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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B2" title="خوسيه ماريا جيل روبلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خوسيه ماريا جيل روبلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Χοσέ Μαρία Χιλ Ρόμπλες ι Κινιόνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χοσέ Μαρία Χιλ Ρόμπλες ι Κινιόνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles" title="José María Gil-Robles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="José María Gil-Robles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles" title="José María Gil-Robles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="José María Gil-Robles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil_Robles" title="José María Gil Robles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="José María Gil Robles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="חוסה מריה חיל-רובלס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסה מריה חיל-רובלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B2" title="خوسيه ماريا جيل روبلز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خوسيه ماريا جيل روبلز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones de León – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones de León" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles" title="José María Gil-Robles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="José María Gil-Robles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хиль-Роблес, Хосе Мария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиль-Роблес, Хосе Мария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Хосе Марія Хіль-Роблес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хосе Марія Хіль-Роблес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94-%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF" title="何塞·马里亚·希尔-罗夫莱斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="何塞·马里亚·希尔-罗夫莱斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his son, a former president of the European Parliament, see <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles" title="José María Gil-Robles">José María Gil-Robles</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Gil-Robles</i> and the second or 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Derechas_Aut%C3%B3nomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas">Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 1933 – 19 April 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 June 1931 – 17 July 1936</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Defence (Spain)">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 May 1935 – 14 December 1935</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones de León</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-11-27</span>)</span>November 27, 1898<br /><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 13, 1980<span style="display:none">(1980-09-13)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a> <small>(1933–1937)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Spain)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Spain)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small>(1977)</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones de León</b> (<a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, 27 November 1898 – <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, 13 September 1980) was a Spanish politician, leader of the <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a> and a prominent figure in the period leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. He served as Minister of War from May to December 1935. In the 1936 elections the CEDA was defeated, and support for Gil-Robles and his party evaporated. Gil-Robles was unwilling to struggle with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> for power and in April 1937 he announced the dissolution of CEDA, and went into exile. Abroad, he negotiated with Spanish monarchists to try to arrive at a common strategy for taking power in Spain. In 1968 he was named a professor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oviedo" title="University of Oviedo">University of Oviedo</a> and published his book <i>No fue posible la paz ('Peace Was Not Possible')</i>. After the death of Franco and the end of his regime, Gil-Robles became one of the leaders of the "Spanish Christian Democracy" party, which however failed to win support in <a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">the Spanish general elections in 1977</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>José Maria Gil-Robles was born in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> on 27 November 1898. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gil_Robles" title="Enrique Gil Robles">Enrique Gil Robles</a>, a conservative Spanish law scholar and a <a href="/wiki/Carlist" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist">Carlist</a> theorist, whose ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(nobility)" title="Hidalgo (nobility)">hidalgos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a>. Carlism was a traditionalist political movement in Spain whose goal was to establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty. </p><p>José María Gil-Robles received his master's degree in 1919 and in 1922 he gained by examination the chair of political law in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_La_Laguna" title="University of La Laguna">University of La Laguna</a> (Tenerife). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> he was secretary of the Catholic-Agrarian National Confederation and member of the Writing Council of <i>El Debate</i>. After the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>, he participated in and led the <i>Acción Nacional</i> (National Action) party, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Spain)" title="Popular Action (Spain)"><i>Acción Popular</i></a> (Popular Action). </p><p>In the elections of 1931 he was chosen as a deputy in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>. During the period of the Republic, he maintained the posture of "<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">accidentalism</a>": whether Spain was a monarchy or republic was less important than the law's compatibility with religious principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_CEDA">Leader of CEDA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leader of CEDA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CEDA_Party_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CEDA_Party_Logo.svg/150px-CEDA_Party_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CEDA_Party_Logo.svg/225px-CEDA_Party_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CEDA_Party_Logo.svg/300px-CEDA_Party_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Gil-Robles was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gil-Robles formed the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_the_Autonomous_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right">Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right</a> (CEDA), a conservative Catholic party, the political heir to Ángel Herrera Oria's Acción Popular and fought for the "affirmation and defence of the principles of Christian civilization". The CEDA won the largest number of seats in <a href="/wiki/1933_Spanish_general_election" title="1933 Spanish general election">elections of November 1933</a>, and Gil-Robles was thus the head of the largest party in the Cortes. However, to avoid conflicts with leftist parties, President <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a> invested <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>, as prime minister instead of Gil-Robles. </p><p>The appointment of three CEDA ministers to the cabinet in 1934 triggered the leftist <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturian miners' strike</a> that rose, ultimately unsuccessfully, against the government of the Republic. Gil-Robles served as Minister of War under Lerroux from May to December 1935. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936_elections,_defeat_and_uprising"><span id="1936_elections.2C_defeat_and_uprising"></span>1936 elections, defeat and uprising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1936 elections, defeat and uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the February <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 Spanish general election</a>, the CEDA formed the largest part of the National Front coalition, which also included Alfonsine monarchists and <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a>. Gil-Robles campaigned under the slogan <i>Todo el poder para el Jefe</i> ("All the power to the Chief"), and while he himself was reelected to the Cortes, the conservative National Front narrowly lost the election, with power swinging to the left. The CEDA itself lost ground, winning 88 seats, fewer than the 115 it had won in 1933. </p><p>Following the narrow victory of the leftist <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> and the defeat of the CEDA, support for Gil-Robles and his party declined, losing both votes and membership to the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange</a> party, founded in 1934, whose share of the vote had been very small in the 1936 elections. Bitterly disillusioned with the failure of their <i>jefe</i> to win the election, the CEDA's youth group <i><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></i> went over <i>en masse</i> to the Falange. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the following months and in the volatile situation that arose, Gil-Robles was well aware that a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">coup was being prepared</a> against the government. Despite his later insistence that he had no part in the coup, the CEDA leader was kept informed of each stage of the plot, and members of his party played important liaison roles, facilitating contact between military and civilian plotters. Gil-Robles himself authorized the transfer of 500,000 pesetas of CEDA electoral funds to General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a>'s military insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_(adjusted_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/220px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/330px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/440px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>General Franco, Gil-Robles' rival for power</figcaption></figure> <p>With the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, following the uprising on 17 July 1936, Gil-Robles found himself unwilling or unable to struggle with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> for power. Franco himself was determined not to have competing right-wing parties in Spain, and in April 1937 Gil-Robles announced the dissolution of CEDA. After the Civil War, Gil-Robles went into exile. Abroad, he negotiated with Spanish monarchists to try to arrive at a common strategy for taking power in Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968 he was named a professor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oviedo" title="University of Oviedo">University of Oviedo</a> and published his book <i>No fue posible la paz ('Peace Was Not Possible')</i>. </p><p>After the death of Franco and the end of his regime, Gil-Robles became one of the leaders of the <i>Spanish Christian Democracy</i> party, which won little support in <a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">the Spanish general elections in 1977</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gil-Robles' son, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles" title="José María Gil-Robles">José María Gil-Robles</a>, was born on 17 June 1935 in Madrid. Like his father, he entered politics, serving as a member of the European Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> group, and as President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> from 1997 to 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Category:Conservatism in Spain">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Spain</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/80px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics#Spain" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Spain" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Francoist_Spain" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_unionism" title="Spanish unionism">Spanish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">1923 Spanish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Art and culture in Francoist Spain">Art and culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker">Búnker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-N" title="20-N">20-N</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Albi%C3%B1ana" title="José María Albiñana">Albiñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Bleiberg" title="Germán Bleiberg">Bleiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo" title="Pedro Laín Entralgo">Entralgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Mora" title="Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora">Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Gambra_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="José Miguel Gambra Gutiérrez">Gambra Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaos" title="José Gaos">Gaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gil_Robles" title="Enrique Gil Robles">Gil Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Herv%C3%A1s" title="Lorenzo Hervás">Hervás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">de Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Maravall" title="José Antonio Maravall">Maravall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Julián Marías">Marías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_d%27Ors_P%C3%A9rez-Peix" title="Álvaro d'Ors Pérez-Peix">d'Ors (Álvaro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Roca_Barea" title="Elvira Roca Barea">Roca Barea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">de Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Vig%C3%B3n" title="Jorge Vigón">Vigón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Zubiri" title="Xavier Zubiri">Zubiri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">Liberalism is a Sin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dehumanization_of_Art_and_Other_Essays_on_Art,_Culture,_and_Literature" title="The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature">The Dehumanization of Art</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">The New State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Abascal" title="Santiago Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Ayuso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casado" title="Pablo Casado">Casado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Cosid%C3%B3" title="Ignacio Cosidó">Cosidó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Conde" title="Manuel Fal Conde">Fal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Fernández-Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga" title="Manuel Fraga">Fraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gil-Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gir%C3%B3n" title="José Antonio Girón">Girón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Goicoechea" title="Antonio Goicoechea">Goicoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Zamanillo_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino">González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Maura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P%C3%A9rez_(Spanish_politician)" title="David Pérez (Spanish politician)">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Piñar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Rajoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Tomás Domínguez Arévalo">Rodezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Jarabo" title="Francisco Ruiz-Jarabo">Ruiz-Jarabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tejero" title="Antonio Tejero">Tejero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Utrera_Molina" title="José Utrera Molina">Utrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Valiente_Soriano" title="José María Valiente Soriano">Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aznar_Zubigaray" title="Manuel Aznar Zubigaray">Aznar Zubigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco (Carmen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Jim%C3%A9nez_Losantos" title="Federico Jiménez Losantos">Losantos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_d%27Ors" title="Eugenio d'Ors">d'Ors (Eugenio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_People%27s_Union" title="Navarrese People's Union">Navarrese People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Catholic_Movement" title="Spanish Catholic Movement">Spanish Catholic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Spain)" title="Conservative Party (Spain)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Union of Catalonia">Democratic Union of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Right" title="Liberal Republican Right">Liberal Republican Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Spain)" title="Patriotic Union (Spain)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Spain)" title="People's Alliance (Spain)">People's Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Spain)" title="Popular Action (Spain)">Popular Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League_of_Catalonia" title="Regionalist League of Catalonia">Regionalist League of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renovation" title="Spanish Renovation">Spanish Renovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion" title="Traditionalist Communion">Traditionalist Communion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CitizenGo" class="mw-redirect" title="CitizenGo">CitizenGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAES" title="FAES">FAES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Forum" title="Madrid Forum">Madrid Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i> (factions)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9" title="Requeté">Requeté</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89poca_(Spanish_magazine)" title="Época (Spanish magazine)">Época</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldo_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Heraldo de Aragón">Heraldo de Aragón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Madrid)" title="La Razón (Madrid)">La Razón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_Contempor%C3%A1nea" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Template:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gil-Robles is a unique and controversial figure in the history of Spanish politics. The nature of his political beliefs during the Second Republic either greatly fluctuated or were tailored to his audience, as he is recorded as making many statements that appear contradictory. This is certainly reflected in the nature of his party, the CEDA, which attracted support from both moderate Catholic republicans <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and avowed right-wing monarchists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judgment_of_historians">Judgment of historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Judgment of historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The controversy surrounding him has been best articulated by the historians <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a> and Richard Robinson: </p> <ul><li>Preston believes that Gil-Robles was essentially a legalist <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a>, whose policy of accidentalism would give way to legislating for a fascist dictatorship when he was confident that the populace was controllable. His evidence references Gil Robles' speeches, which were often filled with "anti-democratic and anti-Semitic innuendo", the oppressive, anti-reformist nature of his government partnership with <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux's</a> Radicals, and the frank admiration offered to foreign fascist regimes by both his propaganda and by his press organ, <i>El Debate</i>. Burnett Bolloten argues Robles was aware of the planned coup and July 1936, he turned over half a million peseta's from CEDA's funds to the generals. However, Bolloten does observe that his support was given in a rather reluctant manner, conditional upon the knowledge that CEDA was disintegrating by this time and he refused to go along with General Mola's request that Spanish right-wing parliamentarians convene at Burgos on 17 July to denounce the government as unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Robinson, however, rejects any claim that Gil-Robles was anything but a consummate politician struggling to keep the unstable right under control and within the law. The CEDA was not a mere front for fascist aspirations but a party that was based on Catholic values, including a desire to pursue social Catholicism. Gil Robles himself certainly expressed pro-republican views; in an interview with the American journalist Mallory Browne he said, "I am the only friend of the Republic" and was recorded as declaring that "a new dictatorship would produce, after a period of tranquillity, social revolution." Manuel Tardio and Ramon Arango argues that Gil Robles, despite possessing some authoritarian tendencies, did not advocate a dictatorship and neither he nor CEDA stepped beyond the limits of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burnett Bolloten observes that Robles refused to seize power with the help of the military and monarchists after becoming war minister in May 1935, something for which they would never forgive him. After the Spanish Right's victory in the November 1933 elections, he maintained support for non-violence and wanted to use evolutionary rather than dictatorial means for achieving his vision of a corporative Spain, despite criticism from monarchists and his own party's youth section.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Vincent, <i>Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic</i>, p.243, Paul Preston, <i>Coming of the Spanish Civil War</i> ch 7, (ch 8 2nd edn)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolloten, B., 1991. The Spanish civil war: Revolution and counterrevolution. Univ of North Carolina Press, pp.18-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arango, E. Ramón, and E. Ramon Arango. The Spanish political system: Franco's legacy. Routledge, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez Tardío, Manuel. "Politics, Violence and Electoral Democracy in Spain: the case of the CEDA, 1933-1934." Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies 35, no. 1 (2011): 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolloten, B., 1991. The Spanish civil war: Revolution and counterrevolution. Univ of North Carolina Press, pp.16-17</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118717383">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79105960">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12810455d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12810455d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gil-Robles, José María <1898-1980>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV099424">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519772306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08201902?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/833291">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118717383">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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