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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical ministerial titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_ministerial_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical ministerial titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_ministerial_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Islamic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islamic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In Islamic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islamic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_post-monarchy_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_post-monarchy_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern post-monarchy use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_post-monarchy_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princely_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princely_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Princely title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princely_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_viziers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_viziers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable viziers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_viziers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence on chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playing_card_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_card_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Playing card rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing_card_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vizier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8)" title="وزير (لقب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وزير (لقب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visir" title="Visir – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Visir" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99zir" title="Vəzir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vəzir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="উজির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উজির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вәзир – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вәзир" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80" title="Візір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Візір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80" title="Візір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Візір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Везир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Везир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezir" title="Vezir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vezir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visir" title="Visir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Visir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vez%C3%ADr" title="Vezír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vezír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesir" title="Vesir – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vesir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesir" title="Wesir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wesir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesiir" title="Vesiir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesiir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Βεζίρης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βεζίρης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visir" title="Visir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veziro" title="Veziro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Veziro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bisir" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="وزیر (عنوان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وزیر (عنوان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizir" title="Vizir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vizir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizier_(funksje)" title="Fizier (funksje) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fizier (funksje)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visir" title="Visir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Visir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%A7%80%EB%A5%B4" title="와지르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와지르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Վեզիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեզիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="विज़ीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विज़ीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezir" title="Vezir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vezir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viziro" title="Viziro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Viziro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir" title="Wazir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wazir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visir" title="Visir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Visir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8" title="וזיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וזיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ვეზირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვეზირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D3%99%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80" title="Уәзір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уәзір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wez%C3%AEr" title="Wezîr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wezîr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вазир – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вазир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezirus" title="Vezirus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vezirus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viziris" title="Viziris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viziris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Везир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Везир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir" title="Wazir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wazir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вазир – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вазир" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier_(functie)" title="Vizier (functie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vizier (functie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ワズィール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワズィール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesir" title="Vesir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vesir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesir" title="Vesir – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vesir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visir" title="Visir – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Visir" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazir" title="Vazir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vazir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wezyr" title="Wezyr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wezyr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizir" title="Vizir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vizir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizir" title="Vizir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vizir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Визирь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Визирь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veziri" title="Veziri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veziri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vizier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vez%C3%ADr" title="Vezír – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vezír" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezir" title="Vezir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vezir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="وەزیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەزیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Везир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Везир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezir" title="Vezir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vezir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiiri" title="Visiiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Visiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesir" title="Vesir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vesir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezir" title="Vezir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vezir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Візир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="وزیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وزیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir" title="Wazir – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wazir" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E9%BD%90%E5%B0%94" title="维齐尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维齐尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E9%BD%8A%E7%88%BE" title="維齊爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維齊爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E9%BD%8A%E7%88%BE" title="維齊爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維齊爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q175240#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-ranking political advisor or minister</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Arabic title. For the astronomical catalogue service, see <a href="/wiki/VizieR" title="VizieR">VizieR</a>. For the office in ancient Egypt, see <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">Vizier (Ancient Egypt)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wazīr" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wazir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wazir (disambiguation)">Wazir (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Visor" title="Visor">visor</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vizier" title="Special:EditPage/Vizier">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vizier%22">"Vizier"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vizier%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vizier%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vizier%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vizier%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vizier%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadrazamlik-nisanlari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sadrazamlik-nisanlari.svg/150px-Sadrazamlik-nisanlari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sadrazamlik-nisanlari.svg/225px-Sadrazamlik-nisanlari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sadrazamlik-nisanlari.svg/300px-Sadrazamlik-nisanlari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Ottoman Grand Vizier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>vizier</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-reference1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وزير</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><b>wazīr</b></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">وزیر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">vazīr</i></span>) is a high-ranking political advisor or <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasid</a> caliphs gave the title <i>wazir</i> to a minister formerly called <i><a href="/wiki/Katib" title="Katib">katib</a></i> (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the <i>dapir</i> (official scribe or secretary) of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> kings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern usage, the term has been used for government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> in much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and beyond. Several alternative spellings are used in English, such as <i>vizir</i>, <i>wazir</i>, and <i>vezir</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vizier may be derived from the Arabic <i>wazara</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to bear a burden</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> <i>W-Z-R</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a> is described as the <i>wazir</i> (helper) of Moses, as well as the word <i>wizr</i> (burden) which is also derived from the same root.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later adopted as a title, in the form of <i>wazīr āl Muḥammad</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Helper of the Family of Muhammad</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) by the proto-<a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mukhtar">al-Mukhtar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Salama_Hafs_ibn_Sulayman_al-Khallal" title="Abu Salama Hafs ibn Sulayman al-Khallal">Abu Salama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid caliphs</a>, the term acquired the meaning of "representative" or "deputy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possibility is that it is <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian word</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi language">Pahlavi</a> root of <i>vičir</i>, which originally had the meaning of a <i>decree</i>, <i>mandate</i>, and <i>command</i>, but later as its use in <a href="/wiki/Dinkard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinkard">Dinkard</a> also suggests, came to mean <i>judge</i> or <i>magistrate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur Jeffery considers the word to be a "good Iranian" word, as it has a well-established root in <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pahlavi <i>vičir</i>, is in fact from the Avestan <i>vīčira</i>, which means <i>deciding</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Avestan root is behind the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Persian">Modern Persian</a> form of the word which is <i>večer</i> which means <i>judge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This etymology is supported - among other scientists - by Johnny Cheung,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Klein" title="Ernest Klein">Ernest David Klein</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Richard Nelson Frye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_ministerial_titles">Historical ministerial titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical ministerial titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asif_musicians_1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Asif_musicians_1812.jpg/250px-Asif_musicians_1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Asif_musicians_1812.jpg/375px-Asif_musicians_1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Asif_musicians_1812.jpg/500px-Asif_musicians_1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The winter <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Vizier</figcaption></figure> <p>The office of vizier arose under the first Abbasid caliphs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spread across the Muslim world. </p><p>The vizier stood between sovereign and subjects, representing the former in all matters touching the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th-century legal theorist <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">al-Mawardi</a> defined two types of viziers: <i>wazīr al-tanfīdh</i> ("vizier of execution"), who had limited powers and served to implement the caliph's policies, and the far more powerful <i>wazīr al-tafwīd</i> ("vizier with delegated powers"), with authority over civil and military affairs, and enjoyed the same powers as the caliph, except in the matter of the succession or the appointment of officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002186–187_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002186–187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mawardi stressed that the latter, as an effective viceroy, had to be a Muslim well versed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shari%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'a">Shari'a</a></i>, whereas the former could also be a non-Muslim or even a slave, although women continued to be expressly barred from the office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002187_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002187-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the term has been used to describe two very different ways: either for a unique position, the prime minister at the head of the monarch's government (the term <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> always refers to such a post), or as a shared 'cabinet rank', rather like a British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">secretary of state</a>. If one such vizier is the prime minister, he may hold the title of Grand Vizier or another title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islamic_states">In Islamic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Islamic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand vizier</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg/250px-AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Amir Kabir, Vazir of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The title was first used in the early Abbasid Caliphate, cf. <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)</a>.</li> <li>In Muslim <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, the prime minister under the political authority of the <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a> was commonly styled <i>Vazīr-e Azam</i> ('Supreme -, i.e. Grand Vizier'; alternative titles include <i><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg-e Azam</a></i> and <i>Sardār-e Azam</i>), and various Ministers held cabinet rank as <i>vazir</i>, including a <i>Vazir-i-Daftar</i> (minister for finance) and a <i>Vazir-i-Lashkar</i> (war portfolio).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphs of Córdoba">Caliphs of Córdoba</a> appointed a varying number of viziers, as heads of departments in the bureaucracy, ministers with specific tasks, and royal councillors; at one point, in 1008, there were as many as 29 viziers at the same time. Unlike the Islamic east, the senior office of the Umayyad state was that of the chamberlain (<i><a href="/wiki/Hajib" title="Hajib">hajib</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmona2002191–192_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmona2002191–192-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifa kingdoms">Taifa kingdoms</a> the title proliferated and became a generic court title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmona2002192_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmona2002192-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later Umayyads, viziers were also appointed outside the capital as provincial governors or commanders, a practice which continued until the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> in the 15th century. The Spanish word <i><a href="/wiki/Alguacil" title="Alguacil">alguacil</a></i> (governor, official with civil or criminal duties) derives from this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmona2002192_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmona2002192-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Muslim <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the most populous Arab country: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Vizier</a> under the Fatimid Caliphs.</li> <li>Again since the effective end of Ottoman rule, remarkably since 1857 (i.e. before the last Wali (governor), Isma`il Pasha, was raised <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> (circa Viceroy, on 8 June 1867), exchanged for the western prime ministers on 28 August 1878 (before the formally independent sultanate was proclaimed).</li></ul></li> <li>During the days of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a> was the—often de facto ruling—<a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, second only to the Sultan and was the leader of the Divan, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a>. "Vizier" was also the title of some Ottoman provincial governors, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, where usage of the title often indicated a greater degree of autonomy for the province involved and the greater prestige of the title holder (this was, for example, a major issue in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian uprising">Bosnian uprising</a> of 1831). Also, many of the viziers originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as other countries and from various ethnicities.</li> <li>In the Sherifian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (historically a sultanate until the incumbent assumed the higher royal style of <i>Malik</i> on 14 August 1957, shortly after the end of the simultaneous French and Spanish protectorates; the additional Islamic title <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%C2%B4minin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir al-Mu´minin">Amir al-Mu´minin</a></i> "Commander of the Faithful" stayed in use), a <i>Sadr al-A'zam</i> (Grand Vizier) was in office until 22 November 1955, replaced since 7 December 1955 a (part-political) Prime Minister; Vizier was the style of a minister of state (other titles for various portfolios).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a> (later merged into present-day <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>), the sole Vizier was (10 June 1916 – 3 October 1924) the future second king <a href="/wiki/Ali_of_Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali of Hejaz">Ali ibn Hussein al-Hashimi</a>, under his father <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi</a> (the first to assume the title <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a>, i.e. King, instead of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Sharif">Grand Sharif</a>), maintained after the <a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Caliphate" title="Sharifian Caliphate">assumption of the Caliphal style</a> (only 11 March 1924 – 3 October 1924)</li> <li>In the 'regency' of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Husainid Dynasty">Husainid Dynasty</a>, various ministers of the Bey, including: <ul><li><i>Wazir al-Akbar</i> (or <i>El Ouzir El Kébir</i>): 'great minister', i.e. <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a>, chief minister or prime minister.</li> <li><i>Wazir al-'Amala</i> (or <i>El Ouzir El Amala</i>): Minister for the Interior.</li> <li><i>Wazir al-Bahr</i> (or <i>El Ouzir El Bahr</i>): Minister 'of the Sea', i.e. for the Navy/ Marine.</li> <li><i>Wazir al-Harb</i> (or <i>El Ouzir El Harb</i>): Minister for the Army or Minister for War.</li> <li><i>Wazir al-Istishara</i> (or <i>El Ouzir El Istichara</i>): Minister-Counsellor.</li> <li><i>Wazir al-Qalam</i>: Minister of the Pen.</li> <li><i>Wazir ud-Daula</i> (or <i>El Ouzir El Dawla</i>): Minister of State.</li> <li><i>Wazir us-Shura</i> (or <i>El Ouzir Ech Choura</i>): Privy Counsellor.</li></ul></li> <li>In Oman the Hami/Sultan's chief minister was styled <i>Wazir</i> until 1966, but in 1925–1932 there was also or instead a chairman of the council of Ministers; since 1970 the style is prime minister.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, many local officials had the title of Wazir/Uzir</li> <li>Viziers to the Sultans of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (a branch of the Omani dynasty); since 1890 filled by British, also known as <a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">first ministers</a>, (1 July 1913 – 23 February 1961) the British <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident (Minister)s</a>, an extremely direct form of indirect rule (before and after chief- or prime ministers, generally native).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Grand_Vizier" title="Sokoto Grand Vizier">Grand Viziers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a> – however, this is disputed. The title "Waziri" is apparently a derivative of this word, and is a highly regarded <a href="/wiki/Chieftaincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftaincy">chieftaincy</a> title in most of northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Indeed, most of the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> in northern Nigeria have a "Waziri", who is usually a high-ranking adviser to the emir.</li> <li>In pre- and colonial (notably British) <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> many rulers, even some Hindu princes, had a vizier as chief minister – compare <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan (title)">Diwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab_wasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab wasir">Nawab wasir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradhan" title="Pradhan">Pradhan</a>, etc.</li> <li>In the (former) sultanate of the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> (Divehi language), the prime minister was styled <i>Bodu Vizier</i>, and various Ministers held cabinet rank as <i>vazierin</i> (plural), including <i>Hakura'a</i> (portfolio of Public Works), <i>Shahbandar</i> (Navy portfolio, also admiral in chief), <i>Vela'ana'a</i> (Foreign Affairs).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> dynasty, the chief minister was styled <i>Vazīr-e Azam</i> or <i>Wazir-i-azam</i> (1801–1880); the <i>Vazīr-e Darbār</i> or <i>Wazir al-durbar</i> was the ('House') Minister of the Royal Court.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ghaznavid_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ghaznavid Viziers">List of Ghaznavid Viziers</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> and subsequent sultanates, a <i>wazir</i> was a chief minister to the sultan.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Durrani_Wazirs" title="List of Durrani Wazirs">wazirs</a> were appointed over different rulers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_post-monarchy_use">Modern post-monarchy use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern post-monarchy use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wazīr</i> is the standard <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word for a government minister. Prime ministers are usually termed as <i>Ra'īs al-Wuzara</i> (literally, president of the ministers) or <i>al-Wazīr al-'Awwal</i> (prime minister). The latter term is generally found in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, while the former is typical of usage in the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> (broadly defined, including <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>). Thus, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister of Egypt</a> is in Arabic a <i>wazīr</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> the ministers of government are called <i>Vazir</i> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (e.g. foreign/health <i>Vazir</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">prime minister of state</a> before the removal of the post, was called as <i>Nokhost Vazir</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the prime minister (de facto ruling politician, formally under the president) is called <i>Vazīr-e Azam</i> (Persian for <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand vizier</a>), other Ministers are styled <i>vazir</i>s. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <i>Vazīr</i> is the official translation of minister in the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> language, and is used in ministerial oath taking ceremonies conducted in Urdu. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, ministers are referred to as Waziri in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and prime ministers as Waziri Mkuu. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> is sometimes given the honorific title of Wazir </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign minister</a> is known as <i>Vazir-e-Khārjah</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Brunei)" title="Vizier (Brunei)">vizier</a> is classified into five titles, which are: </p> <ul><li>The current head of vizier or <i>Perdana Wazir</i> of Brunei is Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bolkiah,_Prince_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei">Mohamed Bolkiah</a>. His full title is His Royal Highness Perdana Wazir Sahibul Himmah Wal-Waqar Prince Haji <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bolkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Bolkiah">Mohamed Bolkiah</a>.</li> <li>His Royal Highness Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara Prince Haji <a href="/wiki/Sufri_Bolkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufri Bolkiah">Sufri Bolkiah</a></li> <li>His Royal Highness Pengiran Digadong Sahibul Mal Prince Haji <a href="/wiki/Jefri_Bolkiah,_Prince_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefri Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei">Jefri Bolkiah</a></li> <li>Pengiran Pemancha Sahibul Rae' Wal-Mashuarah – vacant</li> <li>Pengiran Temanggong Sahibul Bahar – vacant</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Princely_title">Princely title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Princely title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the rare case of the Indian princely state of <a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_State" title="Jafarabad State">Jafarabad</a> (Jafrabad, founded c. 1650), ruled by <i>Thanadar</i>s, in 1702 a state called <a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a> was founded, with rulers (six incumbents) styled <i>wazir</i>; when, in 1762, Jafarabad and Janjira states entered into personal union, both titles were maintained until (after 1825) the higher style of <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> was assumed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary literature and <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>" is a character <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stereotype</a> and is usually portrayed as a scheming backroom plotter and the clear <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a> of a usually bumbling or incompetent monarch. A well-known example of this is the sinister character of <a href="/wiki/Jafar_(Aladdin)" title="Jafar (Aladdin)">Jafar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i>, who plots and uses magic to take over the entire Kingdom of Agrabah under the nose of the nation's naïve sultan, just as Jaffar in the 1940 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1940_film)" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i> dethroned his master, caliph Ahmad. Others include Zigzag from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thief_and_the_Cobbler" title="The Thief and the Cobbler">The Thief and the Cobbler</a></i> (the original inspiration for the character of Jafar in Disney's <i>Aladdin</i>), the character <a href="/wiki/Iznogoud" title="Iznogoud">Iznogoud</a> in the eponymous French comic book by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goscinny" title="René Goscinny">René Goscinny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tabary" title="Jean Tabary">Jean Tabary</a>, Prince Sinbad's advisor Yusuf in the <a href="/wiki/DC_Vertigo" class="mw-redirect" title="DC Vertigo">DC Vertigo</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Fables_(comics)" title="Fables (comics)">Fables</a></i>, and the villains of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Persia_(1989_video_game)" title="Prince of Persia (1989 video game)">Prince of Persia</a></i> (also called Jaffar, before the release of Disney's <i>Aladdin</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Quest_VI:_Heir_Today,_Gone_Tomorrow" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow">King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A much older example of this archetype is the character <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> book of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>. The book describes the rise of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> woman to <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, and her role in stopping the plot of Haman, chief advisor to the Persian king, to wipe out all Jews living in Persia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_viziers">Notable viziers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable viziers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Khalid" title="Yahya ibn Khalid">Yahya ibn Khalid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> (Whose son <a href="/wiki/Jafar_bin_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar bin Yahya">Jafar bin Yahya</a> was an inspiration for the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Nights">Arabian Nights</a> Jafar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanak_the_Vizier" title="Hasanak the Vizier">Hasanak the Vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almanzor" title="Almanzor">Almanzor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a> was the de facto ruler of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Spain">Islamic Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah I">Malik Shah I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seljukid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljukid Empire">Seljuks</a> history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Köprülü Mehmed Pasha">Köprülü Mehmed Pasha</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Faz%C4%B1l_Ahmed_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha">Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_chess">Influence on chess</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence on chess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Shatranj" title="Shatranj">Shatranj</a>, from which modern <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> developed, the piece corresponding to the modern chess "<a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a>" (though far weaker) was often called <i>Wazīr</i>. Up to the present, the word for the queen piece in <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> is still called by variants of the word "vazīr" in Middle Eastern languages, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> ("vezér", meaning "leader") and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> ("ferz' (ферзь)"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Playing_card_rank">Playing card rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Playing card rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ganjifa" title="Ganjifa">Ganjifa</a> cards, the vizier is a <a href="/wiki/Face_card" title="Face card">face card</a> holding the second-highest rank in a suit, after the <a href="/wiki/King_(playing_card)" title="King (playing card)">king</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ganjifa#Variants" title="Ganjifa">Mamluk Kanjifa</a>, there are two vizier ranks: the first vizier (na'ib malik), and the second vizier (na'ib thani). When Mamluk Kanjifa was introduced to Europe, the two ranks were transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Knight_(playing_card)" title="Knight (playing card)">knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knave_(playing_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knave (playing card)">knave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin-suited_playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-suited playing cards">Latin-suited playing cards</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Ober_(playing_card)" title="Ober (playing card)">ober</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unter_(playing_card)" title="Unter (playing card)">unter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swiss-suited_playing_cards" title="Swiss-suited playing cards">Swiss-</a> and <a href="/wiki/German-suited_playing_cards" title="German-suited playing cards">German-suited playing cards</a>. The vizier may have had an important role in early playing card games as the Arabic term for vizier (na'ib) became synonymous to the name for playing cards in the Italian Renaissane (naibi) and even in Spain today (naipes). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ganjifa#Variants" title="Ganjifa">Mysore Chad Ganjifa</a>, the Vizier (Amatya or Mantri), is one of six court cards. It ranks third, after the King (Raja) and Queen (Rajni), and before the Knight (Senani), Jack (Padathi or Sevaka), and Banner (Dhwaja). In these cards, the vizier is depicted sitting in a <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">ratha</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ganjifa#Variants" title="Ganjifa">Nabagunjara Ganjifa</a>, the vizier is depicted as <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vizier" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vizier">vizier</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_viziers_of_Persia" title="List of grand viziers of Persia">List of grand viziers of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasita_(title)" title="Wasita (title)">Wasita (title)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzurg_framadar" title="Wuzurg framadar">Wuzurg framadar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Ottoman Empire <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand vizier</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-reference1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reference1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165527/https://www.lexico.com/definition/vizier">"vizier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/vizier">the original</a> on May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=vizier&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fvizier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vizier">"vizier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=vizier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvizier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wazir"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wazir">"Wazir" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wazir&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=435&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. A. Nicholson, <i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i>, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=vizier">"vizier"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vizier&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dvizier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goyṭayn, Šelomo D.. Studies in Islamic history and institutions. P.171. Compare <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/20?startingVerse=29">20:29</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/25?startingVerse=35">25:35</a> and Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/94?startingVerse=02">94:02</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002185_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaman2002">Zaman 2002</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffery-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeffery_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffery_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffery_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffery_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffery2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, Arthur (2007). <i>The foreign vocabulary of the Qur'ān</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004153523" title="Special:BookSources/9789004153523"><bdi>9789004153523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foreign+vocabulary+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004153523&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheung2016" class="citation cs2">Cheung, Johnny (2016-06-06), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01445860"><i>On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+%28Middle%29+Iranian+borrowings+in+Qur%27%C4%81nic+%28and+pre-Islamic%29+Arabic&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-01445860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrye1966" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, Richard N. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40120947">"Bukhara, the Medieval Achievement"</a>. <i>Books Abroad</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40120947">10.2307/40120947</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-7431">0006-7431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40120947">40120947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Books+Abroad&rft.atitle=Bukhara%2C+the+Medieval+Achievement&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0006-7431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40120947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40120947&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F40120947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631485/vizier">"vizier"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> 2010, Retrieved on 2010-06-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002186–187-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002186–187_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaman2002">Zaman 2002</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2002187-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2002187_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaman2002">Zaman 2002</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmona2002191–192-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmona2002191–192_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarmona2002">Carmona 2002</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmona2002192-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmona2002192_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmona2002192_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarmona2002">Carmona 2002</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbir2013" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt3GBQAAQBAJ&dq=adal+sultanate+wazir&pg=PT65"><i>Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28097-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28097-9"><bdi>978-1-136-28097-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28097-9&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWt3GBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dadal%2Bsultanate%2Bwazir%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBianquis2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bianquis, Th. (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346">"Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 2. The Fāṭimid caliphate"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">188–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waz%C4%ABr.+I.+In+the+Arab+World+2.+The+F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid+caliphate&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Bianquis&rft.aufirst=Th.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarmona2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carmona, A. (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346">"Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 4. Muslim Spain"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waz%C4%ABr.+I.+In+the+Arab+World+4.+Muslim+Spain&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Carmona&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEddé2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eddé, Anne-Marie (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346">"Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 3. The Ayyūbids"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waz%C4%ABr.+I.+In+the+Arab+World+3.+The+Ayy%C5%ABbids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Edd%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFİnalcık2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">İnalcık, Halil</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346">"Wazīr. III. In the Ottoman Empire"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">194–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waz%C4%ABr.+III.+In+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambton2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lambton, Ann K. S. (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346">"Wazīr. II. In Persia"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waz%C4%ABr.+II.+In+Persia&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Lambton&rft.aufirst=Ann+K.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaman2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1346">"Wazīr. I. In the Arab World 1. The ʿAbbāsids."</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">185–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waz%C4%ABr.+I.+In+the+Arab+World+1.+The+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sids.&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Qasim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVizier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=vizier&searchmode=none">Etymology OnLine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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