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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Start of the Breton Civil War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">French invasion of Brittany</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">Breton Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_z_Montfortu.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colourful Medieval depiction of a group greeting a well dressed man and woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jan_z_Montfortu.gif/220px-Jan_z_Montfortu.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jan_z_Montfortu.gif/330px-Jan_z_Montfortu.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jan_z_Montfortu.gif/440px-Jan_z_Montfortu.gif 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Citizens of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> paying <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> to John of Montfort and Joanna of Flanders</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May 1341 – February 1342</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Indecisive</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lords,_counts_and_dukes_of_Montfort-l%27Amaury" title="Lords, counts and dukes of Montfort-l'Amaury">House of Montfort</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Charles, Duke of Brittany">Charles of Blois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Duke of Normandy">John, Duke of Normandy</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort" title="John of Montfort">John of Montfort</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flanders</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 7,000+</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Template:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Breton_Succession" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession"><span class="wrap">War of the Breton Succession</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Initial campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Vannes_(1342)" title="Sieges of Vannes (1342)">Vannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hennebont_(1342)" title="Siege of Hennebont (1342)">Hennebont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brest_(1342)" title="Siege of Brest (1342)">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morlaix" title="Battle of Morlaix">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Malestroit" title="Truce of Malestroit">Truce of Malestroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cadoret" title="Battle of Cadoret">Cadoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Pol_de_L%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of St Pol de Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien" title="Battle of La Roche-Derrien">La Roche-Derrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_Thirty" title="Combat of the Thirty">The Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauron" title="Battle of Mauron">Mauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmuran" title="Battle of Montmuran">Montmuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rennes_(1356%E2%80%931357)" title="Siege of Rennes (1356–1357)">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auray" title="Battle of Auray">Auray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%A9rande_(1365)" title="Treaty of Guérande (1365)">Treaty of Guérande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The initial campaign of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">Breton Civil War</a> took place in 1341 when a French royal army intervened in a dynastic dispute between two claimants to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a>. Brittany was a province of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, but while the dukes of Brittany were <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of the French kings they governed the duchy as independent rulers. When <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John III, Duke of Brittany">John III, Duke of Brittany</a>, (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1312–1341</span>) died on 30 April 1341, title to the duchy was claimed by both his niece, <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan, Duchess of Brittany">Joan of Penthièvre</a>, and his younger half-brother, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort" title="John of Montfort">John of Montfort</a>. Joan's claim was exercised through her husband, <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Charles, Duke of Brittany">Charles of Blois</a>, a nephew of the King of France, <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1328–1350</span>). A complicating factor was the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> between France and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> which had broken out in 1337. A truce was in place which was due to expire in June 1341 but was extended to June 1342. </p><p>It was generally assumed that Joan's claim would prevail and that Charles would become the new duke. But John acted quickly and installed friendly garrisons in most of the towns and castles of Brittany by August. He discussed the possibility of a military treaty with English emissaries but made no move towards effecting one. Rumours of these discussions reached Philip, causing him to turn against John and in September Charles was recognised as the new duke. John refused to give way and Philip sent an army to Brittany to impose Charles. </p><p>Within a month John had been defeated and was a prisoner. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flanders</a>, sent the ducal treasury west to <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, took command of her husband's field army, stormed the town of <a href="/wiki/Redon,_Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine">Redon</a> and moved to the small but strongly walled town of <a href="/wiki/Hennebont" title="Hennebont">Hennebont</a>. She despatched a senior counsellor to encourage English military intervention, set up her two-year-old son, also named <a href="/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John IV, Duke of Brittany">John</a>, as the faction's figurehead and heir to his father's claim to the duchy, and waited on events. The war lasted 24 years, frequently as a part of the Hundred Years' War. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlosIdebritania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pen and ink drawing of the head and shoulders of a bearded man in early modern style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CarlosIdebritania.jpg/170px-CarlosIdebritania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/CarlosIdebritania.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Charles of Blois as envisaged in 1621</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> was a province of France, but while the dukes of Brittany were <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of the French kings they governed the duchy as independent rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption199017,_34–35_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption199017,_34–35-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006b62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006b62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19888_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19888-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, when the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> broke out in 1337 between France and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> the Duke of Brittany, <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John III, Duke of Brittany">John III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1312–1341</span>), fought alongside his feudal lord the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of France">King of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1328–1350</span>). John died on 30 April 1341, leaving a disputed succession, with both his niece, <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan, Duchess of Brittany">Joan of Penthièvre</a>, and his younger half brother, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort" title="John of Montfort">John of Montfort</a>, claiming the dukedom. Joan was the only child of John III's dead younger brother Guy, and was married to <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Charles, Duke of Brittany">Charles of Blois</a>, a well-connected and militarily oriented French nobleman who was also a nephew of the King of France. Complicating the legal situation – which was unprecedented in Breton law – John III seems to have on separate occasions formally promised the succession to both John of Montfort and Charles of Blois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne199966–67_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne199966–67-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Goering202037–38,_47–49_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Goering202037–38,_47–49-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John had the stronger legal claim but the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> knew little about him and mostly preferred Charles' claim. What support John had came largely from the lower levels of society, especially in the towns. It was widely accepted in Brittany that Charles would inherit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990371,_374_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990371,_374-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a60_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a60-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John, encouraged by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flanders</a>, took 200 men and seized <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, the most important town in Brittany, shortly after John III's funeral. He then took control of the Breton treasury and unsuccessfully wooed the great men of Brittany. In early June 1341 John moved on to an alternative plan: to take control of as much of Brittany as he could, and so encourage Philip to confirm him as the new duke to avoid possible conflict. John left Nantes to secure <a href="/wiki/Champtoceaux" title="Champtoceaux">Champtoceaux</a>, a large ducal castle about 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the north east on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">River Loire</a>. It protected Nantes from enemies approaching from central or northern France and John garrisoned it with mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371,_374–377,_387_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371,_374–377,_387-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202–203_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202–203-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John continued on to <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, the second-largest town in Brittany and its capital. It had strong walls and a large garrison, but after a brief and fumbled defence the town surrendered. <a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier" title="Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier">Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier</a>, a strong fortification defending the approach to Rennes from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, followed suit, as did the walled town of <a href="/wiki/Dinan" title="Dinan">Dinan</a>. Having subdued most of eastern Brittany – the richest and most populous part of the duchy – John returned to Nantes, then during July and early August overran most of the towns of southern and western Brittany. Few were well fortified or stoutly defended and there was only fighting at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>. By mid-August John had all but made good his claim to the Duchy. Philip disregarded the situation, ignoring requests for assistance from Charles of Blois. John's loyalty at this point was unquestioned and so expelling him by force when he had a strong legal case was politically unappealing, and ran the risk of driving him into an alliance with the English. Philip passed the question of who should succeed John III to the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a> – a judicial rather than legislative body – where deliberations were liable to be long drawn out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990377–378_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990377–378-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_intervention">English intervention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_region_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Per caption"><img alt="Per caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bretagne_region_location_map.svg/400px-Bretagne_region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bretagne_region_location_map.svg/600px-Bretagne_region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bretagne_region_location_map.svg/800px-Bretagne_region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:98.889%;left:85.057%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nantes"><img alt="Nantes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.167%;left:82.069%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rennes"><img alt="Rennes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.667%;left:45.287%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hennebont"><img alt="Hennebont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hennebont" title="Hennebont">Hennebont</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.222%;left:91.586%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Champtoceaux"><img alt="Champtoceaux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Champtoceaux" title="Champtoceaux">Champtoceaux</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.667%;left:14.483%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saint-Renan"><img alt="Saint-Renan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Saint-Renan" title="Saint-Renan">Saint-Renan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75%;left:72.874%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Redon"><img alt="Redon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Redon,_Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine">Redon</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.222%;left:73.586%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dinan"><img alt="Dinan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Dinan" title="Dinan">Dinan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.889%;left:17.471%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brest"><img alt="Brest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_region_location_map.svg" title="File:Bretagne region location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A map of Brittany, with modern administrative boundaries, showing the locations of some of the places mentioned in the text</div></div></div></div> <p>While these events were taking place, the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Espl%C3%A9chin" title="Truce of Espléchin">Truce of Espléchin</a> was in force between France and England. Ostensibly halting all fighting, in practice it prevented either country from deploying their main field armies, but was otherwise ill observed. The truce was originally due to expire on 24 June 1341, but was extended on 9 June to 29 August, and on 10 August to 14 September. Fighting on a large scale continued in south-west France and at sea as both sides prepared to mobilise major forces once the truce expired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006c122–123_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006c122–123-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990358–359,_379–380,_383_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990358–359,_379–380,_383-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> sent an emissary to John of Montfort, who held discussions with him on 10 July regarding John recognising Edward as king of France in exchange for Edward's recognising John's claim to Brittany and providing military support. John equivocated: he wished to have support for his claim in the event of Philip's deciding in favour of Charles of Blois, but was not ready to cause a break with Philip if it could be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990383–385_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990383–385-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rumours of these negotiations reached Philip VI, causing him to come down firmly in favour of Charles of Blois as the new duke of Brittany,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200236_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200236-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he did not announce it. Instead he planned for an armed seizure of Brittany and accelerated the hearing of the case by the Parlement of Paris. John was summoned to Paris as a witness, arriving in late August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990384_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990384-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While attending on Philip VI it became clear that he had lost the French King's confidence. In early September John fled from Paris for Nantes. On 7 September the Parlement formally decided that Charles of Blois was the legitimate successor to John III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007203_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007203-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the issue was definitively decided in favour of Charles, his nephew, the idea of bringing the traditionally semi-autonomous province more firmly under royal control was attractive to Philip; he was willing to commit considerable military resources, which were available due to the truce with England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand200114_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand200114-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_VI_de_Valois_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Medieval image of Philip VI seated, wearing a blue robe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Philippe_VI_de_Valois_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Philippe_VI_de_Valois_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Philippe_VI_de_Valois_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Philippe_VI_de_Valois_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Philippe_VI_de_Valois_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>By late August 1341 Edward III had decided against an early renewal of the war. In particular the lack of a response from John and the knowledge that he had left Brittany for Paris seemed to rule out an otherwise potentially inviting opportunity. Accordingly, on 12 September 1341 the Truce of Espléchin was extended again, this time for nine months, to 24 June 1342. Edward and his <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">council</a> agreed that the English army would be disbanded for the winter and the fleet paid off; while this was taking place representatives arrived from John announcing that he had broken with Philip VI and that as soon as military support arrived in Brittany he would swear <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> to Edward III as his <a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">liege lord</a> and the rightful king of France. Edward saw great possibilities in the situation and in early October agreed a formal alliance with John, allocated £10,000 for military expenditure,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave orders to attempt to reassemble the recently disbanded fleet, and allocated a small force of men to hand to sail in it, hopefully – if optimistically –  by early November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990385–386_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990385–386-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007203_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007203-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the start of Edward's "provincial strategy", by which he sided with French vassals of Philip in their disagreements with him: this promoted Edward's claim to be the rightful king of France and potentially created military allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategically Edward had the opportunity to set up a ruler in Brittany at least partially under his control, which would provide access to Breton ports, greatly aiding England's naval war and giving ready entry to France for English armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand200114_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand200114-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_offensive">French offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_de_Champtoceaux_(1420)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colourful Medieval image of a castle under siege in a romantic style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Champtoceaux_%281420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Champtoceaux_%281420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Champtoceaux_%281420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Champtoceaux_%281420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Champtoceaux_%281420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Champtoceaux_%281420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A fifteenth-century impression of Champtoceaux under siege</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In late September the French gathered a 7,000-strong army together with a strong force of <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege artillery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of the Brittany border, to enforce Charles's claim. This was commanded by Philip's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Duke of Normandy">John, Duke of Normandy</a>, although Philip, nervous and half-hearted about resorting to armed force, allocated minders to oversee him and issued strict instructions. John of Montfort in turn garrisoned the Breton towns and fortifications he controlled. In early October Charles of Blois led the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">advance guard</a> of the French army along the Loire valley as far as Champtoceaux and laid siege to it, starting the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">Breton Civil War</a>. The rest of the army followed a few days later. John was heavily outnumbered but boldly advanced with a small force to a fortified outpost at L'Humeau, 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Champtoceaux. Unknown to John, L'Humeau had already fallen to the French and Charles of Blois was there. When John arrived he almost captured Charles, who escaped with most of the garrison to a fortified tower and barricaded himself in. After two days of fierce fighting, with many casualties on each side, John was driven off by the much larger French force and the tower relieved. By the end of the month Champtoceaux had capitulated to the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990386–387_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990386–387-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John of Montfort retreated to Nantes and within a few days the French army was encamped outside the walls. The French were unable to besiege or even effectively <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> the town. Instead they stormed the outlying castles loyal to John and executed the prisoners taken in sight of the town walls to terrorise the populace. The speed of the French advance cut off John from his main field force, which was concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Renan" title="Saint-Renan">Saint-Renan</a> in the far west of Brittany waiting for English reinforcements. John repeatedly led sorties against the besiegers, using the small force he had with him and the town militia. These met with little success and suffered heavy casualties. Less than a week after the French arrived, and after one such attack led to the deaths of many of a large force of townsmen who had accompanied John, a town assembly insisted that he open negotiations for a <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)" title="Capitulation (surrender)">capitulation</a>. John personally surrendered to John of Normandy on 2 November, and Charles of Blois entered Nantes, to be celebrated as the rightful duke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–389_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–389-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When news of the fall of Nantes arrived Joanna of Flanders was in Rennes with her children, the duchy's treasury and a strong garrison. Modern historians consider her to have been an energetic and effective leader, and she acted decisively and aggressively. She sent the treasury west to Brest, recalled the field army and took command herself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390,_409_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390,_409-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007204_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007204-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne199967_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne199967-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisserSnijder201433–34_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisserSnijder201433–34-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joining it with some of the troops from Rennes she stormed the town of <a href="/wiki/Redon,_Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine">Redon</a> and then moved on to <a href="/wiki/Hennebont" title="Hennebont">Hennebont</a>. This was a small but strongly walled town with access to the sea and from there Joanna took control of what forces were still lending their allegiance to her husband's cause, setting up her two-year-old son, also <a href="/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John IV, Duke of Brittany">John</a>, as the faction's figurehead and heir to his father's claim to the duchy. She despatched her senior counsellor, <a href="/wiki/Amaury_de_Clisson" title="Amaury de Clisson">Amaury of Clisson</a>, to Edward III to encourage English intervention and waited on events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007204_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007204-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When John surrendered he agreed to give up all of his Breton possessions and abide by King Philip's ruling regarding the inheritance of the Duchy of Brittany, and had been promised a <a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">safe conduct</a> to Paris and back. He travelled to Paris at the end of 1341, escorted by John of Normandy. Philip proposed to John that he repudiate all claim to Brittany and his possessions there in favour of Charles of Blois, receiving an <a href="/wiki/Annuity" title="Annuity">annuity</a> and land in France in exchange. John declined, at which Philip withdrew his son's promised safe conduct and had him imprisoned. As this was happening, the military commanders of many of the towns and castles held for John of were negotiating handovers to Charles of Blois in exchange for pardons. In eastern Brittany only Rennes held out for the Montfort cause by the end of February 1342. The west remained mostly under Joanna's control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–391_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–391-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small English force reinforced Joanna in May 1342, which was sufficient to keep the Montfort cause alive. Edward III landed in Brest with a larger force in late November, only to agree a <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Malestroit" title="Truce of Malestroit">truce</a> the following January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod1980174_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod1980174-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200245_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200245-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Montfort died in 1345,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998139_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998139-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Breton Civil War continued as a disjointed and inconclusive series of sieges, skirmishes and truces, frequently as part of the Hundred Years' War, until Charles of Blois was killed in 1364 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auray" title="Battle of Auray">Battle of Auray</a> and his army decisively defeated. The next year Joan of Penthièvre, Charles' widow, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%A9rande_(1365)" title="Treaty of Guérande (1365)">Treaty of Guérande</a>, recognising John's son as Duke of Brittany, which ended the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod1980174_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod1980174-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200245_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200245-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1999106_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1999106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a92–93_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a92–93-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_citations_and_sources"><span id="Notes.2C_citations_and_sources"></span>Notes, citations and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes, citations and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For comparison, Edward III's annual income was often less than £50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200490,_n._7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200490,_n._7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption199017,_34–35-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption199017,_34–35_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 17, 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006b62-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006b62_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006b">Wagner 2006b</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19888-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19888_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones 1988</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 370–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne199966–67-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne199966–67_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Goering202037–38,_47–49-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Goering202037–38,_47–49_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham-Goering2020">Graham-Goering 2020</a>, pp. 37–38, 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990371,_374-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990371,_374_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 371, 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a60-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a60_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006a">Wagner 2006a</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371,_374–377,_387-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990370–371,_374–377,_387_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 370–371, 374–377, 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202–203-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007202–203_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990377–378-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990377–378_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 377–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006c122–123-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006c122–123_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006c">Wagner 2006c</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990358–359,_379–380,_383-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990358–359,_379–380,_383_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 358–359, 379–380, 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990383–385-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990383–385_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 383–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200236-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200236_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry2002">Curry 2002</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990384-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990384_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007203-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007203_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007203_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand200114-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand200114_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand200114_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllmand2001">Allmand 2001</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200490,_n._7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200490,_n._7_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2004">Rogers 2004</a>, p. 90, n. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990385–386-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990385–386_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 385–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199017-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199017_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrmrod1990">Ormrod 1990</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990386–387-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990386–387_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 386–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–389-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–389_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 388–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a59-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a59_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006a">Wagner 2006a</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390,_409-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390,_409_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 389–390, 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007204-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007204_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007204_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne199967-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne199967_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisserSnijder201433–34-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisserSnijder201433–34_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVisserSnijder2014">Visser & Snijder 2014</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990389–390_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 389–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–391-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990388–391_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 388–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod1980174-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod1980174_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod1980174_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrmrod1980">Ormrod 1980</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200245-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200245_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200245_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry2002">Curry 2002</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998139-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998139_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVries1998">DeVries 1998</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1999106-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1999106_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1999">Jones 1999</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a92–93-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006a92–93_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006a">Wagner 2006a</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllmand2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allmand" title="Christopher Allmand">Allmand, Christopher</a> (2001). <i>The Hundred Years' War: England and France at War, c. 1300–c. 1450</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31923-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31923-2"><bdi>978-0-521-31923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War%3A+England+and+France+at+War%2C+c.+1300%E2%80%93c.+1450&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31923-2&rft.aulast=Allmand&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurne1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burne" title="Alfred Burne">Burne, Alfred</a> (1999). <i>The Crecy War</i>. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4"><bdi>978-1-84022-210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crecy+War&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-210-4&rft.aulast=Burne&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Curry, Anne</a> (2002). <i>The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453</i>. Essential Histories. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-269-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+1337%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-269-2&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_DeVries" title="Kelly DeVries">DeVries, Kelly</a> (1998) [1996]. <i>Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-567-8"><bdi>978-0-85115-567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infantry+Warfare+in+the+Early+Fourteenth+Century&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-567-8&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Goering2020" class="citation book cs1">Graham-Goering, Erika (2020). <i>Princely Power in Late Medieval France: Jeanne de Penthièvre and the War for Brittany</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-80554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-80554-4"><bdi>978-1-108-80554-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princely+Power+in+Late+Medieval+France%3A+Jeanne+de+Penthi%C3%A8vre+and+the+War+for+Brittany&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-80554-4&rft.aulast=Graham-Goering&rft.aufirst=Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a> (1988). <i>The Creation of Brittany: A Late Medieval State</i>. London: Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-80-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-80-4"><bdi>978-0-907628-80-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Brittany%3A+A+Late+Medieval+State&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-907628-80-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael (1999). "War and Fourteenth-Century France". In <a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Curry, Anne</a>; Hughes, Michael (eds.). <i>Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 103–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-755-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-755-9"><bdi>978-0-85115-755-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+and+Fourteenth-Century+France&rft.btitle=Arms%2C+Armies+and+Fortifications+in+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=103-120&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-755-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mortimer_(historian)" title="Ian Mortimer (historian)">Mortimer, Ian</a> (2007). <i>The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-530-1"><bdi>978-1-84413-530-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+King%3A+The+Life+of+Edward+III%2C+Father+of+the+English+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-530-1&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmrod1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ormrod_(historian)" title="Mark Ormrod (historian)">Ormrod, W. Mark</a> (1980). <i>The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377</i>. New Haven: Book Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77730-4"><bdi>978-0-297-77730-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302632810">1302632810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Edwards%3A+War+and+State+in+England+1272%E2%80%931377&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Book+Club&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302632810&rft.isbn=978-0-297-77730-4&rft.aulast=Ormrod&rft.aufirst=W.+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmrod1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ormrod_(historian)" title="Mark Ormrod (historian)">Ormrod, W. Mark</a> (1990). <i>Edward III</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11910-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11910-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039705847">1039705847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+III&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1039705847&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11910-7&rft.aulast=Ormrod&rft.aufirst=W.+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford</a> (2004). "The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster". <i>Journal of Medieval Military History</i>. <b>II</b>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press: 89–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-040-5"><bdi>978-1-84383-040-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-545X">1477-545X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Bergerac+Campaign+%281345%29+and+the+Generalship+of+Henry+of+Lancaster&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=89-110&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1477-545X&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-040-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumption1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Sumption, Jonathan</a> (1990). <i>Trial by Battle</i>. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20095-5"><bdi>978-0-571-20095-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+by+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Hundred+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-571-20095-5&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisserSnijder2014" class="citation journal cs1">Visser, Nils; Snijder, Willeke (2014). "The Flame of Britanny: Jeanne de Flandres". <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 33–38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578335">48578335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=The+Flame+of+Britanny%3A+Jeanne+de+Flandres&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33-38&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48578335%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft.au=Snijder%2C+Willeke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wagner, John A. (2006a). "Breton Civil War (1341–1365)". <i>Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breton+Civil+War+%281341%E2%80%931365%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32736-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wagner, John A. (2006b). "Brittany". <i>Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brittany&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32736-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wagner, John A. (2006c). "Espléchin, Truce of (1340)". <i>Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Espl%C3%A9chin%2C+Truce+of+%281340%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32736-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreton+Civil+War%2C+1341" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&oldid=1261941327">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breton_Civil_War,_1341&oldid=1261941327</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Category:Battles of the Hundred Years' War">Battles of the Hundred Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Category:Military history of Pays de la Loire">Military history of Pays de la Loire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Maine-et-Loire" title="Category:History of Maine-et-Loire">History of Maine-et-Loire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1341_in_Europe" title="Category:1341 in Europe">1341 in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1340s_in_France" title="Category:1340s in France">1340s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1341" title="Category:Conflicts in 1341">Conflicts in 1341</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Brittany" title="Category:Military history of Brittany">Military history of Brittany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="Category:War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 December 2024, at 20:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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