RA1-PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Crawford, F. H. (1963). <i>Heat, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Physics</i>, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.</li> <li>de Groot, S. R., Mazur, P. (1962). <i>Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics</i>, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications Inc., New York, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0486647412" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0486647412">0486647412</a>.</li> <li>Denbigh, K. G. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_thermodynamics_of_the_steady_state.html?id=uoJGAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>The Thermodynamics of the Steady State</i></a>, Methuen, London, Wiley, New York.</li> <li>Denbigh, K. (1954/1981). <i>The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium. With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering</i>, fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-521-23682-7" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-521-23682-7">0-521-23682-7</a>.</li> <li>Eckart, C. (1940). The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. <span class="texhtml">I.</span> The simple fluid, <i>Phys. Rev.</i> <b>58</b>: 267–269.</li> <li>Fitts, D. D. (1962). <i>Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics. Phenomenological Theory of Irreversible Processes in Fluid Systems</i>, McGraw-Hill, New York.</li> <li>Glansdorff, P., <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine, I.</a>, (1971). <i>Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations</i>, Wiley, London, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-471-30280-5" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-471-30280-5">0-471-30280-5</a>.</li> <li>Gyarmati, I. (1967/1970). <i>Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics. Field Theory and Variational Principles</i>, translated from the 1967 Hungarian by E. Gyarmati and W. F. Heinz, Springer-Verlag, New York.</li> <li>Haase, R. (1963/1969). <i>Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes</i>, English translation, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading MA.</li> <li>Haase, R. (1971). Survey of Fundamental Laws, chapter 1 of <i>Thermodynamics</i>, pages 1–97 of volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of <i>Physical Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise</i>, ed. H. Eyring, D. Henderson, W. Jost, Academic Press, New York, lcn 73–117081.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz, H.</a> (1847). <i>Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft. Eine physikalische Abhandlung</i>, G. Reimer (publisher), Berlin, read on 23 July in a session of the Physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. Reprinted in Helmholtz, H. von (1882), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wissenschaftlic00helmgoog"><i>Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen</i></a>, Band 1, J. A. Barth, Leipzig. Translated and edited by J. Tyndall, in <i>Scientific Memoirs, Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science and from Foreign Journals. Natural Philosophy</i> (1853), volume 7, edited by J. Tyndall, W. Francis, published by Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 114–162, reprinted as volume 7 of Series 7, <i>The Sources of Science</i>, edited by H. Woolf, (1966), Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York, and again in Brush, S. G., <i>The Kinetic Theory of Gases. An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary</i>, volume 1 of <i>History of Modern Physical Sciences</i>, edited by N. S. Hall, Imperial College Press, London, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/1-86094-347-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/1-86094-347-0">1-86094-347-0</a>. стр. 89–110..</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Kestin, J. (1961). „On intersecting isentropics”. <i>Am. J. Phys</i>. <b>29</b> (5): 329—331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961AmJPh..29..329K">1961AmJPh..29..329K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1937763">10.1119/1.1937763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.atitle=On+intersecting+isentropics&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Kestin&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Phys.&rft.pages=329-331&rft.volume=29&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961AmJPh..29..329K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1937763&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Kestin, J. (1966). <i>A Course in Thermodynamics</i>, Blaisdell Publishing Company, Waltham MA.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Gamble_Kirkwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Gamble Kirkwood (страница не постоји)">Kirkwood, J. G.</a>, Oppenheim, I. (1961). <i>Chemical Thermodynamics</i>, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.</li> <li>Landsberg, P. T. (1961). <i>Thermodynamics with Quantum Statistical Illustrations</i>, Interscience, New York.</li> <li>Landsberg, P. T. (1978). <i>Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-19-851142-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-19-851142-6">0-19-851142-6</a>.</li> <li>Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). <i>Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics</i>, Springer, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-3-540-74251-7" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-3-540-74251-7">978-3-540-74251-7</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMandl1988" class="citation book">Mandl, F. (1988) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticalphysi0000mand"><i>Statistical Physics</i></a> (2nd изд.). Chichester·New York·Brisbane·Toronto·Singapore: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wiley_%26_sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wiley & sons (страница не постоји)">John Wiley & sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0471915331" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0471915331">978-0471915331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.aulast=Mandl&rft.btitle=Statistical+Physics&rft.date=1988&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0471915331&rft.place=Chichester%C2%B7New+York%C2%B7Brisbane%C2%B7Toronto%C2%B7Singapore&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatisticalphysi0000mand&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Münster, A. (1970), <i>Classical Thermodynamics</i>, translated by E. S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-471-62430-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-471-62430-6">0-471-62430-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J.R._Partington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.R. Partington (страница не постоји)">Partington, J.R.</a> (1949). <i>An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry</i>, volume 1, <i>Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases</i>, Longmans, Green and Co., London.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Pippard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Pippard (страница не постоји)">Pippard, A. B.</a> (1957/1966). <i>Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics</i>, original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck">Planck, M.</a>(1897/1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseonthermo00planrich"><i>Treatise on Thermodynamics</i>, translated by A. Ogg, Longmans, Green & Co., London.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine, I.</a> (1947). <i>Étude Thermodynamique des Phénomènes irréversibles</i>, Dunod, Paris, and Desoers, Liège.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine, I.</a>, (1955/1967). <i>Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes</i>, third edition, Interscience Publishers, New York.</li> <li>Reif, F. (1965). <i>Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics</i>, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Tisza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="László Tisza (страница не постоји)">Tisza, L.</a> (1966). <i>Generalized Thermodynamics</i>, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge MA.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Truesdell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Truesdell (страница не постоји)">Truesdell, C. A.</a> (1980). <i>The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854</i>, Springer, New York, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-387-90403-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-387-90403-4">0-387-90403-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Truesdell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Truesdell (страница не постоји)">Truesdell, C. A.</a>, Muncaster, R. G. (1980). <i>Fundamentals of Maxwell's Kinetic Theory of a Simple Monatomic Gas, Treated as a branch of Rational Mechanics</i>, Academic Press, New York, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-12-701350-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-12-701350-4">0-12-701350-4</a>.</li> <li>Tschoegl, N. W. (2000). <i>Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics</i>, Elsevier, Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-444-50426-5" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-444-50426-5">0-444-50426-5</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinInge1993" class="citation book">Goldstein, Martin; Inge, F. (1993). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/refrigeratoruniv0000gold"><i>The Refrigerator and the <span class="nowrap">Universe<span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Неопходна слободна регистрација"><img alt="Неопходна слободна регистрација" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-674-75325-9" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-674-75325-9">0-674-75325-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32826343">32826343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.au=Inge%2C+F.&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.btitle=The+Refrigerator+and+the+Universe&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-75325-9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frefrigeratoruniv0000gold&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32826343&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Chpts. 2 and 3 contain a nontechnical treatment of the first law.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFÇengel_Y._A.Boles2007" class="citation book">Çengel Y. A.; Boles, M. (2007). <i>Thermodynamics: an engineering approach</i>. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-07-125771-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-07-125771-8">978-0-07-125771-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.au=%C3%87engel+Y.+A.&rft.au=Boles%2C+M.&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics%3A+an+engineering+approach&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-07-125771-8&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Chapter 2.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2007" class="citation book">Atkins, P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourlawsthatdriv0000atki"><i>Four Laws that drive the Universe</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-19-923236-9" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-19-923236-9">978-0-19-923236-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.btitle=Four+Laws+that+drive+the+Universe&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923236-9&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourlawsthatdriv0000atki&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спољашње_везе"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.99.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.9A.D0.B5_.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.B5"></span>Спољашње везе</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уредите одељак „Спољашње везе”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди извор одељка: Спољашње везе"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25554621">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25554968">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_law_of_thermodynamics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:First law of thermodynamics">Први принцип термодинамике</a></span> на <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Главна страна">Викимедијиној остави</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216231943/http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m158.pdf">MISN-0-158, <i>The First Law of Thermodynamics</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF file</a>) by Jerzy Borysowicz for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physnet.org">Project PHYSNET</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node8.html"><i>First law of thermodynamics</i></a> in the MIT Course <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/notes.html"><i>Unified Thermodynamics and Propulsion</i></a> from Prof. Z. 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