CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML SYSTEM "about:legacy-compat">  <html lang="en"> <head>   <link href="https://www.google-analytics.com" rel="preconnect"/><link href="https://stats.g.doubleclick.net" rel="preconnect"/><script> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments) }, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); a = s.createElement(o), m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m) })(window, document, 'script', '//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga'); ga('create', 'UA-29808940-35', 'auto'); // Replace with your property ID. </script><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="content-type"/>  <meta content="Gale Literature Resource Center - Document - Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia" name="omni-title"/><title>Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia - Document - Gale Literature Resource Center</title><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/><meta content="width=device-width, height=device-height, initial-scale=1.0, minimal-ui" name="viewport"/><meta content="crawlerUg=googlescholar, ug=anon~86fa8f24" name="galeScholarMetadata"/>  <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Booklist"/><meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Library Association"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Jack O&amp;apos;Gorman"/><meta name="citation_title" content="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia"/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2007/03/15"/><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Stableford, Brian"/><meta name="citation_volume" content="103"/><meta name="citation_issue" content="14"/><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="76"/><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="78"/><meta name="citation_issn" content="00067385"/><meta name="citation_language" content="English"/><meta name="description" content="<em>Gale</em> Literature Resource Center includes Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia by Jack O'Gorman. Click to explore."/><meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00067385&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA161502902&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00067385&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA161502902&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=fulltext"/><script type="text/javascript" src="/ps/ruxitagentjs_ICANVfqru_10303241106123517.js" data-dtconfig="app=460e011d10238c59|cuc=dpx9sax3|mel=100000|featureHash=ICANVfqru|dpvc=1|lastModification=1731500187664|tp=500,50,0|rdnt=1|uxrgce=1|agentUri=/ps/ruxitagentjs_ICANVfqru_10303241106123517.js|reportUrl=/ps/rb_bf60314pbi|rid=RID_1999993267|rpid=-352000729|domain=gale.com"></script><link href="images/favicon.ico" rel="SHORTCUT ICON"/><link href="https://script.hotjar.com" rel="preconnect"/><link href="https://static.hotjar.com" rel="preconnect"/><link href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" rel="preconnect"/><link crossorigin="anonymous" type="font/woff2" as="font" href="style/vendor/webfonts//fa-solid-900.woff2" rel="preload"/><link crossorigin="anonymous" type="font/woff2" as="font" href="style/vendor/webfonts//fa-regular-400.woff2" rel="preload"/><link crossorigin="anonymous" type="font/woff2" as="font" href="style/vendor/webfonts//fa-light-300.woff2" rel="preload"/><link href="Lilo/css/vendor/Lilo-plugins.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><link href="Lilo/css/styles.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><link href="Lilo/css/print.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" /><link href="style/vendor/jquery.cluetip.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><link href="style/vendor/jquery.cluetip.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><link href="Lilo/css/gale.textHighlighter.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><link href="style/vendor/tooltip.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><link href="style/vendor/jquery.zglossary.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><link href="Lilo/css/vendor/videojs/video-js-7.3.0.min.css?v=202411151935" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />  <script defer="defer" src="/ps/i18n/messages_en?p=LitRC&u=anon~86fa8f24&asid=&digest=&v=202411151935" type="text/javascript"></script><script defer="defer" src="/ps/productConfigMap?p=LitRC&u=anon~86fa8f24&asid=&digest=&v=202411151935" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript"> var OMNI_CONSTANTS = {}; var isIOS = false; var isMobileDevice = false; var isMobileDeviceOrTabletDevice = false; var isInLMSView = false; var experienceName = "Simba"; var infomarkSessionId = ""; var CONTEXT_PATH = "/ps"; var MAX_ROW = "10"; var PRODUCT_ID = "LitRC"; var USER_GROUP_NAME = "anon~86fa8f24"; var RESULTS_PER_PAGE = "20"; var DICTIONARY_QUERY_TERM = ""; var DOWNLOAD_FORMAT_STRING = ""; var CALLISTO_BASE_URL="https://luna.gale.com/imgsrv/FastFetch"; var CALLISTO_CONTENT_SET = "UBER2"; var DVI_VIEWER_INSTANCE="dviViewer019" var PDF_VIEWER_URL=CALLISTO_BASE_URL + "/UTIL/" + DVI_VIEWER_INSTANCE; var READSPEAKER_DOMAIN="readspeaker.com"; var READSPEAKER_SUBDOMAIN="app-na"; var SERVER_SESSION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 1800; var IS_MULTITAB_PRODUCT = false; var ADVANCED_SEARCH_PUBLICATION = "Select Publication Language(s)"; var NO_COVER_IMAGE_URL = "Lilo/images/no_cover_image.jpg"; var UPDATE_MARKLIST_LINK = "json/marklist/update?prodId=LitRC&userGroupName=anon~86fa8f24&asid="; var GET_MARKLIST_COUNT_LINK = "json/marklist?prodId=LitRC&userGroupName=anon~86fa8f24&asid="; OMNI_CONSTANTS.COUNTRY = "US"; var gaSessionId = ""; var sessionId = "LitRC-openaccess_user-FC419EDB9223D098C3576CCAE08B2660.omni_as13-1618819"; OMNI_CONSTANTS.locale = "en"; OMNI_CONSTANTS.dictionaryAvailable = true; </script><script src="vendor/jQuery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" ></script><script src="vendor/jQuery/extensions/migrate/3.3.0/jquery-migrate.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" ></script><script src="Lilo/js/namespace.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" ></script><script src="vendor/jQuery/extensions/ui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/vendor/Lilo-plugins.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="vendor/jQuery/extensions/iframeResizer/3.5.1/iframeResizer.contentWindow.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="vendor/jQuery/extensions/iframeResizer/3.5.1/iframeResizer.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="script/vendor/js.storage-modified.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/Lilo-all.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="script/vendor/i18n-1.1.0.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/components/build.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="script/vendor/moment-2.24.0.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/lilo_init.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_fixedTopTools.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_gtm.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_delayedAuth.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_sessionTimeoutServiceWorker.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="script/vendor/jquery.cluetip.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="vendor/jQuery/extensions/imagesLoaded/4.1.0/jquery.imagesloaded.pkgd.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_doc_portal_suggestions.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="vendor/jQuery/extensions/simpleTreeMenu/1.0.1/jquery-simpleTreeMenu.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="script/vendor/jquery.cluetip.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_cluetip.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_readSpeaker.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/Lilo-document.min.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/dvi/imageViewerClient.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_documentDisplay.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_highlight.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_liloTranslation.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script><script src="Lilo/js/init/init_interDocumentLink.js?v=202411151935" type="text/javascript" defer="defer"></script>  <link href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" rel="preconnect"/><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; let _OMNI_GTMHelper = {}; _OMNI_GTMHelper.customDimentions = {}; _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty = function (key, value) { _OMNI_GTMHelper.customDimentions[key] = value === '' ? undefined : value; }; _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('event', 'dataLayer-initialized'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('userId', 'LitRC-openaccess_user-FC419EDB9223D098C3576CCAE08B2660.omni_as13-1618819'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('language', 'en'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('siteVersion', 'ps-13.1.1'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('pageCategory', undefined); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('pageTemplate', location.href + ''); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('pageType', 'DelayedAuthDocumentPage'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('authentication', 'not authenticated'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('loggedIn', 'not logged in'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('customerType', 'ICO'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('libraryId', 'galeacct'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('libraryName', ''); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('consortiaId', 'galegroup'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('consortiaName', 'galegroup'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('locationId', 'anon~86fa8f24'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('locationName', 'Open Access User'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('productId', 'LitRC'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('productFamily', 'Gale Literature'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('customerClass', 'ICO'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('customerSubclass', '527'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('authProductId', 'LitRC'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('guid', ''); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('authenticationMethod', 'open-web-entry'); _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('signInMethod', 'not logged in') _OMNI_GTMHelper.addCustomProperty('bundleId', '') window.dataLayer.push(_OMNI_GTMHelper.customDimentions); function onClassroomShareStart() { let gtmEvent = {'event': 'classroom-share', 'category': 'Main Navigation Bar', 'action': 'share clicked', 'label': 'Share to Classroom', 'page': 'DelayedAuthDocumentPage'}; window.dataLayer.push(gtmEvent); } function onClassroomShareComplete() { let gtmEvent = {'event': 'classroom-share', 'category': 'Main Navigation Bar', 'action': 'share complete', 'label': 'Share to Classroom', 'page': 'DelayedAuthDocumentPage'}; window.dataLayer.push(gtmEvent); } </script><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PWNNXDK');</script>  <script>(window.BOOMR_mq=window.BOOMR_mq||[]).push(["addVar",{"rua.upush":"false","rua.cpush":"false","rua.upre":"false","rua.cpre":"false","rua.uprl":"false","rua.cprl":"false","rua.cprf":"false","rua.trans":"","rua.cook":"false","rua.ims":"false","rua.ufprl":"false","rua.cfprl":"false","rua.isuxp":"false","rua.texp":"norulematch","rua.ceh":"false","rua.ueh":"false","rua.ieh.st":"0"}]);</script> <script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("False"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="GA22W-GN5NQ-3FXZ2-NZMM6-ND6YR",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"GA22W-GN5NQ-3FXZ2-NZMM6-ND6YR";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n=""=="true"?1:0,t="",a="bdpnbeqxgjjskz2hnlsq-f-ce572539e-clientnsv4-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"1644671","ak.ai":parseInt("1060401",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":4,"ak.ipv":4,"ak.proto":"http/1.1","ak.rid":"1a033fca","ak.r":44715,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dsca","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"8.222.208.0","ak.cport":43028,"ak.gh":"23.44.214.14","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.2","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"bbr","ak.t":"1732733669","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==o3jLuecqeFIG4QJax3Jqw94qJLTVgoahdFcOf0kLBjhiLvxp8K+QT7j8Puwf7X/TERExC9L0CLBF5hrMRsxkzH5TDG7angIbhgPDpua0zozAtnJqfOnVX5jW4yzlSmNjiDx2swOTcsEonm0AB/kJlmy+NTI++VheVZeRTSdYqw3af1kMTSw067nZvlWt/RHstHuy1CUaUdt5JzWdJ3xiQrIeA1UNBNUzmd9QZdAwxmuSItcaaWmZrJLfR04O91Cba9qdhx9yDKBt/S1VFnE4tZLiNuOkfjoBhvhZsHa/VcKSpuqZ/kFzWRdpXhMKx4cI3XknRpAp3vWF/EEfqT+NmSjJp++h5iKH+3YYT6CBkdvTVmy9mce2Rb/9IYrNL/JVriYFm3Z6zlDaNZrc8TrYDCGts/zRcrhAzQEz2/Kd6lQ=","ak.pv":"7","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head><body data-resize-selector=".article-content,.abstract,.doc-copyright,.source-citation" data-helpid="topicDocumentDisplay" lang="en" class="LitRC version2 Simba delayed-auth-session searchAssistThumbnailEnabled delayed-auth-document" id="details">   <input value="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A161502902/LitRC?u=anon~86fa8f24&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=b8279f2d" class="js-tools-bookmark-url" type="hidden"/><input value="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&u=anon~86fa8f24&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA161502902&sid=classroomWidget-LitRC&asid=b5dcecbf" class="classroom-bookmark" type="hidden"/>  <div class="js-bookmark-content hide removeDrive" id="infoMark"><div class="getLink"><div class="infomark-direction"><span class="getLink__subheader js-get-link-sub-header">Use this link to get back to this page.</span></div><div class="getLink__box"><span id="InfomarkURL" class="infomark-url-green getLink__url"><u data-title="Get Link" data-infomark="https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA161502902%2FLitRC%3Fu%3Danon%7E86fa8f24%26sid%3Dbookmark-LitRC%26xid%3Db8279f2d" data-bookmark="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A161502902/LitRC?u=anon~86fa8f24&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=b8279f2d" data-do-not-encode="" id="js_bk_url" class="url js-bookmark-url"></u></span><div class="button-row--right"><button id="js-getLink-select-button" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" aria-describedby="InfomarkURL" data-gtm-click-location="main menu" data-gtm-feature-detail="copy" data-gtm-feature="bookmark" data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-targetid="js_bk_url" class="getLink__button js-select-text-element button button--primary ga-event gtm-click-event">Copy</button></div></div></div></div><div class="page-wrapper"><header class="header-wrapper">   <noscript><div class="noscript-container error">For the best user experience on this site, you should have JavaScript enabled in your browser.</div><div class="noscript-bottom-bar LitRC "></div></noscript><div><ul id="fixedmsg"></ul></div><a data-wa-event-selector="accessibility: skip to content" accesskey="s" href="#content-wrapper" class="accessFeature">Skip to Content</a><div class="library-menu js-branding-container" style="display: none;" id="locationBrandingContainer">  <div class="library-sidebar"><div class="library-menu__header"><span class="library-menu__header-text subject-title">Open Access User</span><div class="library-menu__header-close"><button class="library-menu__close-button js-close-branding" id="brandingClose"><span class="offscreen">Close</span></button></div></div><div class="libraryInfo library-menu__info"><span class="library-menu__info-header">Library Information</span><div class="library-menu__info-link-container"><a target="_blank" data-wa-event-label="library website" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: library links" href="redirectSearch.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&page=logout.do%3FactionString%3Dgotolib%26userGroupName%3Danon%257E86fa8f24%26nspage%3Dtrue%26prodId%3DLitRC&prodId=LitRC">Library Website</a></div></div><div data-event-name="product-change-database" class="signin-link gtm-click-event library-menu__databases" id="galeDatabase"><a data-wa-event-label="change databases" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: library links" class="button button--primary" href="redirectSearch.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&page=logout.do%3FactionString%3Dgotomenu%26userGroupName%3Danon%257E86fa8f24%26nspage%3Dtrue%26prodId%3DLitRC&prodId=LitRC">View Gale Product Menu</a></div></div><div class="js-branding-outside library-menu__outside"></div></div><nav class="tools" aria-label="Top Navigation" role="navigation">  <div class="resourceLinkWrapper"><div class="resourceLinks navigation"><div class="left"><div class="locationBrandingText signin-link"><a data-qtip="Log in through your library to get full access to the Gale products available to you, including databases, archives, ebooks, and more." class="button__btn library-label delayed-auth-signin js-qtip-utilbar-left" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: access through your library" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&id=GALE%7CA161502902&v=2.1&it=r&aty=open-web-entry&enforceAuth=true">Access through your library</a></div></div><div class="right"><div class="signin-link" id="language"><button aria-controls="langContainer" aria-expanded="false" data-wa-event-label="current language: English" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" class="toolbar-button js-lang-button" id="currentLang"> English </button><div role="region" class="lang-translation js-lang-container" id="langContainer"><ul class="js-lang-list"><li lang="af" class="af"><a data-wa-event-label="Afrikaans" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=af" title="Afrikaans" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Afrikaans</a></li><li lang="ar" class="ar"><a data-wa-event-label="Arabic" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=ar" title="Arabic" class="js-lang-link lang-link">العربية</a></li><li lang="in" class="in"><a data-wa-event-label="Indonesian" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=in" title="Indonesian" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li lang="ms" class="ms_MY"><a data-wa-event-label="Malay" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=ms_MY" title="Malay" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Bahasa Malaysia</a></li><li lang="cs" class="cs"><a data-wa-event-label="Czech" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=cs" title="Czech" class="js-lang-link lang-link">česky</a></li><li lang="cy" class="cy"><a data-wa-event-label="Welsh" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=cy" title="Welsh" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Cymraeg</a></li><li lang="da" class="da"><a data-wa-event-label="Danish" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=da" title="Danish" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Dansk</a></li><li lang="de" class="de"><a data-wa-event-label="German" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=de" title="German" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Deutsch</a></li><li lang="en" class="en selected"><a data-wa-event-label="English" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=en" title="English" class="js-lang-link lang-link">English</a></li><li lang="es" class="es"><a data-wa-event-label="Spanish" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=es" title="Spanish" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Español</a></li><li lang="fr" class="fr"><a data-wa-event-label="French" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=fr" title="French" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Français</a></li><li lang="gl" class="gle"><a data-wa-event-label="Irish" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=gle" title="Irish" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Gaeilge</a></li><li lang="hr" class="hr"><a data-wa-event-label="Croatian" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=hr" title="Croatian" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Hrvatski</a></li><li lang="it" class="it"><a data-wa-event-label="Italian" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=it" title="Italian" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Italiano</a></li><li lang="hu" class="hu"><a data-wa-event-label="Hungarian" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=hu" title="Hungarian" class="js-lang-link lang-link">magyar</a></li><li lang="km" class="km"><a data-wa-event-label="Khmer" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=km" title="Khmer" class="js-lang-link lang-link">ខ្មែរ</a></li><li lang="nl" class="nl"><a data-wa-event-label="Dutch" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=nl" title="Dutch" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Nederlands</a></li><li lang="pl" class="pl"><a data-wa-event-label="Polish" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=pl" title="Polish" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Polski</a></li><li lang="pt" class="pt"><a data-wa-event-label="Portuguese" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=pt" title="Portuguese" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Português</a></li><li lang="ro" class="ro"><a data-wa-event-label="Romanian" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=ro" title="Romanian" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Română</a></li><li lang="sl" class="sl"><a data-wa-event-label="Slovenian" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=sl" title="Slovenian" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Slovenščina</a></li><li lang="sk" class="sk"><a data-wa-event-label="Slovak" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=sk" title="Slovak" class="js-lang-link lang-link">slovenský</a></li><li lang="fi" class="fi"><a data-wa-event-label="Finnish" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=fi" title="Finnish" class="js-lang-link lang-link">suomi</a></li><li lang="sv" class="sv"><a data-wa-event-label="Swedish" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=sv" title="Swedish" class="js-lang-link lang-link">svenska</a></li><li lang="tl" class="tl"><a data-wa-event-label="Tagalog" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=tl" title="Tagalog" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Tagalog</a></li><li lang="vi" class="vi"><a data-wa-event-label="Vietnamese" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=vi" title="Vietnamese" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li lang="tr" class="tr"><a data-wa-event-label="Turkish" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=tr" title="Turkish" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Türkçe</a></li><li lang="ru" class="ru"><a data-wa-event-label="Russian" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=ru" title="Russian" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Русский</a></li><li lang="el" class="el"><a data-wa-event-label="Greek" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=el" title="Greek" class="js-lang-link lang-link">Ελληνικά</a></li><li lang="bn" class="bn"><a data-wa-event-label="Bengali" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=bn" title="Bengali" class="js-lang-link lang-link">বাংলা</a></li><li lang="hi" class="hi"><a data-wa-event-label="Hindi" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=hi" title="Hindi" class="js-lang-link lang-link">हिंदी</a></li><li lang="ta" class="ta"><a data-wa-event-label="Tamil" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=ta" title="Tamil" class="js-lang-link lang-link">தமிழ்</a></li><li lang="th" class="th"><a data-wa-event-label="Thai" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=th" title="Thai" class="js-lang-link lang-link">ไทย</a></li><li lang="zh" class="zh_CN"><a data-wa-event-label="Chinese (Simplified)" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=zh_CN" title="Chinese (Simplified)" class="js-lang-link lang-link">中文（简体）</a></li><li lang="zh" class="zh_TW"><a data-wa-event-label="Chinese (Traditional)" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=zh_TW" title="Chinese (Traditional)" class="js-lang-link lang-link">中文（繁體）</a></li><li lang="ja" class="ja"><a data-wa-event-label="Japanese" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=ja" title="Japanese" class="js-lang-link lang-link">日本語</a></li><li lang="ko" class="ko"><a data-wa-event-label="Korean" data-wa-event-selector="utility bar: translate" href="preferences.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inPS=true&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC&type=ApplyPreferences&uiLanguage=ko" title="Korean" class="js-lang-link lang-link">한국어</a></li></ul></div></div>  <div class="offscreen" aria-hidden="true"><div title="Items in Your Session" id="logout_dialog" class="hide">Items in <strong>Highlights & Notes</strong> may not have been saved to Google Drive™ or Microsoft OneDrive™. Are you sure you want to logout?</div></div><input value="https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/oauth2" name="authServerUrl" class="js-auth-server-url" type="hidden"/><form data-event-name="login" class="okta-login-event" name="okta-login-event"><input value="attempt" name="status" type="hidden"/><input value="Okta" name="loginSource" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="errorMessage" type="hidden"/></form></div></div></div></nav>  <div style="background-image: url('https://luna.gale.com/imgsrv/FastFetch/UBER1/DtIZleMDrY4asnZxbhVCl1G17jML1TI6opd4HDFIlF3dJWZG4ABmGXauaX7F%2BWLpNfabeDln25xol8q%2Bbg%2BNJJDYqVruwkCEVArnnG8Mf%2BAFamnrh9CIAPLyFuvf6T5lftuKGejn64O6eMQNOdzg2hFwI9wldUG37%2BxzDaxzrPukW5a65gi606MChluiw98s5qqN8QWxBLOGHZnOA24CaxHMnRkwpS0qK7uS9JWnyU93PXWPfuC0KP0Nt%2BhkDsknSoL6HqLl2E4pbOFBKyhsZocU%2BbljRSqYl0MHgUmVEMgANR1DTn7uUWLzqKAvVv00io1VaKW4dNI5JJz9%2BRwYiA%3D%3D');background-repeat: no-repeat;" class="hero-bar "><div class="gale-tag"><a class="selenium-home-page-link js-home-page-link" href="/ps/dispBasicSearch.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&prodId=LitRC"><div class="gale-logo"><span class="gale-logo__pinwheel"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="Lilo/images/gale-logo-pinwheel.svg"/></span><span class="brand-primary">Gale Literature Resource Center</span><span class="gale-logo__curve"></span></div></a></div>  <div class="customer-logo"><div id="locationBrandingLogo"></div></div></div><nav aria-label="Main Navigation" role="navigation" class="main navbar js-top-tools">  <div class="nav-container"><div id="header-component"></div><h2 class="offscreen">Toolbar</h2><div class="navigation" id="nav"><div class="left">  <ul data-toolName="backToResults,quickSearch,advSearch" data-currentPage="document" class="navbar-tools rs_skip js-navbar-tools">   <li class="search nav-item"><form id="quickSearchForm" action="/ps/headerQuickSearch.do" method="get"><div class="nav-search no-basic-search-options ">  <div class=" search-wrapper"><div class="select-wrapper hide"><label class="offscreen" for="basicSearch_indexSelect">Please select the search index</label><select id="basicSearch_indexSelect" name="inputFieldNames[0]" class="hide"><option data-sa-index="SG" value="OQE">Basic Search</option></select></div><div class="input-wrapper"><span class="js-search-assist-status visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" id="search-assist-status"></span><div class="input-wrapper__search-inputs"><input data-gtm-click-location="search bar" data-gtm-feature="submit search" data-event-name="document-feature-click" aria-errormessage="search-error" aria-invalid="false" class="quickSearchTerm js-quickSearchTerm ui-autocomplete-input" aria-describedby="search-assist-status" aria-required="true" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-expanded="false" role="combobox" autocomplete="off" aria-owns="js-quick-search-assist-menu" aria-label="Enter Search Term" aria-atomic="true" maxlength="320" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="quickSearchTerm" type="text"/><input class="submit" id="quickSearchSubmit" type="submit"/></div></div></div><span aria-live="assertive" class="a11y-error-message error-label error search-box-error hide" for="inputFieldValue_0" id="search-error"></span></div><div class="hiddenCriteria"><input value="BasicSearchForm" name="searchType" id="navbarSearchType" type="hidden"/><input value="anon~86fa8f24" name="userGroupName" class="js-userGroupName" type="hidden"/><input value="y" name="nwf" type="hidden"/><input value="LitRC" name="prodId" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="stw.option" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="ebook" id="ebook" type="hidden"/><input value="OQE" name="quicksearchIndex" type="hidden"/><input value="true" name="spellCheck" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="profileSearchIndex" id="profileSearchIndex" type="hidden"/><input value="false" id="hasCoProduct" name="hasCoProduct" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="typedCharacters" class="js-typedCharacters" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="listPosition" class="js-listPosition" type="hidden"/><input value="submit search" name="searchMethod" class="js-searchMethod" type="hidden"/></div></form></li><li class="advancedSearch nav-item"><a data-gtm-feature="advanced search" data-gtm-click-location="search bar" data-event-name="document-feature-click" class="nav-link tool-link gtm-click-event" href="redirectSearch.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&page=dispAdvSearch.do%3FuserGroupName%3Danon%257E86fa8f24%26prodId%3DLitRC&prodId=LitRC"><span class="icon"></span><span class="label">Advanced Search</span></a></li></ul>  <form method="POST" class="hide" id="saveToDriveForm" action="/ps/saveToDrive"><input value="LitRC" name="prodId" type="hidden"/><input value="anon~86fa8f24" name="userGroupName" type="hidden"/><input value="" class="docTitle" name="title" type="hidden"/><input value="dd44b08a-4337-43d3-b78b-687c67f5274a" name="_csrf" type="hidden"/><textarea name="content" class="docContent"></textarea><input value="Gale Literature Resource Center" name="productName" class="js-product-name" type="hidden"/><input value="false" name="Google_isCloudSessionAlive" class="Google_isCloudSessionAlive" type="hidden"/><input value="false" name="Microsoft_isCloudSessionAlive" class="Microsoft_isCloudSessionAlive" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="driveType" class="driveType" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="authType" class="authType" type="hidden"/><input value="DO_DOWNLOAD_DOCUMENT" name="downloadAction" class="downloadAction" type="hidden"/><input value="cloud.download" name="analyticsAction" class="analyticsAction" type="hidden"/><input value="CLOUD_DRIVE" name="downloadFormat" class="downloadFormat" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="asid" class="auditParam asid" type="hidden"/><input value="FULLTEXT" name="accessLevel" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="DownLoad" name="deliveryType" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="HTML" name="retrieveFormat" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="productCode" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="GALE|A161502902" name="docId" class="auditParam js-drive-docid" type="hidden"/></form><input id="isCloudDriveEnabled" value="true" type="hidden"/></div><div class="center">  <ul data-toolName="none" data-currentPage="document" class="navbar-tools rs_skip js-navbar-tools"></ul></div><div class="right">  <ul data-toolName="tableOfContents,bookView,cite,sendTo,download,print,divider,bookmark,highlights" data-currentPage="document" class="navbar-tools rs_skip js-navbar-tools"><li class="top-tools__tool" id="docTools-citation"><button aria-label="Cite" data-ga-action="navigation.citation" data-gtm-click-location="main menu" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-event-name="document-feature-click" data-gtm-feature="cite" class="button__btn citationToolsButton ga-event gtm-click-event" id="cite"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-quote-left" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><label for="cite" class="top-tools__tool-label">Cite</label></button>  <input data-msonedrive="false" data-showclouddownload="false" data-productcode="Gale Literature Resource Center" data-showzoterolink="false" data-language="en" class="citationToolsSettings" type="hidden"/><input data-productname="Gale Literature Resource Center" data-url="https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA161502902%2FLitRC%3Fu%3Danon%7E86fa8f24%26sid%3Dbookmark-LitRC%26xid%3Db8279f2d" data-docid="GALE|A161502902" class="citationToolsData" id="primaryDocId" type="hidden"/>  <form method="POST" class="hide" id="saveCitationsToDriveForm" action="/ps/saveToDrive"><input value="LitRC" name="prodId" type="hidden"/><input value="anon~86fa8f24" name="userGroupName" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="title" class="docTitle" type="hidden"/><input value="GALE|A161502902" class="js-drive-docid" name="docId" type="hidden"/><textarea name="content" class="docContent"></textarea><input value="Gale Literature Resource Center" name="productName" class="js-product-name" type="hidden"/><input value="false" name="Google_isCloudSessionAlive" class="Google_isCloudSessionAlive" type="hidden"/><input value="false" name="Microsoft_isCloudSessionAlive" class="Microsoft_isCloudSessionAlive" type="hidden"/><input value="GOOGLE" name="driveType" class="driveType" type="hidden"/><input value="Google" name="authType" class="authType" type="hidden"/><input value="cloud.download.citation" name="analyticsAction" class="analyticsAction" type="hidden"/><input value="CLOUD_DRIVE" name="downloadFormat" class="downloadFormat" type="hidden"/><input value="-11-27-2024" name="formattedDate" class="formattedDate" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="asid" class="asid" type="hidden"/><input value="dd44b08a-4337-43d3-b78b-687c67f5274a" name="_csrf" type="hidden"/></form></li><li class="docTools-sendTo top-tools__tool"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Send to" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="button__btn disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" role="button"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-paper-plane" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><label class="top-tools__tool-label">Send to...</label></div></li><li class="docTools-download js-doctools-download toolbar-button__container top-tools__tool"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Download" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="button__btn disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" role="button"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-download" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><label class="top-tools__tool-label">Download</label></div></li><li class="docTools-print js-docTools-print toolbar-button__container top-tools__tool"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Print" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="button__btn disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" role="button"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-print" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><label class="top-tools__tool-label">Print</label></div></li><li data-testid="top-tool-container" class="bookmark top-tools__tool disabled"><div aria-disabled="true" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="button__btn disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth bookmark" role="button"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-link" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><span class="top-tools__tool-label">Get Link</span></div></li><li data-testid="top-tool-container" data-count="0" class="top-tools__tool scribbledDocs js-scribbledlist-tool-link js-highlight-container" id="notes-highlights"><div aria-disabled="true" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="button__btn disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" id="scribbledListLink" role="button"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-highlighter" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><label class="top-tools__tool-label js-highlights-label">Highlights and Notes</label></div></li></ul></div></div></div><form method="POST" class="hide" id="generatePdfForm" action="/ps/pdfGenerator/html"><input value="LitRC" name="prodId" type="hidden"/><input value="anon~86fa8f24" name="userGroupName" type="hidden"/><input value="Science_Fact_and_Science_Ficti" class="docTitle" name="title" type="hidden"/><textarea name="content" class="docContent"></textarea><input value="DO_DOWNLOAD_DOCUMENT" name="downloadAction" class="downloadAction" type="hidden"/><input value="false" name="disclaimerDisabled" class="disclaimerDisabled" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="asid" class="asid" type="hidden"/><input value="FULLTEXT" name="accessLevel" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="DownLoad" name="deliveryType" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="PDF" name="retrieveFormat" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="productCode" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="GALE|A161502902" name="docId" class="auditParam" type="hidden"/><input value="dd44b08a-4337-43d3-b78b-687c67f5274a" name="_csrf" type="hidden"/><span data-content="" style="display: none;" id="toolsDomContentTop"></span><span data-content="" style="display: none;" id="toolsDomContentBottom"></span></form><div id="js-alert-dialog" class="notification-dialog hide"></div><div class="js-toast-notification toast-notification hide"></div><div id="js-session-timeout-dialog" class="notification-dialog hide"><span aria-hidden="true" class="js-session-seconds">Your session has timed out after 20 minutes of inactivity. If you do not click continue session, you will be logged out in 60 seconds</span><span aria-live="polite" class="js-session-seconds-aria offscreen">Your session has timed out after 20 minutes of inactivity. If you do not click continue session, you will be logged out in 60 seconds</span></div><div id="js-workflow-loading-wrapper" class="hide workflow-loading-wrapper"><div class="workflow-loading-wrapper__spinner"><i class="fal fa-spinner-third fa-spin fa-5x"></i></div></div><input value="" id="js-login-user-name" name="login-user-name" type="hidden"/><input id="js-drive-auth-type" value="" name="authType" type="hidden"/><input id="js-page-name" value="DOCUMENT" name="currentPageName" type="hidden"/></nav><input data-value="app-na.readspeaker.com" style="display: none" class="js-tts-url"/></header><main id="content-wrapper" role="main" class="content-wrapper"><section class="contentSection T004 LitRC" id="content">  <input value="GALE|A161502902" class="js-docId" name="docId" type="hidden"/>  <section id="documentDisplay" class="document-display"> <section id="docSummary" class="document-summary">  <div class="docData doc-title"> <h1 class="definition cloudDriveTitle" id="docSummary-title">Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</h1> </div>  <h2 class="offscreen removeDrive">Citation metadata</h2> <div class="author-information media-object"> <div class="media-object_icon icon-bg removeDrive"> <i class="fal fa-pen-fancy" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> <div class="media-object_content"> <div class="docData doc-authors"> <span class="label">Author:</span> <span id="docSummary-authors" class="definition"> <a href="advancedSearch.do?method=doSearch&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&searchMethod=subject+click&userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&inputFieldNames[0]=AU&prodId=LitRC&inputFieldValues[0]=%22Jack+O%27Gorman%22" title="" class="unwrapDrive" target="">Jack O'Gorman</a> </span> </div> <div class="docData doc-pub-date"> <span class="label">Date:</span> <span id="docSummary-date" class="definition"> Mar. 15, 2007 </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media-object source"> <div class="media-object_icon icon-bg removeDrive"> <i class="fal fa-building" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> <div class="media-object_content"> <div class="docData pub publication"> <span class="label">From:</span> <span class="definition">Booklist<span class="volume-info">(Vol. 103, Issue 14)</span></span> </div> <div class="docData pub publisher"> <span class="label">Publisher:</span> <span class="definition">American Library Association</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media-object source"> <div class="media-object_icon icon-bg removeDrive"> <i class="fal fa-info-circle" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> <div class="media-object_content"> <div class="docData document-types"> <span class="label">Document Type:</span> <span class="definition"> Book review; Brief article </span> </div> <div class="docData document-wordcount"> <span class="label">Length:</span> <span class="definition">267 words</span> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="document"> <h2 class="offscreen removeDrive rs_skip">Document controls</h2><div class="document-tools navigation removeDrive"><div class="left">  <ul data-toolName="translate,fontResize,displayOptions,readSpeaker" data-currentPage="document" class="navbar-tools rs_skip js-navbar-tools"><li id="translate-tool" class="translate-tool-container"><div class="translate-icon toolbar-button__container"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="toolbar-button tool-link disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth-right" role="button"><i class="fal fa-language tool-link__icon" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i><label class="toolbar-button__label">Translate</label></div></div>  <div data-translation-complete-message="This document has been translated from its original language. Accuracy of translation is not guaranteed." data-default-option="Translate Article" class="removeDrive translate-wrapper js-translation-container" id="translatePopupWrapper"><div class="translate-popup" id="translatePopup"><label class="title" for="selTransLang">Translate Article</label><div class="translate-popup__dropdown" id="translateDropDown"></div><div class="translate-popup__interface"><a id="showIterfaceLang" href="#">Set Interface Language</a></div></div></div></li><li class="font_adjust"><div id="font_resize" class="font_adjust_icon"><label data-label="Font Size=" aria-live="polite" class="offscreen js-font-size" for="font_resize"></label><div id="font_resize_smaller" class="js-nav-font toolbar-nav-font toolbar-button__container"><button data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="smaller" data-gtm-feature="font size" data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-ga-label="smallerFont" data-ga-action="docTools.font.size" tabindex="0" class="toolbar-button ga-event tool-link gtm-click-event" id="smallerFont"><span tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="font-size-icon--small"></span><label class="toolbar-button__label toolbar-font-label" for="smallerFont">Decrease font size</label></button></div><div id="font_resize_larger" class="js-nav-font toolbar-nav-font toolbar-button__container"><button data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="larger" data-gtm-feature="font size" data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-ga-label="largerFont" data-ga-action="docTools.font.size" tabindex="0" class="toolbar-button ga-event tool-link gtm-click-event" id="largerFont"><span tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="font-size-icon--large"></span><label class="toolbar-button__label toolbar-font-label" for="largerFont">Increase font size</label></button></div></div></li><li id="display-options-tool" class="js-display-options-container"><div class="display-options-icon toolbar-button__container"><button data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-event-name="document-feature-click" class="ga-event gtm-click-event toolbar-button tool-link js-display-options-button js-bind-click-outside" id="display-options" data-ga-label="displayOptions" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options"><i class="fad fa-font-case tool-link__icon js-bind-click-outside" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i><label class="toolbar-button__label" for="display-options">Display options</label></button></div>  <div class="removeDrive display-options-menu-wrapper js-display-options-menu" id="displayOptionsPopupWrapper"><div class="display-options-menu"><div class="display-options-menu__colors display-options-menu__section"><span>Colors:</span><div><button data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="color:default" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="color:default" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="background color white" data-color="white" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-color-btn display-options-menu__color white selected ga-event gtm-click-event"><span class="icon"></span></button><button data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="color:gray" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="color:gray" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="background color gray" data-color="gray" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-color-btn display-options-menu__color gray ga-event gtm-click-event"><span class="icon"></span></button><button data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="color:peach" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="color:peach" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="background color peach" data-color="peach" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-color-btn display-options-menu__color peach ga-event gtm-click-event"><span class="icon"></span></button><button data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="color:lime" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="color:lime" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="background color lime" data-color="lime" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-color-btn display-options-menu__color lime ga-event gtm-click-event"><span class="icon"></span></button></div></div><div class="display-options-menu__fonts display-options-menu__section"><span>Font:</span><div class="display-options-menu__font-options"><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="font:default" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="font:default" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="font Open Sans" data-font="Open Sans" checked="checked" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-font-btn ga-event gtm-click-event selected" name="font" type="radio">Open Sans</input><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="font:garamond" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="font:garamond" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="font EB Garamond" data-font="EB Garamond" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-font-btn ga-event gtm-click-event" name="font" type="radio"><span class="eb-garamond">EB Garamond</span></input><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="font:dyslexic" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="font:dyslexic" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="font Open Dyslexic" data-font="Open Dyslexic" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-font-btn ga-event gtm-click-event" name="font" type="radio"><span class="open-dyslexic">Open Dyslexic</span></input><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="font:noto" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="font:noto" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="font Noto Sans" data-font="Noto Sans" class="js-select-this-display-option js-display-options-font-btn ga-event gtm-click-event" name="font" type="radio"><span class="noto-sans">Noto Sans</span></input></div></div><div class="display-options-menu__spacing display-options-menu__section"><div class="display-options-menu__spacing--group"><span>Default</span><span>More</span><span>Most</span></div><span>Line Spacing</span><div class="display-options-menu__spacing-options"><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="line spacing:default" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="line spacing:default" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="line spacing default" data-line="default" checked="checked" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-line-space ga-event gtm-click-event selected" name="line" type="radio"/><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="line spacing:more" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="line spacing:more" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="line spacing more" data-line="more" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-line-space ga-event gtm-click-event" name="line" type="radio"/><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="line spacing:most" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="line spacing:most" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="Line spacing most" data-line="most" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-line-space ga-event gtm-click-event" name="line" type="radio"/></div><span>Letter Spacing</span><div class="display-options-menu__spacing-options"><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="letter spacing:default" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="letter spacing:default" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="letter spacing default" data-letter="default" checked="checked" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-letter-space ga-event gtm-click-event selected" name="letter" type="radio"/><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="letter spacing:more" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="letter spacing:more" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="letter spacing more" data-letter="more" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-letter-space ga-event gtm-click-event" name="letter" type="radio"/><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="letter spacing:most" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="letter spacing:most" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="letter spacing most" data-letter="most" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-letter-space ga-event gtm-click-event" name="letter" type="radio"/></div><span>Word Spacing</span><div class="display-options-menu__spacing-options"><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="word spacing:default" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="word spacing:default" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="word spacing default" data-word="default" checked="checked" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-word-space ga-event gtm-click-event selected" name="word" type="radio"/><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="word spacing:more" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="word spacing:more" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="word spacing more" data-word="more" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-word-space ga-event gtm-click-event" name="word" type="radio"/><input data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="word spacing:most" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="word spacing:most" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" aria-label="word spacing most" data-word="most" class="display-options-menu__option js-select-this-display-option js-word-space ga-event gtm-click-event" name="word" type="radio"/></div></div><div class="display-options-menu__section display-options-menu__button-group"><button data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="back to default settings" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-ga-label="Back to default settings" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" class="js-display-options-reset button button--link ga-event gtm-click-event">Back to Default Settings</button><button data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature-detail="done" data-gtm-feature="display options" data-event-name="document-feature-click" data-ga-label="done" data-ga-action="docTools.display.options.change" class="js-display-options-close button button--primary ga-event gtm-click-event">Done</button></div></div></div></li><li id="read-speaker-tool" class="read-speaker-tool-container js-readspeaker-tool-container"><div class="read-speaker-icon toolbar-button__container"><button data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature="readSpeaker" data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-ga-action="docTools.readspeaker" class="ga-event toolbar-button tool-link gtm-click-event js-readspeaker-button" id="read-speaker"><i class="fal fa-volume-up tool-link__icon" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i><label class="toolbar-button__label" for="read-speaker">Listen</label></button></div>  <div class="removeDrive hide read-speaker-parent" id="readSpeakerParent"><div class="js-readspeaker-container" id="readspeakerContainer"><div class="rs_skip readspeakerplayer rsbtn rs_preserve" id="readspeaker_button1"><a href="https://app-na.readspeaker.com/cgi-bin/rsent?customerid=4476&lang=en_us&readid=read-speaker-content,docSummary&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DLitRC%26sw%3Dw%26u%3Danon%7E86fa8f24%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA161502902%26sid%3Dbookmark-LitRC%26asid%3D776b9268" accesskey="L" class="js-readspeaker rsbtn_play removeDrive"><span class="rsbtn_left rsimg rspart"><span class="rsbtn_text"><span>Listen</span></span></span><span class="rsbtn_right rsimg rsplay rspart"></span></a></div><span class="rsbtn_loadtext">Larger documents may require additional load time.</span></div><input id="readSpeakermp3DownloadUrl" value="https://app-na.readspeaker.com/cgi-bin/rsent?customerid=4476&lang=en_us&readid=read-speaker-content,docSummary&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DLitRC%26sw%3Dw%26u%3Danon%7E86fa8f24%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA161502902%26sid%3Dbookmark-LitRC%26asid%3D776b9268&output=m3u&audiofilename=GALE_A161502902&save=1" type="hidden"/><input id="translationLanguage" value="en_us" type="hidden"/></div></li></ul></div><div class="right">  <ul data-toolName="googleDrive,oneDrive,email,download,print" data-currentPage="document" class="navbar-tools rs_skip js-navbar-tools"><li data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-event-name="document-feature-select" data-gtm-click-location="document body" data-gtm-feature="googleDrive" data-drive-type="GOOGLE" data-auth-type="Google" class=" docTools-google-download toolbar-button__container"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Send to Google Drive" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="toolbar-button Google-drive tool-link disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" id="google-drive" role="button"><i tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="cloud-ico"></i><label class="toolbar-button__label drive-label"> Send to Google Drive™</label></div></li><li data-drive-type="ONE_DRIVE" data-auth-type="Microsoft" class=" docTools-microsoft-download toolbar-button__container"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Send to Microsoft OneDrive" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="toolbar-button One-drive tool-link disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" id="one-drive" role="button"><i tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="cloud-ico"></i><label class="toolbar-button__label drive-label"> Send to Microsoft OneDrive™</label></div></li><li class="docTools-email toolbar-button__container toolbar-button"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Email" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="toolbar-button tool-link disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" id="email" role="button"><i class="fal fa-envelope tool-link__icon" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i><label class="toolbar-button__label">Email</label></div></li><li class="docTools-download js-doctools-download toolbar-button__container top-tools__tool"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Download" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="button__btn disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" role="button"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-download" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><label class="top-tools__tool-label">Download</label></div></li><li class="docTools-print js-docTools-print toolbar-button__container top-tools__tool"><div aria-disabled="true" aria-label="Print" data-qtip="Log in through your library to access this feature" class="button__btn disabled js-qtip-delayed-auth" role="button"><span class="top-tools__tool-icon"><i class="fal fa-print" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><label class="top-tools__tool-label">Print</label></div></li></ul></div></div>  <h2 class="offscreen removeDrive">Main content</h2>  <div class="article-content js-article-content" id="read-speaker-content"> <div class="headnote js-headnote"></div> <div class="delayedAuth-container"><div class="delayedAuth-container__title">Get Full Access</div><div class="delayedAuth-container__desc">Gale offers a variety of resources for education, lifelong learning, and academic research. Log in through your library to get access to full content and features!</div><a data-wa-event-selector="document page: access through your library" class="delayedAuth-container__button" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&id=GALE%7CA161502902&v=2.1&it=r&aty=open-web-entry&enforceAuth=true&linkSource=delayedAuthFullText">Access through your library</a></div> </div>  <div class="docData doc-copyright"> <span class="label">Copyright: </span> <span class="definition"> COPYRIGHT 2007  American Library Association </span> <div id="pubUrl" class="rs_skip"> <a id="headerPubUrl" class="headerPubUrl" href="http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/publishing/booklist/" target="_blank">http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/publishing/booklist/</a> </div> </div> <h3 class="offscreen removeDrive">Source Citation</h3> <div class="rs_skip source-citation source-citation--bottom" id="js-source-citation-bottom"> <div class="citationWrapper"> <div id="document-sourcecitation" class="embed removeBreak"> <span class="small" id="SourceCitation"> <b class="js-rubric">Source Citation</b>    </span> </div> </div> <div id="document-tgnumber"> <p> <b>Gale Document Number: </b> <span class="tgnumber">GALE|A161502902</span> </p> </div> </div>  </section> <section id="contentToolsLinks" class="aside js-aside document-explorer removeDrive"> <h2 class="document-explorer_title block-header"><i class="custom-fa-explorer"></i> Explore</h2> <div class="document-explorer_section document-explorer_moreresults"></div> <div class="removeDrive document-explorer_section doc-display" id="subjectLinks"><h3 class="label"><span>Related Subjects</span></h3><ul><li><a href="i.do?ty=as&v=2.1&it=search&searchMethod=related+content&lm=AC%7Ey&qt=SU%7E%22Stableford%2C+Brian%22&userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&prodId=LitRC&inPS=true" data-gtm-feature-detail="Stableford, Brian" data-gtm-event-selector=".doc-gtm-event-form" data-gtm-feature="related subjects" data-gtm-click-location="explore" data-event-name="document-feature-click" data-ga-action="document.relatedSubject" data-ga-label="related subject document click" class="ga-event gtm-click-event">Stableford, Brian</a></li></ul></div><div id="docPortalSuggestions"></div> </section> </section> </section></main>  <form data-event-name="survey-status" class="gtm-event" name="survey-status"><input value="true" name="surveyStatus" type="hidden"/></form><div id="gtmAuthContainer">  </div><footer class="footer-wrapper "><input value="anon~86fa8f24" name="userGroupName" class="js-userGroupName" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="userOauthId" class="js-user-oauth-guid" type="hidden"/><input value="LitRC" name="prodId" class="js-prodId" type="hidden"/><input value="dd44b08a-4337-43d3-b78b-687c67f5274a" name="csrfToken" class="js-csrfToken" type="hidden"/><input value="LitRC" name="resolvedProdId" id="resolvedProdId" type="hidden"/><input value="Simba" name="experience" id="experience" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="experienceType" id="experienceType" type="hidden"/><input value="en" name="locale" class="js-locale" type="hidden"/><nav aria-label="Footer" data-testid="footer-links" class="footer-links"><div class="footer_gale-logo object-fit-cover"><img alt="Gale Logo" src="Lilo/images/gale-logo-footer.svg" class="footer_gale-logo-image js-footer-gale-logo"/></div><h2 class="offscreen removeDrive">Footer</h2>  <ul class="footer-links__list"><li class="footer-links__list-entry"><a data-wa-event-label="about" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" target="_blank" aria-label="About Gale" href="https://www.gale.com/about" class="footer-links__list-entry__link">About</a></li>  <div data-src="/ps/help/LILO/topic_en/LITRCHelpTips.html?v=202411151935" id="helpContent"></div><li id="globalTools-help" class="footer-links__list-entry help tray-item"><i aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="fal fa-horizontal-rule footer-links__list-entry-icon"></i><a data-wa-event-label="help" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" aria-label="Help" class="footer-links__list-entry__link inlineHelp js-main-help-link" href="#">Help</a></li><li id="globalTools-dictionary" class="footer-links__list-entry dictionary tray-item"><i aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="fal fa-horizontal-rule footer-links__list-entry-icon"></i><a data-wa-event-label="dictionary" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" aria-label="Dictionaries" title="Look up a definition" class="footer-links__list-entry__link js_dictionary" href="dictionary.do?prodId=LitRC&userGroupName=anon~86fa8f24&method=List">Dictionaries</a></li><li class="footer-links__list-entry"><i aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="fal fa-horizontal-rule footer-links__list-entry-icon"></i><a data-wa-event-label="contact us" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" aria-label="Contact Us" target="_blank" href="https://www.gale.com/support" class="footer-links__list-entry__link">Contact Us</a></li><li class="footer-links__list-entry"><i aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="fal fa-horizontal-rule footer-links__list-entry-icon"></i><a data-wa-event-label="terms of use" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" aria-label="Terms of Use" target="_blank" href="https://www.gale.com/terms-of-use" class="footer-links__list-entry__link">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="footer-links__list-entry"><i aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="fal fa-horizontal-rule footer-links__list-entry-icon"></i><a data-wa-event-label="privacy policy" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" aria-label="Privacy Policy" target="_blank" href="https://www.gale.com/privacy" class="footer-links__list-entry__link">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="footer-links__list-entry"><i aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="fal fa-horizontal-rule footer-links__list-entry-icon"></i><a data-wa-event-label="accessibility" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" aria-label="Accessibility" target="_blank" href="https://support.gale.com/doc/accessibility_policy" class="footer-links__list-entry__link">Accessibility</a></li><li class="footer-links__list-entry"><i aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="fal fa-horizontal-rule footer-links__list-entry-icon"></i><a data-wa-event-label="end session" data-wa-event-selector="navigation: footer" aria-label="End Session" href="logout.do?userGroupName=anon%7E86fa8f24&nspage=true&prodId=LitRC" id="titleBar-logout" class="footer-links__list-entry__link">End Session</a></li></ul><a target="_blank" aria-label="Gale, here for everyone." class="footer-branding__link" href="https://www.gale.com/everyone"><img alt="" src="Lilo/images/gale-here-logo-sm.png" class="footer-branding__img"/></a></nav><div id="dialog"></div><script> window.___gcfg = { parsetags: 'explicit' }; </script><script src="https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js" type="text/javascript"></script></footer>  <div class="diagnostics"><div class="diagnostics-dialog js-diagnostics-dialog-form hide"><div class="diagnostics-dialog-background"></div><div class="diagnostics-dialog-foreground"><div class="diagnostics-dialog-titlebar"><h1>Report an Issue</h1><button class="diagnostics-dialog-close js-diagnostics-dialog-close" type="button"><i aria-label="close" aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-times"></i></button></div><form data-emailmessage="Please enter a valid email address." data-requiredmessage="This field is required." class="diagnostics-dialog-body js-diagnostics-form"><div class="diagnostics-header">If you are experiencing a technical issue, please send your email and name so that we can resolve the issue faster.</div><label for="id797-input-name"><span>Name</span><span aria-hidden="true">*</span></label><input aria-errormessage="id797-error-name" aria-invalid="false" value="" required="required" name="name" id="id797-input-name" type="text"/><div id="id797-error-name" role="alert"></div><label for="id797-input-email"><span>Email</span><span aria-hidden="true">*</span></label><input aria-errormessage="id797-error-email" aria-invalid="false" value="" required="required" name="email" id="id797-input-email" type="email"/><div id="id797-error-email" role="alert"></div><label for="id797-input-message"><span>Additional Comments</span><span aria-hidden="true">(</span>Optional<span aria-hidden="true">)</span></label><textarea maxlength="1000" rows="4" name="comments" id="id797-input-message"></textarea><div><input class="checkbox-label js-hasTicket" id="id797-checkbox-ticket" type="checkbox"/><label for="id797-checkbox-ticket">I already have a ticket number</label></div><label class="offscreen" for="id797-input-ticket">Ticket Number</label><input placeholder="Ticket Number" aria-live="polite" aria-errormessage="id797-error-ticket" disabled="disabled" value="" aria-invalid="false" name="ticket" id="id797-input-ticket" type="text"/><div id="id797-error-ticket" role="alert"></div><div class="diagnostics-dialog-buttons"><button class="button button--inverted js-diagnostics-dialog-cancel" type="button">Cancel</button><button class="button button--primary js-diagnostics-dialog-save" type="button">Submit</button></div></form></div></div><div class="diagnostics-dialog js-diagnostics-dialog-message hide"><div class="diagnostics-dialog-background"></div><div class="diagnostics-dialog-foreground"><div class="diagnostics-dialog-titlebar"><h1>Submitted diagnostic report</h1><button class="diagnostics-dialog-close js-diagnostics-dialog-close" type="button"><i aria-label="close" aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-times"></i></button></div><div class="diagnostics-dialog-body"><div>Diagnostic report submitted.</div><div class="diagnostics-dialog-buttons"><button class="button button--primary js-diagnostics-dialog-cancel" type="button">Ok</button></div></div></div></div><div class="diagnostics-report js-diagnostics-report hide"><p><b>Timestamp: </b><span>November 27, 2024 at 1:54:29 PM EST</span></p><p><b>Ticket Number: </b><span class="js-diagnostics-report-ticket"></span></p><p><b>Reporter's Email: </b><span class="js-diagnostics-report-email"></span></p><p><b>Reporter's Name: </b><span class="js-diagnostics-report-name"></span></p><p><b>Comments: </b><span class="js-diagnostics-report-message"></span></p><p><b>URL: </b><span class="js-diagnostics-report-url"></span></p><table><tr><td>Product Id</td><td>LitRC</td></tr><tr><td>Location Id</td><td>anon~86fa8f24</td></tr><tr><td>Session Id</td><td>LitRC-openaccess_user-FC419EDB9223D098C3576CCAE08B2660.omni_as13-1618819</td></tr><tr><td>CrossSearch Products</td><td>LitRC </td></tr><tr><td>Browser</td><td class="js-diagnostics-report-browser"></td></tr><tr><td>UserAgent</td><td class="js-diagnostics-report-userAgent"></td></tr><tr><td>UI Language</td><td>en (ltr)</td></tr><tr><td>Is Shibboleth Eligible</td><td>false</td></tr><tr><td>Shibboleth AuthEnabled</td><td>false</td></tr><tr><td>Shibboleth GUID</td><td>false</td></tr></table><div class="diagnostics-report-stacktrace js-report-stacktrace-section"><h2>Stacktrace</h2><p><pre class="js-diagnostics-report-stacktrace"></pre></p></div></div></div></div><div id="gtmFormContainer">  <form data-event-name="document-action" class="gtm-event doc-gtm-event-form" name="document-action"><input value="preview" name="documentAction" type="hidden"/><input value="GALE|A161502902" name="documentId" type="hidden"/><input value="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia" name="documentTitle" type="hidden"/><input value="Book review, Brief a..." name="documentType" type="hidden"/><input value="Booklist" name="publicationName" type="hidden"/><input value="American Library Association" name="collectionName" type="hidden"/><input value="true" name="access" type="hidden"/><input value="Reviews News" name="resultsBucketName" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="listPageNumber" type="hidden"/><input value="0" name="listPosition" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="totalPosition" type="hidden"/><input value="1598" name="mcode" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="eisbn" type="hidden"/><input value="0" name="retrieveOrder" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="googleSearchRefinements" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="retrievalId" type="hidden"/><input value="1070" name="lexileMeasure" type="hidden"/></form></div><div id="gtmDocumentClickFormContainer">  <form data-event-name="document-action" class="A161502902 doc-click-gtm-event-form" name="document-action"><input value="click" name="documentAction" type="hidden"/><input value="Reviews News" name="resultsBucketName" type="hidden"/><input value="21" name="listPageNumber" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="listPosition" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="totalPosition" type="hidden"/><input value="true" name="access" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="retrievalId" type="hidden"/><input value="LitRC" name="prodId" type="hidden"/><input value="anon~86fa8f24" name="userGroupName" type="hidden"/><input value="Gale Literature Resource Center" name="productName" class="js-product-name" type="hidden"/><input value="1070" name="lexileMeasure" type="hidden"/><input value="American Library Association" name="collectionName" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="eisbn" type="hidden"/><input value="1598" name="mcode" type="hidden"/><input value="Booklist" name="publicationName" type="hidden"/><input value="" name="googleSearchRefinements" type="hidden"/><input value="0" name="retrieveOrder" type="hidden"/></form></div></body></html>