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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" 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aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-早期生活" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期生活"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>早期生活</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期生活-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早期政治生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期政治生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>早期政治生涯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期政治生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宫务大臣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宫务大臣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>宫务大臣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宫务大臣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-內閣大臣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內閣大臣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>內閣大臣</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-內閣大臣-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关內閣大臣子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-內閣大臣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-任命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#任命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>任命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-任命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-与法国的联盟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#与法国的联盟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>与法国的联盟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-与法国的联盟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国内危机" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国内危机"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>国内危机</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国内危机-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-和平政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#和平政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>和平政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-和平政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詹金斯的耳朵战争和西属美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詹金斯的耳朵战争和西属美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>詹金斯的耳朵战争和西属美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詹金斯的耳朵战争和西属美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-沃波尔的失势" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沃波尔的失势"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>沃波尔的失势</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沃波尔的失势-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-奥地利王位继承战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#奥地利王位继承战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>奥地利王位继承战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-奥地利王位继承战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詹姆斯党起义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詹姆斯党起义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>詹姆斯党起义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詹姆斯党起义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亚琛合约" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亚琛合约"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>亚琛合约</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亚琛合约-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-纽卡斯尔体系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#纽卡斯尔体系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>纽卡斯尔体系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-纽卡斯尔体系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-首相_-_第一任期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#首相_-_第一任期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>首相 - 第一任期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-首相_-_第一任期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关首相 - 第一任期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-首相_-_第一任期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-失去梅诺卡岛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#失去梅诺卡岛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>失去梅诺卡岛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-失去梅诺卡岛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-插曲：德文郡公爵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#插曲：德文郡公爵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>插曲：德文郡公爵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-插曲：德文郡公爵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-首相_-_第二任期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#首相_-_第二任期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>首相 - 第二任期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-首相_-_第二任期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关首相 - 第二任期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-首相_-_第二任期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-重回唐宁街" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重回唐宁街"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>重回唐宁街</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重回唐宁街-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-七年战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#七年战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>七年战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-七年战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成功" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成功"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>成功</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-成功-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-失势" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#失势"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>失势</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-失势-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晚年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晚年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>晚年</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-晚年-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关晚年子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-晚年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-抵制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#抵制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>抵制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-抵制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-再次复出" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#再次复出"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>再次复出</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-再次复出-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-退休" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#退休"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>退休</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-退休-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-评价" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#评价"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>评价</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-评价-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-家庭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家庭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>家庭</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-家庭-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关家庭子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-家庭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-继承" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#继承"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>继承</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-继承-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>引注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参考书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。48种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="دوق نيوكاسل – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوق نيوكاسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="دوق نيوكاسل – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوق نيوكاسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Томас Пелхам-Холс – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Пелхам-Холс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Томас Пэлгэм-Голз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Пэлгэм-Голз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._hertug_af_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug af Newcastle – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug af Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_(Newcastleko_I._dukea)" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles (Newcastleko I. dukea) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles (Newcastleko I. dukea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="توماس پلهام-هالز نیوکاسل – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس پلهام-هالز نیوکاسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1%C3%BA_Di%C3%BAc_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ú Diúc Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ú Diúc Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1ad_Di%C3%B9c_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ad Diùc Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ad Diùc Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="תומאס פלהם-הוליס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס פלהם-הוליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="थामस पेल्हम-होलेस – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थामस पेल्हम-होलेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_Adipati_Newcastle_ke-1" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Adipati Newcastle ke-1 – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Adipati Newcastle ke-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_hertogi_af_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, hertogi af Newcastle – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, hertogi af Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_I_duca_di_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, I duca di Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, I duca di Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5)" title="トマス・ペラム＝ホリス (初代ニューカッスル公爵) – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ペラム＝ホリス (初代ニューカッスル公爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტომას პელჰემ-ჰოლსი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას პელჰემ-ჰოლსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EB%89%B4%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%AC_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91_%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%A0%EB%9F%BC%ED%99%80%EC%8A%A4" title="제1대 뉴캐슬 공작 토머스 펠럼홀스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 뉴캐슬 공작 토머스 펠럼홀스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1sa_Dug_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1sa Dug Newcastle – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1sa Dug Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="थॉमस पेल्हाम-होल्स – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थॉमस पेल्हाम-होल्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._hertug_av_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug av Newcastle – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug av Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1.º Duque de Newcastle – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1.º Duque de Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пелэм-Холлс, Томас – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пелэм-Холлс, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._vojvoda_od_Newcastlea" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. vojvoda od Newcastlea – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. vojvoda od Newcastlea" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1:e_hertig_av_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1:e hertig av Newcastle – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1:e hertig av Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Томас Пелҳам-Ҳоллес – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Томас Пелҳам-Ҳоллес" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ทอมัส เพลแฮม-โฮลล์ส ดยุกแห่งนิวคาสเซิล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส เพลแฮม-โฮลล์ส ดยุกแห่งนิวคาสเซิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Томас Пелем-Голлс – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Пелем-Голлс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_C%C3%B4ng_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_th%E1%BB%A9_1_x%E1%BB%A9_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Công tước thứ 1 xứ Newcastle – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Công tước thứ 1 xứ Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第一代纽卡斯尔公爵托马斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一代纽卡斯尔公爵托马斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="紐卡素公爵 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紐卡素公爵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q273809#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-618bb2eb" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-cn:第一代纽卡斯尔公爵托马斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯; zh-hk:第一代紐卡素公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯; zh-tw:第一代新堡公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯"></div><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="PoliticiansUK"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="UK Places"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="People"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:纽卡斯尔; zh-hk:紐卡素; zh-tw:新堡"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 120%;"><span class="fn">纽卡斯尔公爵閣下<br />His Grace The Duke of Newcastle</span><br /><span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size:72%; font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="嘉德勋章">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%9E%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2" title="英國樞密院">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E9%99%A2%E5%A3%AB" title="皇家学会院士">FRS</a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/220px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/330px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/440px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="2811" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·霍尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Hoare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·霍尔（页面不存在）">威廉·霍尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoare" class="extiw" title="en:William Hoare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Hoare</span></a></span>）</span></span>画笔下的纽卡斯尔公爵，<abbr title="circa">约</abbr>1750年</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">大不列顛首相</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1757年6月29日—1762年5月26日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">君主</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治二世 (英国)">乔治二世</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治三世 (英国)">乔治三世</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·卡文迪許，第四代德文郡公爵">德文郡公爵</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E5%BE%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰·斯圖爾特，第三代標得伯爵">標得伯爵</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1754年3月16日—1756年11月11日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">君主</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治二世 (英国)">乔治二世</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·卡文迪許，第四代德文郡公爵">德文郡公爵</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">个人资料</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1693-07-21</span>)</span>1693年7月21日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/33px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/44px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1768年11月17日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1768歲—11—17</span>)</span>（75歲）<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%99%BB%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卡姆登区">卡姆登区</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF%E8%90%A5%E7%94%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="林肯营田（页面不存在）">林肯营田</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">墓地</th><td class="infobox-data label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%96%A9%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="東薩塞克斯郡">东萨塞克斯郡</a><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="劳顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laughton, East Sussex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E9%A1%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="劳顿">劳顿</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">政党</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E6%A0%BC%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="輝格黨 (英國)">辉格党</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">配偶</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯"><span itemprop="spouse"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纽卡斯尔公爵夫人哈蕾特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harriet Pelham-Holles, Duchess of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%88%E8%95%BE%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纽卡斯尔公爵夫人哈蕾特（页面不存在）">纽卡斯尔公爵夫人哈蕾特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Pelham-Holles,_Duchess_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Harriet Pelham-Holles, Duchess of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harriet Pelham-Holles, Duchess of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span></span>（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="1717年4月2日">1717年</span>结婚）</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">父母</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佩勒姆男爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩勒姆男爵（页面不存在）">佩勒姆男爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Baron_Pelham" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />格蕾斯·霍勒斯</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%A0%A1" title="母校">母校</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="剑桥大学卡莱尔学院">剑桥大学卡莱尔学院</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">签名</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯的签名"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg/128px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg/192px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg/256px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="纽卡斯尔公爵">第一代泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔公爵</a></b>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="纽卡斯尔公爵"><b>第一代纽卡斯尔安德莱恩公爵</b></a><b>托马斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯</b>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="嘉德勳章">KG</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%9E%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2" title="英國樞密院">PC</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E9%99%A2%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="皇家學會院士">FRS</a>（英語：<span lang="en">Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne</span>，1693年7月21日—1768年11月17日），英国<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E6%A0%BC%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="輝格黨 (英國)">辉格党</a>政治家，通常被称为<b>纽卡斯尔公爵</b>，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1754年至1756年和1757年至1762年兩任<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="英國首相">首相</a>，其政治生涯见证了18世纪辉格党的霸权地位。 </p><p>纽卡斯尔公爵是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔">罗伯特·沃波尔</a>爵士的门生，在沃波尔手下工作了20多年直至沃波尔政府垮台。纽卡斯尔随后与他的胞弟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a>首相一起掌权至1754年。此后，他连续担任<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="内阁大臣 (英国)">內閣大臣</a>30年，主导英国外交政策。 </p><p>纽卡斯尔的兄弟亨利去世后，他在两个不同的时期担任了六年的首相。虽然他的第一个首相职位并不特别引人注目，但在这个任期内，纽卡斯尔促成了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a>，但他的软弱外交政策使他失去了首相职位。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在他的第二个任期之后，他在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE-%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="第二代羅金漢侯爵查爾斯·沃森-文特沃斯">罗金汉勋爵</a>的政府中短暂任职，然后从政府退休。纽卡斯尔更适合作为一个能力更强的领导人的副手，比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔">沃波尔</a>、他的兄弟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">老皮特</a>。纽卡斯尔透過巧妙且努力不懈地利用政治酬庸，長期掌握權力，在英国历史上甚少政治家在這方面能與之相比。从1715年到1761年，他的才能在担任辉格党的政党总管时开始显露。他利用能力和金钱来选择人才，分配赞助并且赢得选举。纽卡斯尔在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="萨塞克斯郡">萨塞克斯郡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%89%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="诺丁汉郡">诺丁汉郡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="约克郡">约克郡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF%E9%83%A1" title="林肯郡">林肯郡</a>尤其有影响力。他最大的胜利来自1754年的选举。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早期生活"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB"></span>早期生活</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：早期生活"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg/140px-NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg/140px-NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg/210px-NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg/280px-NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>纽卡斯尔公爵于1711年从他的叔叔那里继承了纽卡斯尔庄园，并用作他在伦敦的主要住所。他经常在此地举办奢华的派对</figcaption></figure> <p>托马斯·佩勒姆于1693年7月21日出生于伦敦。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他是第一代佩勒姆男爵托马斯·佩勒姆的长子。纽卡斯尔在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%B8" title="西敏公學">西敏公学</a>学习，并于1710年升讀<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="剑桥大学克莱尔学院">剑桥大学克莱尔学院</a>，身份是比普通自費學生高一等的院士同桌生。纽卡斯尔的叔叔于1711年去世，他的父亲于次年去世，两人都将他们的大庄园留给了他们的侄子和儿子。当纽卡斯尔在1714年成年时，佩勒姆家族是王国最大的地主之一。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他叔叔遗嘱的一项规定是，他的侄子要将其姓氏「霍勒斯」添加到自己的姓氏，纽卡斯尔忠实地这样做了，此后将自己定名为托马斯·佩勒姆-霍勒斯。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔随后越来越认同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E6%A0%BC%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="輝格黨 (英國)">辉格党</a>政策，就像他的父亲和叔叔一样，但尽管他们的观点一直很温和，纽卡斯尔的观点却变得越来越党派化及好战。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>英国在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="安妮 (英国女王)">安妮女王</a>去世后支持<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治一世 (英国)">汉诺威选帝侯乔治</a>继位的辉格党和支持詹姆斯黨人<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·弗朗西斯·爱德华·斯图亚特">詹姆斯·斯图亚特</a>回归的托利党之间存在很大分歧，詹姆斯·斯图亚特后来被称为“老皇位觊觎者”。这个问题在安妮女王统治的最后几年主导了英国政治，直到她于1714年去世，此事对纽卡斯尔公爵未来的职业生涯产生了深远的影响。他加入了汉诺威俱乐部和奇巧俱乐部，两个俱乐部都是辉格思想和组织的中心。伦敦的纽卡斯尔府成为他的主要住所。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早期政治生涯"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>早期政治生涯</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：早期政治生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg/140px-Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg/140px-Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg/210px-Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg/280px-Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>从1720年起，纽卡斯尔与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔">罗伯特·沃波尔</a>爵士结盟。在接下来的20年里，他们将成为政治伙伴，而纽卡斯尔在1742年沃波尔政府倒台之前将一直是沃波尔的忠实拥护者</figcaption></figure> <p>纽卡斯尔在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="安妮 (英国女王)">安妮女王</a>去世后大力支持<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E6%A0%BC%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="輝格黨 (英國)">辉格党</a>，并在使伦敦人民接纳<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治一世 (英国)">乔治一世国王</a>方面产生了很大影响，甚至组织了所谓的“纽卡斯尔暴徒”与竞争对手<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯党">詹姆斯党</a>展開街頭衝突。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由于他的衷心耿耿，新的汉诺威国王于1714年封他为<b>克莱尔伯爵</b>，并于1715年加封为<b>泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔公爵</b>，这两个头衔以前由他已故的叔叔约翰·霍勒斯持有。<sup id="cite_ref-browningondb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browningondb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>纽卡斯尔还成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="米德爾塞克斯">米德尔塞克斯郡</a>和诺丁汉郡的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1%E5%B0%89_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="郡尉 (英國)">郡尉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="嘉德勋章">嘉德骑士</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在他的新职位上，纽卡斯尔负责在他控制的地区镇压<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯党">詹姆斯党</a>。在米德尔塞克斯，他逮捕并审问了800人，并成立了一个志願防衛协会来保卫该郡。1715年，他捲入了一场骚乱，最终导致两名男子被杀，纽卡斯尔沿着屋顶逃亡。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>隨著<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯党">詹姆斯党</a>军队在1715年的普雷斯顿战役中被擊敗，以及隨後<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·弗朗西斯·爱德华·斯图亚特">老觊觎者</a>的逃亡，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治一世 (英国)">乔治一世</a>的继位終成定局。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>汉诺威人对雅各布派的胜利标志着辉格党長期统執政的开始，这种執政持续了18世纪的大部分时间。在乔治一世眼中，由于托利党人支持<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯党">詹姆斯党</a>，于是国王不信任托利党人，并从辉格党人之间任命王国的所有大臣和官员。在辉格党获胜后，辉格党分裂为一个为乔治一世组建政府的团体，而其他持不同政见的辉格党则成为议会中的有效反对派。经过一段时间的政治调整，他与詹姆斯·斯坦霍普领导的辉格派有一段时间联系在一起，但从1720年起，纽卡斯尔开始强烈认同执政的辉格党，后者很快就被<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔">罗伯特·沃波尔</a>爵士控制。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>沃波尔很高兴地欢迎年轻的纽卡斯尔加入他的圈子，因为沃波尔相信他可以轻松控制纽卡斯尔，因为这将加强沃波尔对抗其他辉格党派的力量。1721年，沃波尔就任英国第一任首相，并将在接下来的21年中持续担任该职位。纽卡斯尔与沃波尔的主要盟友查尔斯·汤森德有关，这加强了他与新政府领导人的联系。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1717年4月2日，纽卡斯尔与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="第一代馬爾博羅公爵約翰·丘吉爾">马尔博罗公爵</a>的孙女哈蕾特·戈多芬夫人结婚，这增加了他与辉格党的政治联系，马尔博罗在最近的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="西班牙王位繼承戰爭">欧洲战争</a>中取得胜利后成为民族英雄，被认为是辉格党的偶像。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宫务大臣"><span id=".E5.AE.AB.E5.8A.A1.E5.A4.A7.E8.87.A3"></span>宫务大臣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：宫务大臣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NewcastleLincoln.jpg/200px-NewcastleLincoln.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:NewcastleLincoln.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NewcastleLincoln.jpg/200px-NewcastleLincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NewcastleLincoln.jpg/300px-NewcastleLincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NewcastleLincoln.jpg/400px-NewcastleLincoln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>纽卡斯尔（左）和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第七代林肯伯爵亨利·克林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E4%BB%A3%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第七代林肯伯爵亨利·克林頓（页面不存在）">第七代林肯伯爵亨利·克林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clinton,_7th_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln</span></a></span>）</span></span>（右）</figcaption></figure> <p>1717年，23岁的纽卡斯尔首次获得高级政治职位，成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%8B%99%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="宮務大臣">宫务大臣</a>，并被赋予监督剧院的责任。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>戏剧往往极具政治色彩，纽卡斯尔的任务是压制任何他认为过于批评汉诺威继位或辉格党政府的戏剧或剧作家。纽卡斯尔与著名剧作家理查德·斯蒂尔爵士多次发生冲突。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔担任该职位长达七年，由于表现出色，纽卡斯尔得到了进一步晋升。虽然他年纪尚轻，但他在许多选举中通过使用家族财富及人脉将20位议员送进政府，展现了自己的实力。在1717年至1721年间辉格党内的紛爭期间，纽卡斯尔保住了自己的地位，此后他转而效忠于沃波尔，确保了他的影响力。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="南海泡沫事件">南海公司</a>倒闭后，沃波尔让辉格派之间的鬥爭暫告一段落，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="南海泡沫事件">南海泡沫事件</a>导致数以千計人的生活被摧毁。纽卡斯尔本人损失了4,000英镑。沃波尔当时被视为唯一可以为国家和辉格党带来稳定的人，于是被授予了前所未有的权力，从实际上使他成为了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">英国的第一任首相</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在纽卡斯尔于政府任职期间，他和他的妻子因举办奢华派对而闻名，伦敦社会的大部分人都参加了这些派对，包括他的许多政治对手。他还非常喜欢猎狐，并经常去毕晓普斯通，这是他在苏塞克斯的一处房产，专门为猎狐建立。在担任宫务大臣期间，纽卡斯尔监督一次对公共建筑的大修任務，其中的许多建筑都極待修葺。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="內閣大臣"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E9.96.A3.E5.A4.A7.E8.87.A3"></span>內閣大臣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：內閣大臣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="任命"><span id=".E4.BB.BB.E5.91.BD"></span>任命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：任命"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1724年，纽卡斯尔被沃波尔选为南方部大臣，代替<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9" title="第二代格蘭維爾伯爵約翰·加特利">卡特雷特勋爵</a>，这一举动主要由汤森德策划。一段时间以来，他一直被认为是政府中第三重要的人，仅次于沃波尔和汤森德，这一点得到了他的新职位的证实。几年来，纽卡斯尔对外交事务的兴趣与日俱增，并且一直在自学外交和欧洲国家体系的微妙细节。然而，他在职的头几年，英国外交政策的控制权被擔任另一位內閣大臣的汤森德控制，而纽卡斯尔实际上担任了他的副手。沃波尔通常很乐意让汤森德控制外交事务，因为他在大多数问题上都同意汤森德的观点。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="与法国的联盟"><span id=".E4.B8.8E.E6.B3.95.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E8.81.94.E7.9B.9F"></span>与法国的联盟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：与法国的联盟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自从结束了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="西班牙王位繼承戰爭">上一次欧洲大战</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" title="烏得勒支和約">乌得勒支条约</a>簽訂以来，英国一直是法国的盟友，这在政策上发生了强烈的逆转，因为法国以前被认为是英国的首要敌人。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>结盟的原因很复杂，许多人怀疑这种缓和的态度能否持续很长时间，但当纽卡斯尔成为內閣大臣时，英法已经成为近十年的盟友。到1719年，他们已成为更广泛的四国联盟的一部分，这是迄今为止欧洲政治中最强大的力量，正如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="四国同盟战争">四国联盟战争</a>期间所证明的那样，联军瓦解了西班牙人收复意大利失地的企图。然而，该联盟并不受欢迎，英國议会和国內许多人仍然认为法国是英国的自然敌人。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg/170px-1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg/220px-1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg/330px-1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg/440px-1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption> 1735年，纽卡斯尔担任<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="沃波爾內閣">沃波尔内阁</a>的南方部大臣</figcaption></figure> <p>纽卡斯尔的弟弟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a>随后也加入了政府。两兄弟相处融洽，但也容易发生棘手的争执。他们之间的一个持续紧张的根源是纽卡斯尔对家庭财富的处理不善，这些财富因他不断的支出而逐渐耗尽。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a>也被许多人认为是两兄弟中更能干的人，但最初在政治上更成功的是纽卡斯尔。尽管存在分歧，但他们仍然是坚定的政治盟友。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国内危机"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E5.86.85.E5.8D.B1.E6.9C.BA"></span>国内危机</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：国内危机"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>政府在1727年面临危机，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治一世 (英国)">乔治一世</a>意外去世，他的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治二世 (英国)">乔治二世</a>继位。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这位新国王此前与沃波尔和纽卡斯尔的关系异常糟糕，在他们之间的一次争吵中，乔治蹩脚的英语让纽卡斯尔认为国王向他发起了<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E6%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="决斗">决斗</a>。近年来，他们的关系没有改善，导致许多人预计政府即将更换。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>相反，沃波尔的表现使得在乔治二世眼里非常有用，乔治二世很快就相信沃波尔的能力并留住了他。纽卡斯尔和乔治的女儿<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9B%E8%9C%9C%E8%8E%89%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="大不列顛的愛蜜莉亞">阿米莉亚</a>之间的友谊帮助两人关系解冻，导致许多人在没有实质性证据的情况下推测他们有外遇。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到1727年11月，沃波尔和纽卡斯尔的位置再次安全，这得益于选举胜利，他们在下议院获得了430个席位，而反对党只有128个席位。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1729年，政府内部在英国外交政策的方向上发生了分歧。汤森德确信英国的主要敌人是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奥地利</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>沃波尔和纽卡斯尔则将西班牙视为对英国力量的主要威胁，因为西班牙拥有庞大的海军和殖民地利益。最终，沃波尔取得胜利，迫使汤森德下台，并由哈灵顿勋爵取而代之。从那时起，纽卡斯尔开始担任高级內閣大臣，并在很大程度上控制着英国的外交政策。纽卡斯尔对他的亲戚和前赞助人的离开感到悲伤，尽管他们的合作关系变得越来越紧张，新的政治情况为纽卡斯尔个人前景提供了巨大的可能性。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="和平政策"><span id=".E5.92.8C.E5.B9.B3.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>和平政策</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：和平政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>纽卡斯尔和沃波尔一起成功地在西班牙和奥地利之间挑起了隔阂，成为后者的盟友，并指导奥地利未来对西班牙的政策。然而，后来事实证明，英国长期的主要竞争对手不是奥地利及西班牙，而是一直被视为亲密盟友的法国。法国总理<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E9%87%8C" title="弗勒里">红衣主教弗勒里</a>日益挑衅的行为很快让英国政府相信他们错了。这种误判后来被辉格党爱国派用来谴责政府缺乏应对法国威胁的准备。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/170px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/220px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/330px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/440px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治二世 (英国)">乔治二世国王</a>，1727年到1760年在位。尽管他们最初对彼此有强烈的仇恨，但他和纽卡斯尔长达30年的关系发展非常富有成效</figcaption></figure> <p>总的来说，纽卡斯尔和沃波尔一样厌恶战争，并希望防止英国被卷入欧洲大陆的重大战争中。值得注意的是，英国并没有卷入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波兰王位继承战争">波兰王位继承战争</a>，而是试图阻止它爆发。纽卡斯尔试图在战争爆发时保持谨慎，让法国和奥地利都措手不及，但这并没有阻止冲突。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>战争开始后，乔治二世试图推动履行其援助奥地利的承诺，但遭到沃波尔的阻挠，沃波尔坚持认为英国不应参战。纽卡斯尔支持与国王相同的立场，但他接受沃波尔的这一决定。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔的兄弟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a>现在成为了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E4%B8%BB%E8%A8%88%E9%95%B7" title="財政部主計長">财政部主计长</a>，并有效地取代了汤森德成为政府的第三人。这三个人通过定期在罗伯特·沃波尔爵士在诺福克的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="英格蘭鄉村別墅">乡间别墅</a>霍顿堂举行会议，被称为诺福克大会。这三人举行私人会议就国内外问题制定政策，然后将其提交议会批准。然而，慢慢地，纽卡斯尔和他的兄弟正在走出沃波尔的影子，变得更加独立。纽卡斯尔对奥地利被抛弃以及沃波尔不再信任他的暗示感到特别恼火。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>到1735年，纽卡斯尔在很大程度上控制了殖民事务，进一步增加了他控制的赞助人数量。作为一名虔诚的圣公会教徒，他还被赋予了对教会事务的控制权，尤其是主教的任命和英格兰教会中的高薪职位。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔越来越独立于沃波尔，这得益于他的兄弟和他最好的朋友哈德威克的支持，哈德威克此时已经是大法官。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在这十年的后半段，他的工作越来越多地被管理与西班牙的关系所主导，其中包括贸易争端和反对有争议的1733年美国殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81" title="佐治亞省">乔治亚</a>的建立。长期以来的和平政策现在开始显得极其脆弱。他还在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波兰王位继承战争">波兰王位继承战争</a>中担任调解人，帮助结束了1738年的冲突。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詹金斯的耳朵战争和西属美洲"><span id=".E8.A9.B9.E9.87.91.E6.96.AF.E7.9A.84.E8.80.B3.E6.9C.B5.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89.E5.92.8C.E8.A5.BF.E5.B1.9E.E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span>詹金斯的耳朵战争和西属美洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：詹金斯的耳朵战争和西属美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85088369">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="詹金斯的耳朵戰爭">詹金斯的耳朵戰爭</a></div> <p>1731年，英国和西班牙之间日益紧张的局势在一场名为“詹金斯之耳”的事件中达到了顶点，当时一名英国商船船长因在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>海岸进行非法贸易而被一名西班牙<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%8E%A0%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="私掠者">私掠者</a>抓获，并因涉嫌违反此前的公约而受到惩罚。由于法律严格禁止外国与西班牙殖民地进行贸易，詹金斯船长的一只耳朵被割掉了。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这一事件之所以震惊英国，与其说是因为事件野蛮，倒不如说是许多人因为西班牙可以合法伤害一个英国臣民而感到愤怒。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1738年，詹金斯出现在议会作证。其他商人发来请愿书，强大的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="南海泡沫事件">南海公司</a>发动舆论。对许多人来说，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝国</a>正在崩溃，西属美洲唾手可得。议会中的一个喧嚣团体要求与西班牙开战。沃波尔坚决反对这样的政策，自身则成为攻击目标。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>纽卡斯尔也承受着巨大的压力，但最初认为要求英国向西班牙宣战是一个危险的步骤，尽管他的言论越来越好战，但直到1739年，他仍然考虑建立英西联盟的想法。纽卡斯尔试图用帕尔多公约来解决危机，该公约同意西班牙向英国商人支付一笔赔偿金。但英国舆论发生了变化，1739年12月，沃波尔认为除了宣战别无选择。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg/170px-Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Henry_Pelham,_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg/220px-Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg/330px-Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg/440px-Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>纽卡斯尔与他的兄弟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a>有着密切但有时紧张的关系。沃波尔倒台后，两人结成了强大的政治伙伴关系，并共同主导英国政坛，直到亨利于1754年去世</figcaption></figure> <p>英国人首战告捷，占领了巴拿马的贝洛港。这导致了爱国热情的爆发，并进一步增加了沃波尔和纽卡斯尔的压力，因为大众认为他们不愿意发动战争。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>纽卡斯尔试图建立自己“爱国者”的声誉来对抗这一点。纽卡斯尔承担了额外的军事职责，并在战争的前两年担任了事实上的战争部长。在此期间，他最引人注目的建议之一是征募大量来自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="英屬美洲">美洲殖民地</a>的军队，而这些殖民地不断增长的人力此前基本上没有得到利用。<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1741年，英国对西班牙的主要战役是对南美城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E7%BA%B3_(%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A)" title="卡塔赫纳 (哥伦比亚)">卡塔赫纳</a>的两栖联合攻击，但经历了相当大的延误。英军的指挥官是夺取贝洛港的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%BE%B2" title="愛德華·弗農">爱德华·弗农</a>上将，他麾下有一支由31,000名士兵和水手组成的部队准备占领这座城市。事实证明，围攻对英国来说是一场彻底的灾难，英军在被迫撤退之前失去了数千人。尽管纽卡斯尔是发布命令及监督远征军的人，但这场灾难的大部分责任落在了生病的首相沃波尔的身上。<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="沃波尔的失势"><span id=".E6.B2.83.E6.B3.A2.E5.B0.94.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.B1.E5.8A.BF"></span>沃波尔的失势</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：沃波尔的失势"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在卡塔赫纳灾难之后，英国举行了大选。结果沃波尔以前在众议院的主导地位不复存在。几个月内，沃波尔就被迫下台，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%AD%E6%98%8E%E9%A0%93%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93" title="第一代維明頓伯爵斯賓塞·康普頓">维明顿伯爵</a>继任。尽管纽卡斯尔一直与沃波尔站在一起，但后来纽卡斯尔被沃波尔的许多支持者指责为落井下石。沃波尔的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="霍勒斯·沃波爾">霍勒斯·沃波尔</a>在接下来的几年里继续攻击纽卡斯尔的行为。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>沃波尔倒台后，纽卡斯尔继续执政，并在他的弟弟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a>于1743年成为首相时变得更加强大。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>两兄弟及其被称为“老辉格党”的支持者一起与沃波尔政府的先前反对者“新辉格党”结盟。然而，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">威廉·皮特</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%AD%9F%E5%A1%94%E5%8F%A4" title="第四代三明治伯爵約翰·孟塔古">桑威奇勋爵</a>等人领导的反对派依然强大。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="奥地利王位继承战争"><span id=".E5.A5.A5.E5.9C.B0.E5.88.A9.E7.8E.8B.E4.BD.8D.E7.BB.A7.E6.89.BF.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>奥地利王位继承战争</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：奥地利王位继承战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85088369"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭">奧地利王位繼承戰爭</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/140px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/140px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/210px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/280px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>纽卡斯尔是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">奥地利</a>的坚定支持者，并在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭">奥地利王位继承战争</a>期间主张援助该国。战后，他建立了维护与奥地利结盟的和平体系，但它却在1756年轰然倒塌</figcaption></figure> <p>1740年，在与西班牙宣战后不久，欧洲同时爆发了一场战争，詹金斯的耳朵战争很快就被淹没了。在奥地利王位的争执中，法国和普鲁士都入侵了奥地利，并计划罢免<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E8%95%BE%E8%A5%BF%E5%A8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="玛丽亚·特蕾西娅">玛丽亚·特蕾莎</a>，并用他们自己的傀儡取而代之。奥地利借与英国的长期联盟要求后者宣战。此时，许多人认为，法国在战争中的胜利将使法国势力在欧洲过于强大。然而，尽管政府不愿，英国很快发现自己被拖入了这场更广泛的战争。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>最初，英国的参与仅限于支持奥地利的财政补贴和外交协助，但到1742年，如果想要使英奥联盟不以失败告终，英国就需要做出更实质性的承诺。同年，16,000名英国军队被派往欧洲大陆。纽卡斯尔是一个坚定的奥地利拥护者并强烈支持英国对奥地利人的援助。长期以来，他一直认为英国击败法国的唯一方法是与奥地利结盟，这一观点与沃波尔和皮特等许多其他主要政治家大相径庭。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔的地位曾一度受到皇室宠儿<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9" title="第二代格蘭維爾伯爵約翰·加特利">加德利</a>的威胁，但到1743年，纽卡斯尔和他的兄弟牢牢控制着英国的政策，直到1756年。纽卡斯尔着手制定一项新计划以增强英国在欧洲大陆的实力，包括试图说服<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國">荷兰共和国</a>加入反法联盟并调解奥地利与普鲁士之间的争端，这导致了1745年的德累斯顿条约。他还批准了1745年对路易斯堡的殖民袭击计划，该计划取得了成功。随着1742年西班牙入侵格鲁吉亚的失败，英国在北美的地位得到增强。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詹姆斯党起义"><span id=".E8.A9.B9.E5.A7.86.E6.96.AF.E5.85.9A.E8.B5.B7.E4.B9.89"></span>詹姆斯党起义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：詹姆斯党起义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85088369"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/1745%E5%B9%B4%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E9%BB%A8%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="1745年詹姆斯黨叛亂">1745年詹姆斯黨叛亂</a></div> <p>1745年，苏格兰爆发<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯党">詹姆斯党</a>起义，并很快蔓延到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="北英格蘭">英格兰北部</a>。纽卡斯尔担心<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="查尔斯·爱德华·斯图亚特">查尔斯王子</a>从北方发动袭击，以及法国入侵英格兰南部。在恐慌中，伦敦各地流传着许多不实的谣言，包括纽卡斯尔因害怕失去一切而逃往欧洲大陆的消息。纽卡斯尔则被迫向聚集在纽卡斯尔庄园外的人群露面，以证明自己还在那里。尽管如此，纽卡斯尔的地位受到威胁，因为如果詹姆斯党获胜，他的财产很可能会被没收，他将被迫流放。<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔比<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治二世 (英国)">乔治二世</a>和他的许多同事更快地意识到詹姆斯党构成的威胁，国王及其他内阁大臣则将叛乱视为一场闹剧。纽卡斯尔组织了一次军事回应，到1745年底，他召集了所有南方民兵和正规部队。詹姆斯党撤退到苏格兰北部，并于1746年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E7%99%BB%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="卡洛登战役">卡洛登</a>被击败。<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亚琛合约"><span id=".E4.BA.9A.E7.90.9B.E5.90.88.E7.BA.A6"></span>亚琛合约</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：亚琛合约"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85088369"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/1748%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="1748年亚琛条约">1748年亚琛条约</a></div> <p>在欧洲大陆，英国人继续进行战争努力，但他们现在受到荷兰共和国的压力。荷兰人要求英国与法国人和平相处，因为他们担心法国很快就会发动毁灭性的猛攻并占领他们的国家。纽卡斯尔认为任何可能达成的和平都对英国极为不利，他试图通过不断的外交和提供财政补贴来保持反法联盟的存在。 </p><p>1746年，和平谈判在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="布雷达">布雷达</a>市举行。纽卡斯尔在确保<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="三明治伯爵">桑威奇伯爵</a>在会谈中被任命为英国代表方面发挥了重要作用，因为伯爵的观点与他的观点非常接近。桑威奇的主要指示是推迟谈判，直到英国取得重大胜利，使他们能够在优势地位进行谈判。布雷达会议最初进展并不顺利，因为与会者还没有完全致力于和平。盟军在卑尔根和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="勞菲爾德戰役">劳菲尔德</a>严重失利，继续表现不佳。纽卡斯尔的兄弟亨利现在强烈主张和平，但纽卡斯尔坚决反对，因为他仍然相信盟军的重大胜利即将到来。<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1747年，纽卡斯尔参与组织政变，让<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%B0%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="奥兰治亲王威廉四世">奥兰治亲王</a>在荷兰掌权。奥兰治想继续与法国人的战争，但很快就不得不向英国人申请巨额贷款。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>纽卡斯尔现在意识到荷兰即将完全崩溃，于是不情愿地转向寻求与法国的和平和解。他斥责自己的“无知、固执和轻信”，一半的人认为他对荷兰人如此信任会导致他被解职，但国王和内阁其他成员都对他保持信任。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>为了监督和平谈判，纽卡斯尔转而担任北方部大臣的职位。尽管他希望桑威奇接替他担任南方部大臣，但他还是确保了桑威奇升任<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="第一海軍大臣">海军大臣</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1748年夏天，纽卡斯尔在访问<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威">汉诺威</a>时所到之处都受到热烈欢迎。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>谈判开始后，进展顺利得多，1748年10月，<a href="/wiki/1748%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="1748年亚琛条约">1748年亚琛条约</a>正式缔结。英国将把路易斯堡交还给法国，以换取<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%A5%88" title="金奈">马德拉斯</a>的回归和法国从低地国家的全面撤军。1739年英国与西班牙开战的自由贸易问题根本没有被提及。<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔因放弃路易斯堡而立即遭到政敌的攻击，但他们中的许多人没有意识到英国在欧洲大陆的地位已经变得脆弱。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>奥地利也深感不满，因为他们认为英国人已经抛弃了他们，并且没有为夺回<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亚</a>做出足够的努力。尽管如此，纽卡斯尔对获得的条件感到满意，欧洲大陆的观察家也对他如何推翻如此不利的局面赞不绝口。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="纽卡斯尔体系"><span id=".E7.BA.BD.E5.8D.A1.E6.96.AF.E5.B0.94.E4.BD.93.E7.B3.BB"></span>纽卡斯尔体系</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：纽卡斯尔体系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>和平缔造之后，纽卡斯尔开始实施一项他已经制定了很长时间的政策。他认为，政治联盟的不稳定导致反复的战争。于是他希望通过强有力的外交来创造持久的和平，这种和平将建立在英国与奥地利强大而稳定的联盟之上。像许多辉格党人一样，他认为维持欧洲力量平衡至关重要。他将这个过程描述为“恢复旧系统”，但它通常被称为纽卡斯尔系统。<sup id="cite_ref-:5_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔不断受到皮特和辉格党爱国者派系的攻击，派系成员鄙视他的欧洲政策，因为他们认为之前的战争表明北美越来越成为最重要的战区。他们嘲笑纽卡斯尔缺乏远见，忽视了欧洲政治的复杂性和英国与汉诺威的关系，以及早在1740年纽卡斯尔就已经意识到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="英屬美洲">美洲殖民地</a>的势力不断扩大这一事实。<sup id="cite_ref-:5_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔仍然非常关注奥地利联盟。他花了几年的时间试图确保玛丽亚<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="羅馬人的國王">·</a>特蕾莎的儿子，未来的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="约瑟夫二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">约瑟夫二世</a>成功担任神圣罗马帝国皇帝。期间有许多警告信号表明英奥联盟并不顺利，但纽卡斯尔忽略了其中的大部分，因为他确信奥地利或英国都没有任何其他重要的潜在盟友可以接触。谈到选举，纽卡斯尔认为，如果他的计划失败，“法国和普鲁士将向全世界发号施令”。纽卡斯尔设法在汉诺威国会大会上进行了妥协，以确保约瑟夫的选举。他在汉诺威的胜利很快就因没有与奥地利达成同盟而破灭。<sup id="cite_ref-:5_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔通过设计辞职和解雇桑威奇勋爵，设法战胜了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E8%B4%9D%E5%BE%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="第四代贝德福德公爵约翰·罗素">贝德福德公爵</a>，纽卡斯尔现在已经开始认为桑威奇勋爵是一个危险的、雄心勃勃的竞争对手。他这样做轻松表明他对英国政治的完全控制，因为贝德福德领导了一个强大的派系。然而，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E8%B4%9D%E5%BE%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="第四代贝德福德公爵约翰·罗素">贝德福德</a>已经成为了一个重要的政敌，并不断试图威胁纽卡斯尔。<sup id="cite_ref-:6_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1752年，纽卡斯尔陪同乔治二世到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威">汉诺威</a>进行了一次难得的海外旅行。访问期间，纽卡斯尔试图将未来的首相<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%B3%E7%88%B5%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF" title="諾斯勳爵腓特烈·諾斯">诺斯勋爵</a>培养为他的政治盟友。尽管两人都成为了好朋友，但纽卡斯尔没有成功。<sup id="cite_ref-:6_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1754年3月6日亨利·佩勒姆去世后，纽卡斯尔继任首相。他最初希望继续担任北方部大臣，因为他更喜欢外交事务，但由于并没有其他首相候选人，于是纽卡斯尔接受了国王的公职印章。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="首相_-_第一任期"><span id=".E9.A6.96.E7.9B.B8_-_.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.80.E4.BB.BB.E6.9C.9F"></span>首相 - 第一任期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：首相 - 第一任期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/220px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/220px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/330px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/440px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>第一代荷兰男爵亨利·福克斯</figcaption></figure> <p>纽卡斯尔的首要任务是选<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="下議院領袖">下议院领袖</a>人。令人惊讶的是，他拒绝了最受欢迎的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">威廉·皮特</a>和亨利·福克斯，并选择了托马斯·罗宾逊爵士，罗宾逊几乎没有被大多数人视为候选人。纽卡斯尔任命被认为能力稍弱一些的人，以便可以控制他们。皮特和福克斯都对这种轻视行为怀恨在心，并加强了对纽卡斯尔的攻击。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1754年4月和5月，纽卡斯尔监督了一次大选，很大程度上采用了他兄弟制定的选举策略并赢得了绝大多数席位。<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>纽卡斯尔感到有足够的勇气尝试推动一些金融改革。他提出了减少向<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="英格兰银行">英格兰银行</a>支付的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%80%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="公债">国债</a>利息数额的措施。这样做的决定可能部分是为了转移人们对他没有足够资格控制财政部的批评。与此同时，他仍然主要指导外交政策，因为这是他的政治核心。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美洲"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span>美洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85088369"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="英法北美战争">英法北美战争</a></div> <p>英国和法国在北美的竞争已经有一段时间了。双方都觊觎俄亥俄州，因为该地在建立一个新的富裕殖民地这一方面有着巨大的潜力，两国都派出军队占领该领土。当英国人建立第一个哨所时，他们在1754年被法国远征军赶走了。许多富有的美国人鼓动采取军事行动，但各个殖民地对冲突的准备很差。来自辉格党爱国者派在伦敦的压力更大，他们认为英美向内陆扩张的时机已经成熟。<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1755年，英国计划对法属北美进行一次大规模的远征。一支英国正规军将被派去占领俄亥俄州，而另一支<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="新英格蘭">新英格兰</a>部队将控制<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E8%88%8D%E7%9C%81" title="新斯科舍省">新斯科舍省</a>。英国任命一位新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E8%8B%B1%E8%BB%8D%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4" title="北美英軍總司令">总司令</a>爱德华·布拉多克来指挥远征军。该计划的设计者是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90_(%E5%9D%8E%E4%BC%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5)" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉王子 (坎伯蘭公爵)">坎伯兰公爵</a>，他在当时拥有巨大的政治影响力。布拉多克是最受欢迎的人选，但纽卡斯尔对布拉多克和整个计划都表示怀疑。纽卡斯尔暂时与亨利·福克斯结盟，但他不喜欢后者。福克斯是这场运动的坚定支持者，并迫使纽卡斯尔出手。<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>抵达美国几个月后，布拉多克的部队在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BE%B2%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="莫農加希拉戰役">莫农加希拉战役</a>惨败。英军在荒野中遭到法军和美国原住民混合部队的袭击，超过一半被杀，包括布拉多克。其余的人撤退到<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="費城">费城</a>，法国人完全控制了内陆。新斯科舍的袭击计划更成功，但随之而来的大驱逐令纽卡斯尔感到非常头疼。<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>英国在北美的行动都是在没有正式宣战的情况下发生的。随着美国局势的变化，纽卡斯尔被迫放弃他的金融改革计划，因为这笔钱需要花在军队上。<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="失去梅诺卡岛"><span id=".E5.A4.B1.E5.8E.BB.E6.A2.85.E8.AF.BA.E5.8D.A1.E5.B2.9B"></span>失去梅诺卡岛</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：失去梅诺卡岛"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85088369"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/170px-Elderpitt.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Elderpitt.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/220px-Elderpitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/330px-Elderpitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/440px-Elderpitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">威廉·皮特</a>是辉格党爱国者派的领袖，也是纽卡斯尔的眼中钉。当两人在1757年建立选举伙伴关系时，许多人感到惊讶</figcaption></figure> <p>虽然纽卡斯尔一直在关注美国的战事，但欧洲更紧迫的事件需要他的关注。 </p><p>由于长期以来认为英国会在关键时刻放弃盟约，奥地利变得越来越紧张。纽卡斯尔最担心的事情在1756年得到证实，当时奥地利与法国结盟。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="外交革命">外交革命</a>突然颠覆了欧洲的整个力量平衡。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔曾希望通过敌对势力包围法国来防止欧洲爆发大规模战争。他相信这既可以阻止他们攻击他们的邻居，也可以阻止他们向北美派遣增援部队。<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他认为现在唯一可能发生战争的方式就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈二世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈大帝</a>单方面进攻奥地利，但数量上的明显差距也不可忽视。纽卡斯尔希望他可以设法避免欧洲的战争，但在1756年，腓特烈大帝入侵萨克森和波希米亚，引发了纽卡斯尔担心但未能阻止的欧洲大战。英国和法国之间在俄亥俄州开始的有限战争现在已经蔓延到全球。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔因英国在七年战争中开局不佳而受到广泛指责，1756年11月，首相一职被<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1" title="第四代德文郡公爵威廉·卡文迪許">德文郡公爵</a>取代。在1756年梅诺卡岛丢失后，有些人甚至要求处决纽卡斯尔。取而代之的是，英国舰队的指挥官<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E6%81%A9" title="約翰·拜恩">约翰·拜恩</a>在登上军事法庭后被枪杀，许多人认为这是保护纽卡斯尔的烟幕弹。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由于他的长期任职，纽卡斯尔被加封为纽卡斯尔安德莱恩公爵。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="插曲：德文郡公爵"><span id=".E6.8F.92.E6.9B.B2.EF.BC.9A.E5.BE.B7.E6.96.87.E9.83.A1.E5.85.AC.E7.88.B5"></span>插曲：德文郡公爵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：插曲：德文郡公爵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85088369"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1" title="第四代德文郡公爵威廉·卡文迪許">第四代德文郡公爵威廉·卡文迪許</a></div> <p>1756年11月至1757年6月期间，德文郡公爵取代纽卡斯尔成为首相，尽管<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">皮特</a>被广泛认为是政府的实际领袖。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="首相_-_第二任期"><span id=".E9.A6.96.E7.9B.B8_-_.E7.AC.AC.E4.BA.8C.E4.BB.BB.E6.9C.9F"></span>首相 - 第二任期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：首相 - 第二任期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重回唐宁街"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E5.9B.9E.E5.94.90.E5.AE.81.E8.A1.97"></span>重回唐宁街</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：重回唐宁街"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1757年7月，由于<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">皮特</a>在议会中未能获得足够的支持，纽卡斯尔再次出任首相。人们经常错误地认为皮特在战争期间担任首相，但实际上首相一职由纽卡斯尔担任。纽卡斯尔和皮特的关系发展成为富有成果的伙伴关系，并提供了一些人认为一段时间以来缺乏的坚定领导。<sup id="cite_ref-:8_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quibcardinaux2.jpg/220px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Quibcardinaux2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quibcardinaux2.jpg/220px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quibcardinaux2.jpg/330px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quibcardinaux2.jpg/440px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption> 1759年英国在几大洲和海上取得胜利后，被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%BF%B9%E5%B9%B4" title="奇迹年">奇迹年</a>”。11月，一支计划入侵英格兰的法国舰队在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF%E9%BE%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="基伯龙湾海战">基伯龙</a>被击败。大部分功劳归于皮特，而不是纽卡斯尔</figcaption></figure> <p>在纸面上，这是一个难以置信的联盟。多年来，皮特一直是纽卡斯尔的尖锐批评者，他们对战略有着不同的、相互矛盾的看法。纽卡斯尔看到了英国将资源用于欧洲大陆战争的最佳胜利机会，但皮特希望全面转变政策，将英国军队集中在法国人最脆弱的北美、西非和亚洲。然而，他们分享了一些观点，两人都是热心的辉格党人，甚至曾经试图建立一个政治联盟。纽卡斯尔此前曾试图让皮特在1745年成为战争部长，但乔治二世否决了这一任命。<sup id="cite_ref-:8_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="七年战争"><span id=".E4.B8.83.E5.B9.B4.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>七年战争</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：七年战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>最终，英国的政策是由这两种观点混合而成的。纽卡斯尔坚持要求英国介入欧洲大陆以牵制法国军队，并授权对法国殖民地进行多次远征。随着远征的成功，海外部队的数量和规模开始增加。皮特在很大程度上接管了指挥远征军的控制权，纽卡斯尔同意这些措施，并通过动员他对国会议员的控制来确保议会站在一边。皮特和纽卡斯尔与少数其他人物如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B" title="第一代哈德威克伯爵菲利普·約克">哈德威克</a>、安森和利戈尼尔一起讨论战略。<sup id="cite_ref-:9_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔一直对英国在战争中的糟糕开局深感担忧，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%AF%BA%E5%8D%A1%E5%B2%9B" title="梅诺卡岛">梅诺卡岛</a>的丧失和法国占领<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B1%9E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0" title="奥属尼德兰">奥属尼德兰</a>的主要港口。为了提高英国在地中海的地位，他推动入侵当时由中立国<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="热那亚共和国">热那亚</a>控制的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E5%98%89" title="科西嘉">科西嘉岛</a>，用作海军基地，或者英国进攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%BE%B7" title="奥斯坦德">奥斯坦德</a>以驱逐法国人。皮特担心这两个计划都会导致英国与奥地利或热那亚开战。为了安抚纽卡斯尔和乔治二世，皮特同意在1758年派遣一支英国特遣队前往德国作战。<sup id="cite_ref-:9_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="成功"><span id=".E6.88.90.E5.8A.9F"></span>成功</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：成功"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1758年，皮特开始派遣远征军在世界各地占领法国殖民地。1758年，英军占领了西非的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔">塞内加尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="冈比亚">冈比亚</a>以及北美的路易斯堡。他计划在明年通过向<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="西印度群岛">西印度群岛</a>和加拿大派遣大型远征军来加强这一点。为此，皮特征用了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="不列顛群島">不列颠群岛</a>的军队和船只，这让纽卡斯尔担心本土防守不力。当英国人收到有关法国计划入侵英国的情报时，纽卡斯尔的恐惧增加了。皮特决心推进当年的计划，但同意减少1760年的殖民远征规模，因为他预计1759年将对法国的战争努力造成打击。<sup id="cite_ref-pm88_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm88-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔保留了他先前的信念，即英国需要建立一个尽可能广泛的联盟，并且决定性的战场在欧洲而不是美洲。因此，他试图说服许多不同的国家加入反法联盟。他在很大程度上没有成功，因为荷兰人、丹麦人和葡萄牙人保持中立，瑞典和俄罗斯与法国和奥地利一起进攻普鲁士。他授权向普鲁士人支付大笔补贴，此时普鲁士在与欧洲众多国家同时作战。<sup id="cite_ref-pm88_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm88-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔最伟大的个人成就之一是他利用外交手段将西班牙排除在战争之外，西班牙直到1762年加入战争时已经为时已晚。1759年，他和皮特组织了英国对法国计划入侵的防御，但计划由于英国在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%90%84%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="拉各斯海战">拉各斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF%E9%BE%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="基伯龙湾海战">基伯龙</a>的海军胜利而取消。<sup id="cite_ref-:10_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="失势"><span id=".E5.A4.B1.E5.8A.BF"></span>失势</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：失势"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于新国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="喬治三世">乔治三世</a>对<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9" title="第三代比特伯爵約翰·斯圖爾特">比特勋爵</a>的好感，这个英国在国外享有盛誉的“宽底政府”逐渐倒台，比特勋爵先是取代皮特，后于1762年5月取代纽卡斯尔成为首相。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>乔治三世将皮特描述为“草丛中的蛇”，将纽卡斯尔描述为“无赖”。<sup id="cite_ref-:10_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>尽管他们无可否认地对战争进行了有效的领导，但新国王并不信任任何一个人，并将他们两个都打入冷宫。可以说，这是英国君主最后一次纯粹出于个人仇恨而罢免首相：这一特权将在未来完全交给议会。由于<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9" title="第三代比特伯爵約翰·斯圖爾特">比特勋爵</a>是托利党人，这标志着辉格党对政府的垄断结束，这种垄断自1714年汉诺威王朝开创以来一直持续。<sup id="cite_ref-:10_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="晚年"><span id=".E6.99.9A.E5.B9.B4"></span>晚年</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：晚年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Claremont.JPG/220px-Claremont.JPG"><img resource="/wiki/File:Claremont.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Claremont.JPG/220px-Claremont.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Claremont.JPG/330px-Claremont.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Claremont.JPG/440px-Claremont.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>纽卡斯尔在克莱蒙特度过了他晚年的大部分时间。他为这座庄园及其广阔的花园感到异常自豪</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="抵制"><span id=".E6.8A.B5.E5.88.B6"></span>抵制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：抵制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>纽卡斯尔因反对<a href="/wiki/1763%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="1763年巴黎条约">1763年巴黎条约</a>遭到抵制并失去了他的两个副官。与皮特一样，他认为和平条款对法国和西班牙过于慷慨，因为英国人已经占据了有利地位。七年战争期间占领的许多领土被归还，但法国在加拿大和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%82%A3%E6%8F%90%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="卡那提克战争">印度</a>的殖民地已被永久摧毁。<sup id="cite_ref-pm88_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm88-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔晚年大部分时间都在克莱蒙特的家中度过，他认为这是他最伟大的成就之一。纽卡斯尔已经连续执政近45年。<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="再次复出"><span id=".E5.86.8D.E6.AC.A1.E5.A4.8D.E5.87.BA"></span>再次复出</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：再次复出"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1765年，纽卡斯尔成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE-%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="第二代羅金漢侯爵查爾斯·沃森-文特沃斯">罗金汉侯爵</a>政府的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%8C%E7%92%BD%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="掌璽大臣">掌玺大臣</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>罗金汉侯爵与纽卡斯尔有许多相似之处，两人都是富有的辉格党大人物。纽卡斯尔曾一度被国王提议担任南方部大臣，但他拒绝了。纽卡斯尔在政府垮台之前任职了几个月，最后被<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E8%91%9B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E8%8C%B2%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="第三代葛拉夫頓公爵奧古斯都·斐茲洛伊">格拉夫顿公爵</a>取代。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="退休"><span id=".E9.80.80.E4.BC.91"></span>退休</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：退休"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>此后，纽卡斯尔仍然积极参与政治，但接受了他不会再次担任公职。<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>纽卡斯尔继续拥有众多的赞助人和影响力，但在1767年12月中风后，他的健康状况迅速恶化，导致他跛足，言语和记忆力受损。在他生命最后的几个月里，他反对<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="英屬美洲">英属美洲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%AE%B9%E5%BF%8D%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="不可容忍法令">不可容忍法令</a>。纽卡斯尔于1768年11月在他位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4" title="林肯律師學院廣場">伦敦林肯菲尔德</a>的家中去世，享年75岁。在他死后，克莱蒙特庄园被卖给了在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a>中成名的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E6%AD%A6%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E6%AD%A6" title="第一代克莱武男爵罗伯特·克莱武">罗伯特·克莱武</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纽卡斯尔公爵勤奋而精力充沛，值得称赞的是，这位几乎垄断政府半个世纪的政治家两次拒绝领取养老金，最终由于他在政治上的巨额支出，他的资产比入职时少300,000英镑。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>竞选议员、奢侈的生活方式和他对家庭预算的忽视是资产减少的主要原因。<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="评价"><span id=".E8.AF.84.E4.BB.B7"></span>评价</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：评价"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>纽卡斯尔受到广泛讽刺，并经常被描绘成一个难以理解政府事务的糊涂小丑。他是18世纪最受讥讽的政治家之一。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>历史观点普遍存在分歧，一些历史学家认为纽卡斯尔不适合担任首相一职，但其他人则认为他是一位精明的政治运营商，巧妙地驾驭了18世纪复杂的欧洲国家体系。纽卡斯尔在议会中拥有巨大的投票权，经常可以在下议院组织多数派来支持政府看似令人费解、不受欢迎和荒谬的政策。<sup id="cite_ref-pm882_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm882-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一般来说，对英国在七年战争中胜利的赞誉都归于皮特而不是纽卡斯尔，后者是政府的正式领导人。传统上，对战争的描述将皮特描绘成一个有远见的人，他通过扭转纽卡斯尔先前专注于欧洲事务的不明智政策而赢得了战争。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E6%9B%BC" title="弗朗西斯·帕克曼">弗朗西斯·帕克曼</a>记录了皮特和他的军事行政人员之间的通信，而他们与纽卡斯尔之间则没有。其他人则通过将他的“大陆政策”与<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%B3%E7%88%B5%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF" title="諾斯勳爵腓特烈·諾斯">诺斯勋爵</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美國獨立戰爭">美国独立战争</a>期间未能召集欧洲盟友进行对比来为纽卡斯尔辩护，这导致英国最终在这场冲突中失败。<sup id="cite_ref-pm883_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm883-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="家庭"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E5.BA.AD"></span>家庭</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：家庭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg/170px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pelham-Holles_(1693-1768).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg/220px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>第一代泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔公爵托马斯·佩勒姆-霍尔斯</figcaption></figure> <p>1717年4月2日，纽卡斯尔与第二代戈多芬伯爵的女儿、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="第一代馬爾博羅公爵約翰·丘吉爾">第一代马尔伯勒公爵约翰·丘吉尔</a>的孙女哈蕾特·戈多芬夫人结婚。公爵夫人身体不好，这对夫妇没有孩子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="继承"><span id=".E7.BB.A7.E6.89.BF"></span>继承</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：继承"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鉴于泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔公国将再次绝嗣的前景，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治二世 (英国)">乔治二世</a>国王还在1756年创建了<b>纽卡斯尔安德莱恩公爵</b>，通过纽卡斯尔的侄子第九代林肯伯爵继承了这一头衔。在纽卡斯尔于1768年去世后被安葬在东萨塞克斯郡劳顿的诸圣堂。<sup id="cite_ref-ThPelODNB_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThPelODNB-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引注"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E6.B3.A8"></span>引注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：引注"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5"><sup><b>1.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6"><sup><b>1.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFChisholm1911 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basil Williams, <i>The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760</i> (2nd ed. 1962) pp 352–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, <i>The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760</i> (1962) pp 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.6–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browningondb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-browningondb_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning. ODNB online Ed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.23–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Field pp.350–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>Command of the Ocean</i> p.227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms pp.216–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.73–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Taylor, <span style="padding-right:.2em;">"</span>'The Fac Totum in Ecclesiastic Affairs'? The Duke of Newcastle and the Crown's Ecclesiastical Patronage." <i>Albion</i> 24#3 (1992): 409–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald G. Barnes, "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724-54." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 3.2 (1934): 164–191. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633377">in JSTOR</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220920190137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633377">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Sykes, "The Duke of Newcastle as Ecclesiastical Minister." <i>English Historical Review</i> 57.225 (1942): 59–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/553966">in JSTOR</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220920181106/https://www.jstor.org/stable/553966">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.78–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger. <i>Command of the Ocean</i>. p.235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms pp.247–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>Command of the Ocean</i> pp.236–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.94–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.A.M Rodger <i>Lord Sandwich</i> p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-0"><sup><b>44.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-1"><sup><b>44.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>The Instatiable Earl</i> pp.41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>The Instatiable Earl</i> pp.58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.152–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.154–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms pp.351–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_53-0"><sup><b>53.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_53-1"><sup><b>53.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_53-2"><sup><b>53.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_54-0"><sup><b>54.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_54-1"><sup><b>54.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiteley p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.198–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.207–08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-0"><sup><b>59.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-1"><sup><b>59.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-2"><sup><b>59.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-3"><sup><b>59.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p.105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.167–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.672–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.675</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-0"><sup><b>64.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-1"><sup><b>64.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_65-0"><sup><b>65.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_65-1"><sup><b>65.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn p.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pm88-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pm88_66-0"><sup><b>66.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pm88_66-1"><sup><b>66.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pm88_66-2"><sup><b>66.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkman, p.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-0"><sup><b>67.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-1"><sup><b>67.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-2"><sup><b>67.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn p.96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.322–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 27. Oxford University Press. 2004: 728–729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography%2C+Volume+27&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=728-729&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>Article by Reed Browning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray A. Kelch, <i>Newcastle: A Duke without Money</i> (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitely p.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pm882-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pm882_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkman, p.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pm883-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pm883_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkman, p.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThPelODNB-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThPelODNB_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ThPelODNB</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考书目"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span>参考书目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：参考书目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Anderson, Fred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwar0000fred">Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</a>. Faber and Faber. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrucibleofwar0000fred&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Barnes, Donald G. "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724–54." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 3.2 (1934): 164–191. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633377">in JSTOR</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220920190137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633377">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Browning, Reed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dukeofnewcastle0000brow">The Duke of Newcastle</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Yale University Press. 1975. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780300017465" title="Special:网络书源/9780300017465"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780300017465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Newcastle&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780300017465&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdukeofnewcastle0000brow&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Browning, Reed. Holles, Thomas Pelham-, duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and first duke of Newcastle under Lyme (1693–1768). 《牛津国家人物传记大辞典》線上版. 牛津大學出版社. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.atitle=Holles%2C+Thomas+Pelham-%2C+duke+of+Newcastle+upon+Tyne+and+first+duke+of+Newcastle+under+Lyme+%281693%E2%80%931768%29&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A-%7Bzh-hans%3A%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E4%BC%A0%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%3Bzh-hant%3A%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%82%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%7D-%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%89%88&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">需要订阅或<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/">英国公共图书馆会员资格</a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Dickinson, Harry T. David Loads , 编. Newcastle. Readers Guide to British History. 2003, <b>2</b>: 951–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.atitle=Newcastle&rft.aufirst=Harry+T.&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Readers+Guide+to+British+History&rft.pages=951-2&rft.volume=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Field, Ophelia. The Kit-Cat Club: Friends who Imagined a Nation. Harper Collins. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=Ophelia&rft.aulast=Field&rft.btitle=The+Kit-Cat+Club%3A+Friends+who+Imagined+a+Nation&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hibbert, Christopher. George III: A Personal History. 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London. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520025370" title="Special:网络书源/9780520025370"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780520025370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=Ray+A.&rft.aulast=Kelch&rft.btitle=Newcastle%3A+A+Duke+without+Money&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780520025370&rft.place=London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcastledukewit0000kelc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">McLynn, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1759yearbritainb00mcly">1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Pimlico. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780871138811" title="Special:网络书源/9780871138811"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780871138811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.btitle=1759%3A+The+Year+Britain+Became+Master+of+the+World&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780871138811&rft.place=Pimlico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1759yearbritainb00mcly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Middleton, Richard. <i>The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and Conduct of the Seven Years' War 1757-1762</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2002).</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Murphy, Orville T. 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title="御前大臣">御前大臣</a></b><br />1717–1724 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉夫頓公爵">格拉夫顿公爵</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格兰维尔伯爵（页面不存在）">卡特雷特勋爵</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南部國務卿（页面不存在）">南部國務卿</a></b><br />1724–1746 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格兰维尔伯爵（页面不存在）">卡特雷特勋爵</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格兰维尔伯爵（页面不存在）">卡特雷特勋爵</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="上議院領袖">上議院領袖</a></b><br />1744–1756 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·卡文迪許，第四代德文郡公爵">德文郡公爵</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="切斯特菲尔德伯爵（页面不存在）">切斯特菲尔德伯爵</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南部國務卿（页面不存在）">南部國務卿</a></b><br />1746–1748 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍尔德尼斯伯爵（页面不存在）">霍尔德尼斯伯爵</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">亨利·佩勒姆</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">英国首相</a></b><br />1754–1756 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·卡文迪許，第四代德文郡公爵">德文郡公爵</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·卡文迪許，第四代德文郡公爵">德文郡公爵</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="上議院領袖">上議院領袖</a></b><br />1757–1762 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E5%BE%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰·斯圖爾特，第三代標得伯爵">比特伯爵</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·卡文迪許，第四代德文郡公爵">德文郡公爵</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">英国首相</a></b><br />1757–1762 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E5%BE%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰·斯圖爾特，第三代標得伯爵">比特伯爵</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BC%AF%E5%8B%92%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马耳伯勒公爵（页面不存在）">马耳伯勒公爵</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%8C%E7%92%BD%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="掌璽大臣">掌玺大臣</a></b><br />1765–1766 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9_(%E8%80%81)" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·皮特 (老)">威廉·皮特</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="大不列颠贵族">大不列顛貴族爵位</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4"><b>新頭銜</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="紐卡斯爾公爵">纽卡斯尔安德莱姆公爵</a></b><br />1765–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%8A%E5%A7%86%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·佩勒姆-柯林頓，第二代紐卡素安德萊姆公爵（页面不存在）">亨利·佩勒姆-柯林頓，第二代紐卡素安德萊姆公爵</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E9%BB%98%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦默的佩勒姆男爵（页面不存在）">斯坦默的佩勒姆男爵</a></b><br />1762–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">繼任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%87%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湯瑪斯·佩勒姆，第一代奇切斯特伯爵（页面不存在）">湯瑪斯·佩勒姆</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="紐卡斯爾公爵">泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔公爵</a></b><br />1715–1768 </td> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="3"><b>斷絕</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克萊爾伯爵（页面不存在）">克萊爾伯爵</a></b><br />1714–1768 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">前任者：<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托馬斯·佩勒姆，第一代佩勒姆男爵（页面不存在）">托馬斯·佩勒姆，第一代佩勒姆男爵</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a 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5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="纽卡斯尔公爵">紐卡素公爵</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">泰恩河畔紐卡素公爵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">第一次冊封</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1" title="第一代紐卡斯爾公爵威廉·卡文迪許">第一代公爵威廉·卡文迪許</a>（1665年－1676年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二代紐卡素公爵亨利·卡文迪許" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二代紐卡素公爵亨利·卡文迪許（页面不存在）">第二代公爵亨利·卡文迪許</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1676年－1691年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">第二次冊封</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一代紐卡素公爵約翰·霍利斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一代紐卡素公爵約翰·霍利斯（页面不存在）">約翰·霍利斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1694年－1711年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">第三次冊封</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯</a>（1715年－1768年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">紐卡素安德萊姆公爵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">第一代公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯</a>（1765年－1768年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓（页面不存在）">第二代公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1768年－1794年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第三代紐卡素公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-克林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第三代紐卡素公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-克林頓（页面不存在）">第三代公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-克林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Clinton,_3rd_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1794年－1795年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第四代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓（页面不存在）">第四代公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_4th_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1795年－1851年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93" title="第五代紐卡斯爾公爵亨利·佩勒姆-柯林頓">第五代公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓</a>（1851年－1864年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第六代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第六代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓（页面不存在）">第六代公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_6th_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1864年－1879年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第七代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 7th Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第七代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓（页面不存在）">第七代公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_7th_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Pelham-Clinton, 7th Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Pelham-Clinton, 7th Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1879年－1928年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第八代紐卡素公爵弗朗西斯·佩勒姆-克林頓-霍普" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francis Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 8th Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93-%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第八代紐卡素公爵弗朗西斯·佩勒姆-克林頓-霍普（页面不存在）">第八代公爵弗朗西斯·佩勒姆-克林頓-霍普</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Pelham-Clinton-Hope,_8th_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Francis Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 8th Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francis Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 8th Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1928年－1941年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第九代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓-霍普" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93-%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第九代紐卡素公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓-霍普（页面不存在）">第九代公爵亨利·佩勒姆-克林頓-霍普</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton-Hope,_9th_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1941年－1988年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第十代紐卡素公爵愛德華·佩勒姆-克林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第十代紐卡素公爵愛德華·佩勒姆-克林頓（页面不存在）">第十代公爵愛德華·佩勒姆-克林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pelham-Clinton,_10th_Duke_of_Newcastle" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1988年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="英国首相" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Template:英國首相"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Template talk:英國首相"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:英國首相"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="英国首相" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">首相</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="第一財政大臣">第一財政大臣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%A7%E8%A1%9710%E8%99%9F" title="唐寧街10號">官邸</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%A7%E8%A1%9712%E8%99%9F" title="唐寧街12號">新闻部办公室</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="契克斯">乡间别墅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%9C%A8%E4%BB%BB%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%8A%83%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="按在任時間劃分的英國首相列表">任期排序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1%E5%8A%83%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="按年齡劃分的英國首相列表">年齡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="大不列顛王國国旗"><img alt="大不列顛王國国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">大不列顛王國</a><br /><small>1707－1801</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔">沃波爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%AD%E6%98%8E%E9%A0%93%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93" title="第一代維明頓伯爵斯賓塞·康普頓">維明頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">佩勒姆</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">紐卡斯爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1" title="第四代德文郡公爵威廉·卡文迪許">德文郡</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">紐卡斯爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9" title="第三代比特伯爵約翰·斯圖爾特">標得</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="喬治·格倫維爾">G·格倫維爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE-%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="第二代羅金漢侯爵查爾斯·沃森-文特沃斯">羅金漢</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">查塔姆（老皮特）</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E8%91%9B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E8%8C%A8%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A" title="第三代葛拉夫頓公爵奧古斯都·菲茨羅伊">格拉夫頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%B3%E7%88%B5%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF" title="諾斯勳爵腓特烈·諾斯">諾斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE-%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="第二代羅金漢侯爵查爾斯·沃森-文特沃斯">羅金漢</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E8%92%82" title="第二代謝爾本伯爵威廉·佩蒂">謝爾本</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1-%E6%9C%AC%E5%BB%B7%E5%85%8B" title="第三代波特蘭公爵威廉·卡文迪許-本廷克">波特蘭</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小皮特</a></span></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">英国君主</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%BE%BD%E7%AB%A0" title="英国皇家徽章（女王陛下政府所用版本）"><img alt="英国皇家徽章（女王陛下政府所用版本）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="英國政府">英國政府</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E)" title="英皇陛下政府 (術語)">英皇陛下政府</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="联合王国国旗"><img alt="联合王国国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国">大不列颠<br />及爱尔兰<br />聯合王國</a><br /><small>1801－1922</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小皮特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%B8%81%E9%A0%93" title="第一代西德默斯子爵亨利·阿丁頓">阿丁頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小皮特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="第一代格伦维尔男爵威廉·格伦维尔">W·格伦维尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1-%E6%9C%AC%E5%BB%B7%E5%85%8B" title="第三代波特蘭公爵威廉·卡文迪許-本廷克">波特蘭</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E7%8F%80%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE" title="斯賓塞·珀西瓦爾">珀西瓦爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E9%87%91%E9%81%9C" title="第二代利物浦伯爵羅伯特·詹金遜">利物浦</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%AF%A7" title="喬治·坎寧">坎寧</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5F%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%93%E9%81%9C" title="第一代戈德里奇子爵F·J·羅賓遜">戈德里奇</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利">威靈頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" title="第二代格雷伯爵查爾斯·格雷">格雷</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%A2%A8%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%A7%86" title="第二代墨爾本子爵威廉·蘭姆">墨爾本</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利">威靈頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·皮尔">皮尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%A2%A8%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%A7%86" title="第二代墨爾本子爵威廉·蘭姆">墨爾本</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·皮尔">皮尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" title="第一代羅素伯爵約翰·羅素">羅素</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF-%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9" title="第十四代德比伯爵愛德華·史密斯-斯坦利">德比</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%81%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF-%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB" title="第四代阿伯丁伯爵乔治·汉密尔顿-戈登">阿伯丁</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%B4%E9%BA%A5%E5%B0%8A%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="第三代巴麥尊子爵亨利·坦普爾">巴麥尊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF-%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9" title="第十四代德比伯爵愛德華·史密斯-斯坦利">德比</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%B4%E9%BA%A5%E5%B0%8A%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="第三代巴麥尊子爵亨利·坦普爾">巴麥尊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" title="第一代羅素伯爵約翰·羅素">羅素</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF-%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9" title="第十四代德比伯爵愛德華·史密斯-斯坦利">德比</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="本傑明·迪斯雷利">迪斯雷利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="本傑明·迪斯雷利">迪斯雷利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第三代索爾斯伯利侯爵羅伯特·蓋斯科因-塞西爾">索尔斯伯利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第三代索爾斯伯利侯爵羅伯特·蓋斯科因-塞西爾">索尔斯伯利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="第五代羅斯伯里伯爵阿奇博爾德·普里姆羅斯">羅斯伯里</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第三代索爾斯伯利侯爵羅伯特·蓋斯科因-塞西爾">索尔斯伯利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F" title="阿瑟·貝爾福">貝爾福</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE-%E7%8F%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%9B%BC" title="亨利·甘貝爾-班納曼">甘貝爾-班納曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/H%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%8E%E6%96%AF" title="H·H·阿斯奎斯">阿斯奎斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%90%88%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB" title="大衛·勞合·喬治">勞合·喬治</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E" title="博納·勞">博納·勞</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温">鲍德温</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D" title="拉姆齊·麥克唐納">麥克唐納</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="联合王国国旗"><img alt="联合王国国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">大不列颠<br />及北爱尔兰<br />聯合王國</a><br /><small>1922－</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温">鲍德温</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D" title="拉姆齊·麥克唐納">麥克唐納</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温">鲍德温</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%A0%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6" title="内维尔·张伯伦">张伯伦</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="温斯顿·丘吉尔">丘吉尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E9%97%A8%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%A4%BC" title="克莱门特·艾德礼">艾德礼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="温斯顿·丘吉尔">丘吉尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E7%99%BB" title="安東尼·艾登">艾登</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E7%BE%8E%E5%80%AB" title="哈羅德·麥美倫">麥美倫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF-%E4%BC%91%E5%A7%86" title="亞歷克·道格拉斯-休姆">道格拉斯-休姆</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="哈羅德·威爾遜">威爾遜</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%80%9D" title="爱德华·希思">希思</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="哈羅德·威爾遜">威爾遜</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%BC%A2" title="詹姆斯·卡拉漢">卡拉漢</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%92%92%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94" title="玛格丽特·撒切尔">撒切尔夫人</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%9D%B0" title="约翰·梅杰">梅杰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94" title="托尼·布莱尔">布莱尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97" title="戈登·布朗">布朗</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%A2%85%E4%BC%A6" title="戴维·卡梅伦">卡梅伦</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%BF%A0%E7%8F%8A" title="文翠珊">梅</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A" title="鲍里斯·约翰逊">约翰逊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%89%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="莉兹·特拉斯">特拉斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B" title="里希·苏纳克">苏纳克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%B4%80%E8%B3%A2" title="施紀賢">斯塔摩</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="英国内阁">内阁</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%89%AF%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英國副首相">副首相</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E9%BB%A8%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="反對黨領袖 (英國)">反对党领袖</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英国首相列表">列表</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Category:英国首相">分類</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">共享資源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯&oldid=84131035">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯&oldid=84131035</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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