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214.804z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="td-header-desktop-wrap "> <div id="tdi_14" class="tdc-zone"><div class="tdc_zone tdi_15 wpb_row td-pb-row tdc-element-style" > <style scoped>.tdi_15{min-height:0}.tdi_15:before{content:'';display:block;width:100vw;height:100%;position:absolute;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);box-shadow:0px 6px 8px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);z-index:20;pointer-events:none}.td-header-desktop-wrap{position:relative}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_15:before{width:100%}}.tdi_15{position:relative}</style> <div class="tdi_14_rand_style td-element-style" ><style>.tdi_14_rand_style{background-color:#ffffff!important}</style></div><div id="tdi_16" class="tdc-row stretch_row"><div class="vc_row tdi_17 wpb_row td-pb-row tdc-element-style" > <style scoped>.tdi_17,.tdi_17 .tdc-columns{min-height:0}.tdi_17,.tdi_17 .tdc-columns{display:block}.tdi_17 .tdc-columns{width:100%}@media 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(max-width:1140px){.tdi_20{margin-right:20px!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_20{margin-right:20px!important}}</style> <style>.tdb_header_date{margin-bottom:0;clear:none}.tdb_header_date .tdb-block-inner{display:flex;align-items:baseline}.tdb_header_date .tdb-head-date-txt{font-family:'Open Sans','Open Sans Regular',sans-serif;font-size:11px;line-height:1;color:#000}.tdi_20{display:inline-block}.tdi_20 .tdb-head-date-txt{color:#ffffff;line-height:28px!important}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><div class="tdb-head-date-txt">Вторник, 26 ноября, 2024</div></div></div> <div class="td_block_wrap tdb_mobile_horiz_menu tdi_21 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1 tdb-header-align" data-td-block-uid="tdi_21" style=" z-index: 999;"> <style>.tdi_21{margin-bottom:0px!important}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_21{display:none!important}}</style> 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.tdb-mega-menu-page>.sub-menu>li{padding:14px}}</style> <style>.tdi_40 .tdb-menu>li>a:after,.tdi_40 .tdb-menu-items-dropdown .td-subcat-more:after{background-color:}.tdi_40 .tdb-menu>li>a:after,.tdi_40 .tdb-menu-items-dropdown .td-subcat-more:after{bottom:0px}</style> <style></style><div id=tdi_40 class="td_block_inner td-fix-index"><div class="tdb-main-sub-icon-fake"><i class="tdb-sub-menu-icon td-icon-down tdb-main-sub-menu-icon"></i></div><div class="tdb-sub-icon-fake"><i class="tdb-sub-menu-icon td-icon-right-arrow"></i></div><ul id="menu-shapka-1" class="tdb-block-menu tdb-menu tdb-menu-items-visible"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category tdb-cur-menu-item menu-item-first tdb-menu-item-button tdb-menu-item tdb-normal-menu menu-item-20609"><a href="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/category/economics/"><div class="tdb-menu-item-text">Экономика</div></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category tdb-menu-item-button 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.adsbygoogle,.tdb_single_content .id_bottom_ad .adsbygoogle{position:relative}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center{margin-bottom:15px}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left img,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right img,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center img{margin-bottom:0}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center{text-align:center}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center img{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left{float:left;margin-top:9px;margin-right:21px}.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right{float:right;margin-top:6px;margin-left:21px}.tdb_single_content .tdc-a-ad .tdc-placeholder-title{width:300px;height:250px}.tdb_single_content .tdc-a-ad .tdc-placeholder-title:before{position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);margin:auto;display:table;width:100%}.tdb_single_content .tdb-block-inner.td-fix-index{word-break:break-word}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right,.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-center{margin:0 auto 26px auto}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-left{margin-right:0}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .id_ad_content-horiz-right{margin-left:0}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdb_single_content .td-a-ad{float:none;text-align:center}.tdb_single_content .td-a-ad img{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.tdb_single_content .tdc-a-ad{float:none}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><p>Мировой океан – часть гидросферы Земли, покрывающая 71% поверхности планеты. Многие ученые представляют его в образе колыбели жизни, именно оттуда появились первые живые организмы, позже заселившие сушу. </p> <p>Развиваясь и увеличиваясь в количестве, органические формы со временем сами стали влиять на состав воды и другие характеристики. В рамках данной статьи лишь поверхностно затронуты базисные факты, однако, при изучении темы жизни океана в школьной программе 7 класса по географии, материал может стать отличным дополнением. </p> <ul> <li><a href="#1">Краткая характеристика мирового океана: виды, названия, глубины</a></li> <li><a href="#2">История формирования и заселения</a></li> <li><a href="#3">Распространение жизни в океане</a> <ul> <li><a href="#31">Примеры обитателей на поверхности воды</a></li> <li><a href="#32">Примеры жителей толщи океана</a></li> <li><a href="#33">Примеры организмов, населяющие океаническое дно</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#4">Какие части океана особенно богаты жизнью</a></li> <li><a href="#5">Экологические проблемы океан</a></li> <li><a href="#6">Интересные факты мирового океана</a></li> </ul> <p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zhizn-v-okeane-geografiya-gidrosfery-okeana-i-yego-rol-v-zhizni-zemli.jpg" alt="Жизнь в океане - география гидросферы океана" width="745" height="517" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17571" srcset="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zhizn-v-okeane-geografiya-gidrosfery-okeana-i-yego-rol-v-zhizni-zemli.jpg 745w, https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zhizn-v-okeane-geografiya-gidrosfery-okeana-i-yego-rol-v-zhizni-zemli-100x70.jpg 100w, https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zhizn-v-okeane-geografiya-gidrosfery-okeana-i-yego-rol-v-zhizni-zemli-218x150.jpg 218w, https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zhizn-v-okeane-geografiya-gidrosfery-okeana-i-yego-rol-v-zhizni-zemli-696x483.jpg 696w, https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zhizn-v-okeane-geografiya-gidrosfery-okeana-i-yego-rol-v-zhizni-zemli-605x420.jpg 605w" sizes="(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px" /></p> <p><a name="1"></a></p> <h2>Краткая характеристика мирового океана: виды, названия, глубины</h2> <p>Площадь территории, покрытой океаническими водами 510 млн. кв. км. Протяженность береговой линии – 504 тыс. км. </p> <div class="su-note" style="border-color:#b5c6c3;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;"><div class="su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim" style="background-color:#cfe0dd;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;"> Принято выделять четыре отдельных океана: Тихий (самый крупный по площади), Атлантический, Индийский, Северный Ледовитый (меньший по площади).<br /> </div></div> <p>Часть исследователей описывает Южный океан, окружающий Антарктиду, как отличающийся по ряду признаков, хотя четких границ провести не удалось. Атлантическим океаном связаны Южный и Северный Ледовитый.</p> <p>Средняя глубина – 3,7 км, минимальные по глубине места находятся вдоль береговой линии, а глубочайшим местом считается Марианская впадина (желоб) в западной части Тихого океана (наибольшая глубина — 11 км). География дна имеет те же формы, что и на суше – равнины, горы, впадины. В любом из этих мест можно обнаружить живые организмы.</p> <p><a name="2"></a></p> <h2>История формирования и заселения</h2> <p>Со времен возникновения первого живого организма в океане прошло 3,7 миллиарда лет. Возникла ли жизнь путём самоорганизации органических молекул или была занесена из космоса – учёные спорят много лет. Возможно, сначала это были хемосинтезирующие клетки, добывающие энергию из реакций окисления неорганических веществ.</p> <p><iframe width="696" height="340" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xpATZ1YdpZM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <p>Вторым шагом стало <a href="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/toplivo-iz-uglekislogo-gaza-v-rezultate-iskusstvennogo-fotosinteza/">появление фотосинтеза</a> – процесса образования органических веществ с использованием солнечной энергии. Растительный организм был способен на фотосинтез. Это изменило состав атмосферы планеты, в ней стал накапливаться кислород. Достаточный уровень кислорода способствовал развитию животных форм жизни, которые использовали его в своём метаболизме в процессе дыхания.</p> <p><a name="3"></a></p> <h2>Распространение жизни в океане</h2> <p>Жизнь в водной стихии распространена неравномерно. Чем больше глубина, тем менее комфортными становятся условия для её обитателей: недостаточно солнечных лучей, кислорода, тепла.</p> <p>Самых ярких представителей этих непохожих по условиям мест обитания можно разделить на три группы. Некоторые, такие как <a href="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/pochemu-vymerli-golovonogiye-ammonity/">аммониты</a>, известны человечеству с древних времен и про них сложены легенды. Другие были открыты учеными недавно с применением глубоководных аппаратов.</p> <p><a name="31"></a></p> <h3>Примеры обитателей на поверхности воды</h3> <ul> <li>Арктическая цианея – самая большая <a href="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/fakty-o-meduzakh/">медуза</a> с куполом до 2 метров, а длина щупалец может достигать 20-36 метров.</li> <li>Морские водоросли образуют настоящие подводные джунгли. Более половины массы водных растений произрастают в Тихом океане. Сосредоточено такое богатство в тропической и субтропической зонах океана.</li> <li>Рыбы – только класс костных рыб насчитывается более 25 тысяч видов, они проживают во всех толщах воды.</li> <li>Кораллы. На самом деле это животные, живущие группами, имеющие известковый скелет. На основе остатков их организмов могут образовываться коралловые острова.</li> </ul> <p><a name="32"></a></p> <h3>Примеры жителей толщи океана</h3> <ul> <li>Киты. Синий кит – крупнейшее животное из всех живущих на планете. Известны экземпляры до 33 метров длиной и 150 тонн весом.</li> <li>Рыбы. Класс Акулы, количество известных видов достигает 450.</li> <li>Моллюски – крабы, устрицы, гребешки.</li> </ul> <p><a name="33"></a></p> <h3>Примеры организмов, населяющие океаническое дно</h3> <ul> <li>Гигантский кальмар – достигает длины до 18 метров, вес его около тонны. В средние века моряки звали его кракеном.</li> <li>Удильщик – глубоководный хищник, приманивающий жертву в темноте светящимися отростками на голове, похожими на фонарики.</li> <li>Японский краб-паук – настоящий долгожитель, срок жизни достигает 100 лет. Для членистоногих имеет внушительные размеры – тело 45 см при размахе первой пары конечностей 3 метра.</li> </ul> <p><a name="4"></a></p> <h2>Какие части океана особенно богаты жизнью</h2> <p>Причины неравномерного распределения жизненных форм кроются в отличающихся условиях. На организмы могут влиять факторы:</p> <ol> <li>Освещенность;</li> <li>Насыщенность воды кислородом;</li> <li>Давление воды;</li> <li>Температура;</li> <li>Волны и течения;</li> <li>Соленость воды.</li> </ol> <p>Самая благоприятная для жизни часть океана – верхние слои глубиной до 200 метров. Достаточная освещенность делает возможным процесс фотосинтеза у водорослей и фитопланктона. Флора Индийского океана занимает первое место по многообразию видов. Жизнь в Тихом океане имеет самые подходящие условия для водных растений. Они – главное звено пищевой цепи. </p> <div class="su-note" style="border-color:#b5c6c3;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;"><div class="su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim" style="background-color:#cfe0dd;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;">Фотосинтезирующие организмы дают кислород для дыхания и служат пищей животному миру мирового океана. Именно по этой причине в верхних слоях наиболее выражено разнообразие морских организмов и плотно заселены территории.</div></div> <p>На глубине от 200 до 1000 метров простирается «сумеречная» зона. Свет недостаточен для жизни фотосинтезирующих растений, они тут отсутствуют. Рыбы и киты появляются для охоты. Живущие в этой зоне обитатели имеют светящиеся органы для приманивания добычи и мелкие размеры.</p> <p><iframe width="696" height="340" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kQbowahFnnE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <p>Если спуститься до отметки 4000 метров в глубину, можно оказаться в «полуночной» зоне. Свет не проникает в такие места. Огромное давление вынуждает животных двигаться медленно, а недостаток добычи — иметь огромную пасть для успешного сбора любой органики, какую удаётся найти. Глаза отсутствуют за ненадобностью. Жабры мощные – для извлечения кислорода из воды.</p> <p><a name="5"></a></p> <h2>Экологические проблемы океана</h2> <p>Как и во многих уголках планеты, человеческая деятельность не прошла бесследно для экосистем водной среды. Исчезают морские виды животных, загрязняются места их обитания, нарушаются пищевые цепи. </p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zagryazneniye-mirovogo-okeana.jpg" alt="Загрязнение мирового океана" width="745" height="500" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17566" srcset="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zagryazneniye-mirovogo-okeana.jpg 745w, https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zagryazneniye-mirovogo-okeana-696x467.jpg 696w, https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/wp-content/uploads/zagryazneniye-mirovogo-okeana-626x420.jpg 626w" sizes="(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px" /></p> <p>Тема экологического океанского благополучия каждый день влияет на жизнь современного человека любого портового города. Море даёт жителям побережья работу, еду, развитие экономики.</p> <ul> <li>Окисление океанических вод. Сжигая органическое топливо, человечество выбрасывало в атмосферу тонны углекислого газа, он растворялся в океане, превращаясь в углекислоту.</li> <li>Повышение кислотности воды приводит к затруднениям образования раковин у моллюсков и нарушает функции репродукции у многих организмов.</li> <li>Излишний вылов рыбных ресурсов не позволяет восстанавливать их численность. Население планеты растёт, масштабы ловли рыбы тоже увеличиваются.</li> <li>Мусорное и нефтяное загрязнение. Несвойственные природе вещества, особенно наличие <a href="https://www.sciencedebate2008.com/vred-plastika-dlya-zhivykh-rganizmov-na-zemle-i-v-okeane/">пластика в океане</a>, каждый день отравляют морских обитателей, служат ловушкой, пачкают покровы животных.</li> <li>Уничтожение мест обитания особенно заметно на берегах. С ростом населения пляжи появляются там, где раньше гнездились морские птицы или откладывали яйца черепахи.</li> <li>Шумовое загрязнение, происходящее от работающего в море транспорта.</li> </ul> <p>Животный мир мирового океана не изучен до конца, его исследование продолжается и сегодня. Успеет ли человечество исследовать все загадки или они исчезнут раньше по причине губительной деятельности цивилизации, зависит от принятых мер по охране водной среды обитания.</p> <p><a name="6"></a></p> <h2>Интересные факты мирового океана</h2> <p>Трудно найти себе пару в глубинах океана, поэтому самец удильщика, встретив самку, превращается в паразита. Он срастается с ней, питаясь из кровеносной системы своей подруги, выполняя функцию оплодотворения по мере необходимости.</p> <ul> <li>Некоторые крабы подсаживают на свой панцирь анемону, похожую на экзотический цветок. Носят её на себе с целью защиты и маскировки. Пассажирка способна жалить своими щупальцами всех, кто оказался поблизости.</li> <li>У живородящей тигровой акулы самый крупный зародыш поедает эмбрионы собратьев, находясь в утробе матери. В итоге на свет рождается один или два детёныша.</li> <li>Если протереть сквозь сито морскую губку, выжившие клетки вновь сгруппируются в новый организм, а может даже в два. Поразительная жизнеспособность!</li> <li>Морской огурец не выглядит опасным, и находится много желающих его съесть. Спасаясь от хищников, голотурия выбрасывает через анальное отверстие навстречу врагу свои внутренности. Это сбивает с толку преследователя, а голотурия отращивает утраченные органы заново.</li> <li>Семейство «Летучие рыбы» объединяет представителей, выпрыгивающих из воды и способных пролетать над её поверхностью. Делают они это в погоне за насекомыми, или спасаясь от врагов. Лучшие летуны проводят в воздухе до одной минуты и преодолевают расстояние до 400 метров.</li> <li>Самые термоустойчивые животные найдены в горячих источниках на большой глубине. Обычно при температуре 50 и более градусов по Цельсию выживают бактерии. Многоклеточным организмам такая среда опасна. Лишь некоторые виды червей смогли приспособиться к таким экстремальным условиям, чтобы питаться бактериями, обитающими в горячих источниках.</li> </ul> </div></div><div class="wpb_wrapper td_block_separator td_block_wrap vc_separator tdi_69 td_separator_solid td_separator_center"><span style="border-color:#EBEBEB;border-width:1px;width:100%;"></span> <style scoped>.td_block_separator{width:100%;align-items:center;margin-bottom:38px;padding-bottom:10px}.td_block_separator span{position:relative;display:block;margin:0 auto;width:100%;height:1px;border-top:1px solid #EBEBEB}.td_separator_align_left span{margin-left:0}.td_separator_align_right span{margin-right:0}.td_separator_dashed span{border-top-style:dashed}.td_separator_dotted span{border-top-style:dotted}.td_separator_double span{height:3px;border-bottom:1px solid 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