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method</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: citrate method"> <meta name="keywords" content="citrate method"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="citrate method"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 18994</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: citrate method</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18994</span> Dielectric Properties of Ni-Al Nano Ferrites Synthesized by Citrate Gel Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ravinder">D. Ravinder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20S.%20Nagaraju"> K. S. Nagaraju </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ni–Al ferrite with composition of NiAlxFe2-xO4 (x=0.2, 0.4 0.6, and 0.8, ) were prepared by citrate gel method. The dielectric properties for all the samples were investigated at room temperature as a function of frequency. The dielectric constant shows dispersion in the lower frequency region and remains almost constant at higher frequencies. The frequency dependence of dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) is found to be abnormal, giving a peak at certain frequency for mixed Ni-Al ferrites. A qualitative explanation is given for the composition and frequency dependence of the dielectric loss tangent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrites" title="ferrites">ferrites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method" title=" citrate method"> citrate method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lattice%20parameter" title=" lattice parameter"> lattice parameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20constant" title=" dielectric constant"> dielectric constant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57941/dielectric-properties-of-ni-al-nano-ferrites-synthesized-by-citrate-gel-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57941.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18993</span> A Mathematical Investigation of the Turkevich Organizer Theory in the Citrate Method for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Agunloye">Emmanuel Agunloye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asterios%20Gavriilidis"> Asterios Gavriilidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luca%20Mazzei"> Luca Mazzei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gold nanoparticles are commonly synthesized by reducing chloroauric acid with sodium citrate. This method, referred to as the citrate method, can produce spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) in the size range 10-150 nm. Gold NPs of this size are useful in many applications. However, the NPs are usually polydisperse and irreproducible. A better understanding of the synthesis mechanisms is thus required. This work thoroughly investigated the only model that describes the synthesis. This model combines mass and population balance equations, describing the NPs synthesis through a sequence of chemical reactions. Chloroauric acid reacts with sodium citrate to form aurous chloride and dicarboxy acetone. The latter organizes aurous chloride in a nucleation step and concurrently degrades into acetone. The unconsumed precursor then grows the formed nuclei. However, depending on the pH, both the precursor and the reducing agent react differently thus affecting the synthesis. In this work, we investigated the model for different conditions of pH, temperature and initial reactant concentrations. To solve the model, we used Parsival, a commercial numerical code, whilst to test it, we considered various conditions studied experimentally by different researchers, for which results are available in the literature. The model poorly predicted the experimental data. We believe that this is because the model does not account for the acid-base properties of both chloroauric acid and sodium citrate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method" title="citrate method">citrate method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title=" gold nanoparticles"> gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parsival" title=" Parsival"> Parsival</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population%20balance%20equations" title=" population balance equations"> population balance equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkevich%20organizer%20theory" title=" Turkevich organizer theory"> Turkevich organizer theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56126/a-mathematical-investigation-of-the-turkevich-organizer-theory-in-the-citrate-method-for-the-synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">203</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18992</span> Preclinical Studying of Stable Fe-Citrate Effect on 68Ga-Citrate Tissue Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Lunev">A. S. Lunev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Larenkov"> A. A. Larenkov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20E.%20Klementyeva"> O. E. Klementyeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20E.%20Kodina"> G. E. Kodina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and aims: 68Ga-citrate is one of prospective radiopharmaceutical for PET-imaging of inflammation and infection. 68Ga-citrate is 67Ga-citrate analogue using since 1970s for SPECT-imaging. There's known rebinding reaction occurs past Ga-citrate injection and gallium (similar iron Fe3+) binds with blood transferrin. Then radiolabeled protein complex is delivered to pathological foci (inflammation/infection sites). But excessive gallium bindings with transferrin are cause of slow blood clearance, long accumulation time in foci (24-72 h) and exception of application possibility of the short-lived gallium-68 (T½ = 68 min). Injection of additional chemical agents (e.g. Fe3+ compounds) competing with radioactive gallium to the blood transferrin joining (blocking of its metal binding capacity) is one of the ways to solve formulated problem. This phenomenon can be used for correction of 68Ga-citrate pharmacokinetics for increasing of the blood clearance and accumulation in foci. The aim of real studying is research of effect of stable Fe-citrate on 68Ga-citrate tissue distribution. Materials and methods: 68Ga-citrate without/with extra injection of stable Fe-citrate (III) was injected nonlinear mice with inflammation models (aseptic soft tissue inflammation, lung infection, osteomyelitis). PET/X-RAY Genisys4 (Sofie Bioscience, USA) was used for non-invasive PET imaging (for 30, 60, 120 min past injection 68Ga-citrate) with subsequent reconstruction of imaging and their analysis (value of clearance, distribution volume). Scanning time is 10 min. Results and conclusions: I. v. injection of stable Fe-citrate blocks the metal-binding capability of transferrin serum and allows decreasing gallium-68 radioactivity in blood significantly and increasing accumulation in inflammation (3-5 time). It allows receiving more informative PET-images of inflammation early (for 30-60 min after injection). Pharmacokinetic parameters prove it. Noted there is no statistically significant difference between 68Ga-citrate accumulation for different inflammation model because PET imaging is indication of pathological processes and is not their identification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=68Ga-citrate" title="68Ga-citrate">68Ga-citrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe-citrate" title=" Fe-citrate"> Fe-citrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PET%20imaging" title=" PET imaging"> PET imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mice" title=" mice"> mice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflammation" title=" inflammation"> inflammation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34962/preclinical-studying-of-stable-fe-citrate-effect-on-68ga-citrate-tissue-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18991</span> Prospective Randomized Trial of Na/K Citrate for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in High-Risk Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leili%20Iranirad">Leili Iranirad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Saleh%20Sadeghi"> Mohammad Saleh Sadeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Fakhreddin%20Hejazi"> Seyed Fakhreddin Hejazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Negar%20Vakili%20Razlighi"> Negar Vakili Razlighi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) or contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is an unknown acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring after exposure to contrast media (CM). Contrast agents are most often used for diagnostic procedures or therapeutic angiographic interventions. Recently, Na/K citrate as a urine alkalinization has been evaluated for the prevention of CIN. We conducted this experiment to evaluate the efficiency of Na/K citrate on CIN in high-risk patients treated with cardiac catheterization. Methods: A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on 400 patients having moderate to high-risk factors for CIN treated with elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and were assigned randomly to the control group or the Na/K citrate group. The Na/K citrate group (n=200) received 5 g Na/K citrate solution, which was diluted in 200 mL water two h before and four hours after the first administration and intravenous hydration for two h prior to and six h after the procedure, while the control group (n=200) only received intravenous hydration. Serum creatinine (SCr) was calculated prior to the contrast exposure and after 48 h. CIN was described as a 25% increase in creatinine of serum (SCr) or >0.5 mg/dl 48 h after contrast administration. Results: CIN was observed in 33 patients (16.5%) in the control group and in 6 patients (3%) in the Na/K citrate group. A significant variation was recorded in the CIN incidence between the two groups 48 h after the radiocontrast agent administration (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results show that Na/K citrate is useful and substantially reduces the incidence of CIN. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrast%20media" title="contrast media">contrast media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate" title=" citrate"> citrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCI" title=" PCI"> PCI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159055/prospective-randomized-trial-of-nak-citrate-for-the-prevention-of-contrast-induced-nephropathy-in-high-risk-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159055.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18990</span> Development of Ferric Citrate Complex Draw Solute and Its Application for Liquid Product Enrichment through Forward Osmosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Li">H. Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Ji"> L. Ji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Su"> J. Su</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Forward osmosis is an emerging technology for separation and has great potential in the concentration of liquid products such as protein, pharmaceutical, and natural products. In pharmacy industry, one of the very tough talks is to concentrate the product in a gentle way since some of the key components may lose bioactivity when exposed to heating or pressurization. Therefore, forward osmosis (FO), which uses inherently existed osmosis pressure instead of externally applied hydraulic pressure, is attractive for pharmaceutical enrichments in a much efficient and energy-saving way. Recently, coordination complexes have been explored as the new class of draw solutes in FO processes due to their bulky configuration and excellent performance in terms of high water flux and low reverse solute flux. Among these coordination complexes, ferric citrate complex with lots of hydrophilic groups and ionic species which make them good solubility and high osmotic pressure in aqueous solution, as well as its low toxicity, has received much attention. However, the chemistry of ferric complexation by citrate is complicated, and disagreement prevails in the literature, especially for the structure of the ferric citrate. In this study, we investigated the chemical reaction with various molar ratio of iron and citrate. It was observed that the ferric citrate complex (Fe-CA2) with molar ratio of 1:1 for iron and citrate formed at the beginning of the reaction, then Fecit would convert to ferric citrate complex at the molar ratio of 1:2 with the proper excess of citrate in the base solution. The structures of the ferric citrate complexes synthesized were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Fe-CA2 solutions exhibit osmotic pressures more than twice of that for NaCl solutions at the same concentrations. Higher osmotic pressure means higher driving force, and this is preferable for the FO process. Fe-CA2 and NaCl draw solutions were prepared with the same osmotic pressure and used in FO process for BSA protein concentration. Within 180 min, BSA concentration was enriched from 0.2 to 0.27 L using Fe-CA draw solutions. However, it was only increased from 0.20 to 0.22 g/L using NaCl draw solutions. A reverse flux of 11 g/m²h was observed for NaCl draw solutes while it was only 0.1 g/m²h for Fe-CA2 draw solutes. It is safe to conclude that Fe-CA2 is much better than NaCl as draw solute and it is suitable for the enrichment of liquid product. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=draw%20solutes" title="draw solutes">draw solutes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferric%20citrate%20complex" title=" ferric citrate complex"> ferric citrate complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forward%20osmosis" title=" forward osmosis"> forward osmosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20enrichment" title=" protein enrichment"> protein enrichment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75311/development-of-ferric-citrate-complex-draw-solute-and-its-application-for-liquid-product-enrichment-through-forward-osmosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18989</span> Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) Suppositories Are Promising Approach for Treatment of Unexplained Infertility</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahinaz%20El-Shourbagy%20El-Shourbagy">Shahinaz El-Shourbagy El-Shourbagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20E%20Ossman%20Ossman"> Ahmed M. E Ossman Ossman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashraf%20El-Mohamady%20El-Mohamady"> Ashraf El-Mohamady El-Mohamady</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To investigate if there is a role of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in the treatment of infertile couples for idiopathic cause. Design: An observational study. Setting: Infertility outpatient clinic of Tanta University Hospital Egypt. Patient(s): 50 unexplained infertility women {endometrial thickness (EM) and the mean resistance index (RI)} compared to 50 fertile control group attended for check-up in the same period and receiving no treatment. Intervention(s): unexplained infertility women were given 25 mg of sildenafil citrate suppositories four times per day for seven days starting from the 5th day of the menstrual cycle for three cycles. Main Outcome Measures: EM and RI of endometrial spiral artery were assessed by transvaginal color-pulsed Doppler ultrasound in unexplained infertility women before and after sildenafil citrate treatment and compared with control. The conception rate and pregnancy outcome were recorded in the two groups. Result(s): Women with unexplained infertility had significantly thinner endometrium and a higher spiral artery resistance index, meaning lower peri-implantation blood flow than the fertile controls. Sildenafil citrate treated women showed a statistically significant increase in endometrial thickness (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in the mean spiral artery resistance index (p < 0.001) giving a better conception rate. Conclusion: Sildenafil citrate suppositories treatment enhance the endometrial blood flow through decreasing spiral artery resistance index 'RI' and consequently improve endometrial growth and receptivity in cases of unexplained infertility thus giving a better conception rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Unexplained%20infertility" title="Unexplained infertility">Unexplained infertility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endometrial%20blood%20flow" title=" endometrial blood flow"> endometrial blood flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endome%C2%ACtrial%20receptivity" title=" endome¬trial receptivity"> endome¬trial receptivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color-pulsed%20Doppler%20ultrasound%3B%20RI%20%28resis%C2%ACtance%20index" title=" color-pulsed Doppler ultrasound; RI (resis¬tance index"> color-pulsed Doppler ultrasound; RI (resis¬tance index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sildenafil%20citrate%20%28Viagra%29" title=" Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) "> Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53270/sildenafil-citrate-viagra-suppositories-are-promising-approach-for-treatment-of-unexplained-infertility" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">217</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18988</span> FC and ZFC Studies of Nickel Nano Ferrites and Ni Doped Lithium Nano Ferrites by Citrate-Gel Auto Combustion Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ravinder">D. Ravinder</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nickel ferrites and Ni doped Lithium nano ferrites [Li0.5Fe0.5]1-xNixFe2O4 with x= 0.8 and 1.0 synthesized by citrate-gel auto combustion method. The broad peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) indicate a crystalline behavior of the prepared samples. Low temperature magnetization studies i,e Field Cooled (FC) and Zero Field Cooled (ZFC) magnetic studies of the investigated samples are measured by using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The magnetization of the prepared samples as a function of an applied magnetic field 10 T was measured at two different temperatures 5 K and 310 K. Field Cooled (FC) and Zero Field Cooled (ZFC) magnetization measurements under an applied field of 100 Oe and 1000 Oe in the temperature range of 5–375 K were carried out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferro-spinels" title="ferro-spinels">ferro-spinels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20cooled%20%28FC%29" title=" field cooled (FC)"> field cooled (FC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zero%20Field%20Cooled%20%28ZFC%29%20and%20blocking%20temperature" title=" Zero Field Cooled (ZFC) and blocking temperature"> Zero Field Cooled (ZFC) and blocking temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superpara%20magnetism" title=" superpara magnetism"> superpara magnetism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery%20applications" title=" drug delivery applications"> drug delivery applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36077/fc-and-zfc-studies-of-nickel-nano-ferrites-and-ni-doped-lithium-nano-ferrites-by-citrate-gel-auto-combustion-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18987</span> Experimental Design in Extraction of Pseudomonas sp. Protease from Fermented Broth by Polyethylene Glycol/Citrate Aqueous Two-Phase System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Pillaca-Pullo">Omar Pillaca-Pullo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arturo%20Alejandro-Paredes"> Arturo Alejandro-Paredes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carol%20Flores-Fernandez"> Carol Flores-Fernandez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marijuly%20Sayuri%20Kina"> Marijuly Sayuri Kina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amparo%20Iris%20Zavaleta"> Amparo Iris Zavaleta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is an interesting alternative for separating industrial enzymes due to it is easy to scale-up and low cost. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixed with potassium phosphate or magnesium sulfate is one of the most frequently polymer/salt ATPS used, but the consequences of its use is a high concentration of phosphates and sulfates in wastewater causing environmental issues. Citrate could replace these inorganic salts due to it is biodegradable and does not produce toxic compounds. On the other hand, statistical design of experiments is widely used for ATPS optimization and it allows to study the effects of the involved variables in the purification, and to estimate their significant effects on selected responses and interactions. The 24 factorial design with four central points (20 experiments) was employed to study the partition and purification of proteases produced by Pseudomonas sp. in PEG/citrate ATPS system. ATPS was prepared with different sodium citrate concentrations [14, 16 and 18% (w/w)], pH values (7, 8 and 9), PEG molecular weight (2,000; 4,000 and 6,000 g/mol) and PEG concentrations [18, 20 and 22 % (w/w)]. All system components were mixed with 15% (w/w) of the fermented broth and deionized water was added to a final weight of 12.5 g. Then, the systems were mixed and kept at room temperature until to reach two-phases separation. Volumes of the top and bottom phases were measured, and aliquots from both phases were collected for subsequent proteolytic activity and total protein determination. Influence of variables such as PEG molar mass (MPEG), PEG concentration (CPEG), citrate concentration (CSal) and pH were evaluated on the following responses: purification factor (PF), activity yield (Y), partition coefficient (K) and selectivity (S). STATISTICA program version 10 was used for the analysis. According to the obtained results, higher levels of CPEG and MPEG had a positive effect on extraction, while pH did not influence on the process. On the other hand, the CSal could be related with low values of Y because of the citrate ions have a negative effect on solubility and enzymatic structure. The optimum values of Y (66.4 %), PF (1.8), K (5.5) and S (4.3) were obtained at CSal (18%), MPEG (6,000 g/mol), CPEG (22%) and pH 9. These results indicated that the PEG/citrate system is accurate to purify these Pseudomonas sp. proteases from fermented broth as a first purification step. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate" title="citrate">citrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethylene%20glycol" title=" polyethylene glycol"> polyethylene glycol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protease" title=" protease"> protease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pseudomonas%20sp" title=" Pseudomonas sp"> Pseudomonas sp</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72781/experimental-design-in-extraction-of-pseudomonas-sp-protease-from-fermented-broth-by-polyethylene-glycolcitrate-aqueous-two-phase-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72781.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18986</span> A Comparative Study of Substituted Li Ferrites Sintered by the Conventional and Microwave Sintering Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibetombi%20Soibam">Ibetombi Soibam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Li-Zn-Ni ferrite having the compositional formula Li0.4-0.5xZn0.2NixFe2.4-0.5xO4 where x = 0.02 ≤ x ≤0.1 in steps of 0.02 was fabricated by the citrate precursor method. In this method, metal nitrates and citric acid was used to prepare the gel which exhibit self-propagating combustion behavior giving the required ferrite sample. The ferrite sample was given a pre-firing at 650°C in a programmable conventional furnace for 3 hours with a heating rate of 5°C/min. A series of the sample was finally given conventional sintering (CS) at 1040°C after the pre-firing process. Another series was given microwave sintering (MS) at 1040°C in a programmable microwave furnace which uses a single magnetron operating at 2.45 GHz frequency. X- ray diffraction pattern confirmed the spinel phase structure for both the series. The theoretical and experimental density was calculated. It was observed that densification increases with the increase in Ni concentration in both the series. However, samples sintered by microwave technique was found to be denser. The microstructure of the two series of the sample was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dielectric properties have been investigated as a function of frequency and composition for both series of samples sintered by CS and MS technique. The variation of dielectric constant with frequency show dispersion for both the series. It was explained in terms of Koop’s two layer model. From the analysis of dielectric measurement, it was observed that the value of room temperature dielectric constant decreases with the increase in Ni concentration for both the series. The microwave sintered samples show a lower dielectric constant making microwave sintering suitable for high-frequency applications. The possible mechanisms contributing to all the above behavior is being discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20precursor" title="citrate precursor">citrate precursor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20constant" title=" dielectric constant"> dielectric constant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrites" title=" ferrites"> ferrites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20sintering" title=" microwave sintering"> microwave sintering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33965/a-comparative-study-of-substituted-li-ferrites-sintered-by-the-conventional-and-microwave-sintering-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18985</span> Potential Antibacterial Applications and Synthesis, Structural, Magnetic, Optical, and Dielectric Characterization of Nickel-Substituted Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tesfay%20Gebremichael%20Reda">Tesfay Gebremichael Reda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanoparticle technology is fast progressing and is being employed in innumerable medical applications. At this time, the public's health is seriously threatened by the rise of bacterial strains resistant to several medications. Metal nanoparticles are a potential alternate approach for tackling this global concern, and this is the main focus of this study. The citrate precursor sol-gel synthesis method was used to synthesize the, Niₓ Co(₁-ₓ) Fe₂ O₄, (where x = 0.0:0.2:1.0) nanoparticle. XRD identified the development of the cubic crystal structure to have a preferential orientation along (311), and the average particle size was found to be 29-38 nm. The average crystallizes assessed with ImageJ software and origin 22 of the SEM are nearly identical to the XRD results. In the created NCF NPs, the FT-IR spectroscopy reveals structural examinations and the redistribution of cations between octahedral (505-428 cm-1) and tetrahedral (653-603 cm-1) locales. Finally, the decrease of coercive fields HC, 2384 Oe to 241.93 Oe replacement of Co²+ cation with Ni²+. Band gap energy rises as Ni concentration increases, which may be attributed to the fact that the ionic radii of Ni²+ ions are smaller than that of Co²+ ions, which results in a strong electrostatic interaction. On the contrary, except at x = 0.4, the dielectric constant decreases as the nickel concentration increases. According to the findings of this research work, nanoparticles composed of Ni₀.₄ Co₀.₄ Fe₂ O₄ have demonstrated a promising value against S. aureus and E. coli, and it suggests a proposed model for their potential use as a new source of antibacterial agents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial" title="antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20gap" title=" band gap"> band gap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20precursor" title=" citrate precursor"> citrate precursor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric" title=" dielectric"> dielectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle" title=" nanoparticle"> nanoparticle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189522/potential-antibacterial-applications-and-synthesis-structural-magnetic-optical-and-dielectric-characterization-of-nickel-substituted-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189522.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18984</span> Increase in the Shelf Life Anchovy (Engraulis ringens) from Flaying then Bleeding in a Sodium Citrate Solution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santos%20Maza">Santos Maza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enzo%20Aldoradin"> Enzo Aldoradin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Pariona"> Carlos Pariona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eliud%20Arpi"> Eliud Arpi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Rosales"> Maria Rosales</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of flaying then bleeding anchovy (Engraulis ringens) immersed within a sodium citrate solution. Anchovy is a pelagic fish that readily deteriorates due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. As such, within the Peruvian food industry, the shelf life of frozen anchovy is explicitly 6 months, this short duration imparts a barrier to use for direct consumption human. Thus, almost all capture of anchovy by the fishing industry is eventually used in the production of fishmeal. We offer this an alternative to its typical production process in order to increase shelf life. In the present study, 100 kg of anchovies were captured and immediately mixed with ice on ship, maintaining a high quality sensory metric (e.g., with color blue in back) while still arriving for processing less than 2 h after capture. Anchovies with fat content of 3% were immediately flayed (i.e., reducing subcutaneous fat), beheaded, gutted and bled (i.e., removing hemoglobin) by immersion in water (Control) or in a solution of 2.5% sodium citrate (treatment), then subsequently frozen at -30 °C for 8 h in 2 kg batches. Subsequent glazing and storage at -25 °C for 14 months completed the experiments parameters. The peroxide value (PV), acidity (A), fatty acid profile (FAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), heme iron (HI), pH and sensory attributes of the samples were evaluated monthly. The results of the PV, TBARS, A, pH and sensory analyses displayed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatment and control sample; where the sodium citrate treated samples showed increased preservation features. Specifically, at the beginning of the study, flayed, beheaded, gutted and bled anchovies displayed low content of fat (1.5%) with moderate amount of PV, A and TBARS, and were not rejected by sensory analysis. HI values and FAP displayed varying behavior, however, results of HI did not reveal a decreasing trend. This result is indicative of the fact that levels of iron were maintained as HI and did not convert into no heme iron, which is known to be the primary catalyst of lipid oxidation in fish. According to the FAP results, the major quantity of fatty acid was of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PFA) followed by saturated fatty acid (SFA) and then monounsaturated fatty acid (MFA). According to sensory analysis, the shelf life of flayed, beheaded and gutted anchovy (control and treatment) was 14 months. This shelf life was reached at laboratory level because high quality anchovies were used and immediately flayed, beheaded, gutted, bled and frozen. Therefore, it is possible to maintain the shelf life of anchovies for a long time. Overall, this method displayed a large increase in shelf life relative to that commonly seen for anchovies in this industry. However, these results should be extrapolated at industrial scales to propose better processing conditions and improve the quality of anchovy for direct human consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20sodium%20solution" title="citrate sodium solution">citrate sodium solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heme%20iron" title=" heme iron"> heme iron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyunsaturated%20fatty%20acids" title=" polyunsaturated fatty acids"> polyunsaturated fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shelf%20life%20of%20frozen%20anchovy" title=" shelf life of frozen anchovy"> shelf life of frozen anchovy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55671/increase-in-the-shelf-life-anchovy-engraulis-ringens-from-flaying-then-bleeding-in-a-sodium-citrate-solution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18983</span> Antimicrobial Activity of Functionalized Alpaca Fabrics with Silver Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gina%20Zavaleta-Espejo">Gina Zavaleta-Espejo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Segundo%20R.%20J%C3%A1uregui-Rosas"> Segundo R. Jáuregui-Rosas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fanny%20V.%20Samanamud-Moreno"> Fanny V. Samanamud-Moreno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Salda%C3%B1a%20Jim%C3%A9nez"> José Saldaña Jiménez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anibal%20Felix-Quintero"> Anibal Felix-Quintero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V%C3%ADctor%20Montero-Del%20Aguila"> Víctor Montero-Del Aguila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsi%20Mej%C3%ADa-Uriarte"> Elsi Mejía-Uriarte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vicugnapacos "alpaca" fabrics are considered special for their finesse, and the garments in the textile market are very luxurious. It has many special characteristics such as antiallergic, soft, hygroscopic, among others. In this sense, the research aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of alpaca fabrics functionalized with silver nanoparticles on the bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. For the functionalization of the fabrics, AgNO3 and different concentrations of trisodium citrate (TSC) 2, 6, and 10 mg. Tissue characterization was performed using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The determination of the antimicrobial activity of the alpaca tissues was made by the Kirby-Bauer method with alpaca tissue discs functionalized with silver nanoparticles, an experimental design was made in completely randomized blocks with three treatments and a negative control with three repetitions. The results showed that inhibition halos were formed for both bacteria, therefore, the functionalized tissues have a high antimicrobial activity, whose mechanism of action is attributed to the free radicals (ROS) generated by the nanoparticles that cause oxidative damage to the bacteria. proteins and lipids of the bacterial cell wall. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial" title="antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20fibers" title=" animal fibers"> animal fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fabrics" title=" fabrics"> fabrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functionalization" title=" functionalization"> functionalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trisodium%20citrate" title=" trisodium citrate"> trisodium citrate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149105/antimicrobial-activity-of-functionalized-alpaca-fabrics-with-silver-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149105.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18982</span> Synthesis, Structural, Magnetic, Optical, and Dielectric Characterization of Nickel-Substituted Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles and Potential Antibacterial Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tesfay%20Gebremicheal%20Reda">Tesfay Gebremicheal Reda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Samatha"> K. Samatha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Douglas%20Sanasi"> Paul Douglas Sanasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Parajuli"> D. Parajuli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanoparticle technology is fast progressing and is being employed in innumerable medical applications. At this time, the public's health is seriously threatened by the rise of bacterial strains resistant to several medications. Metal nanoparticles are a potential alternate approach for tackling this global concern, and this is the main focus of this study. The citrate precursor sol-gel synthesis method was used to synthesize the Niₓ Co₁₋ₓ Fe₂ O₄, (where x = 0.0:0.2:1.0) nanoparticle. XRD identified the development of the cubic crystal structure to have a preferential orientation along (311), and the average particle size was found to be 29-38 nm. The average crystallizes assessed with ImageJ software and origin 22 of the SEM are nearly identical to the XRD results. In the created NCF NPs, the FT-IR spectroscopy reveals structural examinations and the redistribution of cations between octahedral (505-428 cm⁻¹) and tetrahedral (653-603 cm⁻¹) locales. As the Co²⁺ cation is substituted with Ni²⁺, the coercive fields HC decrease from 2384 Oe to 241.93 Oe. Band gap energy rises as Ni concentration increases, which may be attributed to the fact that the ionic radii of Ni²⁺ ions are smaller than that of Co²⁺ ions, which results in a strong electrostatic interaction. On the contrary, except at x = 0.4, the dielectric constant decreases as the nickel concentration increases. According to the findings of this research work, nanoparticles are composed of Ni₀.₄ Co₀.₆ Fe₂ O₄ have demonstrated a promising value against S. aureus and E. coli, and it suggests a proposed model for their potential use as a source of antibacterial agent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial" title="antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20gap" title=" band gap"> band gap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20precursor" title=" citrate precursor"> citrate precursor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric" title=" dielectric"> dielectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle" title=" nanoparticle"> nanoparticle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184868/synthesis-structural-magnetic-optical-and-dielectric-characterization-of-nickel-substituted-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles-and-potential-antibacterial-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18981</span> Molecular Modeling a Tool for Postulating the Mechanism of Drug Interaction: Glimepiride Alters the Pharmacokinetics of Sildenafil Citrate in Diabetic Nephropathy Animals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alok%20Shiomurti%20Tripathi">Alok Shiomurti Tripathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20Kumar%20Timiri"> Ajay Kumar Timiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Papiya%20Mitra%20Mazumder"> Papiya Mitra Mazumder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anil%20Chandewar"> Anil Chandewar </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study evaluates the possible drug interaction between glimepiride (GLIM) and sildenafil citrate (SIL) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced in diabetic nephropathic (DN) animals and also postulates the possible mechanism of interaction by molecular modeling studies. Diabetic nephropathy was induced by single dose of STZ (60 mg/kg, ip) and confirms it by assessing the blood and urine biochemical parameters on 28th day of its induction. Selected DN animals were used for the drug interaction between GLIM (0.5mg/kg, p.o.) and SIL (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) after 29th and 70th day of protocol. Drug interaction were assessed by evaluating the plasma drug concentration using HPLC-UV and also determine the change in the biochemical parameter in blood and urine. Mechanism of the interaction was postulated by molecular modeling study using Maestro module of Schrodinger software. DN was confirmed as there was significant alteration in the blood and urine biochemical parameter in STZ treated groups. The concentration of SIL increased significantly (p<0.001) in rat plasma when co administered with GLIM after 70th day of protocol. Molecular modelling study revealed few important interactions with rat serum albumin and CYP2C9.GLIM has strong hydrophobic interaction with binding site residues of rat serum albumin compared to SIL. Whereas, for CYP2C9, GLIM has strong hydrogen bond with polar contacts and hydrophobic interactions than SIL. Present study concludes that bioavailability of SIL increases when co-administered chronically with GLIM in the management of DN animals and mechanism has been supported by molecular modeling studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetic%20nephropathy" title="diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glimepiride" title=" glimepiride"> glimepiride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sildenafil%20citrate" title=" sildenafil citrate"> sildenafil citrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacokinetics" title=" pharmacokinetics"> pharmacokinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homology%20modeling" title=" homology modeling"> homology modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schrodinger" title=" schrodinger"> schrodinger</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39956/molecular-modeling-a-tool-for-postulating-the-mechanism-of-drug-interaction-glimepiride-alters-the-pharmacokinetics-of-sildenafil-citrate-in-diabetic-nephropathy-animals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18980</span> Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Neodymium and Erbium Doped Bismuth Ferrite Multifunctional Materials for Spintronic Devices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravinder%20Dachepalli">Ravinder Dachepalli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveena%20Gadwala"> Naveena Gadwala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Vani"> K. Vani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nd and Er substituted bismuth nano crystalline multifunctional materials were prepared by citrate gel autocombution technique. The structural characterization was carried out by XRD and SEM. Electrical properties such are electrical conductivity and dielectric properties have been measured. Plots of electrical conductivity versus temperature increases with increasing temperature and shown a transition near Curie temperature. Dielectric properties such are dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent have been measured from 20Hz to 2 MHz at room temperature. Plots of dielectric constant versus frequency show a normal dielectric behaviour of multifunctional materials. Temperature dependence of magnetic properties of Bi-Nd and Bi-Er multi-functional materials were carried out by using Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The magnetization as a function of an applied field ±100 Oe was carried out at 3K and 360 K. Zero field Cooled (ZFC) and Field Cooled (FC) magnetization measurements under an applied field of 100Oe a in the temperature range of 5-375K. The observed results can be explained for spintronic devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bi-Nd%20and%20Bi-Er%20%20Multifunctional%20Materia" title="Bi-Nd and Bi-Er Multifunctional Materia">Bi-Nd and Bi-Er Multifunctional Materia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Citrate%20Gel%20Auto%20combustion%20Technique" title=" Citrate Gel Auto combustion Technique"> Citrate Gel Auto combustion Technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FC-ZFC%20magnetization" title=" FC-ZFC magnetization"> FC-ZFC magnetization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dielectric%20constant" title=" Dielectric constant"> Dielectric constant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123192/electrical-and-magnetic-properties-of-neodymium-and-erbium-doped-bismuth-ferrite-multifunctional-materials-for-spintronic-devices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123192.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18979</span> Fast Reductive Defluorination of Branched Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acids by Cobalt Phthalocyanine: Electrochemical Studies and Mechanistic Insights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Mirabediny">Maryam Mirabediny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsz%20Tin%20Yu"> Tsz Tin Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Sun"> Jun Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Lee"> Matthew Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denis%20M.%20O%E2%80%99Carroll"> Denis M. O’Carroll</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20J.%20Manefield"> Michael J. Manefield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bjo%CC%88rn%20Akermark"> Björn Akermark</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biswanath%20Das"> Biswanath Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naresh%20Kumar"> Naresh Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Branched perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is recognized as a threatening environmental pollutant due to its high persistence and bioaccumulation in various environmental matrices as well as for its toxic effects on humans and wildlife, even at very low concentrations. This study reports the first investigation of branched PFOS defluorination catalyzed by metal phthalocyanines. The reaction conditions were optimized using the different reductants and temperatures. Cobalt phthalocyanine, when combined with Ti citrate as a reducing agent, was able to defluorinate 10.9% of technical PFOS within 8 hours. In contrast, vitamin B12 only showed 2.4% defluorination during the same period under similar conditions. The defluorination mediated by cobalt phthalocyanine and Ti citrate system corresponds to 54.5% of all branched PFOS isomers (br-PFOS isomers). Isomer-specific degradation was also investigated via high-resolution LC-orbitrap, followed by their relative rates. The difference in catalytic efficacy of various phthalocyanine complexes is rationalized by their structures and electrochemical response. Lastly, a new defluorination mechanism is proposed based on the newly detected degradation products after the phthalocyanines treatment and the previous studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=branched%20isomers" title="branched isomers">branched isomers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title=" catalyst"> catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reductive%20defluorination" title=" reductive defluorination"> reductive defluorination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20remediation" title=" water remediation"> water remediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178692/fast-reductive-defluorination-of-branched-perfluorooctane-sulfonic-acids-by-cobalt-phthalocyanine-electrochemical-studies-and-mechanistic-insights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18978</span> Microstracture of Iranian Processed Cheese</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ezzati">R. Ezzati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Dezyani"> M. Dezyani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mirzaei"> H. Mirzaei </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of the concentration of trisodium citrate (TSC) emulsifying salt (0.25 to 2.75%) and holding time (0 to 20 min) on the textural, rheological, and microstructural properties of Iranian Processed Cheese Cheddar cheese were studied using a central composite rotatable design. The loss tangent parameter (from small amplitude oscillatory rheology), extent of flow, and melt area (from the Schreiber test) all indicated that the meltability of process cheese decreased with increased concentration of TSC and that holding time led to a slight reduction in meltability. Hardness increased as the concentration of TSC increased. Fluorescence micrographs indicated that the size of fat droplets decreased with an increase in the concentration of TSC and with longer holding times. Acid-base titration curves indicated that the buffering peak at pH 4.8, which is due to residual colloidal calcium phosphate, decreased as the concentration of TSC increased. The soluble phosphate content increased as concentration of TSC increased. However, the insoluble Ca decreased with increasing concentration of TSC. The results of this study suggest that TSC chelated Ca from colloidal calcium phosphate and dispersed casein; the citrate-Ca complex remained trapped within the process cheese matrix. Increasing the concentration of TSC helped to improve fat emulsification and casein dispersion during cooking, both of which probably helped to reinforce the structure of process cheese. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iranian%20processed%20cheese" title="Iranian processed cheese">Iranian processed cheese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cheddar%20cheese" title=" cheddar cheese"> cheddar cheese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emulsifying%20salt" title=" emulsifying salt"> emulsifying salt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheology" title=" rheology"> rheology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26295/microstracture-of-iranian-processed-cheese" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18977</span> Cellular Energy Metabolism Decreases with Age in the Trophocytes and Oenocytes of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin-Yuan%20Hsu">Chin-Yuan Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Lung%20Chuang"> Yu-Lung Chuang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The expression, concentration, and activity of mitochondrial energy-utilized molecules and cellular energy-regulated molecules decreased with age in the trophocytes and oenocytes of honeybees (Apis mellifera), but those of cellular energy-metabolized molecules is unknown. In this study, the expression, concentration, and activity of cellular energy-metabolized molecules were assayed in the trophocytes and fat cells of young and old worker bees by using the techniques of cell and biochemistry. The results showed that (i) the •-hydroxylacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activity/citrate synthase (CS) activity ratio, non-esterified fatty acids concentrations, the expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, and the expression of phosphorylated eIF4E binding protein 1 decreased with age; (ii) fat and glycogen accumulation increased with age; and (iii) the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity/citrate synthase (CS) activity ratio was not correlated with age. These finding indicated that •-oxidation (HOAD/CS) and protein synthsis decreased with age. Glycolysis (PDH/CS) was unchanged with age. The most likely reason is that sugars are the vital food of worker bees. Taken together these data reveal that young workers have higher cellular energy metabolism than old workers and that aging results in a decline in the cellular energy metabolism in worker honeybees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aging" title="aging">aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeybee" title=" honeybee"> honeybee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolism" title=" metabolism "> metabolism </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23207/cellular-energy-metabolism-decreases-with-age-in-the-trophocytes-and-oenocytes-of-honeybees-apis-mellifera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23207.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18976</span> Magnetic Properties and Cytotoxicity of Ga-Mn Magnetic Ferrites Synthesized by the Citrate Sol-Gel Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javier%20S%C3%A1nchez">Javier Sánchez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Elena%20De%20Le%C3%B3n%20Prado"> Laura Elena De León Prado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dora%20Alicia%20Cort%C3%A9s%20Hern%C3%A1ndez"> Dora Alicia Cortés Hernández</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Magnetic spinel ferrites are materials that possess size, magnetic properties and heating ability adequate for their potential use in biomedical applications. The Mn<sub>0.5</sub>Ga<sub>0.5</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by sol-gel method using citric acid as chelating agent of metallic precursors. The synthesized samples were identified by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) as an inverse spinel structure with no secondary phases. Saturation magnetization (<em>Ms</em>) of crystalline powders was 45.9 emu/g, which was higher than those corresponding to GaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (14.2 emu/g) and MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (40.2 emu/g) synthesized under similar conditions, while the coercivity field (<em>Hc</em>) was 27.9 Oe. The average particle size was 18 ± 7 nm. The heating ability of the MNPs was enough to increase the surrounding temperature up to 43.5 °C in 7 min when a quantity of 4.5 mg of MNPs per mL of liquid medium was tested. Cytotoxic effect (hemolysis assay) of MNPs was determined and the results showed hemolytic values below 1% in all tested cases. According to the results obtained, these synthesized nanoparticles can be potentially used as thermoseeds for hyperthermia therapy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manganese-gallium%20ferrite" title="manganese-gallium ferrite">manganese-gallium ferrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20hyperthermia" title=" magnetic hyperthermia"> magnetic hyperthermia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20ability" title=" heating ability"> heating ability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytotoxicity" title=" cytotoxicity"> cytotoxicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65209/magnetic-properties-and-cytotoxicity-of-ga-mn-magnetic-ferrites-synthesized-by-the-citrate-sol-gel-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18975</span> Preparation and Characterization of Nanometric Ni-Zn Ferrite via Different Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebtesam.%20E.%20Ateia">Ebtesam. E. Ateia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20M.%20Salah"> L. M. Salah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20El-Bassuony"> A. H. El-Bassuony</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the presented study was the possibility of developing a nanosized material with enhanced structural properties that was suitable for many applications. Nanostructure ferrite of composition Ni0.5 Zn0.5 Cr0.1 Fe1.9 O4 were prepared by sol–gel, co-precipitation, citrate-gel, flash and oxalate precursor methods. The Structural and micro structural analysis of the investigated samples were carried out. It was observed that the lattice parameter of cubic spinel was constant, and the positions of both tetrahedral and the octahedral bands had a fixed position. The values of the lattice parameter had a significant role in determining the stoichiometric cation distribution of the composition.The average crystalline sizes of the investigated samples were from 16.4 to 69 nm. Discussion was made on the basis of a comparison of average crystallite size of the investigated samples, indicating that the co-precipitation method was the the effective one in producing small crystallite sized samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20preparation" title="chemical preparation">chemical preparation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrite" title=" ferrite"> ferrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grain%20size" title="grain size">grain size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposites" title=" nanocomposites"> nanocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31002/preparation-and-characterization-of-nanometric-ni-zn-ferrite-via-different-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18974</span> Different Methods Anthocyanins Extracted from Saffron</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hashem%20Barati">Hashem Barati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Farahbakhsh"> Afshin Farahbakhsh </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The flowers of saffron contain anthocyanins. Generally, extraction of anthocyanins takes place at low temperatures (below 30 °C), preferably under vacuum (to minimize degradation) and in an acidic environment. In order to extract anthocyanins, the dried petals were added to 30 ml of acidic ethanol (pH=2). Amount of petals, extraction time, temperature, and ethanol percentage which were selected. Total anthocyanin content was a function of both variables of ethanol percent and extraction time.To prepare SW with pH of 3.5, different concentrations of 100, 400, 700, 1,000, and 2,000 ppm of sodium metabisulfite were added to aqueous sodium citrate. At this selected concentration, different extraction times of 20, 40, 60, 120, 180 min were tested to determine the optimum extraction time. When the extraction time was extended from 20 to 60 min, the total recovered anthocyanins of sulfur method changed from 650 to 710 mg/100 g. In the EW method Cellubrix and Pectinex enzymes were added separately to the buffer solution at different concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7%, 10%, and 12.5% and held for 2 hours reaction time at an ambient temperature of 40 °C. There was a considerable and significant difference in trends of Acys content of tepals extracted by pectinex enzymes at 5% concentration and AE solution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saffron" title="saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthocyanins" title=" anthocyanins"> anthocyanins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acidic%20environment" title=" acidic environment"> acidic environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acidic%20ethanol" title=" acidic ethanol"> acidic ethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pectinex%20enzymes" title=" pectinex enzymes"> pectinex enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cellubrix%20enzymes" title=" Cellubrix enzymes"> Cellubrix enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20metabisulfite" title=" sodium metabisulfite"> sodium metabisulfite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48478/different-methods-anthocyanins-extracted-from-saffron" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18973</span> DNA-Based Gold Nanoprobe Biosensor to Detect Pork Contaminant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rizka%20Ardhiyana">Rizka Ardhiyana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liesbetini%20Haditjaroko"> Liesbetini Haditjaroko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sri%20Mulijani"> Sri Mulijani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reki%20Ashadi%20Wicaksono"> Reki Ashadi Wicaksono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raafqi%20Ranasasmita"> Raafqi Ranasasmita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Designing a sensitive, specific and easy to use method to detect pork contamination in the food industry remains a major challenge. In the current study, we developed a sensitive thiol-bond AuNP-Probe biosensor that will change color when detecting pork DNA in the Cytochrome B region. The interaction between the biosensors and DNA sample is measured by spectrophotometer at 540 nm. The biosensor is made by reducing gold with trisodium citrate to produce gold nanoparticle with 39.05 nm diameter. The AuNP-Probe biosensor (gold nanoprobe) achieved 16.04 ng DNA/µl limit of detection and 53.48 ng DNA/µl limit of quantification. The linearity (R2) between color absorbance changes and DNA concentration is 0.9916. The biosensor has a good specificty as it does not cross-react with DNA of chicken and beef. To verify specificity towards the target sequence, PCR was tested to the target sequence and reacted to the PCR product with the biosensor. The PCR DNA isolate resulted in a 2.7 fold higher absorbance compared to pork-DNA isolate alone (without PCR). The sensitivity and specificity of the method show the promising application of the thiol-bond AuNP biosensor in pork-detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20probe" title=" DNA probe"> DNA probe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticle%20%28AuNP%29" title=" gold nanoparticle (AuNP)"> gold nanoparticle (AuNP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pork%20meat" title=" pork meat"> pork meat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qPCR" title=" qPCR"> qPCR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72688/dna-based-gold-nanoprobe-biosensor-to-detect-pork-contaminant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72688.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18972</span> Development and Characterization of Double Liposomes Based Dual Drug Delivery System for H. Pylori Targeting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Kumar%20Jain">Ashish Kumar Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepak%20Mishra"> Deepak Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the present investigation was to prepare and evaluate a vesicular dual drug delivery system for effective management of mucosal ulcer. Inner encapsulating and Double liposomes were prepared by glass bead and reverse phase evaporation method respectively. The formulation consisted of inner liposomes bearing Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate (RBC) and outer liposomes encapsulating Amoxicillin trihydrate (AMOX). The optimized inner liposomes and double liposomes were extensively characterized for vesicle size, morphology, zeta potential, vesicles count, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. In vitro, the double liposomes demonstrated a sustained release of AMOX and RBC viz 91.4±1.8% and 77.2±2.1% respectively at the end of 72 hr. Furthermore binding specificity and targeting propensity toward H. pylori (SKP-56) was confirmed by agglutination and in situ adherence assay. Reduction of the absolute alcohol induced ulcerogenic index from 3.01 ± 0.25 to 0.31 ± 0.09 and 100% H. pylori clearance rate was observed. These results suggested that double liposomes are potential vector for the development of dual drug delivery for effective treatment of H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20liposomes" title="double liposomes">double liposomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20pylori%20targeting" title=" H. pylori targeting"> H. pylori targeting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PE%20liposomes" title=" PE liposomes"> PE liposomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass-beads%20method" title=" glass-beads method"> glass-beads method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peptic%20ulcers" title=" peptic ulcers"> peptic ulcers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18114/development-and-characterization-of-double-liposomes-based-dual-drug-delivery-system-for-h-pylori-targeting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18114.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18971</span> Copper Doping for Enhancing Photocatalytic Efficiency of Barium Ferrite in Degradation of Atrazine under Visible Light</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20S.%20Jamil">Tarek S. Jamil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20A.%20Abbas"> H. A. Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rabab%20A.%20Nasr"> Rabab A. Nasr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eman%20S.%20Mansor"> Eman S. Mansor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rose-No%C3%ABlle%20Vannier"> Rose-Noëlle Vannier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The citrate manner (Pechini method) was utilized in elaboration of a novel Nano-sized BaFe(1-x)CuxO3 (x=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10). The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance, TEM and the surface area. The prepared samples have a mixture of cubic perovskite structure (main) and orthorhombic phases. The effect of different loads of copper as dopant on the structural properties as well as the photocatalytic activity was demonstrated. The lattice parameter and the unit cell volume of the prepared materials are given. Doping with copper increased the photocatalytic activity of BaFeO3 several times in abstraction of hazardous atrazine that causes acute problems in drinking water treatment facilities. This may be reasoned to low band gap energy of copper doped BaFe(1-x)CuxO3 attributed to oxygen vacancies formation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis" title="photocatalysis">photocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-sized" title=" nano-sized"> nano-sized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BaFeO3" title=" BaFeO3"> BaFeO3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20doping" title=" copper doping"> copper doping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atrazine" title=" atrazine"> atrazine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61647/copper-doping-for-enhancing-photocatalytic-efficiency-of-barium-ferrite-in-degradation-of-atrazine-under-visible-light" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18970</span> Hydrogen Permeability of BSCY Proton-Conducting Perovskite Membrane </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Heidari">M. Heidari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Safekordi"> A. Safekordi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zamaniyan"> A. Zamaniyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Ganji%20Babakhani"> E. Ganji Babakhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Amanipour"> M. Amanipour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Perovskite-type membrane Ba<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>Ce<sub>0.9</sub>Y<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> (BSCY) was successfully synthesized by liquid citrate method. The hydrogen permeation and stability of BSCY perovskite-type membranes were studied at high temperatures. The phase structure of the powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize microstructures of the membrane sintered under various conditions. SEM results showed that increasing in sintering temperature, formed dense membrane with clear grains. XRD results for BSCY membrane that sintered in 1150 °C indicated single phase perovskite structure with orthorhombic configuration, and SEM results showed dense structure with clear grain size which is suitable for permeation tests. Partial substitution of Sr with Ba in SCY structure improved the hydrogen permeation flux through the membrane due to the larger ionic radius of Ba<sup>2+</sup>. BSCY membrane shows high hydrogen permeation flux of 1.6 ml/min.cm<sup>2</sup> at 900 °C and partial pressure of 0.6. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20separation" title="hydrogen separation">hydrogen separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perovskite" title=" perovskite"> perovskite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton%20conducting%20membrane." title=" proton conducting membrane."> proton conducting membrane.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54608/hydrogen-permeability-of-bscy-proton-conducting-perovskite-membrane" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54608.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18969</span> Innovative Textile Design Using in-situ Ag NPs incorporation into Natural Fabric Matrix</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Rehan">M. Rehan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mashaly"> H. Mashaly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Emam"> H. Emam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abou%20El-Kheir"> A. Abou El-Kheir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mowafi">S. Mowafi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we will study a simple highly efficient technique to impart multi functional properties to different fabric substrates by in situ Ag NPs incorporation into fabric matrix. Ag NPs as a coloration and antimicrobial agent were prepared in situ incorporation into fabric matrix (Cotton and Wool) by using trisodium citrate as reducing and stabilizing agent. The Ag NPs treated fabric (Cotton and Wool) showed different color because of localized surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) property of Ag NPs. The formation of Ag NPs was confirmed by UV/Vis spectra for the supernatant solutions and The Ag NPs treated fabric (Cotton and Wool) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS). The dependence of color properties characterized by colorimetric, fastness and antibacterial properties evaluated by Escherichia coli using counting method and the reaction parameters were studied. The results indicate that, the in situ Ag NPs incorporation into fabric matrix approach can simultaneously impart colorant and antimicrobial properties into different fabric substrates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ag%20NPs" title="Ag NPs">Ag NPs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coloration" title=" coloration"> coloration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial" title=" antibacterial"> antibacterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wool" title=" wool"> wool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton%20fabric" title=" cotton fabric"> cotton fabric</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11113/innovative-textile-design-using-in-situ-ag-nps-incorporation-into-natural-fabric-matrix" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18968</span> A Simple Colorimetric Assay for Paraquat Detection Using Negatively Charged Silver Nanopaticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weena%20Siangphro">Weena Siangphro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orawon%20%20Chailapakul"> Orawon Chailapakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kriangsak%20%20Songsrirote"> Kriangsak Songsrirote</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple, rapid, sensitive, and economical method based on colorimetry for the determination of paraquat, a widely used herbicide, was developed. Citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized as colorimetric probe. The mechanism of the assay is related to aggregation of negatively charged AgNPs induced by positively-charged paraquat resulting from coulombic attraction which causes the color change from deep greenish yellow to pale yellow upon the concentrations of paraquat. Silica gel was exploited as paraquat adsorbent for purification and pre-concentration prior to the direct determination with negatively charged AgNPs without elution step required. The validity of the proposed approach was evaluated by spiking standard paraquat in water and plant samples. Recoveries of paraquat in water samples were 93.6-95.4%, while those in plant samples were 86.6-89.5% by using the optimized extraction procedure. The absorbance of AgNPs at 400 nm was linearly related to the concentration of paraquat over the range of 0.05-50 mg/L with detection limits of 0.05 ppm for water samples, and 0.10 ppm for plant samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colorimetric%20assay" title="colorimetric assay">colorimetric assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paraquat" title=" paraquat"> paraquat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silica%20gel" title=" silica gel"> silica gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticles" title=" silver nanoparticles"> silver nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64926/a-simple-colorimetric-assay-for-paraquat-detection-using-negatively-charged-silver-nanopaticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18967</span> Label Free Detection of Small Molecules Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Various Capping Agents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Khan">Zahra Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has received increased attention in recent years, focusing on biological and medical applications due to its great sensitivity as well as molecular specificity. In the context of biological samples, there are generally two methodologies for SERS based applications: label-free detection and the use of SERS tags. The necessity of tagging can make the process slower and limits the use for real life. Label-free detection offers the advantage that it reports direct spectroscopic evidence associated with the target molecule rather than the label. Reproducible, highly monodisperse gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized using a relatively facile seed-mediated growth method. Different capping agents (TRIS, citrate, and CTAB) were used during synthesis, and characterization was performed. They were then mixed with different analyte solutions before drop-casting onto a glass slide prior to Raman measurements to see which NPs displayed the highest SERS activity as well as their stability. A host of different analytes were tested, both non-biomolecules and biomolecules, which were all successfully detected using this method at concentrations as low as 10-3M with salicylic acid reaching a detection limit in the nanomolar range. SERS was also performed on samples with a mixture of analytes present, whereby peaks from both target molecules were distinctly observed. This is a fast and effective rapid way of testing samples and offers potential applications in the biomedical field as a tool for diagnostic and treatment purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title="gold nanoparticles">gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=label%20free" title=" label free"> label free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seed-mediated%20growth" title=" seed-mediated growth"> seed-mediated growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SERS" title=" SERS"> SERS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134630/label-free-detection-of-small-molecules-using-surface-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-with-gold-nanoparticles-synthesized-with-various-capping-agents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18966</span> Double Liposomes Based Dual Drug Delivery System for Effective Eradication of Helicobacter pylori</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuvraj%20Singh%20Dangi">Yuvraj Singh Dangi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brajesh%20Kumar%20Tiwari"> Brajesh Kumar Tiwari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashok%20Kumar%20Jain"> Ashok Kumar Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamta%20Prasad%20Namdeo"> Kamta Prasad Namdeo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The potential use of liposomes as drug carriers by i.v. injection is limited by their low stability in blood stream. Firstly, phospholipid exchange and transfer to lipoproteins, mainly HDL destabilizes and disintegrates liposomes with subsequent loss of content. To avoid the pain associated with injection and to obtain better patient compliance studies concerning various dosage forms, have been developed. Conventional liposomes (unilamellar and multilamellar) have certain drawbacks like low entrapment efficiency, stability and release of drug after single breach in external membrane, have led to the new type of liposomal systems. The challenge has been successfully met in the form of Double Liposomes (DL). DL is a recently developed type of liposome, consisting of smaller liposomes enveloped in lipid bilayers. The outer lipid layer of DL can protect inner liposomes against various enzymes, therefore DL was thought to be more effective than ordinary liposomes. This concept was also supported by in vitro release characteristics i.e. DL formation inhibited the release of drugs encapsulated in inner liposomes. DL consists of several small liposomes encapsulated in large liposomes, i.e., multivesicular vesicles (MVV), therefore, DL should be discriminated from ordinary classification of multilamellar vesicles (MLV), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), small unilamellar vesicles (SUV). However, for these liposomes, the volume of inner phase is small and loading volume of water-soluble drugs is low. In the present study, the potential of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipid anchored double liposomes (DL) to incorporate two drugs in a single system is exploited as a tool to augment the H. pylori eradication rate. Preparation of DL involves two steps, first formation of primary (inner) liposomes by thin film hydration method containing one drug, then addition of suspension of inner liposomes on thin film of lipid containing the other drug. The success of formation of DL was characterized by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Quantitation of DL-bacterial interaction was evaluated in terms of percent growth inhibition (%GI) on reference strain of H. pylori ATCC 26695. To confirm specific binding efficacy of DL to H. pylori PE surface receptor we performed an agglutination assay. Agglutination in DL treated H. pylori suspension suggested selectivity of DL towards the PE surface receptor of H. pylori. Monotherapy is generally not recommended for treatment of a H. pylori infection due to the danger of development of resistance and unacceptably low eradication rates. Therefore, combination therapy with amoxicillin trihydrate (AMOX) as anti-H. pylori agent and ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) as antisecretory agent were selected for the study with an expectation that this dual-drug delivery approach will exert acceptable anti-H. pylori activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helicobacter%20pylorI" title="Helicobacter pylorI">Helicobacter pylorI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amoxicillin%20trihydrate" title=" amoxicillin trihydrate"> amoxicillin trihydrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranitidine%20Bismuth%20citrate" title=" Ranitidine Bismuth citrate"> Ranitidine Bismuth citrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphatidylethanolamine" title=" phosphatidylethanolamine"> phosphatidylethanolamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20vesicular%20systems" title=" multi vesicular systems"> multi vesicular systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56355/double-liposomes-based-dual-drug-delivery-system-for-effective-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56355.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18965</span> Mixed Monolayer and PEG Linker Approaches to Creating Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Dixon">D. Dixon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Nicol"> J. Nicol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20A.%20Coulter"> J. A. Coulter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Harrison"> E. Harrison</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ease with which they can be functionalized, combined with their excellent biocompatibility, make gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) ideal candidates for various applications in nanomedicine. Indeed several promising treatments are currently undergoing human clinical trials (CYT-6091 and Auroshell). A successful nanoparticle treatment must first evade the immune system, then accumulate within the target tissue, before enter the diseased cells and delivering the payload. In order to create a clinically relevant drug delivery system, contrast agent or radiosensitizer, it is generally necessary to functionalize the AuNP surface with multiple groups; e.g. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) for enhanced stability, targeting groups such as antibodies, peptides for enhanced internalization, and therapeutic agents. Creating and characterizing the biological response of such complex systems remains a challenge. The two commonly used methods to attach multiple groups to the surface of AuNPs are the creation of a mixed monolayer, or by binding groups to the AuNP surface using a bi-functional PEG linker. While some excellent in-vitro and animal results have been reported for both approaches further work is necessary to directly compare the two methods. In this study AuNPs capped with both PEG and a Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (RME) peptide were prepared using both mixed monolayer and PEG linker approaches. The PEG linker used was SH-PEG-SGA which has a thiol at one end for AuNP attachment, and an NHS ester at the other to bind to the peptide. The work builds upon previous studies carried out at the University of Ulster which have investigated AuNP synthesis, the influence of PEG on stability in a range of media and investigated intracellular payload release. 18-19nm citrate capped AuNPs were prepared using the Turkevich method via the sodium citrate reduction of boiling 0.01wt% Chloroauric acid. To produce PEG capped AuNPs, the required amount of PEG-SH (5000Mw) or SH-PEG-SGA (3000Mw Jenkem Technologies) was added, and the solution stirred overnight at room temperature. The RME (sequence: CKKKKKKSEDEYPYVPN, Biomatik) co-functionalised samples were prepared by adding the required amount of peptide to the PEG capped samples and stirring overnight. The appropriate amounts of PEG-SH and RME peptide were added to the AuNP to produce a mixed monolayer consisting of approximately 50% PEG and 50% RME. The PEG linker samples were first fully capped with bi-functional PEG before being capped with RME peptide. An increase in diameter from 18-19mm for the ‘as synthesized’ AuNPs to 40-42nm after PEG capping was observed via DLS. The presence of PEG and RME peptide on both the mixed monolayer and PEG linker co-functionalized samples was confirmed by both FTIR and TGA. Bi-functional PEG linkers allow the entire AuNP surface to be capped with PEG, enabling in-vitro stability to be achieved using a lower molecular weight PEG. The approach also allows the entire outer surface to be coated with peptide or other biologically active groups, whilst also offering the promise of enhanced biological availability. The effect of mixed monolayer versus PEG linker attachment on both stability and non-specific protein corona interactions was also studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanomedicine" title="nanomedicine">nanomedicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title=" gold nanoparticles"> gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PEG" title=" PEG"> PEG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocompatibility" title=" biocompatibility"> biocompatibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25620/mixed-monolayer-and-peg-linker-approaches-to-creating-multifunctional-gold-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25620.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=633">633</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=634">634</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> 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