CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd">     <html xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr" >    <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel=”apple-touch-icon-precomposed” href=”/sites/default/themes/bmj/the_bmj/img/icon.png”/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//static.polldaddy.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//crossmark-cdn.crossref.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//scholar.google.com" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/themes/bmj/the_bmj/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/plain" title="Full Text (Plain)" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452.full.txt" /> <meta name="type" content="article" /> <meta name="category" content="editorial" /> <meta name="HW.identifier" content="/bmj/342/bmj.c7452.atom" /> <meta name="HW.pisa" content="bmj;342/jan05_1/c7452" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.1136/bmj.c7452" /> <meta name="DC.Date" content="2011-01-06" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="British Medical Journal Publishing Group" /> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2011" /> <meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.c5347" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.d22" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.325.7361.419" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.329.7456.41" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.324.7334.393" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.d1678" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.d2010" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.d5703" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.e5328" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.e6220" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.d460" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.d1678" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/sbmj.d355" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/sbmj.d1166" /> <meta name="DC.Relation" content="10.1136/bmj.l5477" /> <meta name="DC.Description" content="Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare “Science is at once the most questioning and . . . sceptical of activities and also the most trusting,” said Arnold Relman, former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine , in 1989. “It is intensely sceptical about the possibility of error, but totally trusting about the possibility of fraud.”1 Never has this been truer than of the 1998 Lancet paper that implied a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and a “new syndrome” of autism and bowel disease.⇓ Authored by Andrew Wakefield and 12 others, the paper’s scientific limitations were clear when it appeared in 1998.2 3 As the ensuing vaccine scare took off, critics quickly pointed out that the paper was a small case series with no controls, linked three common conditions, and relied on parental recall and beliefs.4 Over the following decade, epidemiological studies consistently found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.5 6 7 8 By the time the paper was finally retracted 12 years later,9 after forensic dissection at the General Medical Council’s (GMC) longest ever fitness to practise hearing,10 few people could deny that it was fatally flawed both scientifically and ethically. But it has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud. In a series of articles starting this week, and seven years after first looking into the MMR scare, journalist Brian Deer now shows the extent of Wakefield’s fraud and how it was perpetrated (doi:10.1136/bmj.c5347). Drawing on interviews, documents, and data made public at the GMC hearings, Deer shows how Wakefield altered …" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Fiona Godlee" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jane Smith" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Harvey Marcovitch" /> <meta name="article:published_time" content="2011-01-06" /> <meta name="article:section" content="Editorial" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" scheme="teaser" content="<p>Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare</p>" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="BMJ" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="British Medical Journal Publishing Group" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2011/01/06" /> <meta name="citation_mjid" content="bmj;342/jan05_1/c7452" /> <meta name="citation_id" content="342/jan05_1/c7452" /> <meta name="citation_public_url" content="https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452.abstract" /> <meta name="citation_full_html_url" content="https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452.full" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0959-8138" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1468-5833" /> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="BMJ" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1136/bmj.c7452" /> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="21209060" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="342" /> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Editorial" /> <meta name="citation_section" content="Editorial" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fiona Godlee" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jane Smith" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Harvey Marcovitch" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare “Science is at once the most questioning and . . . sceptical of activities and also the most trusting,” said Arnold Relman, former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine , in 1989. “It is intensely sceptical about the possibility of error, but totally trusting about the possibility of fraud.”1 Never has this been truer than of the 1998 Lancet paper that implied a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and a “new syndrome” of autism and bowel disease.⇓ Authored by Andrew Wakefield and 12 others, the paper’s scientific limitations were clear when it appeared in 1998.2 3 As the ensuing vaccine scare took off, critics quickly pointed out that the paper was a small case series with no controls, linked three common conditions, and relied on parental recall and beliefs.4 Over the following decade, epidemiological studies consistently found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.5 6 7 8 By the time the paper was finally retracted 12 years later,9 after forensic dissection at the General Medical Council’s (GMC) longest ever fitness to practise hearing,10 few people could deny that it was fatally flawed both scientifically and ethically. But it has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud. In a series of articles starting this week, and seven years after first looking into the MMR scare, journalist Brian Deer now shows the extent of Wakefield’s fraud and how it was perpetrated (doi:10.1136/bmj.c5347). Drawing on interviews, documents, and data made public at the GMC hearings, Deer shows how Wakefield altered …" /> <meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" /> <meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452" /> <meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="The BMJ" /> <meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare “Science is at once the most questioning and . . . sceptical of activities and also the most trusting,” said Arnold Relman, former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine , in 1989. “It is intensely sceptical about the possibility of error, but totally trusting about the possibility of fraud.”1 Never has this been truer than of the 1998 Lancet paper that implied a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and a “new syndrome” of autism and bowel disease.⇓ Authored by Andrew Wakefield and 12 others, the paper’s scientific limitations were clear when it appeared in 1998.2 3 As the ensuing vaccine scare took off, critics quickly pointed out that the paper was a small case series with no controls, linked three common conditions, and relied on parental recall and beliefs.4 Over the following decade, epidemiological studies consistently found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.5 6 7 8 By the time the paper was finally retracted 12 years later,9 after forensic dissection at the General Medical Council’s (GMC) longest ever fitness to practise hearing,10 few people could deny that it was fatally flawed both scientifically and ethically. But it has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud. In a series of articles starting this week, and seven years after first looking into the MMR scare, journalist Brian Deer now shows the extent of Wakefield’s fraud and how it was perpetrated (doi:10.1136/bmj.c5347). Drawing on interviews, documents, and data made public at the GMC hearings, Deer shows how Wakefield altered …" /> <meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="og:image" property="og:image" content="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/highwire/bmj/387/8450.cover-source.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:image" property="twitter:image" content="https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/342/bmj.c7452/F1.large.jpg"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" title="Powerpoint" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452.ppt" /> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];window.dataLayer.push({"page":{"hwTitle":"Wakefield\u2019s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent","hwUrl":"https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452","hwPath":"/content/342/bmj.c7452","hwType":"journal page"},"user":{"hwMemberID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitutionID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitution":"","hwAccessUsageTerms":"guest","hwRegisteredUser":"no","hwHasFullTextAccess":"yes","hwEntitled":"no","mail":"e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"},"content":{"hwIssueDate":"2011-01-06","hwIssueDateTime":"2011-01-06 00:29:02","hwPublicationDate":"2011-01-06","hwPublicationDateTime":"2011-01-06 00:29:02","hwNlmArticleType":"editorial","hwDOI":"10.1136/bmj.c7452","hwAuthors":"Fiona Godlee,Jane Smith,Harvey Marcovitch","hwContributors":"","hwIsEarlyRelease":"no","hwEissn":"1468-5833","hwPissn":"0959-8138","hwVolume":"342","hwIssue":"","hwArticleType":"Editorial","hwTabView":"main_tab","hwViewType":"full","hwAccessType":"Free","hwOpenAccess":"no","hwFreeAccess":"yes","hwTaxonomy":"MMR|Child and adolescent psychiatry|Child and adolescent psychiatry (paedatrics)|Competing interests (ethics)|Dentistry and oral medicine|Infectious diseases","hwCorpusCode":"bmj","hwType":"article","hwSubtitle":null,"hwOverline":null,"hwPisaId":"bmj;342/jan05_1/c7452","hwFirstPage":null,"hwLastPage":null,"hwIsLatestVersion":"yes","hwIsCurrentIssue":"no","hwIsOpenIssue":"no","hwHasFullText":"yes","hwHasPDF":"yes","hwParentTitle":"BMJ: 342","hwElectronicPubDate":"2011-01-06","hwElectronicPubDateTime":"2011-01-06 00:29:02"}}); //--><!]]></script> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.bmj.com/node/197724" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" /> <title>Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent | The BMJ</title>   <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__FiHqHoPUdv6CHw5dUEIfFV7jpYTgBb1JUncssjaxHyo__1sncCi_mkZlnZk1lpMbS0Ko6gldf3d0A0WKzvsoV5h4__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/2.2.1/jquery.qtip.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__K-qfO7iI4V_lwcmeBrmTB_sZxM1pxxWTK2hPw7F20iY__nGvxGXsd-EWhbiXQOCcRsTI7aW5EzLwnobIGD78S7u0__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__hcEfBsSfdZ2na-rT9Jhk7K2mHyy5KBdPKm6ia_F7MYU__4716zpuGoj4DfVIEENbeOWgAOX_pf_t16EI4fvJGo7A__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.css" media="print" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__b-tWEqg3_twqP_ufdNXyA5V14StJgBdiIxG1UIi0LYc__3z5eyFP7TvyPE6DkwNj3xM94b3mZNfr4lSWEChDxsvU__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.css" media="screen" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-BkZ71IF4pBXmZfP4vYyswWdIhuaKktrUUQ4i2vtUVo__0i_0YcYkMECNn0z7FdhNoJ8gLWleqnTtjnHRAmLijvc__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.css" media="all" /> <link href="/sites/default/themes/bmj/the_bmj/css/fonts.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css"> <style media="screen" type="text/css"> .page-news #latest-blogs h2.pane-title, .bootstrap-threecol-4-4-4 #latest-blogs h2.pane-title { width: 153px !important; } #navigation-wrapper #navigation .main-navigation .menu.nav>li.last { display: block !important; } </style>  <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/tcf.stub.js"" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8"></script>  <script src="https://cookie-cdn.cookiepro.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="565e50dd-f6e9-46d6-91cd-5c40a270264f"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OnetrustAdsConsent(){ if(googletag.apiReady){ //console.log("GoogleTag API ready") googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); if(OptanonActiveGroups.match(/,4,/)){ googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(0); //googletag.pubads().refresh(); } else{ googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1); // googletag.pubads().refresh(); } } else{ OnetrustAdsConsent(); } } function OptanonWrapper() { OnetrustAdsConsent(); } </script>  <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__wQYYWLUWErxls_q7a6fk-aoyATq9qiA4xZWj_nuQWIY__idPe4msTM3VewG9y-TVQn9f3_mIGnqFi2cuHIkTOFDs__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/2.2.1/jquery.qtip.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__Q8PYAaGQieO0fKSQ2WUY8wNE6N7XqjX4vMA-HYVMgXs__iI4vmE8fK-pn1K2RNrgaR1PxMGPAh7XFgxW8PkOzAD0__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en&render=explicit&onload=drupalRecaptchaOnload"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__KRItDHdFNWCWGh10fG2AsZj0k6MqLpTrUHmgPnkfuSQ__q9D70vJTrTKWmwCWHdcjG7N3DOgFtY1GGLakOPzym6Q__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__UUwMbpErCBHAQQqH_Cxzi20oSmMoxcbKeYV6qoD70qc__skFUSUohWkyaYdPjJ2LSEF0xKVUuQTqmOxG-9og_468__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__7tN13Z_jEtWpAlHc4vWZWrFePCNhuslRS59mkCehpG8__hIhm4v2jj35Ek3jyTBAduhmH_HOFYDYH-VH1JBUELWg__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script>var _prum=[['id', '612e3f1b1733500011000061'], ['mark', 'firstbyte', (new Date()).getTime()]]; (function() { var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0], p=document.createElement('script'); p.async='async'; p.src='//rum-static.pingdom.net/prum.min.js';s.parentNode.insertBefore(p,s);})();</script> <script>if(typeof window.MathJax === "undefined") window.MathJax = { menuSettings: { zoom: "Click" } };</script> <script async="async" src="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_js/casa.js"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings,{"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"the_bmj","theme_token":"OdrCBJC3IGts-fcqZG5_DpmlSNnfX-NfFP_llqDR1ak"},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px"},"highwire":{"nid":"197724","apath":"\/bmj\/342\/bmj.c7452.atom","pisa":"bmj;342\/jan05_1\/c7452","ac":{"\/bmj\/342\/bmj.c7452.atom":{"access":{"full":true,"reprint":true},"pisa_id":"","apath":"\/bmj\/342\/bmj.c7452.atom","jcode":"bmj"},"bmj;342\/jan05_1\/c7452":{"access":{"full":true},"pisa_id":"bmj;342\/jan05_1\/c7452","apath":"","jcode":"bmj"}},"processed":["highwire_math"],"markup":[{"requested":"long","variant":"full-text","view":"full","pisa":"bmj;342\/jan05_1\/c7452"}],"trendmd":{"trendmd-suggestions":"{\u0022element\u0022:\u0022#trendmd-suggestions\u0022,\u0022track_id\u0022:\u002224814\u0022}"},"dataLayer":"{\u0022page\u0022:{\u0022hwTitle\u0022:\u0022Wakefield\\u2019s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent\u0022,\u0022hwUrl\u0022:\u0022https:\\\/\\\/www.bmj.com\\\/content\\\/342\\\/bmj.c7452\u0022,\u0022hwPath\u0022:\u0022\\\/content\\\/342\\\/bmj.c7452\u0022,\u0022hwType\u0022:\u0022journal page\u0022},\u0022user\u0022:{\u0022hwMemberID\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwLoggedIntoInstitutionID\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwLoggedIntoInstitution\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwAccessUsageTerms\u0022:\u0022guest\u0022,\u0022hwRegisteredUser\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwHasFullTextAccess\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwEntitled\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022mail\u0022:\u0022e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855\u0022},\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022hwIssueDate\u0022:\u00222011-01-06\u0022,\u0022hwIssueDateTime\u0022:\u00222011-01-06 00:29:02\u0022,\u0022hwPublicationDate\u0022:\u00222011-01-06\u0022,\u0022hwPublicationDateTime\u0022:\u00222011-01-06 00:29:02\u0022,\u0022hwNlmArticleType\u0022:\u0022editorial\u0022,\u0022hwDOI\u0022:\u002210.1136\\\/bmj.c7452\u0022,\u0022hwAuthors\u0022:\u0022Fiona Godlee,Jane Smith,Harvey Marcovitch\u0022,\u0022hwContributors\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwIsEarlyRelease\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwEissn\u0022:\u00221468-5833\u0022,\u0022hwPissn\u0022:\u00220959-8138\u0022,\u0022hwVolume\u0022:\u0022342\u0022,\u0022hwIssue\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwArticleType\u0022:\u0022Editorial\u0022,\u0022hwTabView\u0022:\u0022main_tab\u0022,\u0022hwViewType\u0022:\u0022full\u0022,\u0022hwAccessType\u0022:\u0022Free\u0022,\u0022hwOpenAccess\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwFreeAccess\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwTaxonomy\u0022:\u0022MMR|Child and adolescent psychiatry|Child and adolescent psychiatry (paedatrics)|Competing interests (ethics)|Dentistry and oral medicine|Infectious diseases\u0022,\u0022hwCorpusCode\u0022:\u0022bmj\u0022,\u0022hwType\u0022:\u0022article\u0022,\u0022hwSubtitle\u0022:null,\u0022hwOverline\u0022:null,\u0022hwPisaId\u0022:\u0022bmj;342\\\/jan05_1\\\/c7452\u0022,\u0022hwFirstPage\u0022:null,\u0022hwLastPage\u0022:null,\u0022hwIsLatestVersion\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwIsCurrentIssue\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwIsOpenIssue\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwHasFullText\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwHasPDF\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwParentTitle\u0022:\u0022BMJ: 342\u0022,\u0022hwElectronicPubDate\u0022:\u00222011-01-06\u0022,\u0022hwElectronicPubDateTime\u0022:\u00222011-01-06 00:29:02\u0022}}"},"jnl_bmj_infographic":{"infographic_tab":false},"custom_search":{"form_target":"_self","solr":1},"panel_ajax_tab":{"path":"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels_ajax_tab"},"instances":"{\u0022highwire_abstract_tooltip\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:{\u0022width\u0022:20,\u0022height\u0022:20,\u0022border\u0022:1,\u0022offset\u0022:0,\u0022corner\u0022:true},\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-custom hw-tooltip hw-abstract-tooltip qtip-shadow qtip-rounded\u0022,\u0022classes_custom\u0022:\u0022hw-tooltip hw-abstract-tooltip\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022right center\u0022,\u0022my\u0022:\u0022left center\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:true,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022shift\u0022}},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter click \u0022,\u0022solo\u0022:true},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u0022100\u0022}},\u0022highwire_author_tooltip\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:{\u0022width\u0022:15,\u0022height\u0022:15,\u0022border\u0022:1,\u0022offset\u0022:0,\u0022corner\u0022:true},\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-custom hw-tooltip hw-author-tooltip qtip-shadow qtip-rounded\u0022,\u0022classes_custom\u0022:\u0022hw-tooltip hw-author-tooltip\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022top center\u0022,\u0022my\u0022:\u0022bottom center\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:true,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022\u0022}},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022,\u0022solo\u0022:true},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u0022100\u0022}},\u0022highwire_reflinks_tooltip\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:{\u0022width\u0022:15,\u0022height\u0022:15,\u0022border\u0022:1,\u0022mimic\u0022:\u0022top center\u0022,\u0022offset\u0022:0,\u0022corner\u0022:true},\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-custom hw-tooltip hw-ref-link-tooltip qtip-shadow qtip-rounded\u0022,\u0022classes_custom\u0022:\u0022hw-tooltip hw-ref-link-tooltip\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022bottom left\u0022,\u0022my\u0022:\u0022top left\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:true,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022flip\u0022}},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022,\u0022solo\u0022:true},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u0022100\u0022}}}","qtipDebug":"{\u0022leaveElement\u0022:0}","ws_fl":{"width":100,"height":21},"jnl_bmj":{"container_id_share":"article-share-modal","container_id_response":"article-response-modal"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/content\/342\/bmj.c7452?tab=article-alert":true,"\/content\/342\/bmj.c7452":true,"\/login":true},"orcidLogo":{"svg":"\/sites\/default\/themes\/bmj\/the_bmj\/img\/vector_iD_icon.svg"},"bootstrap":{"anchorsFix":"1","anchorsSmoothScrolling":"1","popoverEnabled":"1","popoverOptions":{"animation":1,"html":0,"placement":"right","selector":"","trigger":"click","title":"","content":"","delay":0,"container":"body"},"tooltipEnabled":"1","tooltipOptions":{"animation":1,"html":0,"placement":"auto left","selector":"","trigger":"hover focus","delay":0,"container":"body"}}});</script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; </script>  <script type="text/javascript">var DC = { Date : "", subject : "" };var ga_article_category = "Editorial";var ga_article_page_type = "editorial";var ga_article_pub_year = "2011";var ga_customer_number = "";var ga_user_type = "";DC.Date = "2011-01-06";DC.subject = "";</script>   <style>.async-hide { opacity: 0 !important} </style> <script>(function(a,s,y,n,c,h,i,d,e){s.className+=' '+y;h.start=1*new Date; h.end=i=function(){s.className=s.className.replace(RegExp(' ?'+y),'')}; (a[n]=a[n]||[]).hide=h;setTimeout(function(){i();h.end=null},c);h.timeout=c;})(window,document.documentElement,'async-hide','dataLayer',4000,{'GTM-NF7HCLL':true});</script>   <script>var googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []};</script> <script async src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> var topBottomSizes = [ [970,250],[970,90],[728,90],[468,60],[300,50],[320,100] ]; var mpuSizes = [ [300,250],[300,600],[600,600], ]; //googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-7326006-1'); }); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/21798771943/BMJ.com_HomePage_TOPBanner', topBottomSizes,'div-gpt-ad-7326006-1').addService(googletag.pubads()).setTargeting("pgid", "pubgrade_lib_disabled"); googletag.defineSlot('/21798771943/BMJ.com_HomePage_MPU1', mpuSizes, 'div-gpt-ad-7326006-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21798771943/BMJ.com_HomePage_MPU2', mpuSizes, 'div-gpt-ad-7326006-3').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21798771943/BMJ.com_HomePage_BOTTOM', topBottomSizes, 'div-gpt-ad-7326006-4').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('url', window.parent.location.pathname); // Some examples of ways to enable below. Normally, only one of these // methods should be used. // A) Enable with defaults. //googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ //fetchMarginPercent: 0, // Fetch slots within 1 viewports. //renderMarginPercent: 0, // Render slots within 1 viewports. //mobileScaling: 2.0 // Double the above values on mobile. //}); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script> let cookies = parseCookies(); let bmj_uuid = cookies.bmj_uuid; let bmj_ppid = cookies.bmj_ppid; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function checkUserLoginStatus(dataLayer) { const userMail = dataLayer.find((item) => item.user)?.user?.mail; if (!userMail) { return false; } return userMail !== anonMailId; } const anonMailId = 'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855'; let nonAnonMailId = ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail) === anonMailId ? null : (dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail; let userId = ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.['data-ics']) ?? ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail && nonAnonMailId) ?? bmj_ppid ?? bmj_uuid; document.cookie = 'bmj_ppid=' + userId + '; domain=.bmj.com; path=/; max-age=31622400; SameSite=None; Secure'; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setPublisherProvidedId(userId); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("islogged", checkUserLoginStatus(dataLayer) ? "true" : "false"); googletag.enableServices(); }); window.dataLayer.push({ 'bmj_uuid': bmj_uuid }); </script> </head>   <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type='text/javascript';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NF7HCLL');</script>  </head>  <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-197724 node-type-highwire-article 1 Editorial" >  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NF7HCLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div id="wrapper-outer"> <div id="wrapper"> <header> <div class="bmj-disclaimer"> <p>Intended for healthcare professionals</p> </div> <div class="ad-leaderboard"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-7326006-1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-7326006-1'); }); </script> </div> </div>   <div id="top-nav" role="navigation" class="navbar navbar-static-top"> <div class="container"> <div id="userbar-status"> <ul id="status"> <li class="user-status-link user-status-subscribe phone-menu-item"> <a href="/us/subscribe">Subscribe</a> </li> <li class="user-status-myaccount phone-menu-item"> <div class="btn-group has-submenu"> <a class="btn dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" > My Account <span class="caret" aria-expanded="true"></span> </a> <ul class="jnl-bmj-user-my-account dropdown-menu"><li class="0 first last"><a href="//myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/account/hw-registration.html">My email alerts</a></li> </ul></div> </li> <li class="user-status-bma phone-menu-item"> <a href="//bmjverification.bma.org.uk/validate/userdetails?url=https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452?sso=">BMA member login</a> </li> <div class="btn-group has-submenu"> <a class="btn dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" > Login <span class="caret" aria-expanded="true"></span> </a> <ul class="jnl-bmj-user-signin-popup dropdown-menu"><li class="0 first last"><span><form action="/login" method="post" id="jnl-bmj-user-login-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-8cAwXMNjNUiQfECvKoPga9L8OAa1iZ3RATBgaNuGOOU" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="jnl_bmj_user_login_form" /> <div class="form-type-textfield form-item-name form-item form-group"> <label for="article-p-name">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input class="form-control form-text required" type="text" id="article-p-name" name="name" value="" size="15" maxlength="60" /> </div> <div class="form-type-password form-item-pass form-item form-group"> <label for="article-p-pass">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input class="form-control form-text required" type="password" id="article-p-pass" name="pass" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <div class="link"><div id="edit-forgot" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-forgot"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/user/password" title="Retrieve your credentials.">Forgot your log in details?</a> </label> </div> </div><div class="link"><div id="edit-activate" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-activate"><a href="//journals.bmj.com/cgi/activate/basic">Need to activate</a> </label> </div> </div><input class="btn form-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit--8" name="op" value="Login" /><div id="edit-message" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> </div> <hr /><div id="edit-bma-members" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-bma-members"><a href="//bmjverification.bma.org.uk/validate/userdetails?url=https%3A//www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452%3Fsso%3D" title="Log in here if you are a BMA member.">BMA Member Log In</a> </label> </div> <div id="edit-athens" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-athens"><a href="https://openathens-sp.highwire.org/session/init?entityID=https%3A//idp.eduserv.org.uk/openathens&subcode=bmjjournals&hw-shib-return-uri=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.bmj.com%252Fcontent%252F342%252Fbmj.c7452">Log in via OpenAthens</a> </label> </div> <div id="edit-shibboleth" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-shibboleth"><a href="/login/shibboleth?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452&subcode=bmjjournals&env=prod">Log in via your institution</a> </label> </div> </div></form></span></li> </ul></div> </ul> <div id="userbar"> <div class="region region-userbar"> <section id="block-panels-mini-jnl-bmj-country-portal-switcher" class="block block-panels-mini clearfix"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_bmj_country_portal_switcher"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-country-switcher" > <div class="pane-content"> <span class="country-label">Edition: </span> <div class="btn-group has-submenu"> <a class="btn dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" id=country-switcher> US <span class="caret" aria-expanded="true"></span> </a> <ul class="jnl-bmj-country-portal-country-switcher dropdown-menu"><li class="0 first"><a href="/bmj_countries/switch/uk?destination=node/197724">UK</a></li> <li class="1"><a href="/bmj_countries/switch/india?destination=node/197724">South Asia</a></li> <li class="2 last"><a href="/bmj_countries/switch/international?destination=node/197724">International</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  </div> </div> <div id="cmp-link"> <div class="pane-content"> <span class="country-label"><a href="/company?int_source=tbmj&int_medium=header&int_campaign=URLswitch">Our company</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="main-nav" data-spy="affix" data-offset-top="125"> <div class="primary-navigation-bar"> <div id="navigation-wrapper"> <div class="container">  <a href="#" id="btn-nav" class=""> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> </a>  <a class="logo navbar-btn pull-left" href="/" title="Home">  <div class="bmj-logo">The BMJ logo</div> </a> <div class="ie6-site-map"><a href="/sitemap">Site map</a></div>  <div class="main-nav-search"> <div id="search">  <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" title="Search"><div class="search"><em class="fa fa-search" alt="Search"></em><span class="search-label">Search</span></div></a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <div class="header-search-form container"> <div class="searchbar"> <div class="region region-search-block"> <section id="block-search-form" class="block block-search clearfix"> <form class="search-form form-search content-search" action="/content/342/bmj.c7452" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="input-group"><input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="container-inline input-append form-control form-text" placeholder="Search The BMJ" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Search</button></span></div><button class="element-invisible btn btn-primary btn btn-primary form-button" type="submit" id="edit-submit--3" name="op" value="Search">Search</button><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-q5ew7O3vA3V98N6CzL4rP4EtMD1RwpEZ8vh5NPamljU" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> <input type="hidden" name="custom_search_paths" value="search/advanced/[key]" /> </div> </div></form> </section>  </div> </div> <div class="advanced-search"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li><a href="/search/advanced" title="Advanced search">Advanced search</a></li> <li><a href="/rapid-responses" title="Search responses">Search responses</a></li> <li><a href="//blogs.bmj.com/bmj/" title="Search blogs">Search blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <a href="#" id="toggle-mobile-top-nav"> <span class="fa fa-cog"></span> <span class="sr-only">Toggle top menu</span> </a>  <div id="navigation" class="navigation">  <div class="main-navigation"> <nav role="navigation"> <ul class="menu nav navbar-nav"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/coronavirus">covid-19</a></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/us/research" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Research</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/us/research">At a glance</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/research/research">Research papers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/research/research%20methods%20%26amp%3B%20reporting">Research methods and reporting</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/research/minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/us/research/research%20news">Research news</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/us/education" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Education</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/us/education">At a glance</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/education/clinical%20review">Clinical reviews</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/education/practice">Practice</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/education/minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/education/endgames">Endgames</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/specialties/state-art">State of the art</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/specialties/what-your-patient-thinking">What your patient is thinking</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/rapid-recommendations">Rapid recommendations</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/student">Student</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/us/news" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">News & Views</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/us/news">At a glance</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/news?category=News">News</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/feature">Features</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/editorial">Editorials</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/observations">Observations</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/news/opinion">Opinion</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/head%20to%20head">Head to head</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/editor%27s%20choice">Editor's choice</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/letter">Letters</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/obituary">Obituaries</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/us/news/views%20%26amp%3B%20reviews">Views and reviews</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/careers-articles">Careers</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/rapid-responses">Rapid responses</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded dropdown"><a href="/campaigns" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Campaigns</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/campaigns">At a glance</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/better-evidence">Better evidence</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/campaign/climate-emergency">Climate change</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/divestment">Divestment from fossil fuels</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/campaign/patient-partnership">Patient and public partnership</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/too-much-medicine">Too much medicine</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded dropdown"><a href="/careers" data-target="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Jobs</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/careers">Doctor Jobs UK</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/careers/jobs/hospital/">Hospital Jobs UK</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/careers/jobs/general-practice/">GP Jobs UK</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/careers/jobs/international/">International Jobs</a></li> </ul></li> </ul>  <div class="second-navigation"> <ul class="secondary-nav" id=""> <li class="even"><a href="/archive" class="">Archive</a></li> <li class="odd"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-authors" class="">For authors</a></li> <li class="odd last"><a href="http://hosted.bmj.com" class="">Hosted</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="main-container container" id="page">   <div class="row"> <section class="col-sm-12" > <ol class="breadcrumb"><li class="first"><a href="/us/news">News & Views</a></li> <li>Wakefield’s article...</li> <li class="active last">Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent</li> </ol> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="panel-display" > <div class="hero"> <div class="hero-wrapper"> <div class="hero-content" style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 35.5px;"> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="left-content col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-8 col-lg-8"> <article> <div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node197724" data-node-nid="197724" id="node-197724--2826080100" data-pisa="bmj;342/jan05_1/c7452" data-pisa-master="bmj;bmj.c7452" data-apath="/bmj/342/bmj.c7452.atom"><cite class='highwire-cite highwire-citation-bmj-article-top'> <span class='highwire-cite-article-type'>Editorials</span> <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent</h1> <span class='highwire-cite-journal'>BMJ</span> <span class='highwire-cite-published-year'>2011</span>; <span class='highwire-cite-volume-issue'>342</span> <span class='highwire-cite-doi'> doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7452">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7452</a></span> <span class='highwire-cite-date'>(Published 06 January 2011)</span> <span class='highwire-cite-article-as'> Cite this as: <span class="italic">BMJ</span> 2011;342:c7452 </span> </cite> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs pane-panels-ajax-tab-tabs" > <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="tabs inline panels-ajax-tab"><li class="first"><a title="Article Tab - Article" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_bmj_tab_art" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:197724" data-trigger="" data-url-enabled="1"><span>Article</span></a><a title="Article Tab - Article" href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_bmj_tab_art/node:197724/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li><a title="Article Tab - Related Articles" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452/related" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_bmj_tab_related_art" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:197724" data-trigger="related" data-url-enabled="1"><span>Related content</span></a><a title="Article Tab - Related Articles" href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_bmj_tab_related_art/node:197724/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li><a title="Article Tab - Info & Metrics" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452/article-info" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_bmj_tab_info" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:197724" data-trigger="article-info" data-url-enabled="1"><span>Metrics</span></a><a title="Article Tab - Info & Metrics" href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_bmj_tab_info/node:197724/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li><a title="BMJ Article Related Rapid Responses" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452/rapid-responses" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="bmj_related_rapid_responses" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:197724" data-trigger="rapid-responses" data-url-enabled="1"><span>Responses</span></a><a title="BMJ Article Related Rapid Responses" href="/panels_ajax_tab/bmj_related_rapid_responses/node:197724/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li><a title="Article Tab - Peer review" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452/peer-review" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_bmj_tab_peer_review" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:197724" data-trigger="peer-review" data-url-enabled="1"><span>Peer review</span></a><a title="Article Tab - Peer review" href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_bmj_tab_peer_review/node:197724/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> <li class="last"><a title="BMJ Rapid Responses Form" href="/content/342/bmj.c7452/submit-a-rapid-response" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="bmj_rapid_responses_form" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:197724" data-trigger="submit-a-rapid-response" data-url-enabled="1"><i class="fa fa-edit"></i></a><a title="BMJ Rapid Responses Form" href="/panels_ajax_tab/bmj_rapid_responses_form/node:197724/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container" > <div class="pane-content"> <div data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded="jnl_bmj_tab_art" id="panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs" class="panels-ajax-tab-container"><div class="panels-ajax-tab-loading" style ="display:none"><img class="loading" src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif" alt="Loading" title="Loading" /></div><div class="panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_bmj_tab_art"><div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" > <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-corrections" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="messages highwire-corrections highwire-correction-type-correction"><h3 class="highwire-corrections-title">This article has a correction. Please see:</h3><ul class="highwire-corrections-list"><li class="relation-1654002 first last"><a href="/content/342/bmj.d1678">Errata - March 15, 2011</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article fulltext-view"><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><span class="name">Fiona Godlee</span><span class="contrib-role">, editor in chief</span>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">Jane Smith</span><span class="contrib-role">, deputy editor</span>, </li><li class="last" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">Harvey Marcovitch</span><span class="contrib-role">, associate editor</span></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address><sup>1</sup>BMJ, London, UK</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1">Correspondence to: F Godlee <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">fgodlee{at}bmj.com</span></span></li></ol></div><div class="teaser"><p id="p-1">Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare</p></div><p id="p-2">“Science is at once the most questioning and . . . sceptical of activities and also the most trusting,” said Arnold Relman, former editor of the <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em>, in 1989. “It is intensely sceptical about the possibility of error, but totally trusting about the possibility of fraud.”<a id="xref-ref-1-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-1">1</a> Never has this been truer than of the 1998 <em>Lancet</em> paper that implied a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and a “new syndrome” of autism and bowel disease.<a id="xref-fig-1-1" class="xref-down-link" href="#F1"><span>⇓</span></a></p><div id="F1" class="fig pos-float type-theme odd"><div class="fig-inline"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/342/bmj.c7452/F1.large.jpg?width=800&height=600" title="" class="colorbox fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup"></div>"><img class="fragment-image" src="https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/342/bmj.c7452/F1.medium.gif" alt="Figure1"/></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links list-inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/342/bmj.c7452/F1.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure1">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/342/bmj.c7452/F1.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/592642" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><p id="p-3">Authored by Andrew Wakefield and 12 others, the paper’s scientific limitations were clear when it appeared in 1998.<a id="xref-ref-2-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-2">2</a> <a id="xref-ref-3-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-3">3</a> As the ensuing vaccine scare took off, critics quickly pointed out that the paper was a small case series with no controls, linked three common conditions, and relied on parental recall and beliefs.<a id="xref-ref-4-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-4">4</a> Over the following decade, epidemiological studies consistently found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.<a id="xref-ref-5-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-5">5</a> <a id="xref-ref-6-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-6">6</a> <a id="xref-ref-7-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-7">7</a> <a id="xref-ref-8-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-8">8</a> By the time the paper was finally retracted 12 years later,<a id="xref-ref-9-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-9">9</a> after forensic dissection at the General Medical Council’s (GMC) longest ever fitness to practise hearing,<a id="xref-ref-10-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-10">10</a> few people could deny that it was fatally flawed both scientifically and ethically. But it has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud.</p><p id="p-4">In a series of articles starting this week, and seven years after first looking into the MMR scare, journalist Brian Deer now shows the extent of Wakefield’s fraud and how it was perpetrated (doi:<a href="/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.c5347">10.1136/bmj.c5347</a>). Drawing on interviews, documents, and data made public at the GMC hearings, Deer shows how Wakefield altered numerous facts about the patients’ medical histories in order to support his claim to have identified a new syndrome; how his institution, the Royal Free Hospital and Medical School in London, supported him as he sought to exploit the ensuing MMR scare for financial gain; and how key players failed to investigate thoroughly in the public interest when Deer first raised his concerns.<a id="xref-ref-11-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-11">11</a></p><p id="p-5">Deer published his first investigation into Wakefield’s paper in 2004.<a id="xref-ref-12-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-12">12</a> This uncovered the possibility of research fraud, unethical treatment of children, and Wakefield’s conflict of interest through his involvement with a lawsuit against manufacturers of the MMR vaccine. Building on these findings, the GMC launched its own proceedings that focused on whether the research was ethical. But while the disciplinary panel was examining the children’s medical records in public, Deer compared them with what was published in the <em>Lancet</em>. His focus was now on whether the research was true.</p><p id="p-6">The Office of Research Integrity in the United States defines fraud as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.<a id="xref-ref-13-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-13">13</a> Deer unearthed clear evidence of falsification. He found that not one of the 12 cases reported in the 1998 <em>Lancet </em>paper was free of misrepresentation or undisclosed alteration, and that in no single case could the medical records be fully reconciled with the descriptions, diagnoses, or histories published in the journal.</p><p id="p-7">Who perpetrated this fraud? There is no doubt that it was Wakefield. Is it possible that he was wrong, but not dishonest: that he was so incompetent that he was unable to fairly describe the project, or to report even one of the 12 children’s cases accurately? No. A great deal of thought and effort must have gone into drafting the paper to achieve the results he wanted: the discrepancies all led in one direction; misreporting was gross. Moreover, although the scale of the GMC’s 217 day hearing precluded additional charges focused directly on the fraud, the panel found him guilty of dishonesty concerning the study’s admissions criteria, its funding by the Legal Aid Board, and his statements about it afterwards.<a id="xref-ref-14-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-14">14</a></p><p id="p-8">Furthermore, Wakefield has been given ample opportunity either to replicate the paper’s findings, or to say he was mistaken. He has declined to do either. He refused to join 10 of his coauthors in retracting the paper’s interpretation in 2004,<a id="xref-ref-15-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-15">15</a> and has repeatedly denied doing anything wrong at all. Instead, although now disgraced and stripped of his clinical and academic credentials, he continues to push his views.<a id="xref-ref-16-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-16">16</a></p><p id="p-9">Meanwhile the damage to public health continues, fuelled by unbalanced media reporting and an ineffective response from government, researchers, journals, and the medical profession.<a id="xref-ref-17-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-17">17</a> <a id="xref-ref-18-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-18">18</a> Although vaccination rates in the United Kingdom have recovered slightly from their 80% low in 2003-4,<a id="xref-ref-19-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-19">19</a> they are still below the 95% level recommended by the World Health Organization to ensure herd immunity. In 2008, for the first time in 14 years, measles was declared endemic in England and Wales.<a id="xref-ref-20-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-20">20</a> Hundreds of thousands of children in the UK are currently unprotected as a result of the scare, and the battle to restore parents’ trust in the vaccine is ongoing.</p><p id="p-10">Any effect of the scare on the incidence of mumps remains in question. In epidemics in the UK, the US, and the Netherlands, peak prevalence was in 18-24 year olds, of whom 70-88% had been immunised with at least one dose of the MMR vaccine.<a id="xref-ref-21-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-21">21</a> <a id="xref-ref-22-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-22">22</a> Any consequence of a fall in uptake after 1998 may not become apparent until the cohorts of children affected reach adolescence. One clue comes from an outbreak in a school in Essen, Germany, attended by children whose parents were opposed to vaccinations. Of the 71 children infected with mumps, 68 had not been immunised.<a id="xref-ref-23-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-23">23</a></p><p id="p-11">But perhaps as important as the scare’s effect on infectious disease is the energy, emotion, and money that have been diverted away from efforts to understand the real causes of autism and how to help children and families who live with it.<a id="xref-ref-24-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-24">24</a></p><p id="p-12">There are hard lessons for many in this highly damaging saga. Firstly, for the coauthors. The GMC panel was clear that it was Wakefield alone who wrote the final version of the paper. His coauthors seem to have been unaware of what he was doing under the cover of their names and reputations. As the GMC panel heard, they did not even know which child was which in the paper’s patient anonymised text and tables. However, this does not absolve them. Although only two (John Walker-Smith and Simon Murch) were charged by the GMC, and only one, the paper’s senior author Walker-Smith, was found guilty of misconduct, they all failed in their duties as authors. The satisfaction of adding to one’s CV must never detract from the responsibility to ensure that one has been neither party to nor duped by a fraud. This means that coauthors will have to check the source data of studies more thoroughly than many do at present—or alternatively describe in a contributor’s statement precisely which bits of the source data they take responsibility for.</p><p id="p-13">Secondly, research ethics committees should not only scrutinise proposals but have systems to check that what is done is what was permitted (with an audit trail for any changes) and work to a governance procedure that can impose sanctions where an eventual publication proves this was not the case. Finally, there are lessons for the Royal Free Hospital, the <em>Lancet</em>, and the wider scientific community. These will be considered in forthcoming articles.</p><p id="p-14">What of Wakefield’s other publications? In light of this new information their veracity must be questioned. Past experience tells us that research misconduct is rarely isolated behaviour.<a id="xref-ref-25-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-25">25</a> Over the years, the <em>BMJ</em> and its sister journals <em>Gut</em> and <em>Archives of Disease in Childhood</em> have published a number of articles, including letters and abstracts, by Wakefield and colleagues. We have written to the vice provost of UCL, John Tooke, who now has responsibility for Wakefield’s former institution, to ask for an investigation into all of his work to decide whether any more papers should be retracted.</p><p id="p-15">The <em>Lancet</em> paper has of course been retracted, but for far narrower misconduct than is now apparent. The retraction statement cites the GMC’s findings that the patients were not consecutively referred and the study did not have ethical approval, leaving the door open for those who want to continue to believe that the science, flawed though it always was, still stands. We hope that declaring the paper a fraud will close that door for good.</p><div class="section notes" id="notes-2"><h2>Notes</h2><p id="p-18"><strong>Cite this as:</strong> <em>BMJ</em> 2011;342:c7452</p></div><div class="section fn-group" id="fn-group-1"><h2>Footnotes</h2><ul><li class="fn" id="related-article-1"><a href="/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.c5347">Feature, doi:10.1136/bmj.c5347</a></li><li class="fn-conflict" id="fn-1"><p id="p-16">Competing interests: All authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf">www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf</a> (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years. HM chairs GMC fitness to practise panels. He had no association with the Wakefield hearings and the views expressed in this article are his own and do not represent those of the GMC.</p></li><li class="fn" id="fn-2"><p id="p-17">Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.</p></li></ul></div><div class="section ref-list" id="ref-list-1"><h2>References</h2><ol class="cit-list"><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-1-1" title="View reference 1 in text" id="ref-1">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.1"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Schechter AN, Wyngaarden JB, Edsall JT, Maddox J, Relman AS, Angell M, et al. Colloquium on scientific authorship: rights and responsibilities. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">FASEB J</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">1989</span>;<span class="cit-vol">3</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">209</span>-17.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BFASEB%2BJournal%26rft.stitle%253DFASEB%2BJ.%26rft.issn%253D0892-6638%26rft.aulast%253DSchechter%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BN.%26rft.volume%253D3%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D209%26rft.epage%253D217%26rft.atitle%253DColloquium%2Bon%2Bscientific%2Bauthorship%253A%2Brights%2Band%2Bresponsibilities%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2914630%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NjoiZmFzZWJqIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjc6IjMvMi8yMDkiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2Jtai8zNDIvYm1qLmM3NDUyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-2-1" title="View reference 2 in text" id="ref-2">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.2" data-doi="10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell, Casson DM, Malik M, et al. Ileal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children [retracted]. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Lancet</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">1998</span>;<span class="cit-vol">351</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">637</span>-41.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DWakefield%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D351%26rft.issue%253D9103%26rft.spage%253D637%26rft.epage%253D641%26rft.atitle%253DIleal-lymphoid-nodular%2Bhyperplasia%252C%2Bnon-specific%2Bcolitis%252C%2Band%2Bpervasive%2Bdevelopmental%2Bdisorder%2Bin%2Bchildren.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252897%252911096-0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9500320%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=9500320&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000072364200010&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-3-1" title="View reference 3 in text" id="ref-3">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.3" data-doi="10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Chen RT, DeStefano F. Vaccine adverse events: causal or coincidental? <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Lancet </abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">1998</span>;<span class="cit-vol">351</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">611</span>-2.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DChen%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%2BT.%26rft.volume%253D351%26rft.issue%253D9103%26rft.spage%253D611%26rft.epage%253D612%26rft.atitle%253DVaccine%2Badverse%2Bevents%253A%2Bcausal%2Bor%2Bcoincidental%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252805%252978423-3%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9500313%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=9500313&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000072364200003&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-4-1" title="View reference 4 in text" id="ref-4">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.4"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Payne C, Mason B. Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Lancet</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">1998</span>;<span class="cit-vol">351</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">907</span>.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DPayne%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%26rft.volume%253D351%26rft.issue%253D9106%26rft.spage%253D907%26rft.epage%253D907%26rft.atitle%253DAutism%252C%2Binflammatory%2Bbowel%2Bdisease%252C%2Band%2BMMR%2Bvaccine.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9525394%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=9525394&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000072645500052&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-5-1" title="View reference 5 in text" id="ref-5">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.5" data-doi="10.1136/bmj.325.7361.419"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Black C, Kaye JA, Jick H. Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested casecontrol study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">BMJ</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2002</span>;<span class="cit-vol">325</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">419</span>-21.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DBlack%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%26rft.volume%253D325%26rft.issue%253D7361%26rft.spage%253D419%26rft.epage%253D421%26rft.atitle%253DRelation%2Bof%2Bchildhood%2Bgastrointestinal%2Bdisorders%2Bto%2Bautism%253A%2Bnested%2Bcase-control%2Bstudy%2Busing%2Bdata%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BUK%2BGeneral%2BPractice%2BResearch%2BDatabase%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.325.7361.419%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12193358%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiYm1qIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzMjUvNzM2MS80MTkiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2Jtai8zNDIvYm1qLmM3NDUyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-6-1" title="View reference 6 in text" id="ref-6">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.6" data-doi="10.1136/bmj.324.7334.393"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, Andrews N, Simmons A, Stowe J. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">BMJ</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2002</span>;<span class="cit-vol">324</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">393</span>-6.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DTaylor%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%26rft.volume%253D324%26rft.issue%253D7334%26rft.spage%253D393%26rft.epage%253D396%26rft.atitle%253DMeasles%252C%2Bmumps%252C%2Band%2Brubella%2Bvaccination%2Band%2Bbowel%2Bproblems%2Bor%2Bdevelopmental%2Bregression%2Bin%2Bchildren%2Bwith%2Bautism%253A%2Bpopulation%2Bstudy%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.324.7334.393%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11850369%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiYm1qIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzMjQvNzMzNC8zOTMiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2Jtai8zNDIvYm1qLmM3NDUyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-7-1" title="View reference 7 in text" id="ref-7">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.7" data-doi="10.1056/NEJMoa021134"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">N Engl J Med</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2002</span>;<span class="cit-vol">347</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">1477</span>-82.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DMadsen%26rft.auinit1%253DK.%2BM.%26rft.volume%253D347%26rft.issue%253D19%26rft.spage%253D1477%26rft.epage%253D1482%26rft.atitle%253DA%2BPopulation-Based%2BStudy%2Bof%2BMeasles%252C%2BMumps%252C%2Band%2BRubella%2BVaccination%2Band%2BAutism%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa021134%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12421889%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa021134&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=12421889&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000179042700002&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-8-1" title="View reference 8 in text" id="ref-8">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.8" data-doi="10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Child Psychol Psychiatry</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2005</span>;<span class="cit-vol">46</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">572</span>-9.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bchild%2Bpsychology%2Band%2Bpsychiatry%252C%2Band%2Ballied%2Bdisciplines%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BChild%2BPsychol%2BPsychiatry%26rft.aulast%253DHonda%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D46%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D572%26rft.epage%253D579%26rft.atitle%253DNo%2Beffect%2Bof%2BMMR%2Bwithdrawal%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bincidence%2Bof%2Bautism%253A%2Ba%2Btotal%2Bpopulation%2Bstudy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1469-7610.2005.01425.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15877763%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15877763&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000228979000003&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-9-1" title="View reference 9 in text" id="ref-9">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.9" data-doi="10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>The editors of the Lancet. Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Lancet</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">375</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">445</span>.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DThe%2BEditors%2BOf%2BThe%2BLancet%26rft.volume%253D375%26rft.issue%253D9713%26rft.spage%253D445%26rft.epage%253D445%26rft.atitle%253DRetraction--Ileal-lymphoid-nodular%2Bhyperplasia%252C%2Bnon-specific%2Bcolitis%252C%2Band%2Bpervasive%2Bdevelopmental%2Bdisorder%2Bin%2Bchildren.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252810%252960175-4%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20137807%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=20137807&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000274757900010&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-10-1" title="View reference 10 in text" id="ref-10">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.10"><div class="cit-metadata unstructured">Transcripts of hearings of fitness to practise panel (misconduct) in the case of Wakefield, Walker-Smith, and Murch, 16 July 2007 to 24 May 2010. GMC; 2010.</div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-11-1" title="View reference 11 in text" id="ref-11">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.11" data-doi="10.1136/bmj.c5347"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Deer B. Secrets of the MMR scare: how the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">BMJ</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2011</span>;<span class="cit-vol">342</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">c5347</span>.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.c5347%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21209059%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiYm1qIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjE3OiIzNDIvamFuMDVfMS9jNTM0NyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvYm1qLzM0Mi9ibWouYzc0NTIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-12-1" title="View reference 12 in text" id="ref-12">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.12"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Deer B. Revealed: MMR research scandal. <span class="cit-source">Sunday Times</span><span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span> February 22. <a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article1027636.ece">www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article1027636.ece</a>.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-13-1" title="View reference 13 in text" id="ref-13">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.13"><div class="cit-metadata unstructured">Office of Research Integrity. Definition of research misconduct. <a href="http://ori.hhs.gov/misconduct/definition_misconduct.shtml">http://ori.hhs.gov/misconduct/definition_misconduct.shtml</a>.</div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-14-1" title="View reference 14 in text" id="ref-14">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.14"><div class="cit-metadata unstructured">GMC. Andrew Wakefield: determination of serious professional misconduct 24 May 2010. <a href="http://www.gmc-uk.org/Wakefield_SPM_and_SANCTION.pdf_32595267.pdf">www.gmc-uk.org/Wakefield_SPM_and_SANCTION.pdf_32595267.pdf</a>.</div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-15-1" title="View reference 15 in text" id="ref-15">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.15" data-doi="10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15715-2"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Murch SH, Anthony A, Casson DH, Malik M, Berelowitz M, Dhillon AP, et al. Retraction of an interpretation. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Lancet</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">363</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">750</span>.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DMurch%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BH.%26rft.volume%253D363%26rft.issue%253D9411%26rft.spage%253D750%26rft.epage%253D750%26rft.atitle%253DRetraction%2Bof%2Ban%2Binterpretation.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252804%252915715-2%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15016483%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15715-2&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=15016483&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000220092000004&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-16-1" title="View reference 16 in text" id="ref-16">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.16"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Shenoy R. Controversial autism researcher tells local Somalis disease is solvable. <span class="cit-source">Minnesota Public Radio</span><span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span> December 17. <a href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/12/17/somali-autism">http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/12/17/somali-autism</a>.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-17-1" title="View reference 17 in text" id="ref-17">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.17" data-doi="10.1136/adc.2008.154310"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Hilton S, Hunt K, Langan M, Hamilton V, Petticrew M. Reporting of MMR evidence in professional publications: 1988–2007. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Arch Dis Child</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2009</span>;<span class="cit-vol">94</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">831</span>-3.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DArch%2BDis%2BChild%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fadc.2008.154310%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19414434%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTI6ImFyY2hkaXNjaGlsZCI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo5OiI5NC8xMS84MzEiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2Jtai8zNDIvYm1qLmM3NDUyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-18-1" title="View reference 18 in text" id="ref-18">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.18"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Bedford HE, Elliman DAC. MMR vaccine and autism. <span class="cit-source">BMJ</span><span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span> Feb 2;340:c655. </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-19-1" title="View reference 19 in text" id="ref-19">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.19"><div class="cit-metadata unstructured">Health Protection Agency. Completed primary course at two years of age: England and Wales, 1966-1977, England only 1978 onwards. <a href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733819251">http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733819251</a>.</div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-20-1" title="View reference 20 in text" id="ref-20">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.20"><div class="cit-metadata unstructured">Health Protection Agency. Confirmed cases of measles, mumps and rubella 1996-2009. <a href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733833790">http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733833790</a>.</div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-21-1" title="View reference 21 in text" id="ref-21">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.21" data-doi="10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181b056f5"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Jick H, Chamberlin DP, Hagberg KW. The origin and spread of a mumps epidemic: United Kingdom, 2003-2006. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">Epidemiology</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2009</span>;<span class="cit-vol">20</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">656</span>-61.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEpidemiology%2B%2528Cambridge%252C%2BMass.%2529%26rft.stitle%253DEpidemiology%26rft.aulast%253DJick%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D20%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D656%26rft.epage%253D661%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Borigin%2Band%2Bspread%2Bof%2Ba%2Bmumps%2Bepidemic%253A%2BUnited%2Bkingdom%252C%2B2003-2006.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252FEDE.0b013e3181b056f5%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19593154%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181b056f5&link_type=DOI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref"><span>CrossRef</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=19593154&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000269103500007&link_type=ISI" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience"><span>Web of Science</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-22-1" title="View reference 22 in text" id="ref-22">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.22" data-doi="10.1086/655394"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Kutty PK, Kruszon-Moran DM, Dayan GH, Alexander JP, Williams NJ, Garcia PE, et al. Seroprevalence of antibody to mumps virus in the US population, 1999-2004. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">J Infect Dis</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">202</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">667</span>-74.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BInfect%2BDis%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1086%252F655394%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20662720%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NzoiamluZmRpcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo5OiIyMDIvNS82NjciO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2Jtai8zNDIvYm1qLmM3NDUyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-abstract">Abstract</span><span class="cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep">/</span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-23-1" title="View reference 23 in text" id="ref-23">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.23"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Roggendorf H, Mankertz A, Kundt R, Roggendorf M. Spotlight on measles 2010: measles outbreak in a mainly unvaccinated community in Essen, Germany, March-June 2010. <span class="cit-source">Euro Surveill</span><span class="cit-pub-date">2010</span>;<span class="cit-vol">15</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">2</span>. <a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19605">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19605</a>. </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEuro%2Bsurveillance%2B%253A%2B%2Bbulletin%2Beurop%25C3%25A9en%2Bsur%2Bles%2Bmaladies%2Btransmissibles%2B%253D%2BEuropean%2Bcommunicable%2Bdisease%2Bbulletin%26rft.stitle%253DEuro%2BSurveill%26rft.aulast%253DSemenza%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.issue%253D27%26rft.spage%253D2%26rft.epage%253D4%26rft.atitle%253DSocial%2Bdeterminants%2Bof%2Binfectious%2Bdiseases%253A%2Ba%2Bpublic%2Bhealth%2Bpriority.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20630148%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=20630148&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.atom" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline"><span>PubMed</span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-24-1" title="View reference 24 in text" id="ref-24">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-journal" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.24" data-doi="10.1136/bmj.329.7456.41"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Oakley GP, Johnstone RB. Balancing the benefits and harms in public health prevention programmes mandated by governments. <abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev">BMJ</abbr><span class="cit-pub-date">2004</span>;<span class="cit-vol">329</span>:<span class="cit-fpage">41</span>-3. </cite></div><div class="cit-extra"><a href="{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DOakley%26rft.auinit1%253DG.%2BP%26rft.volume%253D329%26rft.issue%253D7456%26rft.spage%253D41%26rft.epage%253D43%26rft.atitle%253DBalancing%2Bbenefits%2Band%2Bharms%2Bin%2Bpublic%2Bhealth%2Bprevention%2Bprogrammes%2Bmandated%2Bby%2Bgovernments%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.329.7456.41%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15231625%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url"><span>OpenUrl</span></a><a href="/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoiYm1qIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjExOiIzMjkvNzQ1Ni80MSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvYm1qLzM0Mi9ibWouYzc0NTIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9" class="cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink"><span><span class="cit-reflinks-full-text"><span class="free-full-text">FREE </span>Full Text</span></span></a></div></div></li><li><a class="rev-xref-ref" href="#xref-ref-25-1" title="View reference 25 in text" id="ref-25">↵</a><div class="cit ref-cit ref-other" id="cit-342.jan05_1.c7452.25"><div class="cit-metadata"><cite>Rennie D. Misconduct and journal peer review. In: Godlee F, Jefferson T eds. <span class="cit-source">Peer Review in Health Sciences</span>, 2nd ed. BMJ Books; <span class="cit-pub-date">2003</span>. p 118-129.</cite></div><div class="cit-extra"></div></div></li></ol></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span id="related-urls"></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-trendmd" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="right-nav col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4"> <aside> <div class="panel-pane pane-service-links" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="service-links"><ul><li class="first"><a href="http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A//www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452&count=horizontal&via=&text=Wakefield%E2%80%99s%20article%20linking%20MMR%20vaccine%20and%20autism%20was%20fraudulent&counturl=https%3A//www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" id="twitter_widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span class="element-invisible">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="last"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=https%3A//www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&action=like&colorscheme=light&width=100&height=21&font=&locale=" id="facebook_like" title="I Like it" class="service-links-facebook-like" rel="nofollow"><span class="element-invisible">Facebook Like</span></a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="oas-ad-middle-1" id="oas-ad-middle-1"> <div class="snippet-content"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-7326006-2"><script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-7326006-2'); }); </script></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-issue-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/content/342/7788" class="btn btn-primary" target="_blank">See other articles in issue 7788</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-article-buttons" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Article tools </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/content/342/bmj.c7452/rapid-responses" class="citation-rr-link"><em class="bmj-icon blue-icon fa fa-comment"></em>78 responses</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-bmj-art-tools" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_bmj_art_tools"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><ul><li class="first"><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-1" > <div class="pane-content"> <p><i class="bmj-icon fa fa-edit"></i><a href="/content/342/bmj.c7452/submit-a-rapid-response">Respond to this article</a></p> </div> </div> </li> <li><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-variant-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <i class="bmj-icon fa fa-print"></i><a href="/content/342/bmj.c7452.full-text.print" data-font-icon="fa fa-print">Print</a> </div> </div> </li> <li><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-minipanel-model-link pane-jnl-bmj-article-page-alerts" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='minipanel-model-wrapper'><div class='minipanel-model-link-link'><i class="bmj-icon fa fa-bullhorn"></i><a href="/#mini-panel-jnl-bmj-article-page-alerts-1" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" data-font-icon="fa fa-bullhorn">Alerts & updates</a></div><div id="mini-panel-jnl-bmj-article-page-alerts-1" class="panel-collapse collapse"><div class="minipanel-header"><h4 class="minipanel-label">Article alerts</h4><div class="short-description"><div class="alerts-marketing">Please note: your email address is provided to the journal, which may use this information for marketing purposes.</div></div></div><div class="minipanel-body"><div class="panel-display row bootstrap-onecol" id="mini-panel-jnl_bmj_article_page_alerts"> <div class="panel-panel col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-2" > <div class="pane-content"> <h4 class="minipanel-label">Log in or register:</h4> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-alerts-login-form" > <div class="pane-content"> <form action="/content/342/bmj.c7452?tab=article-alert" method="post" id="user-login-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-type-textfield form-item-name form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-name">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input class="form-control form-text required" type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="15" maxlength="60" /> </div> <div class="form-type-password form-item-pass form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-pass">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input class="form-control form-text required" type="password" id="edit-pass" name="pass" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-1GGgcgGD5l75H_vqB--yJeDeMfNJcNClfmDo_ODgYYI" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_alerts_user_login" /> <input class="btn form-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Log in" /></div></form> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-3" id="register-for-alerts" > <div class="pane-content"> <p><a class="btn register-button" href="//myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/registration.html?regService=bmj-registration&fwdUrl=https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452?tab=article-alert&itemId=pr1906">Register for alerts</a><br /> <div class="alerts-email"><i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> If you have registered for alerts, you should use your registered email address as your username</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-minipanel-model-link pane-article-page-citation-download" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='minipanel-model-wrapper'><div class='minipanel-model-link-link'><i class="bmj-icon fa fa-globe"></i><a href="/#mini-panel-article-page-citation-download-1" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" data-font-icon="fa fa-globe">Citation tools</a></div><div id="mini-panel-article-page-citation-download-1" class="panel-collapse collapse"><div class="minipanel-header"><h4 class="minipanel-label">Download this article to citation manager</h4></div><div class="minipanel-body"><div class="panel-display row bootstrap-onecol" id="mini-panel-article_page_citation_download"> <div class="panel-panel col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-citation-export" > <div class="pane-content"> <div> <div class="highwire-citation-info"> <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node197724--3" data-node-nid="197724" id="node-197724--484311243" data-pisa="bmj;342/jan05_1/c7452" data-pisa-master="bmj;bmj.c7452" data-apath="/bmj/342/bmj.c7452.atom"><div id="jnl_bmj_custom_authors" style="display: none;"><span data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Fiona</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Godlee</span></span>, <span data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jane</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Smith</span></span>, <span data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Harvey</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Marcovitch</span></span></div> <div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-bmj-article-citation-export clearfix" > <span class="highwire-cite-authors" ><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><span data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-surname">Godlee</span> <span class="nlm-given-names">F</span></span>, <span data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-surname">Smith</span> <span class="nlm-given-names">J</span></span>, <span data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-surname">Marcovitch</span> <span class="nlm-given-names">H</span></span>. </body></html> </span> <span class="highwire-cite-title article-title">Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent</span> <span class="highwire-cite-metadata" ><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">BMJ </span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">2011; </span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">342 </span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">:c7452 </span></span> <span class="article-doi" >doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="highwire-citation-formats"> <div class="highwire-citation-formats-links"> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.spage&rft.epage&rft.atitle=Wakefield%E2%80%99s%20article%20linking%20MMR%20vaccine%20and%20autism%20was%20fraudulent&rft.volume=342&rft.issue&rft.date=2011-01-06%2000%3A29%3A02&rft.stitle&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.au=Godlee%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jane&rft.au=Marcovitch%2C+Harvey"></span><h3></h3><ul class="bmj-citation-links"><li class="first">BibTeX (win & mac)<a href="/highwire/citation/197724/bibtext" class="citation-link btn btn-primary pull-right">Download</a></li> <li>EndNote (tagged)<a href="/highwire/citation/197724/endnote-tagged" class="citation-link btn btn-primary pull-right">Download</a></li> <li>EndNote 8 (xml)<a href="/highwire/citation/197724/endnote-8-xml" class="citation-link btn btn-primary pull-right">Download</a></li> <li>RefWorks Tagged (win & mac)<a href="/highwire/citation/197724/refworks-tagged" class="citation-link btn btn-primary pull-right">Download</a></li> <li>RIS (win only)<a href="/highwire/citation/197724/ris" class="citation-link btn btn-primary pull-right">Download</a></li> <li class="last">Medlars<a href="/highwire/citation/197724/medlars" class="citation-link btn btn-primary pull-right">Download</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Help </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="jnl-bmj-citation-download-help" id="jnl-bmj-citation-download-help"> <div class="snippet-content"> <div class="citation-help"> <p class="citation-manager">If you are unable to import citations, please contact technical support for your product directly (links go to external sites):</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.endnote.com/support/ensupport.asp">EndNote</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.procite.com/support/pcsupport.asp">ProCite</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.refman.com/support/rmsupport.asp">Reference Manager</a></li> <li><a href= "http://www.refworks.com/content/products/content.asp">RefWorks</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.zotero.org/support">Zotero</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="last"><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-permission-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <i class="bmj-icon icon-copyright"></i><a href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=BMJ&publication=bmj&title=Wakefield%E2%80%99s%20article%20linking%20MMR%20vaccine%20and%20autism%20was%20fraudulent&publicationDate=01/06/2011&author=Fiona%20Godlee%2C%20Jane%20Smith%2C%20Harvey%20Marcovitch&contentID=10.1136/bmj.c7452&volumeNum=342&issueNum=&startPage=&endPage=&copyright=BMJ%20Publishing%20Group%20Ltd&oa=n&orderBeanReset=1&link_type=PERMISSIONDIRECT&atom=/bmj/342/bmj.c7452.atom" rel="external" class="bmj-permission-link request-permissions" target="_blank" data-font-icon="icon-copyright">Request permissions</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-bmj-article-share-modal" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display row bootstrap-onecol" id="mini-panel-bmj_article_share_modal"> <div class="panel-panel col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-article-links" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="bmj-article-links minipanel-model-wrapper"><ul class="links"><li><div class="minipanel-model-link-link"><i class="bmj-icon fa fa-user"></i><a data-font-icon="fa fa-bullhorn" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="/#mini-panel-jnl-bmj-article-page-citation" class="collapsed">Author citation</a></div></li></ul><div style="height: 0px;" id="mini-panel-jnl-bmj-article-page-citation" class="panel-collapse collapse"><ul class="links"><li class="0 first"><a href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=Godlee%20Fiona%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50" target="_blank">Articles by Fiona Godlee</a></li> <li class="1"><a href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=Smith%20Jane%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50" target="_blank">Articles by Jane Smith</a></li> <li class="2 last"><a href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=Marcovitch%20Harvey%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50" target="_blank">Articles by Harvey Marcovitch</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="bmj-article-links"><ul class="links"><li class="0 first last"><a href="//portfolio.bmj.com/portfolio/add-to-portfolio.html?t=Wakefield%E2%80%99s%20article%20linking%20MMR%20vaccine%20and%20autism%20was%20fraudulent&u=https%3A//www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452" target="_blank" id="add-to-bmj-portfolio" class="bmj-portfolio" rel="nofollow">Add article to BMJ Portfolio</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-minipanel-model-link pane-jnl-bmj-article-button-email-to" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='minipanel-model-wrapper'><div class='minipanel-model-link-link'><i class="bmj-icon icon-email"></i><a href="/#mini-panel-jnl-bmj-article-button-email-to-1" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" data-font-icon="icon-email">Email to a friend</a></div><div id="mini-panel-jnl-bmj-article-button-email-to-1" class="panel-collapse collapse"><div class="minipanel-header"><h4 class="minipanel-label">Forward this page</h4></div><div class="minipanel-body"><div class="panel-display row bootstrap-onecol" id="mini-panel-jnl_bmj_article_button_email_to"> <div class="panel-panel col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-forward-form" > <div class="pane-content"> <form action="/content/342/bmj.c7452" method="post" id="forward-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div id="edit-instructions" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> <p>Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.</p><p>NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.</p> </div> <div class="form-type-textfield form-item-name form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-name--2">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input class="form-control form-text required" type="text" id="edit-name--2" name="name" value="" size="58" maxlength="256" /> </div> <div class="form-type-textfield form-item-email form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-email">Your Email <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input class="form-control form-text required" type="text" id="edit-email" name="email" value="" size="58" maxlength="256" /> </div> <div class="form-type-textarea form-item-recipients form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-recipients">Send To <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <div class="form-textarea-wrapper"><textarea class="form-control form-textarea required" id="edit-recipients" name="recipients" cols="50" rows="3"></textarea></div> </div> <div id="edit-page" class="form-type-item form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-page">You are going to email the following </label> <a href="/content/342/bmj.c7452" class="active">Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent</a> </div> <div class="form-type-textarea form-item-message form-item form-group"> <label for="edit-message--2">Your Personal Message </label> <div class="form-textarea-wrapper"><textarea class="form-control form-textarea" id="edit-message--2" name="message" cols="50" rows="3"></textarea></div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="path" value="node/197724" /> <input type="hidden" name="path_cid" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="forward_footer" value=" " /> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-PfMSNaz1riA4fnyjF5IECEzwFNlBkal0D82LTZjv-A4" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="forward_form" /> <fieldset class="captcha panel panel-default form-wrapper"> <legend class="panel-heading"> <div class="panel-title fieldset-legend"> CAPTCHA </div> </legend> <div class="panel-body"> <p class="help-block"> This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. </p> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="359345647" /> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="1f5da82c5dd0545be0e931ebde441ba1" /> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="Google no captcha" /> <div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfnJVIUAAAAAE-bUOMg0MJGki4lqSvDmhJp19fN" data-theme="light" data-type="image"></div> </div> </fieldset> <input class="btn form-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Send" /></div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-article-specialities" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Topics </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="bmj-item-more-less-list bmj-item-list"><ul class="item-list-speciality"><li class="first"><a href="/specialties/mmr" class="article-speciality c-mmr">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/specialties/child-and-adolescent-psychiatry" class="article-speciality c-child-and-adolescent-psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/specialties/child-and-adolescent-psychiatry-paedatrics" class="article-speciality c-child-and-adolescent-psychiatry-paedatrics">Child and adolescent psychiatry (paedatrics)</a></li> <li><a href="/specialties/competing-interests-ethics" class="article-speciality c-competing-interests-ethics">Competing interests (ethics)</a></li> <li><a href="/specialties/dentistry-and-oral-medicine" class="article-speciality c-dentistry-and-oral-medicine">Dentistry and oral medicine</a></li> <li class="bmj-list-item-hide bmj-hide-list-item last"><a href="/specialties/infectious-diseases" class="article-speciality c-infectious-diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> </ul><div class = "bmj-item-list-show-more-less"><ul class="links list-inline"><li class="show-more first"><a href="# " class="bmj-more-less-link more-link btn" data-font-icon="icon-chevron-right" data-context="bmj-item-list">more</a></li> <li class="show-less last"><a href="# " class="bmj-more-less-link less-link btn" data-font-icon="icon-chevron-left" data-context="bmj-item-list">less</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="altmertrics" id="altmertrics"> <div class="snippet-content">  <div id="altmetric"></div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="oas-ad-middle-2" id="oas-ad-middle-2"> <div class="snippet-content"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-7326006-3"><script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-7326006-3'); }); </script></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-4" > <div class="pane-content"> <p><a data-target="crossmark"><img src="https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/logos/CROSSMARK_Color_horizontal.svg" width="150" /></a></p> <div id="crossmark-dialog" style="display: none;" title="Crossmark"> <iframe id="crossmark-dialog-frame" frameborder="0"></iframe></div>  </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet pane-poll-international" id="poll-widget" > <h2 class="pane-title"> This week's poll </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="poll-international" id="poll-international"> <div class="snippet-content"> <p><a class="anchor" id="this-weeks-poll"></a></p> <div id="PDI_container58250" class="PDS_Poll"></div> <div id="PD_superContainer"></div> <div class="poll-related"> <p><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/385/bmj.q1429">Read</a> related article</p> <p><a href="/about-bmj/poll-archive">See</a> previous polls</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="panel-panel page-bottom col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-back-to-top" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="#page" class="back-to-top"><span class="icon-chevron-up"></span> Back to top</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet pane-oas-ad-bottom" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="oas-ad-bottom" id="oas-ad-bottom"> <div class="snippet-content"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-7326006-4"><script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-7326006-4'); }); </script></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </section>  </div> </section> </div> </div>  <div class="footer-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <footer id="footer"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section id="block-panels-mini-bmj-footer" class="block block-panels-mini clearfix"> <div class="panel-display bootstrap-footer" id="mini-panel-bmj_footer"> <div class="footer-top-row"> <div id="footer-social-media" class="footer-column panel-panel col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-3 col-lg-3"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-2" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Follow us on </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-2 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1298 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1299"><a href="http://twitter.com/bmj_latest" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1301"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/bmjdotcom" target="_blank">Facebook</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1300"><a href="http://youtube.com/user/BMJmedia" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1302"><a href="http://feeds.bmj.com/bmj/recent">RSS</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-content col-xs-12 col-sm-9 col-md-9 col-lg-9"> <div id="footer-top-row" class="row"> <div class="footer-column panel-panel col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-3" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Content links </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1303 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-125058"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/collections">Collections</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-125036"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/health-in-south-asia">Health in South Asia</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-125034"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/content/women%E2%80%99s-children%E2%80%99s-and-adolescents%E2%80%99-health-0">Women’s, children’s & adolescents’ health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-17959"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/freezikaresources">Zika virus</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1305"><a href="/us/research">Research</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1306"><a href="/us/education">Education</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-6506"><a href="/us/news">News and views</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1310"><a href="http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/">BMJ Opinion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7612"><a href="/rapid-responses">Rapid responses</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1309"><a href="/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-column panel-panel col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-4" > <h2 class="pane-title"> About us </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-4 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1314 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-6487"><a href="/about-bmj">About us</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1316"><a href="/about-bmj/editorial-staff">Editorial staff</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1317"><a href="/about-bmj/editorial-staff/bmj-united-states">BMJ in the USA</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-127585"><a href="/health-in-latin-america">BMJ in Latin America</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1318"><a href="/about-bmj/editorial-staff/bmj-south-asia">BMJ in South Asia</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1319"><a href="/about-bmj/advisory-panels">Advisers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1320"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-authors/forms-policies-and-checklists">Policies</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1323"><a href="http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/bmj">Submit your paper</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-column panel-panel col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-5" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Resources </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1324 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1325"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-authors">Authors</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1326"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-reviewers">Reviewers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1327"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-bma-members">BMA members</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1329"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-readers">Readers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1328"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-subscribers">Subscribers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1330"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-advertisers-and-sponsors">Advertisers and sponsors</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1331"><a href="/about-bmj/resources-media">Media</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-7610"><a href="https://recruiter.bmj.com/">Recruiters</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-column panel-panel col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-6" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Explore BMJ </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-6 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1332 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-7613"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/company/?int_source=tbmj&int_medium=footer&int_campaign=URLswitch">Our company</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7421"><a href="https://jobs.bmj.com/">BMJ Careers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7423"><a href="http://learning.bmj.com/">BMJ Learning</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7424"><a href="http://masterclasses.bmj.com">BMJ Masterclasses</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7425"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com">BMJ Journals</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7422"><a href="/student">BMJ Student</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7426"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers">Academic edition of The BMJ</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-7427"><a href="http://bestpractice.bmj.com/">BMJ Best Practice</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-17958"><a href="http://thebmjawards.bmj.com/home">The BMJ Awards</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-column panel-panel col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-7" > <h2 class="pane-title"> My account </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-7 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1343 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1344"><a href="http://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/account/hw-registration.html">Email alerts</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1345"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/activate">Activate subscription</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-column panel-panel col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-8" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Information </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-8 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1346 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1347"><a href="/about-bmj/contact-us">Contact us</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1321"><a href="/about-bmj/complaints-procedure">Complaints</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-bottom-row" class="row"> <div class="panel-panel col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-block-9 hidden-phone" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-9 menu-name-menu-footer parent-mlid-1349 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-125888"><a id="ot-sdk-btn" class="ot-sdk-show-settings" clickable="false">Cookie settings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1350"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/company/your-privacy/cookies-policy/">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-125299"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/company/your-privacy/">Privacy policy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1351"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/">Website T&Cs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1352"><a href="http://group.bmj.com/group/about/revenue-sources">Revenue Sources</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1353"><a href="http://home.highwire.org/">HighWire Press</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-8093"><a href="/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmj-copy-right" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="copyright">Copyright © 2024 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  </div> </footer>  </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__uW7NyUocxI-7E_sL-GP7L5FYvHrfi0D8UkwaFa_jFUQ__ITpTmydBN18ujP4Nq9igNKs2_uPvSa_MMIGZilNH7xo__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__L2RNsEq1_BwrvVr4-XqL6HCM3TrId8FewyOD-ifl56Y__xFUWwD-CmrvIMpj7PKKOzG6M0u5x4a4YsfZcc7fa3qg__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ADNpAJRqEZQTdJr17qFcuXkfatW9ULGGExiAh_zWtxs__Xan4DQzBMVgws81Yi1i-_1Amp0wkg5IKAA2fCWPVSwI__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__wteGLiD1wamodYGt1CPf350dgG_dnSPaybjTJJ4V8O0__tHSi0oVxXVY1K8dKSadgniknKfq0JO39EkwFnl-Qx3k__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script src="https://static.polldaddy.com/w/58250.js"></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.8.7/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/widget.js"></script> <script src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script> <script src="https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__SFoHIUTheqo0e4hxRINC0gFp_rO4LFMUUrC70xvOwtY__h5zRuwNt-m_fFPTyMKF2APwK7ArnJ2U3S4dW5Cp_p_o__a7Jq5VSqcMKMeR_gboGw1x4AC4g6SRpO1Geb_4xJjYc.js"></script> <script> setTimeout(function(){var a=document.createElement("script"); var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; a.src=document.location.protocol+"//dnn506yrbagrg.cloudfront.net/pages/scripts/0014/4896.js?"+Math.floor(new Date().getTime()/3600000); a.async=true;a.type="text/javascript";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}, 1);</script> <script>jQuery(".page-search .pane-quick-search-results .search-snippet").text(function (_, old){ return old.replace(/\S+@\S+\.\S+/, "");});</script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var google_conversion_id = 973817434; var google_custom_params = window.google_tag_params; var google_remarketing_only = true; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion.js"> </script> <noscript> <div style="display:inline;"> <img height="1" width="1" style="border-style:none;" alt="" src="//googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/viewthroughconversion/973817434/?value=0&guid=ON&script=0"/> </div> </noscript> <script async src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-bmj.js"></script> </body> </html>