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Intelligence From Bits: What Does a Machine Learn? - Synapse by ICTS
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id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="site-content-inner"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-3303" class="post-3303 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-articles tag-arificial-intelligence tag-emergence tag-machine-learning tag-neural-networks tag-physics tag-statistical-physics"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <img width="1920" height="768" src="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel_2024%E2%80%94Header%E2%80%94reduced.jpg?resize=1920%2C768&ssl=1" class="attachment-canard-single-thumbnail size-canard-single-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" data-attachment-id="3318" data-permalink="https://synapsebyicts.blog/nobel_2024-header-reduced/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel_2024%E2%80%94Header%E2%80%94reduced.jpg?fit=2006%2C1192&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2006,1192" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Nobel_2024—Header—reduced" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel_2024%E2%80%94Header%E2%80%94reduced.jpg?fit=300%2C178&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel_2024%E2%80%94Header%E2%80%94reduced.jpg?fit=720%2C428&ssl=1" /> </div> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="cat-links"><a href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/category/articles/" rel="category tag">Articles</a></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Intelligence From Bits: What Does a Machine Learn? </h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='ttr_before'>Reading time:</span> <span class='ttr_minutes'>3</span> <span class='ttr_after'>Minutes</span><br> <div style="height:20px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h6 class="wp-block-heading"><em>An explanation of how ‘intelligence’ emerges from the statistical physics of networks.</em></h6> <h6 class="wp-block-heading">BY DEBDUTTA PAUL</h6> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide"/> <p><a href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/146" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Much</a> has been discussed about the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics, especially how physics <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/surprise-ai-pioneers-win-physics-nobel" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">is or is not connected</a> to the techniques that make artificial intelligence possible. This commentary weighs in on the physics of networks and emergence.</p> <p>The key idea is that intelligence can be stored in a network of zeroes and ones — or bits. Akin to how magnetism of materials emerges from electrons’ intrinsic properties because of their collective interaction, John Hopfield showed that interacting binary information can collectively lead machines to <em>learn</em>. For Hopfield, learning implied recognising patterns in images.</p> <p>Information can mean different things. For example, an image of a dog is a string of bits. But, a string of bits can also represent complete gibberish — the string may not convey any meaning collectively. Hopfield’s work showed that meaningful information can be stored, processed, and reproduced by a network of bits by following natural processes. In particular, the process that minimises the total energy of the network achieves this goal.</p> <p>To do this, Hopfield mimicked the processes of the brain, where neurons go on or off depending on the information being processed. The collective activity or ‘firing’ of the neurons reproduces this information. In this language, when a baby learns to identify a dog’s image, a network of neurons fires in a particular pattern. Since a different set of neurons firing would not reproduce this goal, the baby’s learning to identify the image boils down to tweaking the collective firing to identify the dog.</p> <p>Hopfield showed that computers <em>can</em> mimic the learning process following purely physical processes.</p> <p>“Two concepts are very important. One is that neurons fire, and two that there are many interconnections, called synapses. This model incorporates both of them,” said Professor Chandan Dasgupta of ICTS-TIFR.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Emergence</h3> <p>Meaningful information <em>emerges</em> from the collective physical state of the neurons and synapses. The network’s dynamics, following interactions between the neurons, thus <em>learn</em> what to do with the information. “When you start with some partial knowledge, the network retrieves the memories by the collective dynamics of the network,” said Chandan.</p> <p>Later, Geoffrey Hinton and his colleagues expanded the idea to design networks for performing other tasks such as learning an unknown probability distribution from the data. They introduced what physicists call ‘Boltzmann machines’ and their variants. His work introduced the concept of uncertainty and modelled the network’s neurons via a statistical approach, using techniques well-known in <a href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/04/15/arrow-of-time-researchers-demonstrate-boltzmanns-explanation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statistical physics</a>. Hinton also introduced more complex interactions in these networks, demonstrating they were more efficient.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="720" height="851" data-attachment-id="3301" data-permalink="https://synapsebyicts.blog/xkcd_comic/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/XKCD_comic.png?fit=742%2C877&ssl=1" data-orig-size="742,877" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Nobel_2024—XKCD_comic" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/XKCD_comic.png?fit=254%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/XKCD_comic.png?fit=720%2C851&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/XKCD_comic.png?resize=720%2C851&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-3301" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/XKCD_comic.png?w=742&ssl=1 742w, https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/XKCD_comic.png?resize=254%2C300&ssl=1 254w, https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/XKCD_comic.png?resize=76%2C90&ssl=1 76w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Cartoon via <a href="https://xkcd.com/1838/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">xkcd.com</a>.</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="height:15px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>Although the computation boils down to doing many calculations over and over again, there is a key difference with usual computations. Earlier, computer programs would fine-tune a set of predetermined rules. But now, it started correcting the properties of the network to change the way it reacts to information, keeping in mind its goals. The dynamics of the network implement its goals, that is, it <em>learns</em>. We associate this general notion of adapting to external information with <a href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2023/07/11/in-conversation-with-michael-jordan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a>, made possible by the laureates’ work.</p> <p>“It is a new way of computing, because the computing is done by the whole network, in the sense that you are not giving it instructions,” said Chandan. “It is the collective dynamics of the network which is doing the computation by itself.”</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">More fundamental physics?</h3> <p>We can speculate further on the meanings of spins, networks, and emergence in fundamental physics. Some physicists, like Roger Penrose, have suggested ‘spin networks’ as a building block of the universe. The idea is that spacetime, the arena on which the laws of physics play out, is not fundamental. Instead, it emerges from entities of the universe and their mutual interactions.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="720" height="720" data-attachment-id="3300" data-permalink="https://synapsebyicts.blog/nobel-chatgpt/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1024,1024" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Nobel_2024—ChatGPT" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?fit=720%2C720&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?resize=720%2C720&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-3300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?w=1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?resize=300%2C300&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?resize=768%2C768&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/synapsebyicts.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nobel%E2%80%94ChatGPT.jpeg?resize=90%2C90&ssl=1 90w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>AI-generated image representing a network generating space.</em></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="height:15px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>Theoretical physicists like Lee Smolin have used similar ideas to propose mathematical theories of the universe. The underlying idea is similar: space and time emerge, like jigsaw puzzles, from fundamental entities that build the universe.</p> <p>Although the ideas are quite different in their mathematical descriptions, similarities exist in how networks of fundamental building blocks can give rise to the universe. In summary, the emergence of patterns from a network of simple bits may hold the key to the universe’s mysteries.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots"/> <p><em>The author thanks Professor Chandan Dasgupta for discussions.</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide"/> <h6 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Representative header image via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Weights-nn-62ef826d1a6d.png" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</h6> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share via:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-3303" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-3303" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-mastodon"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-mastodon-3303" class="share-mastodon sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/?share=mastodon" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Mastodon" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Mastodon (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-3303" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-jetpack-whatsapp"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-jetpack-whatsapp sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/?share=jetpack-whatsapp" target="_blank" title="Click to share on WhatsApp" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-telegram"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-telegram sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/?share=telegram" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Telegram" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-pocket"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-pocket sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/?share=pocket" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pocket" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://synapsebyicts.blog/2024/12/10/intelligence-from-bits/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Intelligence%20From%20Bits%3A%20What%20Does%20a%20Machine%20Learn%3F%C2%A0&body=https%3A%2F%2Fsynapsebyicts.blog%2F2024%2F12%2F10%2Fintelligence-from-bits%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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