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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinchilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinchilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chinchilla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinchilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dog_and_cat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dog_and_cat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dog and cat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dog_and_cat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rabbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmed_mink_production_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmed_mink_production_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Farmed mink production cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Farmed_mink_production_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Farmed mink production cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Farmed_mink_production_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditioning_and_breeding_(December_–_March)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditioning_and_breeding_(December_–_March)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conditioning and breeding (December – March)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditioning_and_breeding_(December_–_March)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whelping_and_weaning_(April_–_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whelping_and_weaning_(April_–_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Whelping and weaning (April – June)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whelping_and_weaning_(April_–_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_furring_(July_–_October)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_furring_(July_–_October)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Growth and furring (July – October)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_furring_(July_–_October)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading_and_slaughter_(November_–_December)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading_and_slaughter_(November_–_December)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Grading and slaughter (November – December)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading_and_slaughter_(November_–_December)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By-products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By-products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By-products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By-products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>British Columbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Columbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandemic_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandemic_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pandemic risk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pandemic_risk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pandemic risk subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pandemic_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fur farming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مزارع الفراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزارع الفراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99zlik_heyvandarl%C4%B1q" title="Xəzlik heyvandarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəzlik heyvandarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кейекселек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кейекселек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelztierfarm" title="Pelztierfarm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pelztierfarm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karusloomakasvatus" title="Karusloomakasvatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karusloomakasvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granja_de_peleter%C3%ADa" title="Granja de peletería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Granja de peletería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89levage_des_animaux_%C3%A0_fourrure" title="Élevage des animaux à fourrure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élevage des animaux à fourrure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գազանաբուծություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գազանաբուծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peternakan_bulu" title="Peternakan bulu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peternakan bulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%B0d%C3%BDrar%C3%A6kt" title="Loðdýrarækt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loðdýrarækt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תעשיית הפרוות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעשיית הפרוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მენადირეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მენადირეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%BEokzv%C4%93ru_audz%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Kažokzvēru audzēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kažokzvēru audzēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelsdierfokkerij" title="Pelsdierfokkerij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pelsdierfokkerij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelsdyroppdrett" title="Pelsdyroppdrett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pelsdyroppdrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrandachilik" title="Darrandachilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Darrandachilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferma_futrzarska" title="Ferma futrzarska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferma futrzarska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of breeding or raising animals for their fur</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkistila_Pohjanmaalla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Turkistila_Pohjanmaalla.jpg/275px-Turkistila_Pohjanmaalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Turkistila_Pohjanmaalla.jpg/413px-Turkistila_Pohjanmaalla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Turkistila_Pohjanmaalla.jpg/550px-Turkistila_Pohjanmaalla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>A fur farm in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_banning_fur_farming.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Countries_banning_fur_farming.png/275px-Countries_banning_fur_farming.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Countries_banning_fur_farming.png/413px-Countries_banning_fur_farming.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Countries_banning_fur_farming.png/550px-Countries_banning_fur_farming.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries that banned fur farming.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mink_farm_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mink_farm_1908.jpg/220px-Mink_farm_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mink_farm_1908.jpg/330px-Mink_farm_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mink_farm_1908.jpg/440px-Mink_farm_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">mink</a> farm (after 1900)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MinkFarmWisconsin2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MinkFarmWisconsin2007.jpg/220px-MinkFarmWisconsin2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MinkFarmWisconsin2007.jpg/330px-MinkFarmWisconsin2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MinkFarmWisconsin2007.jpg/440px-MinkFarmWisconsin2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>A mink farm in the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferma_norek_w_Polsce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ferma_norek_w_Polsce.jpg/220px-Ferma_norek_w_Polsce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ferma_norek_w_Polsce.jpg/330px-Ferma_norek_w_Polsce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ferma_norek_w_Polsce.jpg/440px-Ferma_norek_w_Polsce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A mink farm in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fur farming</b> is the practice of breeding or raising certain types of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>. </p><p>Most of the world's farmed fur was produced by European farmers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 2018, there were 5,000 fur farms in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, located across 22 countries; these areas of production collectively accounted for 50% of the global production of farmed fur.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-International_Fur_Trade_Federation_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Fur_Trade_Federation-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 2023 only 11 countries in the EU still farmed animals for fur, and three of these countries had issued a legal ban on the activity effective within several years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238–9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238–9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EU accounted for 63% of global <a href="#Mink">mink</a> production and 70% of <a href="#Fox">fox</a> production. Globally, the top fur producers were <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> was also leading, accounting for approximately 28% of world mink fur production, until its government culled all of the farmers' stocks <a href="/wiki/2020_Danish_mink_cull" title="2020 Danish mink cull">without legal authority</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> is the largest United States supplier of fox pelts. </p><p>The United States is a major exporter of fur skins. Major export markets include China, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the EU. Exports to <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> as a share of total exports grew from 22% in 1998 to 47% in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, Russia was reported to be the world's biggest sales market for fur.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has been the world's largest importer of fur pelts and the largest exporter of finished fur products.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fur farming has been banned in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since 2000),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (since 2005),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infurmation_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infurmation-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (effective 2015),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (effective 2017),<sup id="cite_ref-infurmation_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infurmation-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (effective 2018),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (effective 2019),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (effective 2021),<sup id="cite_ref-Kester_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kester-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (effective 2022),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (effective June 2022),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (effective 2022),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (effective across the country 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (effective 2025),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (effective February 2025),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (effective 2025), <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (effective 2027) and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (effective 2028).<sup id="cite_ref-lrt_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrt-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238–9_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238–9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the regulations for fur farming are very strict, with the result that there are no fur farms.<sup id="cite_ref-infurmation_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infurmation-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark (2009), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (2020) and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (2021) introduced a ban on fur farming of certain species, while <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> announced a plan in 2022 to close down all fur farms by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238–9_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238–9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fur farming was not present as of 2023 in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand fell in the late 1980s and 1990s as a result of a number of factors, including the efforts of animal rights campaigners and the failure of designers to come up with exciting new lines. Since the turn of the millennium, however, sales worldwide have soared to record highs, fueled by radically new techniques for working with fur, and a sharp rise in disposable income in China and Russia. This growing demand has led to the development of extensive fur farming operations in <a href="#China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, mink turned out to be very susceptible to human–mink infection, sparking fears of widespread outbreaks and mutations in the mink farm populations of many countries that could in turn infect humans with different strains of the coronavirus, making it potentially immune for a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several mink farms in the Netherlands have been entirely <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culled</a> since June 2020, and in August 2020 the phaseout of fur farming was accelerated from 1 January 2024 to 1 March 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Kester_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kester-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cleven_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleven-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, Spain culled 100,000 mink.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 November 2020, Denmark announced it would cull its entire 17 million mink population as an emergency to prevent the spread of a mutated strain of COVID-19, of which at least five cases were found.<sup id="cite_ref-Denmark_culling_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denmark_culling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 November, the Netherlands again moved the phase-out forward, now putting 1 January 2021 as the target date to limit the risk of mutation.<sup id="cite_ref-Nu.nl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nu.nl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen_Fur" title="Kopenhagen Fur">Kopenhagen Fur</a> (accounting for 40% of mink production worldwide) announced mid-November it would gradually cease operations in 2–3 years because the circumstances had critically undermined the future of the global fur trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felis_catus_(Domestic_cat)_fur_skins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Felis_catus_%28Domestic_cat%29_fur_skins.jpg/220px-Felis_catus_%28Domestic_cat%29_fur_skins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Felis_catus_%28Domestic_cat%29_fur_skins.jpg/330px-Felis_catus_%28Domestic_cat%29_fur_skins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Felis_catus_%28Domestic_cat%29_fur_skins.jpg/440px-Felis_catus_%28Domestic_cat%29_fur_skins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Cat skins</figcaption></figure> <p>While wearing fur clothing in cold weather as protection goes back to the Stone Age, the source for this material came from the wild. As human populations grew, furs, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leathers</a>, and hides for use in clothing came from farm stock, such as sheep (sheepskin), rabbits, cattle, pigs, and goats. Archaeologists have discovered evidence of red fox breeding in the late <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> on <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, off the northern coast of Scotland. After the attack of the Vikings in Scotland around 800 CE, the breeding is said to have stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest records of breeding mink for fur in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> were in the 1860s. Foxes were first raised on farms for fur in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> in Canada in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Fur_Trade_Federation_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Fur_Trade_Federation-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> played an important economic role in the United States. Fur trappers explored and opened up large parts of North America, and the fashion for <a href="/wiki/Beaver_hat" title="Beaver hat">beaver hats</a> led to intense competition for the raw materials. Starting in the latter half of the 20th century, producers and wearers of fur have been criticized by animal rights activists because of the <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">cruelty</a> involved in animal <a href="/wiki/Trapping_(Animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapping (Animal)">trapping</a>, and because of the widespread availability of inexpensive substitutes including natural fibers (such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>) as well as synthetic fibers. In 1991, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> journalist John F. Burns described the American fur industry as "shrinking with no end in sight."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, 85 percent of the fur clothing industry's pelts come from animals raised on farms. The rest is from animals caught in the wild. The most farmed fur-bearing animal is the mink (50 million annually), followed by the fox (about 4 million annually). Asiatic and Finnish raccoon and chinchilla are also farmed for their fur. As of 2008, 64 percent of fur farms were in Northern Europe, 11 percent in North America, and the rest were dispersed throughout the world, in countries such as Argentina and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mink">Mink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fur_farming" title="Talk:Fur farming">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mink_colours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mink_colours.jpg/220px-Mink_colours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mink_colours.jpg/330px-Mink_colours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mink_colours.jpg/440px-Mink_colours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6122" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Mink colours</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">Mink</a> have been farmed for fur in the United States for 130 years, though domestic demand for fur started to decline rapidly by the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the U.S. ranked fifth in production behind <a href="/wiki/Mink_industry_in_Denmark" title="Mink industry in Denmark">Denmark</a>, China, the Netherlands, and Poland. Mink typically breed in March and give birth to their litters in May. Farmers vaccinate the young kits for botulism, distemper, enteritis, and, if needed, pneumonia. They are slaughtered in November and December. Methods for <a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">euthanizing animals</a> on fur farms, as on all farms, are detailed in the American Veterinary Medical Association's Report on Euthanasia which is used as a guideline for state departments of agriculture which have jurisdiction over all farms raising domesticated livestock, including mink.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The white <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">mink</a>, a northern European breed, was introduced into Canada in 1968. Most mink production in Canada occurs in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> which, with 116 licensed farms in 2016, generated revenues of nearly $54 million by contributing approximately 1.4 million pelts to global markets. That accounted for an average of half of all Canada's mink pelts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of black mink in particular has grown significantly since 2000, with emerging markets in Russia, China, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> accounting for most of the new demand. Black mink was first bred in Nova Scotia in the late 1950s and has proven popular as a versatile colour. Most Nova Scotia fur product is sold in China where it is manufactured into luxury garments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinchilla">Chinchilla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chinchilla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinchilla-fur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chinchilla-fur.JPG/220px-Chinchilla-fur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chinchilla-fur.JPG/330px-Chinchilla-fur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chinchilla-fur.JPG/440px-Chinchilla-fur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Chinchilla</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinchilla148.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chinchilla148.jpg/220px-Chinchilla148.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chinchilla148.jpg/330px-Chinchilla148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chinchilla148.jpg/440px-Chinchilla148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>A two-year-old standard gray female chinchilla</figcaption></figure> <p>The international trade in <a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">chinchilla</a> fur goes back to the 16th century and the animal (whose name literally means "Little Chincha") is named after the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chincha people">Chincha people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, who wore its soft, dense fur. By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become quite rare. In 1923, Mathias F. Chapman brought the eleven wild chinchillas he had captured to the U.S. for breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only three of these were female. Empress Chinchilla is the breeders association for the chinchilla farmers, many of whom are based in the United States, including California. Empress Chinchilla runs a certification program for farmers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fox">Fox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_crossfox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fur_crossfox.jpg/220px-Fur_crossfox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fur_crossfox.jpg/330px-Fur_crossfox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fur_crossfox.jpg/440px-Fur_crossfox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Cross_fox_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross fox (animal)">Cross fox</a>" furs. The cross across the shoulders is a common <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a> marking.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silver_fox.jpg/220px-Silver_fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silver_fox.jpg/330px-Silver_fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silver_fox.jpg/440px-Silver_fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Caged red fox <a href="/wiki/Silver_fox_(animal)" title="Silver fox (animal)">(silver morph)</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> is the world's leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a> pelts. In the United States, fox production is about 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">pelts</a>, produced in about 10 states. Canada produces ten to fifteen times as many fox furs as the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-fur_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fur-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dog_and_cat">Dog and cat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dog and cat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States banned the import, export, and sale of products made from dog and cat fur in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy, France, Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Belgium, and Australia ban the import of domestic cat and dog fur but the sale is still quasi-legal.<sup id="cite_ref-humane_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humane-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most countries, novelty items made from farmed cat and dog fur is available in the form of animal toys or as trim on garments like boots, jackets and handbags. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> banned imports in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-salon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbit">Rabbit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rabbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbit_skins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rabbit_skins.jpg/220px-Rabbit_skins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rabbit_skins.jpg/330px-Rabbit_skins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rabbit_skins.jpg/440px-Rabbit_skins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>A load of rabbit skins (c. 1905)</figcaption></figure><p> The main breed in the <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a> fur farming industry is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds#Rex" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rex</a> (Castor Rex and Chinchilla Rex). Breeding animals are kept for up to three years, and usually <a href="/wiki/Give_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Give birth">give birth</a> twice a year. The <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">kits</a> are taken from their mothers at 4 weeks old and put in a nursery with other kits. After this, the mothers are kept separated from their kits, and they get put together only for feeding. When the kits are 7 to 8 weeks old, they are put in solitary cages, where they are kept for about 6–7 months, and are slaughtered after they have <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">shed</a> their winter fur. The rabbits are kept in bare <a href="/wiki/Wire_mesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire mesh">wire mesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Cage_(enclosure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cage (enclosure)">cages</a>. A cage for one rabbit has the floor space of about two shoe boxes. The <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> for caged Rex is 10–15%, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rabbitfur_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabbitfur-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farmed_mink_production_cycle">Farmed mink production cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Farmed mink production cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditioning_and_breeding_(December_–_March)"><span id="Conditioning_and_breeding_.28December_.E2.80.93_March.29"></span>Conditioning and breeding (December – March)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conditioning and breeding (December – March)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this time of year, ranchers are primarily focused on bringing their selected mink into a good condition that is suitable for breeding. Mink are a monoestrous species that undergo delayed implantation when bred successfully, this means that the breeding season can be the most strenuous time of year both in terms of animal nutrition and human labor.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is essential that management practices employ a feeding program that maintains a nutritional diet that is adequate for both male and female mink. A feeding program that encourages the removal of excess weight and an environment that facilitates an increase in exercise is important for good production and a successful whelp.<sup id="cite_ref-CMBA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMBA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mink are usually fed once or twice a day during the growing season; on most farms they are fed the same quantity of food on all cages and close to an <i>ad libitum</i> amount so that 50% of all cages have feed left over the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to fur quality and production traits, breeder selection should concentrate on health and temperament (21) to improve the <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">welfare</a> of the herd.<sup id="cite_ref-NFACC_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFACC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breeding records are kept for each individual mink, this includes information on the dates of mating, genetics involving family lineage, reproductive success, health status, and fur characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-CMBA_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMBA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whelping_and_weaning_(April_–_June)"><span id="Whelping_and_weaning_.28April_.E2.80.93_June.29"></span>Whelping and weaning (April – June)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Whelping and weaning (April – June)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In preparation for <a href="/wiki/Whelping" class="mw-redirect" title="Whelping">whelping</a>, comfortable conditions are prepared for the female by providing ample aspen bedding in which she can create a nest. It is well known that female mink are highly motivated to perform maternal-related nest building during the majority of their gestation period,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is why providing an abundance of substrate to prepare a nest is crucial to maintain the animals welfare. Unnecessary stress and noises should be avoided so due to the sensitivity of female mink during late gestation. Gestation varies from 40 to 70 days, this time is often shortened by extending the daylight period by use of artificial lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-CMBA_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMBA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Females give birth to 5–6 kits on average. Since <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">kits</a> are born <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a>, the female spends most of her time in the <a href="/wiki/Nest_box" title="Nest box">nest boxes</a> caring for them. Mink kits are fully dependent on the dam's milk and will nurse for the first four weeks of their life.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maternal care is essential to promote offspring survival and growth, particularly in American mink who give birth to altricial young.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranchers should check them regularly to ensure all the kits are warm, receiving enough milk, and are growing well. Females can lose significant body condition during <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> so their health is monitored by visual observations of behavior, appearance, and feed consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-CMBA_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMBA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a> takes place when the kits reach approximately 6–8 weeks old. The changes that take place during weaning can be stressful for both <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> and kits therefore is done at a time that is most beneficial for the mother and litter. Ranchers should ensure the kits are able to consume solid <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">feed</a> and drink water independently before they are ready for weaning.<sup id="cite_ref-NFACC_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFACC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_furring_(July_–_October)"><span id="Growth_and_furring_.28July_.E2.80.93_October.29"></span>Growth and furring (July – October)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Growth and furring (July – October)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very rapid growth takes place during the growth phase of the production cycle. For about 10–11 weeks, it is critical that the juvenile kits have access to adequate amounts of feed that is formulated to meet their nutritional needs. Maintaining a feeding routine that allows for multiple distributions of feed a day will help keep feed fresh and encourage appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-NFACC_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFACC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, all mink (including kits and adult breeders) are vaccinated to prevent diseases and promote health and welfare of the herd. Once August arrives, the skeletal growth of kits is complete and the subsequent growth of primarily fat begins. The growth of fur predominantly takes place during the fall where it begins at the tail and continues up the back and to the head. Ranchers maintain a clean, healthy environment during this time by performing daily <a href="/wiki/Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Husbandry">husbandry</a> practices, this includes; cleaning nest boxes, removal of surrounding debris and manure from the barn, bedding the cages, and up-keeping the cleanliness of the facility and farming equipment. Ranchers are diligent toward creating an environment that prioritizes the welfare of each animal and allows them to live and function comfortably within their environment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grading_and_slaughter_(November_–_December)"><span id="Grading_and_slaughter_.28November_.E2.80.93_December.29"></span>Grading and slaughter (November – December)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grading and slaughter (November – December)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mink are carefully evaluated in November or early December in order to physically assess their coat color, characteristics, and quality. Fur quality, along with skin size are two of the most important traits that are under intense selection in most mink breeding programs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each mink will be given a grade dictated by the attributes of their coat; this is valuable in determining which mink will be kept as breeding stock for next season. Fur quality, color, and body size are judged by the farmer or a professional grader.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fur grades are often used alongside size, weight, health history, parent reproductive success, litter size, and temperament to assess the quality and potential of each animal.<sup id="cite_ref-CMBA_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMBA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The methods used to slaughter mink include neck breaking, electricity, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, nitrogen, argon, and lethal injection.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common method of slaughter is by subjecting the animal to a chamber that contains carbon monoxide. Pelting takes place either on site or upon shipping the mink to an offsite operation.<sup id="cite_ref-CMBA_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMBA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By-products">By-products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: By-products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After pelting, mink bodies are typically sent for either incineration or rendering where they can be converted into bone and meat meal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meat from most fur-bearers is not usually eaten by humans, therefore the carcasses will go on to become various products such as <a href="/wiki/Pet_food" title="Pet food">pet food</a>, animal feed, organic compost, fertilizer, paint, and even tires. Carcasses sometimes go to animal sanctuaries, zoos, and aquariums to feed animals, and some end up as crab bait. Some biological supply companies offer preserved skinned carcasses of ranched mink for classroom <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissection</a> specimens as an alternative to cats or other domesticated mammals. Mink feces are used as organic crop fertiliser, and mink fat is turned into oil to manufacture soap, face oils, cosmetics, and leather treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methods used on fur farms to maximize profits are employed at the expense of the welfare of fur producing <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">animals</a>, though the exact scope of cruelty in the industry is hotly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frequent_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frequent-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-house_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other types of <a href="/wiki/Animal_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal farming">animal farming</a>, living conditions of animals vary, and extreme cases are of much contention. According to PETA, the majority of fur farmers pack animals into small cages, preventing them from taking more than a few steps back and forth. PETA claims <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a> and other animals suffer as a result of the confined environment, and may even cannibalize each other as a reaction to their confinement.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, as with passing of animal welfare legislation in Italy, animals are required to be given enriched living environments in which they can climb on branches, dig holes, use a nest of 50 × 50 cm and also have a water basin of at least 2 × 2 metres and 50 cm deep in which to swim.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieren_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieren-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers argue that 50 years ago, the animals were kept in large outdoor holding areas, with pools of water. However, such farms resulted in high disease rates for the animals and were not practical. Farmers claim that today's farmed animals only know farm life as they have been domesticated through over 100 of years of selective breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Fureurope_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fureurope-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The methods used for slaughtering the animals on farms and in the wild vary depending on the animal. For farmed mink, the <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a> researches the best methods and publishes a report on the subject every 7 to 10 years. This report is used to guide state departments of agriculture which have jurisdiction over farm animals, including farm-raised mink. For those harvesting wild furs, biologists and wildlife managers dictate seasons, method of slaughter, and numbers of animals to be harvested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Austria, six of the nine federal states have banned fur farming, and the remaining three enforce such strict welfare regulations, in relation to the availability of swimming water, that fur farming is no longer economically viable.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieren_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieren-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, for the first time in Canadian history, a Quebec fur farmer by the name of Jean-Luc Rodier was charged with animal cruelty following an investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a> (S.P.C.A.). Fox and mink at the fur farm were seized by animal welfare organizations and some were in such poor condition that they had to be euthanized.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the S.P.C.A. investigation, this Quebec fur farm was raided by anonymous activists who set free thousands of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Columbia">British Columbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: British Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video footage taken at fur farms in 2014 in British Columbia by the A.P.F.A.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was described by the S.P.C.A. as "inherently inhumane".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal rights activists in the city of Vancouver have been using legal and illegal actions to protest selling fur such as vandalism, home demonstrations of fur shop owners, and organizing public protests.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario">Ontario</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian fur farms in the Province of Ontario have been repeatedly targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> (ALF). Thousands of mink were freed from farms across the province during 2013<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mink breeders association of Ontario responded by offering a hundred thousand dollar bounty leading to a conviction of the persons responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undercover footage was also released by the ALF in 2015 of several Ontario area mink farms, showcasing injured animals and mink cages covered in feces and maggots.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal rights organizations across the province have taken a wide array of actions to stop the fur trade, such as public protests and disruptions of fur fashion shows.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/220px-%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/330px-%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/440px-%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Raccoon dog (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, animals rights group The Swiss Animal Protection produced a video alleging that fur-bearing animals – including the "Asiatic raccoon" (<a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dog</a>) – were being skinned while still alive in Shangcun Market. The China Fur Commission and China Leather Industry Association challenged the authenticity of the video, stating: "Pictures showing animals being skinned alive are obviously plotted. All those with common sense would not choose this slaughter method to attain fur."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Suning County, Hebei Province also issued a statement, outlining welfare practices it claimed to practice on its fur farms and calling the alleged practice of skinning animals alive "unimaginable."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swiss Animal Protection then published a 2009 video showing the skinning of raccoon dogs and other <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canids</a>. The video showed them being beaten with sticks and thrown to the ground in an attempt to kill them before being hung from their rear legs and skinned alive. One investigator filmed a raccoon dog being skinned alive before being thrown onto a heap of carcasses. After the skinning it still had enough strength to lift its bloodied head and stare into the camera.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 investigation by a Dalian-based Chinese animal welfare group reported similarly cruel practices at various fur farms in <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Fur_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Fur Federation (page does not exist)">International Fur Federation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fur_Federation" class="extiw" title="de:International Fur Federation">de</a>]</span> found two fur workers who had appeared in the 2009 video and through interviews as well as <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavits</a>, alleged they were approached by two others to stage the cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/Shanghaiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghaiist">Shanghaiist</a> article noted that although it was more than likely some animals had been skinned alive in China, to extrapolate that all or most of the farms did this was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the State Forestry Administration (SFA) announced it was planning to offer training courses for fur farmers to improve the living conditions of fur animals.<sup id="cite_ref-china.org.cn_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china.org.cn-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation was drafted in September 2009 to address any cruelty to animals in China. If passed, the legislation would regulate how farm animals are raised, transported, and slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estonian citizens have a partial right to submit initiatives with at least 1000 signatures to the <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">parliament</a> since 2014. They do not directly go to the parliamentary hall but go through a process of review in a subject commission.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 November 2014, the Estonian animal advocacy organization Loomus submitted a petition to ban fur farming in the country with a 10-year transition period with 10 000 signatures to the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was preceded by secretly filmed anonymous documentary footage being aired both online via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Televisioon" title="Eesti Televisioon">Estonian National Television</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicting the conditions of the animals in 2012 (aired 2013) and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Estonian animal advocacy organization Loomus issued a comment after the airings of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Public_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Public Broadcasting">Estonian Public Broadcasting</a> outlining the documented disregard animal welfare regulations and pointing out the numerous injuries of animals that were documented.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estonian_Public_Broadcasting_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estonian_Public_Broadcasting-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The petition has since been under review in the commission of agricultural affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission procured a study on the economic significance of the industry from the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_University_of_Life_Sciences" title="Estonian University of Life Sciences">Estonian University of Life Sciences</a> published in 2016, which did not state the exact number of farms in existence but did outline that the mink and fox farms employed 74 full-time workers in 2014, with the majority concentrated in the largest factory in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic States</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karjak%C3%BCla" title="Karjaküla">Karjaküla</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Estonian_Public_Broadcasting_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estonian_Public_Broadcasting-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also reported the chinchilla farms employed 20.5 full-time workers in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activists have voiced their concern about the bias inherent in the study, which according to them by and large ignored ethical and environmental arguments, as a number of the experts in the study panel were found to have direct links to and vested interests in the fur industry.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission is expected to formulate their opinion and vote whether the petition would move on to a law drafting phase and public discussion in the full quorum of the parliament in the fall of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 August 2016, activists launched an additional international petition inviting the <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonian Parliament</a> to ban fur farming in the country at change.org.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonian parliament banned fur farms on 2 June 2021. There is a transitional period that permits keeping mink and raccoon dogs in farms until the end of 2025 if the permit was issued before 1 July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_industry_in_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fur_industry_in_Finland.jpg/220px-Fur_industry_in_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fur_industry_in_Finland.jpg/330px-Fur_industry_in_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fur_industry_in_Finland.jpg/440px-Fur_industry_in_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption>Fur animal in Finland in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Finnish citizens have had a right to instigate parliamentarian law initiatives since 2012. The first citizens' initiative to gain enough signatures was that instituting a ban on fur farming. Some 70,000 citizens signed the initiative within the required time period in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a march to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Helsinki" title="Parliament House, Helsinki">Parliament House, Helsinki</a> on 18 June.,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four to five hundred people appealed to members of parliament to approve the citizens' initiative to ban fur farming. According to animal expert MSc Sesse Koivisto (wife of Ilkka Koivisto ex-director of the <a href="/wiki/Korkeasaari_Zoo" title="Korkeasaari Zoo">Korkeasaari Zoo</a>) in Helsingin Sanomat in 2010, fur farming did not provide acceptable conditions for the animals. In order to stop the suffering of animals, she demanded a ban on fur farming in Helsingin Sanomat, as in some other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 June 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Jyrki_Katainen%27s_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyrki Katainen's cabinet">Finnish Parliament</a> rejected the first citizens' initiative to ban fur farming. A positive development in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">politics of Finland</a> was that the initiative was taken in the Parliament for public voting.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Finland in August 2016, there were about 950 active fur farms. The breeding of fur-animals has had a long tradition in Finland, having been professionally conducted since the 1920s. Up to 90% of the fur-farming community is situated in the rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnia</a> and employs four to six thousand people. Today, fur farming is strictly regulated by law. The Finnish Furbreeders Association has developed its own national program of certification and animal health welfare that is tied to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9001_standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 9001 standard (page does not exist)">ISO 9001 standard</a> and monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Det_Norske_Veritas" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Norske Veritas">Det Norske Veritas</a>. The fur animals are housed in shelter buildings or halls, where each animal has a specific place marked with a kit card.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> published videos in 2019 and 2021 showing minks with untreated wounds along with foxes with allegedly deformed feet, missing ears, or diseased eyes on the farms.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 September 2020, Environment Minister <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pompili" title="Barbara Pompili">Barbara Pompili</a> announced that France's four remaining mink farms would be closed within the next 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 September 2023, Lithuanian parliament <a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas</a> adopted a law banning fur farming by 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owners of fur farms will be compensated, but the size of the compensations has been the subject of complaints from the business community. They will be paid 3 euros per animal in the first year, 2 euros per animal in the second year and one euro in the final year. The government will also compensate redundancy payments for farm workers and cover costs related to the demolition of buildings, the destruction of equipment and waste management.<sup id="cite_ref-lrt_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrt-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> there were three fur farms in operation as of August 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.ie_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.ie-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These farms focused mainly on the trade of mink fur (some farms which previously used fox fur were winding down operation as such trade is no longer economically viable). In 2006, approximately 170,000 mink and 300 foxes were harvested in the Republic of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furs were exported from the Republic of Ireland to other EU member states or to countries in Asia and North America. In the Republic of Ireland, fur farms were monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_the_Marine" title="Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine">Department of Agriculture</a>, and welfare standards of Ireland and the European Union were required to be adhered to at all times. </p><p>In October 2009, there were discussions within the political sphere on the banning of fur farms in the Republic of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-irishtimes.com_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishtimes.com-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal welfare groups welcomed such proposals,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though concern was highlighted, in terms of its impact on rural communities where alternative industries are scarce. Fur farming in the Republic of Ireland contributed about €15 million per year to the economy as of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.ie_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.ie-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ban was subsequently passed before being overturned by Minister for Agriculture at the time <a href="/wiki/Simon_Coveney" title="Simon Coveney">Simon Coveney</a> of Fine Gael after the party formed a new government following the 2011 election. </p><p>A renewed campaign and efforts to push the Irish government or current Minister for Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Michael_Creed" title="Michael Creed">Michael Creed</a> to re-implement a phase-out ban took place from 2018 to 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the introduction of the Solidarity party's 'Prohibition of Fur Farming Bill 2018', the government gave in to political and public pressure and agreed conclusively through Minister Creed to implement a phase-out ban on fur farming in Ireland with the finer details to be announced afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legislation banning fur farming in Ireland was brought into force on 4 April 2022, resulting in the closure of Ireland's three remaining fur farms.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fur farming of chinchillas and foxes is banned. Legislation to phase out mink fur farming (and thereby effectively all fur farming) by 2024 was approved by the end of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PETA published a video in 2019 alleging that animals were "still suffering terribly" in Russian fur farms, with slaughter methods involving beating, decapitation while conscious, and prolonged electrocution.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2020, Spain culled 100,000 mink after a farm in the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> province was infected with COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of November 2020, there were about 35 to 40 mink farms in Sweden, 10 of which had been infected with COVID-19. The government was not planning any culling as of 9 November 2020, but <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Sweden" title="Animal welfare and rights in Sweden">animal rights group Djurens Rätt</a> was advocating for one in order to minimise the risk of a mutation that could compromise a COVID-19 vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevany_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevany-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fur_Farming_(Prohibition)_Act_2000" title="Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000">Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_Farming_(Prohibition)_(Scotland)_Act_2002" title="Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002">Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002</a></div> <p>After a long campaign of daily protests, an act of parliament was introduced to ban the farming of animals for their fur. Fur farmers were given compensation in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> in 2000. At <a href="/wiki/Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Second reading">second reading</a>, the ban in England and Wales was justified principally on grounds of public morality.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieren_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieren-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the ban, there had been 11 fur farms in the UK producing about 100,000 pelts annually. Respect for Animals Campaign director Mark Glover said at the time: "To keep animals in such conditions in the name of fashion is totally unacceptable in a civilised society." </p><p>"We're the first country to introduce a national ban. It is a massive victory for us." </p><p>The Bill honoured Labour's pre-election pledge to end fur factory farming.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the last fur farm in Scotland had closed in 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> nevertheless banned fur farming in 2002. Fur farming was also banned in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in 2002 under the Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Northern Ireland) Order 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Corporate_Watch" title="Corporate Watch">Corporate Watch</a> in 2019 the UK was importing more than £55m worth of fur, including £5.3m from China.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022 an animal rights campaign group "Shut Down T&S Rabbits" succeeded in closing down a network of rabbit meat and fur farms across the East Midlands region.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pandemic_risk">Pandemic risk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pandemic risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2023 editorial for <i>PNAS</i>, scholars in the Department of Infectious Disease at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> argued that "mink, more so than any other farmed species, pose a risk for the emergence of future disease outbreaks and the evolution of future pandemics."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></div> <p>On 6 November 2020, Denmark announced it would cull its entire 17 million mink population, divided over more than 1,000 Danish mink farms, as an emergency measure to prevent the spread of a mutated strain of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, of which at least five cases were found.<sup id="cite_ref-Denmark_culling_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denmark_culling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 9 November, more than 200 people have been infected with mink-related coronavirus,<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 7 out of the 11 municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/North_Jutland_Region" title="North Jutland Region">North Jutland Region</a> were put under a strict lockdown from 6 November until at least 3 December to contain the spread.<sup id="cite_ref-North_Jutland_lockdown_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Jutland_lockdown-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 November, the process was put on hold due to political opposition, which argued that there was not enough scientific evidence yet whether the new virus variant was dangerous and thus whether the culling was necessary, given the loss of livelihood for fur farmers it would result in.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevany_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevany-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, 2.5 million of its estimated 15 to 17 million mink population had already been culled. A Danish fur farmer interests association agreed that the culling should take place eventually, but that an agreement on proper compensation of the farmers should be reached beforehand. Meanwhile, it had been discovered that the North Jutland Region lockdown had been insufficient, as the mutated coronavirus had already spread to hundreds of mink farms elsewhere in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Danish government halted the mandatory culling in mid-November, it still recommended culling, which continued on a voluntary basis. Industry group <a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen_Fur" title="Kopenhagen Fur">Kopenhagen Fur</a> (accounting for 40% of mink production worldwide) announced it would gradually cease operations in 2–3 years because the circumstances had critically undermined the future of the global fur trade. An <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">ECDC</a> risk report warned that the Danish mink-mutated coronavirus, called Cluster 5, was a danger that had to be controlled, although the gravity was not yet fully understood. Leading American virologist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> downplayed the risk posed by Cluster 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands_2">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands</a>, by 25 May 2020 there were two cases where minks had infected humans with an apparently mutated form of the virus. There was high political pressure on the Agriculture Minister <a href="/wiki/Carola_Schouten" title="Carola Schouten">Carola Schouten</a> to immediately cull all minks to prevent spreading this new version to humans. On 26 May, Schouten decided to wait for the veterinary epidemiological research report of 29 May, and said culling was only to be employed as a 'last resort'. Demands to execute all minks immediately, to prevent a fur farm from restarting operations after having been culled due to COVID-19 infections, and to phase out fur farming earlier than the agreed date of 1 January 2024, were all rejected by the minister as legally impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-NOS_26-05-2020_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOS_26-05-2020-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the testing report was completed, Minister Schouten in early June that 10 mink farms in Brabant and Limburg had to be culled to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. An objection from two animal activist groups was overruled by the court. On 6 June 2020 the culling of around 1,500 mother minks with about 4 to 5 pups each at a farm in Deurne was commenced, later 9 others would follow in Milheeze (two), De Mortel, Elsendorp, Beek en Donk, Deurne, Landhorst and Venray.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleven_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleven-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 August 2020, the government decided to move the definitive prohibition on fur farming forward to 1 March 2021. This decision was taken on the advice of the Outbreak Management Team (OMT) when more and more of the around 130 remaining mink farms were infected by COVID-19, necessitating containment of the spread and a clear perspective for a sector that, by then, had lost its economic viability and political support.<sup id="cite_ref-Kester_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kester-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November, the Dutch government, on the advice of the OMT, decided to bring forward the phase-out again in order to limit the risk of mutation, with 1 January 2021 as the new target date.<sup id="cite_ref-Nu.nl_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nu.nl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, more than half of all mink farms had already been infected and culled, while preventive culling of not yet infected farms was in full swing to minimise the danger.<sup id="cite_ref-Nu.nl_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nu.nl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) stated on 4 November 2020 that there were 11 mink farms in the United States that had been infected with COVID-19, including in the states of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. At least 8,000 mink had died due to the coronavirus at multiple farms in Utah and almost 3,400 at a Wisconsin farm. The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_Veterinary_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association">Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association</a> advocated culling the mink to prevent infections and especially mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevany_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevany-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming" title="Environmental impacts of fur farming">Environmental impacts of fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wearefur.com/responsible-fur/farming/fur-farming-europe/">"Fur Farming Europe: Regulations, Welfur and Sustainability • We Are Fur"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030854/https://www.wearefur.com/responsible-fur/farming/fur-farming-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fur+Farming+Europe%3A+Regulations%2C+Welfur+and+Sustainability+%E2%80%A2+We+Are+Fur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wearefur.com%2Fresponsible-fur%2Ffarming%2Ffur-farming-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Fur_Trade_Federation-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Fur_Trade_Federation_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Fur_Trade_Federation_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Fur_Trade_Federation" class="citation web cs1">International Fur Trade Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004402/http://www.iftf.com/publctns/4849Intls_eEng.pdf">"The Socio-Economic Impact of International Fur Farming"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>Finland is the top EU producer of fox fur and globally is second only to China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sentient+Media&rft.atitle=Fur+Farming%3A+Is+It+Still+Legal+in+the+United+States%3F&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft.aulast=Mishler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsentientmedia.org%2Ffur-farming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/09/05/covid-19-ends-dutch-mink-farming">"Not fur sale: COVID-19 brings Dutch mink farming to an end"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+are+the+rules+on+wearing+fur%3F&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F4603032.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1035944.stm">MPs vote to ban fur farms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807182135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1035944.stm">Archived</a> 7 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, 22 November 2000. 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Retrieved on 28 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Clover <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040128175619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1999%2F05%2F13%2Fwmin13.html">Europe kicks up a stink over British move to ban mink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph.co.uk">Telegraph.co.uk</a>, 13 May 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infurmation-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infurmation_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infurmation_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infurmation_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116015047/http://www.infurmation.com/furfarmlegislation.php">Fur Farming Legislation Around The World</a>, Infurmation.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20239_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEuropean_Commission2023">European Commission 2023</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415190553/http://www.fashionfinland.com/en/news/article/fur_farmers_backed_into_a_corner/">Fur Farmers Backed into a Corner</a>, fashionFINLAND.com, 2 January 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission20238_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEuropean_Commission2023">European Commission 2023</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furfreealliance.com/czech-fur-farming-ban-signed-president-zeman/">"Czech Fur Farming Ban Signed by President Zeman"</a>. <i>Fur Free Alliance</i>. 5 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810112423/http://www.furfreealliance.com/czech-fur-farming-ban-signed-president-zeman/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fur+Free+Alliance&rft.atitle=Czech+Fur+Farming+Ban+Signed+by+President+Zeman&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.furfreealliance.com%2Fczech-fur-farming-ban-signed-president-zeman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kester-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kester_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kester_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kester_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacha_Kester2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sacha Kester (27 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/op-1-maart-volgend-jaar-is-het-afgelopen-met-de-nertsenhouderij-in-nederland~b2b8743e/">"Op 1 maart volgend jaar is het afgelopen met de nertsenhouderij in Nederland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Volkskrant" title="De Volkskrant">de Volkskrant</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Norway+to+ban+fur+farms+as+fox%2C+mink+go+out+of+fashion&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnorway-to-ban-fur-farms-as-fox-mink-go-out-of-fashion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lrt-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lrt_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrt_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2082407/lithuania-bans-fur-farming-offering-compensations-to-farmers">"Lithuania bans fur farming, offering compensations to farmers"</a>. 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithuania+bans+fur+farming%2C+offering+compensations+to+farmers&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fen%2Fnews-in-english%2F19%2F2082407%2Flithuania-bans-fur-farming-offering-compensations-to-farmers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Briggs2020" class="citation news cs1">Helen Briggs (9 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54842643">"What's the science behind mink and coronavirus?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+science+behind+mink+and+coronavirus%3F&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft.au=Helen+Briggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-54842643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleven-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleven_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleven_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTies_Cleven,_Ad_de_Koning2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ties Cleven, Ad de Koning (6 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bd.nl/brabant/nertsenbedrijf-in-deurne-als-eerste-geruimd-dit-is-voor-ons-ook-nieuw~ae5ae212/">"Nertsenbedrijf in Deurne als eerste geruimd: 'Dit is voor ons ook nieuw'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brabants_Dagblad" title="Brabants Dagblad">Brabants Dagblad</a></i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606101828/https://www.bd.nl/brabant/nertsenbedrijf-in-deurne-als-eerste-geruimd-dit-is-voor-ons-ook-nieuw~ae5ae212/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brabants+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Nertsenbedrijf+in+Deurne+als+eerste+geruimd%3A+%27Dit+is+voor+ons+ook+nieuw%27&rft.date=2020-06-06&rft.au=Ties+Cleven%2C+Ad+de+Koning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bd.nl%2Fbrabant%2Fnertsenbedrijf-in-deurne-als-eerste-geruimd-dit-is-voor-ons-ook-nieuw~ae5ae212%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denmark_culling-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denmark_culling_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denmark_culling_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54818615">"Denmark to cull up to 17 million mink amid coronavirus fears"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Denmark+to+cull+up+to+17+million+mink+amid+coronavirus+fears&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-54818615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nu.nl-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nu.nl_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nu.nl_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nu.nl_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nu.nl/politiek/6089846/omt-adviseert-alle-nertsenfokkerijen-eind-december-al-te-sluiten.html">"OMT adviseert alle nertsenfokkerijen eind december al te sluiten"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nu.nl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu.nl">Nu.nl</a></i> (in Dutch). 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nu.nl&rft.atitle=OMT+adviseert+alle+nertsenfokkerijen+eind+december+al+te+sluiten&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nu.nl%2Fpolitiek%2F6089846%2Fomt-adviseert-alle-nertsenfokkerijen-eind-december-al-te-sluiten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Lewis2020" class="citation news cs1">Sophie Lewis (14 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kopenhagen-fur-shut-down-mink-covid-19-demark/">"Major fur auctioneer to shut down following link between mink and COVID-19 in Demark"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Major+fur+auctioneer+to+shut+down+following+link+between+mink+and+COVID-19+in+Demark&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft.au=Sophie+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fkopenhagen-fur-shut-down-mink-covid-19-demark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An online note is available via WayBack Machine: <ul><li>Sigurd Towrie: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013541/http://www.orkneyjar.com/archaeology/2006/11/30/academics-ponder-orkneys-fox-farming-past/">Academics ponder Orkney's fox-farming past</a>, in: Orkney Jar, 20 November 2006, based on: Journal of Archaeological Science</li></ul> Original references is: <i>Winckelmann-Pelz-Report.</i> Nr. 1814 vom 8th of Dezember, 2006 (German), based on the following sources: <ul><li><i>Daily Record</i> and <i>Scotland Mail</i>, 27.th of November, 2006</li> <li>eMail service of <i>USA Fur Commission</i></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn1991" class="citation news cs1">Burn, John F (26 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/26/business/fur-industry-shrinking-with-no-end-in-sight.html">"Fur Industry Shrinking With No End in Sight"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213213204/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/26/business/fur-industry-shrinking-with-no-end-in-sight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fur+Industry+Shrinking+With+No+End+in+Sight&rft.date=1991-02-26&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=John+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F02%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Ffur-industry-shrinking-with-no-end-in-sight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encarta_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324045840/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574462/Fur_Industry.html">"Fur Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574462/fur_industry.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fur+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761574462%2Ffur_industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJournal1996" class="citation web cs1">Journal, Rosanna TamburriStaff Reporter of The Wall Street (24 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB851389711327998000">"Prices Rise in Fur Industry After Dropping in Late 1980s"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213213153/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB851389711327998000">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Prices+Rise+in+Fur+Industry+After+Dropping+in+Late+1980s&rft.date=1996-12-24&rft.aulast=Journal&rft.aufirst=Rosanna+TamburriStaff+Reporter+of+The+Wall+Street&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB851389711327998000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf">Guidelines on Euthanasia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174132/https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf">Archived</a> 1 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . (PDF). avma.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nova Scotia Mink Breeders Association. (2016). "Mink Farming: Quick Facts". Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nsmink.ca/index.php/mink-farming">https://nsmink.ca/index.php/mink-farming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065744/https://nsmink.ca/index.php/mink-farming">Archived</a> 23 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edchinchillas.co.uk/The_Chin/chapman.html">"Chapman Story"</a>. <i>Edchinchillas.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011204045/http://www.edchinchillas.co.uk/The_Chin/chapman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edchinchillas.co.uk&rft.atitle=Chapman+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edchinchillas.co.uk%2FThe_Chin%2Fchapman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.empresschinchilla.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>Empress Chinchilla</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729070901/https://www.empresschinchilla.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furcommission.com/farming/foxfarming.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Riigi Teataja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914113842/https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/504072016001/consolide">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Riigikogu+Rules+of+Procedure+and+Internal+Rules+Act+%E2%80%93+Riigi+Teataja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2F504072016001%2Fconsolide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003151727/http://etv.err.ee/v/elusaated/pealtnagija/pn_ekstra/0a228cef-1db9-4286-b2f8-38829b669c64/pn-ekstra-loomaoiguslaste-sudantlohestav-salavideo">"PN Ekstra: Loomaõiguslaste südantlõhestav salavideo"</a>. Estonian Public Broadcasting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etv.err.ee/v/elusaated/pealtnagija/pn_ekstra/0a228cef-1db9-4286-b2f8-38829b669c64/pn-ekstra-loomaoiguslaste-sudantlohestav-salavideo">the original</a> on 3 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PN+Ekstra%3A+Looma%C3%B5iguslaste+s%C3%BCdantl%C3%B5hestav+salavideo&rft.pub=Estonian+Public+Broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetv.err.ee%2Fv%2Felusaated%2Fpealtnagija%2Fpn_ekstra%2F0a228cef-1db9-4286-b2f8-38829b669c64%2Fpn-ekstra-loomaoiguslaste-sudantlohestav-salavideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.le.ee/2014/11/17/loomakaitsjad-annavad-riigikogule-ule-10-000-karusloomafarmide-keelustamise-toetaja-allkirja/">"Loomakaitsjad annavad riigikogule üle 10 000 karusloomafarmide keelustamise toetaja allkirja | Lääne Elu"</a>. Lääne Elu. 17 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911061422/http://online.le.ee/2014/11/17/loomakaitsjad-annavad-riigikogule-ule-10-000-karusloomafarmide-keelustamise-toetaja-allkirja/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loomakaitsjad+annavad+riigikogule+%C3%BCle+10+000+karusloomafarmide+keelustamise+toetaja+allkirja+%7C+L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne+Elu&rft.pub=L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne+Elu&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.le.ee%2F2014%2F11%2F17%2Floomakaitsjad-annavad-riigikogule-ule-10-000-karusloomafarmide-keelustamise-toetaja-allkirja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.err.ee/v/74cc9fd8-df66-4044-b60b-e5e1e527510d">"Over 10,000 signatures given to ban fur farming"</a>. Estonian Public Broadcasting. 17 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003152024/http://news.err.ee/v/74cc9fd8-df66-4044-b60b-e5e1e527510d">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+10%2C000+signatures+given+to+ban+fur+farming&rft.pub=Estonian+Public+Broadcasting&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2Fv%2F74cc9fd8-df66-4044-b60b-e5e1e527510d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petitsioon.ee/karusloomafarmid">"Aita keelustada karusloomafarmid!"</a>. <i>petitsioon.ee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102201206/http://petitsioon.ee/karusloomafarmid">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=petitsioon.ee&rft.atitle=Aita+keelustada+karusloomafarmid%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpetitsioon.ee%2Fkarusloomafarmid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uudised.err.ee/v/eesti/16901937-fd60-48b0-bc6c-b311ea401097">"Eesti naaritsafarmid tegutsevad aastaid loata"</a>. Pealtnägija, Estonian Public Broadcasting. 17 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901154413/http://uudised.err.ee/v/eesti/16901937-fd60-48b0-bc6c-b311ea401097">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eesti+naaritsafarmid+tegutsevad+aastaid+loata&rft.pub=Pealtn%C3%A4gija%2C+Estonian+Public+Broadcasting&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuudised.err.ee%2Fv%2Feesti%2F16901937-fd60-48b0-bc6c-b311ea401097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uudised.err.ee/v/eesti/5190f943-9bb9-4c26-a0f0-8d180b1efb2b">"Loomaõiguslaste salavideo näitas karusloomakasvatuse telgitaguseid"</a>. Estonian Public Broadcasting. 19 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825175653/https://www.err.ee/524695/loomaoiguslaste-salavideo-naitas-karusloomakasvatuse-telgitaguseid">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looma%C3%B5iguslaste+salavideo+n%C3%A4itas+karusloomakasvatuse+telgitaguseid&rft.pub=Estonian+Public+Broadcasting&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuudised.err.ee%2Fv%2Feesti%2F5190f943-9bb9-4c26-a0f0-8d180b1efb2b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loomadenimel.ee/karusnahalugu/kampaaniast/">"Karusnaha lugu"</a>. Loomade Nimel/In the Name of Animals. 5 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901040751/http://loomadenimel.ee/karusnahalugu/kampaaniast/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karusnaha+lugu&rft.pub=Loomade+Nimel%2FIn+the+Name+of+Animals&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floomadenimel.ee%2Fkarusnahalugu%2Fkampaaniast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loomadenimel.ee/karusnahalugu/uncategorized/press-release-undercover-footage-exposes-the-estonian-fur-industry-once-again/">"Press release: Undercover footage exposes the Estonian fur industry once again"</a>. Loomade Nimel/In the Name of Animals. 20 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914195813/http://loomadenimel.ee/karusnahalugu/uncategorized/press-release-undercover-footage-exposes-the-estonian-fur-industry-once-again/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release%3A+Undercover+footage+exposes+the+Estonian+fur+industry+once+again&rft.pub=Loomade+Nimel%2FIn+the+Name+of+Animals&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floomadenimel.ee%2Fkarusnahalugu%2Funcategorized%2Fpress-release-undercover-footage-exposes-the-estonian-fur-industry-once-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estonian_Public_Broadcasting-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estonian_Public_Broadcasting_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estonian_Public_Broadcasting_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.err.ee/v/ebbe322d-9fc2-4ea1-8a95-2f630f674c28">"Video of Fur Farm Operating Without License Provokes Outrage"</a>. Estonian Public Broadcasting. 18 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003152238/http://news.err.ee/v/ebbe322d-9fc2-4ea1-8a95-2f630f674c28">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+of+Fur+Farm+Operating+Without+License+Provokes+Outrage&rft.pub=Estonian+Public+Broadcasting&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2Fv%2Febbe322d-9fc2-4ea1-8a95-2f630f674c28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911131732/http://www.postimees.ee/v2/3776755/padar-maaelukomisjon-otsustab-karusloomakasvatuste-saatuse-kiiresti">"Padar: maaelukomisjon otsustab karusloomakasvatuste saatuse kiiresti"</a>. <i>Postimees</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postimees.ee/v2/3776755/padar-maaelukomisjon-otsustab-karusloomakasvatuste-saatuse-kiiresti">the original</a> on 11 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Postimees&rft.atitle=Padar%3A+maaelukomisjon+otsustab+karusloomakasvatuste+saatuse+kiiresti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postimees.ee%2Fv2%2F3776755%2Fpadar-maaelukomisjon-otsustab-karusloomakasvatuste-saatuse-kiiresti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pikk.ee/upload/files/Karusloomakasvatuse_uuring_1.pdf">"Final Report - A Study on Fur Farming (in Estonian)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Estonian University of Life Sciences. 29 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911095853/http://www.pikk.ee/upload/files/Karusloomakasvatuse_uuring_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report+-+A+Study+on+Fur+Farming+%28in+Estonian%29&rft.pub=Estonian+University+of+Life+Sciences&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pikk.ee%2Fupload%2Ffiles%2FKarusloomakasvatuse_uuring_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loomus.ee/animal-advocates-impact-analysis-on-fur-farming-is-biased/">"Animal advocates: Impact analysis on fur farming is biased"</a>. <i>loomus.ee</i>. Animal Advocacy Organization Loomus. 3 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927223622/http://loomus.ee/animal-advocates-impact-analysis-on-fur-farming-is-biased/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loomus.ee&rft.atitle=Animal+advocates%3A+Impact+analysis+on+fur+farming+is+biased&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floomus.ee%2Fanimal-advocates-impact-analysis-on-fur-farming-is-biased%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uudised.err.ee/v/eesti/d7b7f8cf-60bd-4dd2-b065-d3b4136e0720/maaelukomisjon-otsustab-karusloomakasvatuste-saatuse-voimalikult-kiiresti">"Maaelukomisjon otsustab karusloomakasvatuste saatuse võimalikult kiiresti"</a>. Estonian Public Broadcasting. 25 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003152215/http://uudised.err.ee/v/eesti/d7b7f8cf-60bd-4dd2-b065-d3b4136e0720/maaelukomisjon-otsustab-karusloomakasvatuste-saatuse-voimalikult-kiiresti">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maaelukomisjon+otsustab+karusloomakasvatuste+saatuse+v%C3%B5imalikult+kiiresti&rft.pub=Estonian+Public+Broadcasting&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuudised.err.ee%2Fv%2Feesti%2Fd7b7f8cf-60bd-4dd2-b065-d3b4136e0720%2Fmaaelukomisjon-otsustab-karusloomakasvatuste-saatuse-voimalikult-kiiresti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loomus.ee/international-petition-calls-on-estonia-to-ban-fur-farms/">"International petition calls on Estonia to ban fur farms"</a>. <i>loomus.ee</i>. Animal Advocacy Organization Loomus. 22 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927223624/http://loomus.ee/international-petition-calls-on-estonia-to-ban-fur-farms/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (21 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C_202301559">"Communication from the Commission on the European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) 'Fur Free Europe' (C/2023/1559)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Official Journal of the European Union</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Communication+from+the+Commission+on+the+European+Citizens%27+Initiative+%28ECI%29+%27Fur+Free+Europe%27+%28C%2F2023%2F1559%29&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FPDF%2F%3Furi%3DOJ%3AC_202301559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFur+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_farming&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716210108/http://www.whiteoak.org/learning/timeline.htm">A Brief History of the Fur Trade</a> – White Oak Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618043345/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761574462">The Fur Industry</a> – <a href="/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224095413/http://www.efba-eu.com/video.html">Fur Farming in Europe</a> – EFBA</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> <small style="">( 139 )</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_welfare" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_welfare" title="Template:Animal welfare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_welfare" title="Template talk:Animal welfare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_welfare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal welfare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_welfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_culling" title="Cormorant culling">Cormorant culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_dehorning" title="Livestock dehorning">Livestock dehorning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_animals" title="Eating live animals">Eating live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals" title="Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals">Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_mill" title="Puppy mill">Puppy mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abnormal_behaviours_in_animals" title="List of abnormal behaviours in animals">Abnormal behaviours in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_psychopathology" title="Animal psychopathology">Animal psychopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_shelter" title="Animal shelter">Animal shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservation" title="Compassionate conservation">Compassionate conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_welfare" title="Conservation welfare">Conservation welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_omnivorism" title="Ethical omnivorism">Ethical omnivorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_freedoms" title="Five freedoms">Five freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_law_enforcement" title="Humane law enforcement">Humane law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_in_animal_ethics" title="Intrinsic value in animal ethics">Intrinsic value in animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue group">Rescue group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSPCA_Assured" title="RSPCA Assured">RSPCA Assured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rs_(animal_research)" title="Three Rs (animal research)">Three Rs principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_biology" title="Welfare biology">Welfare biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain in<br />nonhuman animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_scale" title="Grimace scale">Grimace scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">ASPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Defence_and_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society">Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Defenders_International" title="Animal Defenders International">Animal Defenders International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Party" title="Animal Welfare Party">Animal Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Friend_Society" title="Animals' Friend Society">Animals' Friend Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humane" title="American Humane">American Humane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid_Unlimited" title="Animal Aid Unlimited">Animal Aid Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India" title="Animal Welfare Board of India">Animal Welfare Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Institute" title="Animal Welfare Institute">Animal Welfare Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_Trust" title="Badger Trust">Badger Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_of_Mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Band of Mercy">Band of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Dogs_%26_Cats_Home" title="Battersea Dogs & Cats Home">Battersea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Friends_Animal_Society" title="Best Friends Animal Society">Best Friends Animal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_(animal_charity)" title="Blue Cross (animal charity)">Blue Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_of_India" title="Blue Cross of India">Blue Cross of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_for_the_Wild_International" title="Care for the Wild International">Care for the Wild International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_Protection" title="Cats Protection">Cats Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_in_World_Farming" title="Compassion in World Farming">Compassion in World Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">CAWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_Trust" title="Cinnamon Trust">Cinnamon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_Trust" title="Dogs Trust">Dogs Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Animals" title="Dutch Society for the Protection of Animals">DSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSPCA" title="DSPCA">DSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup_for_Animals" title="Eurogroup for Animals">Eurogroup for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Welfare_Committee" title="Farm Animal Welfare Committee">Farm Animal Welfare Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paws" title="Four Paws">Four Paws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fund_for_the_Replacement_of_Animals_in_Medical_Experiments" title="Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments">FRAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_Care" title="Hedgehog Care">Hedgehog Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Canada" title="Humane Canada">Humane Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Farm_Animal_Care" title="Humane Farm Animal Care">Humane Farm Animal Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">HSUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_International" title="Humane Society International">Humane Society International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Slaughter_Association" title="Humane Slaughter Association">Humane Slaughter Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animal_Rescue" title="International Animal Rescue">International Animal Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">IFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Society_for_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Irish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">ISPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_welfare_organizations" title="List of animal welfare organizations">List of animal welfare organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Connection" title="Marine Connection">Marine Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Abolition_of_Cruel_Sports" title="National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports">National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_Animals" title="Network for Animals">Network for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dowding_Fund_for_Humane_Research" title="Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research">Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPCA-Angell" title="MSPCA-Angell">MSPCA-Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Animal_Welfare_Trust" title="National Animal Welfare Trust">National Animal Welfare Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="National Anti-Vivisection Society">National Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Animals%27_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council for Animals' Welfare">National Council for Animals' Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneKind" title="OneKind">OneKind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Animal_Welfare" title="Party for Animal Welfare">Party for Animal Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_Animals" title="People for Animals">People for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Dispensary_for_Sick_Animals" title="People's Dispensary for Sick Animals">People's Dispensary for Sick Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">RNZSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSPCA" title="RSPCA">RSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSPCA_Australia" title="RSPCA Australia">RSPCA Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Me_(animal_welfare)" title="Save Me (animal welfare)">Save Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Society_for_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">SSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiggywinkles" title="Tiggywinkles">Tiggywinkles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Humane_Society" title="Toronto Humane Society">Toronto Humane Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Federation_for_Animal_Welfare" title="Universities Federation for Animal Welfare">UFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Aid_Foundation" title="Wildlife Aid Foundation">Wildlife Aid Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Horse_Welfare" title="World Horse Welfare">World Horse Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Humane_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Humane Magazine">American Humane Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Protection (magazine)">Animal Protection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AWI_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="AWI Quarterly">AWI Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruel_Sports_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel Sports (magazine)">Cruel Sports</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Advocate_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Advocate (magazine)">Human Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Animal_Welfare_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science">Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Dumb_Animals" title="Our Dumb Animals">Our Dumb Animals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Guardian">The Animals' Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cat (magazine)">The Cat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Zoophilist_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Zoophilist (magazine)">The Zoophilist</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists<br />and workers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Appleby" title="Michael C. Appleby">Michael C. Appleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Bathurst" title="Cynthia Bathurst">Cynthia Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Bershadker" title="Matthew E. Bershadker">Matthew E. Bershadker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Blanke" title="Christa Blanke">Christa Blanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moira_Brown" title="Moira Brown">Moira Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Cameron" title="Jan Cameron">Jan Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_MacArthur_Clark" title="Judy MacArthur Clark">Judy MacArthur Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendra_Coulter" title="Kendra Coulter">Kendra Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ronald_Davies" title="Peter Ronald Davies">Peter Ronald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_Deimer" title="Petra Deimer">Petra Deimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanna_Devine" title="Alanna Devine">Alanna Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Ganzert" title="Robin Ganzert">Robin Ganzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Hammond" title="Celia Hammond">Celia Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Hanlon" title="Alison Hanlon">Alison Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hare" title="Brian Hare">Brian Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrin_Glock" title="Kathrin Glock">Kathrin Glock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Patterson-Kane" title="Emily Patterson-Kane">Emily Patterson-Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lymbery" title="Philip Lymbery">Philip Lymbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Mander" title="Damien Mander">Damien Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Nicol" title="Christine Nicol">Christine Nicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Pacelle" title="Wayne Pacelle">Wayne Pacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Pincott" title="Sharon Pincott">Sharon Pincott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilka_Reinhardt" title="Ilka Reinhardt">Ilka Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Robinson" title="Jill Robinson">Jill Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Sagara" title="Naomi Sagara">Naomi Sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepehr_Salimi" title="Sepehr Salimi">Sepehr Salimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Sansolini" title="Adolfo Sansolini">Adolfo Sansolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Shukla_(animal_welfare_activist)" title="Rakesh Shukla (animal welfare activist)">Rakesh Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Stockin" title="Karen Stockin">Karen Stockin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Strand" title="Patti Strand">Patti Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Varma" title="Sally Varma">Sally Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_M._Widowski" title="Tina M. Widowski">Tina M. Widowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ansell" title="Gertrude Ansell">Gertrude Ansell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Appleton" title="Emily Appleton">Emily Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Baillie-Weaver" title="H. Baillie-Weaver">H. Baillie-Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Bemelmans" title="Madeleine Bemelmans">Madeleine Bemelmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bergh" title="Henry Bergh">Henry Bergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Brancker" title="Mary Brancker">Mary Brancker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Braithwaite" title="Victoria Braithwaite">Victoria Braithwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Caras" title="Roger A. Caras">Roger A. Caras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cronin_(zookeeper)" title="Jim Cronin (zookeeper)">Jim Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Davies_(activist)" title="Brian Davies (activist)">Brian Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lysley_Derriman" title="Gerard Lysley Derriman">Gerard Lysley Derriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dickin" title="Maria Dickin">Maria Dickin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Doggett" title="Marjorie Doggett">Marjorie Doggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Drakoules" title="Alice Drakoules">Alice Drakoules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_J._Eddy" title="Sarah J. Eddy">Sarah J. Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Estcourt-Oswald" title="Agnes Estcourt-Oswald">Agnes Estcourt-Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Fairholme" title="Edward G. Fairholme">Edward G. Fairholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aida_McAnn_Flemming" title="Aida McAnn Flemming">Aida McAnn Flemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Furman" title="Lucy Furman">Lucy Furman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Goldstone" title="Basil Goldstone">Basil Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Goddard" title="Julia Goddard">Julia Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gower" title="Robert Gower">Robert Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colesworthey_Grant" title="Colesworthey Grant">Colesworthey Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Greenwood" title="George Greenwood">George Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gurney" title="Peter Gurney">Peter Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Victoria_Hall" title="Catherine Victoria Hall">Catherine Victoria Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hemingway" title="Edward Hemingway">Edward Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Hirschfeld" title="Rachel Hirschfeld">Rachel Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjoerd_Hofstra" title="Sjoerd Hofstra">Sjoerd Hofstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Hollands" title="Clive Hollands">Clive Hollands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Douglas Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Hoyt" title="John A. Hoyt">John A. Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Bronn_Johnston" title="Velma Bronn Johnston">Velma Bronn Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Knapp" title="Albert Knapp">Albert Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Lander" title="Titus Lander">Titus Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Lane" title="Carla Lane">Carla Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Lemon" title="Etta Lemon">Etta Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Lidiard" title="Victoria Lidiard">Victoria Lidiard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Alpin_MacGregor" title="Alasdair Alpin MacGregor">Alasdair Alpin MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Maple" title="Terry Maple">Terry Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Messer" title="Frederick Messer">Frederick Messer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Irish_politician)" title="Richard Martin (Irish politician)">Richard Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_McGreal" title="Shirley McGreal">Shirley McGreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Cowper-Temple,_Lady_Mount_Temple" title="Georgina Cowper-Temple, Lady Mount Temple">Lady Mount Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Nevins" title="Harriet Nevins">Harriet Nevins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ortt" title="Felix Ortt">Felix Ortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Louisa_Pirkis" title="Catherine Louisa Pirkis">Catherine Louisa Pirkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Phillips" title="Eliza Phillips">Eliza Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Gillette_Phillips" title="Maude Gillette Phillips">Maude Gillette Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Pratt" title="Samuel Jackson Pratt">Samuel Jackson Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Risdon" title="Wilfred Risdon">Wilfred Risdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Roberts_(activist)" title="Peter Roberts (activist)">Peter Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Salter" title="Jan Salter">Jan Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Smithies" title="Catherine Smithies">Catherine Smithies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bywater_Smithies" title="Thomas Bywater Smithies">Thomas Bywater Smithies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Snow" title="Herbert Snow">Herbert Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellin_Prince_Speyer" title="Ellin Prince Speyer">Ellin Prince Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stevens_(animal_welfare_activist)" title="Christine Stevens (animal welfare activist)">Christine Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._S._Steuart" title="Douglas S. S. Steuart">Douglas S. S. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Svendsen" title="Elisabeth Svendsen">Elisabeth Svendsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tealby" title="Mary Tealby">Mary Tealby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Trine" title="Ralph Waldo Trine">Ralph Waldo Trine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Trist" title="Sidney Trist">Sidney Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Venton" title="Ethel Venton">Ethel Venton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Dudley_Ward" title="M. Dudley Ward">M. Dudley Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessey_Wade" title="Jessey Wade">Jessey Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wathes" title="Christopher Wathes">Christopher Wathes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Weber_(activist)" title="Franz Weber (activist)">Franz Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Earle_White" title="Caroline Earle White">Caroline Earle White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Williamson" title="Emily Williamson">Emily Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fergie_Woods" title="H. Fergie Woods">H. Fergie Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Morgan_Wright" title="Alice Morgan Wright">Alice Morgan Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arluke" title="Arnold Arluke">Arnold Arluke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Balcombe" title="Jonathan Balcombe">Jonathan Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balls" title="Michael Balls">Michael Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barstow" title="Geoffrey Barstow">Geoffrey Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Fogle" title="Bruce Fogle">Bruce Fogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Haddon" title="Celia Haddon">Celia Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hurst" title="Jane Hurst">Jane Hurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Hoyt" title="Erich Hoyt">Erich Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._King" title="Barbara J. King">Barbara J. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Lawrence" title="Alistair Lawrence">Alistair Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Macdonald_(biologist)" title="David Macdonald (biologist)">David Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Marchant" title="Jeremy Marchant">Jeremy Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_McMahan_(philosopher)" title="Jeff McMahan (philosopher)">Jeff McMahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mills_(biologist)" title="Daniel Mills (biologist)">Daniel Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy_Montgomery" title="Sy Montgomery">Sy Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Morell" title="Virginia Morell">Virginia Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitlin_O%27Connell-Rodwell" title="Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell">Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Pearson" title="Susan J. Pearson">Susan J. Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Peterson" title="Dale Peterson">Dale Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Reiss" title="Diana Reiss">Diana Reiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Safina" title="Carl Safina">Carl Safina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scully" title="Matthew Scully">Matthew Scully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shapiro_(author)" title="Paul Shapiro (author)">Paul Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Skiff" title="Jennifer Skiff">Jennifer Skiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wohlleben" title="Peter Wohlleben">Peter Wohlleben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thorndike_Angell" title="George Thorndike Angell">George T. Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Beddow_Bayly" title="Maurice Beddow Bayly">Beddow Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(activist)" title="Ernest Bell (activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Berdoe" title="Edward Berdoe">Edward Berdoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Broome" title="Arthur Broome">Arthur Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Burden" title="Jean Burden">Jean Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Carson_(writer)" title="Gerald Carson (writer)">Gerald Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Coleridge" title="Stephen Coleridge">Stephen Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Adam_Dann" title="Christian Adam Dann">Christian Adam Dann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Morewood_Dowsett" title="J. Morewood Dowsett">J. Morewood Dowsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Eyton" title="Audrey Eyton">Audrey Eyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fleming_(veterinary_surgeon)" title="George Fleming (veterinary surgeon)">George Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fletcher_(surgeon)" title="Ralph Fletcher (surgeon)">Ralph Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._W._Hume" title="C. W. Hume">C. W. Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Douglas_Hume" title="E. Douglas Hume">E. Douglas Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Macaulay_(editor)" title="James Macaulay (editor)">James Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basheer_Ahmad_Masri" title="Basheer Ahmad Masri">Basheer Ahmad Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Orpen_Morris" title="Francis Orpen Morris">Francis Orpen Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nicholson_(printer)" title="George Nicholson (printer)">George Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reinhardt" title="Charles Reinhardt">Charles Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Rowley" title="Francis H. Rowley">Francis H. Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._S._Russell" title="W. M. S. Russell">W. M. S. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sherwin" title="Chris Sherwin">Chris Sherwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Spedding" title="Colin Spedding">Colin Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stillman" title="William O. Stillman">William O. Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Taylor" title="Bell Taylor">Bell Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weber" title="Ernst von Weber">Ernst von Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._G._M._Wood-Gush" title="D. G. M. Wood-Gush">D. G. M. Wood-Gush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">Frans de Waal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wirth" title="Hugh Wirth">Hugh Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Youatt" title="William Youatt">William Youatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(animal_welfare_writer)" title="Thomas Young (animal welfare writer)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_advocacy_parties" title="Category:Animal advocacy parties">Animal advocacy parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_killing" title="Category:Animal killing">Animal killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare_and_rights_legislation" title="Category:Animal welfare and rights legislation">Animal welfare and rights legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_sacrifice" title="Category:Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_sanctuaries" title="Category:Animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_testing" title="Category:Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare_and_rights_by_country" title="Category:Animal welfare and rights by country">Animal welfare and rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cruelty_to_animals" title="Category:Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dishes_involving_the_consumption_of_live_animals" title="Category:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals">Dishes involving the consumption of live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fur_trade" title="Category:Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Category:People associated with animal welfare and rights">People associated with animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Whaling" title="Category:Whaling">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />considerations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutha_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutha meat">Kutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim" title="Tza'ar ba'alei chayim">Tza'ar ba'alei chayim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals and<br />festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_animals" title="Blessing of animals">Blessing of animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bous_al_carrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bous al carrer">Bous al carrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_throwing" title="Cock throwing">Cock throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_de_Reines" title="Combat de Reines">Combat de Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_throwing" title="Goat throwing">Goat throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_pulling" title="Goose pulling">Goose pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Primate_Day" title="International Primate Day">International Primate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapparot" title="Kapparot">Kapparot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Meat_Festival" title="Dog Meat Festival">Dog Meat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Buffet_Festival" title="Monkey Buffet Festival">Monkey Buffet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkar_Camel_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushkar Camel Fair">Pushkar Camel Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_das_Bestas_of_Sabucedo" title="Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo">Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_of_the_bulls" title="Running of the bulls">Running of the bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surin_Elephant_Round-up" title="Surin Elephant Round-up">Surin Elephant Round-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_embolado" title="Toro embolado">Toro embolado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_(Scientific_Procedures)_Act_1986" title="Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986">Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_1999" title="Animal Welfare Act 1999">Animal Welfare Act 1999</a> (NZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_2006" title="Animal Welfare Act 2006">Animal Welfare Act 2006</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act of 1966</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(Sentience)_Act_2022" title="Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022">Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_Animals_Act_1876" title="Cruelty to Animals Act 1876">Cruelty to Animals Act 1876</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Directive_2010/63/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Directive 2010/63/EU">EU Directive 2010/63/EU</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Council_Directive_1999/74/EC" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC">EU Directive 1999/74/EC</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Protection_Act_of_1970" title="Horse Protection Act of 1970">Horse Protection Act of 1970</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Animal_Welfare_Society#RA_8485_.E2.80.93_The_Animal_Welfare_Act_of_the_Philippines" title="Philippine Animal Welfare Society">Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">List of animal rights advocates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare" title="Category:Animal welfare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammals_in_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template talk:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammals_in_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_mammals" title="Human uses of mammals">Mammals in culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Draft animal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">Service animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/100px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/150px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/200px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">Bears</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_popular_culture,_films_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes in popular culture, films and literature">Foxes</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures" title="Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures">Jaguars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of koalas">Koalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">Pigs</a></li> <li>Simians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorillas_in_popular_culture" title="Gorillas in popular culture">Gorillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_in_Chinese_culture" title="Monkeys in Chinese culture">Monkeys in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutans_in_popular_culture" title="Orangutans in popular culture">Orangutans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas">Spotted hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_tigers" title="Cultural depictions of tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_weasels" title="Cultural depictions of weasels">Weasels</a></li> <li>Whales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_worship" title="Whale worship">Whale worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcas_in_popular_culture" title="Orcas in popular culture">Orcas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">Wolves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375560#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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