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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Key dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brief_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brief history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_laboratories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_laboratories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conservation laboratories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_laboratories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preventive_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventive_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Preventive conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventive_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interventive_conservation_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interventive_conservation_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Interventive conservation and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interventive_conservation_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_of_an_archaeological_discovery_and_restoration_of_a_mural_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_an_archaeological_discovery_and_restoration_of_a_mural_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Example of an archaeological discovery and restoration of a mural painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_an_archaeological_discovery_and_restoration_of_a_mural_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_the_restoration_of_an_oil_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_the_restoration_of_an_oil_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Examples of the restoration of an oil painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_the_restoration_of_an_oil_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sustainable conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainable_conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sustainable conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choice_of_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Choice of materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Energy use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_by_country_look" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_by_country_look"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Country by country look</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Country_by_country_look-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Country by country look subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Country_by_country_look-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_and_professional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_and_professional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Associations and professional organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations_and_professional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cultural_property_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cultural_property_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International cultural property documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cultural_property_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="ترميم وحفاظ الإرث الثقافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترميم وحفاظ الإرث الثقافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3_i_restauraci%C3%B3" title="Conservació i restauració – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conservació i restauració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3n_y_restauraci%C3%B3n" title="Conservación y restauración – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conservación y restauración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontserbazio-zaharberritzea" title="Kontserbazio-zaharberritzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontserbazio-zaharberritzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="حفاظت و مرمت دارایی فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حفاظت و مرمت دارایی فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_et_restauration_des_biens_culturels" title="Conservation et restauration des biens culturels – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conservation et restauration des biens culturels" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caomhn%C3%BA_agus_athch%C3%B3iri%C3%BA" title="Caomhnú agus athchóiriú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caomhnú agus athchóiriú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3n_e_restauraci%C3%B3n" title="Conservación e restauración – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conservación e restauración" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="सांस्कृतिक विरासत का संरक्षण एवं पुनःस्थापन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांस्कृतिक विरासत का संरक्षण एवं पुनःस्थापन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervacija-restauracija" title="Konzervacija-restauracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konzervacija-restauracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservasi_dan_restorasi_warisan_budaya" title="Konservasi dan restorasi warisan budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konservasi dan restorasi warisan budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שימור ושיקום נכסי תרבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימור ושיקום נכסי תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserwacja_i_restauracja_zabytk%C3%B3w" title="Konserwacja i restauracja zabytków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konserwacja i restauracja zabytków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_restauro" title="Conservação e restauro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conservação e restauro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(art)" title="Conservation (art) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conservation (art)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervacija-restauracija" title="Konzervacija-restauracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzervacija-restauracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservointi" title="Konservointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konservointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservering_(kulturarv)" title="Konservering (kulturarv) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konservering (kulturarv)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="การอนุรักษ์และบูรณะทรัพย์สินทางวัฒนธรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การอนุรักษ์และบูรณะทรัพย์สินทางวัฒนธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_t%E1%BB%93n_v%C3%A0_ph%E1%BB%A5c_h%E1%BB%93i_di_s%E1%BA%A3n_v%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a" title="Bảo tồn và phục hồi di sản văn hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảo tồn và phục hồi di sản văn hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D" title="文化遗产的保护和修复 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文化遗产的保护和修复" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46993143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Conservation_at_the_Church_of_Sucevi%C5%A3a.jpg/220px-Conservation_at_the_Church_of_Sucevi%C5%A3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Conservation_at_the_Church_of_Sucevi%C5%A3a.jpg/330px-Conservation_at_the_Church_of_Sucevi%C5%A3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Conservation_at_the_Church_of_Sucevi%C5%A3a.jpg/440px-Conservation_at_the_Church_of_Sucevi%C5%A3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Removal of adherent surface deposits by physical chemical means (by cotton swab) at Church of <a href="/wiki/Sucevi%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Sucevița Monastery">Sucevița Monastery</a>, burial chamber, in Suceava, Romania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HorsesSaintMark1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HorsesSaintMark1.jpg/220px-HorsesSaintMark1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HorsesSaintMark1.jpg/330px-HorsesSaintMark1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HorsesSaintMark1.jpg/440px-HorsesSaintMark1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>Conservation of the <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">Horses of Saint Mark</a> (Venice)</figcaption></figure> <p><span lang="ab" dir="ltr">The</span> <b>conservation and restoration of cultural property</b> focuses on protection and care of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">cultural property (tangible cultural heritage)</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Collection_(artwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection (artwork)">artworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural conservation">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum collections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation activities include <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_(cultural_property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk management (cultural property)">preventive conservation</a>, examination, <a href="/wiki/Documentation_of_cultural_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentation of cultural property">documentation</a>, research, treatment, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This field is closely allied with <a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_heritage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation science (cultural heritage)">conservation science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Registrar_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar (museum)">registrars</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column_2006_conservation_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Holy_Trinity_Column_2006_conservation_3.jpg/220px-Holy_Trinity_Column_2006_conservation_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Holy_Trinity_Column_2006_conservation_3.jpg/330px-Holy_Trinity_Column_2006_conservation_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Holy_Trinity_Column_2006_conservation_3.jpg/440px-Holy_Trinity_Column_2006_conservation_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Revision and conservation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Column_in_Olomouc" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc">Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc</a> (Czech Republic) in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Conservation of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">cultural property</a> involves protection and restoration using "any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation of cultural heritage is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Collection_(artwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection (artwork)">art collections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a> and involves collection care and management through tracking, examination, documentation, exhibition, storage, preventive conservation, and restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Szczepanowska2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szczepanowska2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope has widened from art conservation, involving protection and care of artwork and architecture, to conservation of cultural heritage, also including protection and care of a broad set of other cultural and historical works. Conservation of cultural heritage can be described as a type of ethical <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a>. </p><p>It may broadly be divided into: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li></ul> <p>Conservation of cultural property applies simple ethical guidelines: </p> <ul><li>Minimal intervention;</li> <li>Appropriate materials and reversible methods;</li> <li>Full documentation of all work undertaken.</li></ul> <p>Often there are compromises between preserving appearance, maintaining original design and material properties, and ability to reverse changes. Reversibility is now emphasized so as to reduce problems with future treatment, investigation, and use. </p><p>In order for conservators to decide upon an appropriate conservation strategy and apply their professional expertise accordingly, they must take into account views of the <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Values_(heritage)" title="Values (heritage)">values</a>, artist's intent, <a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">meaning</a> of the work, and the physical needs of the material. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Brandi" title="Cesare Brandi">Cesare Brandi</a> in his <i>Theory of Restoration</i>, describes restoration as "the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodological</a> moment in which the work of art is appreciated in its material form and in its historical and aesthetic duality, with a view to transmitting it to the future".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_science">History and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_dates">Key dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_in_the_history_of_conservation_and_restoration" title="List of dates in the history of conservation and restoration">List of dates in the history of conservation and restoration</a></div> <p>Some consider the tradition of conservation of cultural heritage in Europe to have begun in 1565 with the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a>, but more ancient examples include the work of <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_history">Brief history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brief history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv/220px--Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="170" data-mwtitle="Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv/Achter_de_schermen_van_het_Rijksmuseum_Weeknummer_50-11_-_Open_Beelden_-_30641.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>An early video showing some activities in a conservation laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clo%C3%AEtre_Saint-Trophime_Arles_Conservation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Clo%C3%AEtre_Saint-Trophime_Arles_Conservation.jpg/220px-Clo%C3%AEtre_Saint-Trophime_Arles_Conservation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Clo%C3%AEtre_Saint-Trophime_Arles_Conservation.jpg/330px-Clo%C3%AEtre_Saint-Trophime_Arles_Conservation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Clo%C3%AEtre_Saint-Trophime_Arles_Conservation.jpg/440px-Clo%C3%AEtre_Saint-Trophime_Arles_Conservation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A temporary windowed partition along restoration work area in the cloister of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Trophime,_Arles" title="Church of St. Trophime, Arles">Church of St. Trophime, Arles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The care of cultural heritage has a long history, one that was primarily aimed at fixing and mending objects for their continued use and aesthetic enjoyment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the early 20th century, artists were normally the ones called upon to repair damaged artworks. During the 19th century, however, the fields of science and art became increasingly intertwined as scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> began to study the damaging effects of the environment to works of art. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> carried out scientific analysis on paint as well.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, perhaps the first organized attempt to apply a theoretical framework to the conservation of cultural heritage came with the founding in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Ancient_Buildings" title="Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings">Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings</a> in 1877. The society was founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Webb" title="Philip Webb">Philip Webb</a>, both of whom were deeply influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>. During the same period, a French movement with similar aims was being developed under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, an architect and theorist, famous for his restorations of medieval buildings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bixi_stele_(wrapped),_Harvard_University,_Cambridge,_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bixi_stele_%28wrapped%29%2C_Harvard_University%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG/220px-Bixi_stele_%28wrapped%29%2C_Harvard_University%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bixi_stele_%28wrapped%29%2C_Harvard_University%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG/330px-Bixi_stele_%28wrapped%29%2C_Harvard_University%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bixi_stele_%28wrapped%29%2C_Harvard_University%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG/440px-Bixi_stele_%28wrapped%29%2C_Harvard_University%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Since 1998, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> wraps some of the valuable statues on its campus, such as this "<a href="/wiki/Harvard_Bixi" title="Harvard Bixi">Chinese stele</a>", with waterproof covers every winter, in order to protect them from erosion caused by <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Conservation of cultural heritage as a distinct field of study initially developed in Germany, where in 1888 <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rathgen" title="Friedrich Rathgen">Friedrich Rathgen</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> to be employed by a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a>, the Koniglichen Museen, Berlin (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum (Berlin)">Royal Museums of Berlin</a>). He not only developed a scientific approach to the care of objects in the collections, but disseminated this approach by publishing a Handbook of Conservation in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early development of conservation of cultural heritage in any area of the world is usually linked to the creation of positions for chemists within museums. In British archaeology, key research and technical experimentation in conservation was undertaken by women such as <a href="/wiki/Ione_Gedye" title="Ione Gedye">Ione Gedye</a> both in the field and in archaeological collections, particularly those of the <a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Archaeology" title="UCL Institute of Archaeology">Institute of Archaeology</a>, London. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, pioneering research into painting materials and conservation, ceramics, and stone conservation was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pillans_Laurie" title="Arthur Pillans Laurie">Arthur Pillans Laurie</a>, academic chemist and Principal of <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> from 1900. Laurie's interests were fostered by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924 the chemist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Plenderleith" title="Harold Plenderleith">Harold Plenderleith</a> began to work at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> with Alexander Scott in the recently created Research Laboratory, although he was actually employed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> in the early years. Plenderleith's appointment may be said to have given birth to the conservation <i>profession</i> in the UK, although there had been craftsmen in many museums and in the commercial art world for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This department was created by the museum to address the deteriorating condition of objects in the collection, damages which were a result of their being stored in the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> tunnels during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The creation of this department moved the focus for the development of conservation theory and practice from Germany to Britain, and made the latter a prime force in this fledgling field. In 1956 Plenderleith wrote a significant handbook called The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, which supplanted Rathgen's earlier tome and set new standards for the development of art and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_heritage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation science (cultural heritage)">conservation science</a>. </p><p>In the United States, the development of conservation of cultural heritage can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Art Museum">Fogg Art Museum</a>, and Edward Waldo Forbes, its director from 1909 to 1944. He encouraged technical investigation, and was Chairman of the Advisory Committee for the first technical journal, Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, published by the Fogg from 1932 to 1942. Importantly he also brought onto the museum staff chemists. <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_John_Gettens" title="Rutherford John Gettens">Rutherford John Gettens</a> was the first of such in the US to be permanently employed by an art museum. He worked with <a href="/wiki/George_L._Stout" title="George L. Stout">George L. Stout</a>, the founder and first editor of Technical Studies. Gettens and Stout co-authored Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia in 1942, reprinted in 1966. This compendium is still cited regularly. Only a few dates and descriptions in Gettens' and Stout's book are now outdated.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoner,_Joyce_Hill_2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoner,_Joyce_Hill_2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George T. Oliver, of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Brothers_Fine_Art_Restoration" title="Oliver Brothers Fine Art Restoration">Oliver Brothers Art Restoration and Art Conservation-Boston</a> (Est. 1850 in New York City) invented the vacuum hot table for <a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">relining</a> paintings in 1920s; he filed a patent for the table in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor's prototype table, which he designed and constructed, is still in operation. Oliver Brothers is believed to be the first and the oldest continuously operating art restoration company in the United States. </p><p>The focus of conservation development then accelerated in Britain and America, and it was in Britain that the first International Conservation Organisations developed. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Institute for Conservation">The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC)</a> was incorporated under British law in 1950 as "a permanent organization to co-ordinate and improve the knowledge, methods, and working standards needed to protect and preserve precious materials of all kinds."<sup id="cite_ref-Stoner,_Joyce_Hill_2003_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoner,_Joyce_Hill_2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid growth of conservation professional organizations, publications, journals, newsletters, both internationally and in localities, has spearheaded the development of the conservation profession, both practically and theoretically. Art historians and theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Brandi" title="Cesare Brandi">Cesare Brandi</a> have also played a significant role in developing conservation science theory. In recent years ethical concerns have been at the forefront of developments in conservation. Most significantly has been the idea of <a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">preventive conservation</a>. This concept is based in part on the pioneering work by <a href="/wiki/Garry_Thomson" title="Garry Thomson">Garry Thomson</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a>, and his book <i>Museum Environment</i>, first published in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomson was associated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a> in London; it was here that he established a set of guidelines or environmental controls for the best conditions in which objects could be stored and displayed within the museum environment. Although his exact guidelines are no longer rigidly followed, they did inspire this field of conservation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_laboratories">Conservation laboratories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conservation laboratories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lunder_Conservation_Center_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Lunder_Conservation_Center_Laboratory.jpg/220px-The_Lunder_Conservation_Center_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Lunder_Conservation_Center_Laboratory.jpg/330px-The_Lunder_Conservation_Center_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Lunder_Conservation_Center_Laboratory.jpg/440px-The_Lunder_Conservation_Center_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Lunder Conservation Center. Conservation staff for both the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> are visible to the public through floor-to-ceiling glass walls that allow visitors to see firsthand all the techniques that <a href="/wiki/Conservator_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservator (museum)">conservators</a> use to examine, treat and preserve artworks within a functioning conservation Laboratory.</figcaption></figure> <p>Conservators routinely use chemical and scientific analysis for the examination and treatment of cultural works. The modern conservation laboratory uses equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometers</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-ray</a> regime instruments to better understand objects and their components. The data thus collected helps in deciding the conservation treatments to be provided to the object. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conservator's work is guided by ethical standards. These take the form of <a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">applied ethics</a>. Ethical standards have been established across the world, and national and international ethical guidelines have been written. One such example is: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Conservation" title="American Institute for Conservation">American Institute for Conservation</a> Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Conservation OnLine provides resources on ethical issues in conservation,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including examples of codes of ethics and guidelines for professional conduct in conservation and allied fields; and charters and treaties pertaining to ethical issues involving the preservation of cultural property. </p><p>As well as standards of practice conservators deal with wider ethical concerns, such as the debates as to whether all art is worth preserving.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keeping up with the international contemporary scenario, recent concerns with sustainability in conservation have emerged. The common understanding that "the care of an artifact should not come at the undue expense of the environment"<sup id="cite_ref-Hernandez_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernandez-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is generally well accepted within the community and is already contemplated in guidelines of diverse institutions related to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krnov_castle_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Krnov_castle_b.jpg/200px-Krnov_castle_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Krnov_castle_b.jpg/300px-Krnov_castle_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Krnov_castle_b.jpg/400px-Krnov_castle_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krnov_castle_-_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Krnov_castle_-_entrance.jpg/200px-Krnov_castle_-_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Krnov_castle_-_entrance.jpg/300px-Krnov_castle_-_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Krnov_castle_-_entrance.jpg/400px-Krnov_castle_-_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1638" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Castle gate of <a href="/wiki/Krnov" title="Krnov">Krnov</a> before (2001) and after (2009) restoration</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Beirut_002.jpg/220px-Beirut_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Beirut_002.jpg/330px-Beirut_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Beirut_002.jpg/440px-Beirut_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Preserved historical quarter in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventive_conservation">Preventive conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preventive conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_(cultural_property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk management (cultural property)">Risk management (cultural property)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></div> <p>Many cultural works are sensitive to environmental conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> and exposure to <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">visible light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet radiation</a>. These works must be protected in controlled environments where such variables are maintained within a range of damage-limiting levels. For example, <a href="/wiki/Watercolour_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour painting">watercolour paintings</a> usually require shielding from sunlight to prevent fading of <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>. </p><p>Collections care is an important element of museum policy. It is an essential responsibility of members of the museum profession to create and maintain a protective environment for the collections in their care, whether in store, on display, or in transit. A museum should carefully monitor the condition of collections to determine when an artifact requires conservation work and the services of a qualified conservator. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preventive_Conservation_-_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preventive_Conservation_-_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg/220px-Preventive_Conservation_-_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preventive_Conservation_-_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg/330px-Preventive_Conservation_-_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preventive_Conservation_-_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg/440px-Preventive_Conservation_-_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Work of preventive conservation in a rock wall with prehistoric paintings at the <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park" title="Serra da Capivara National Park">Serra da Capivara National Park</a>. The work consists of filling the cracks to prevent the fragmentation of the wall.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interventive_conservation_and_restoration">Interventive conservation and restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interventive conservation and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FurnitureConservation2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FurnitureConservation2.jpg/220px-FurnitureConservation2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FurnitureConservation2.jpg/330px-FurnitureConservation2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FurnitureConservation2.jpg/440px-FurnitureConservation2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>Furniture conservation – Re-glueing loose element of solid nut marriage chest (probably Italy, 19th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie,_Bytom,_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg/220px-06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg/330px-06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg/440px-06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Antique conservation – Re-painting of the frame by museum employee</figcaption></figure> <p>A teaching programme of interventive conservation was established in the UK at the <a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Archaeology" title="UCL Institute of Archaeology">Institute of Archaeology</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ione_Gedye" title="Ione Gedye">Ione Gedye</a>, which is still teaching interventive conservators today.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A principal aim of a cultural conservator is to reduce the rate of deterioration of an object. Both non-interventive and interventive methodologies may be employed in pursuit of this goal. Interventive conservation refers to any direct interaction between the conservator and the material fabric of the object. Interventive actions are carried out for a variety of reasons, including aesthetic choices, stabilization needs for structural integrity, or cultural requirements for intangible continuity. Examples of interventive treatments include the removal of discolored varnish from a painting, the application of wax to a sculpture, and the washing and rebinding of a book. Ethical standards within the field require that the conservator fully justify interventive actions and carry out documentation before, during, and after the treatment. </p><p>One of the guiding principles of conservation of cultural heritage has traditionally been the idea of reversibility, that all interventions with the object should be fully reversible and that the object should be able to be returned to the state in which it was prior to the conservator's intervention. Although this concept remains a guiding principle of the profession, it has been widely critiqued within the conservation profession<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now considered by many to be "a fuzzy concept."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important principle of conservation is that all alterations should be well documented and should be clearly distinguishable from the original object.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a highly publicized interventive conservation effort would be the conservation work conducted on the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Sistine Chapel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example_of_an_archaeological_discovery_and_restoration_of_a_mural_painting">Example of an archaeological discovery and restoration of a mural painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Example of an archaeological discovery and restoration of a mural painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 669px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_amant_roche_savine_3_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First archaeological search in the 19th-century layer by French archaeologist and restorer Yves Morvan"><img alt="First archaeological search in the 19th-century layer by French archaeologist and restorer Yves Morvan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/St_amant_roche_savine_3_%282%29.jpg/177px-St_amant_roche_savine_3_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/St_amant_roche_savine_3_%282%29.jpg/265px-St_amant_roche_savine_3_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/St_amant_roche_savine_3_%282%29.jpg/354px-St_amant_roche_savine_3_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">First archaeological search in the 19th-century layer by French archaeologist and restorer <a href="/wiki/Yves_Morvan" title="Yves Morvan">Yves Morvan</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_amant_roche_savine_1_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of the 15th century cleared before restoration"><img alt="Painting of the 15th century cleared before restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/St_amant_roche_savine_1_%282%29.jpg/175px-St_amant_roche_savine_1_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/St_amant_roche_savine_1_%282%29.jpg/262px-St_amant_roche_savine_1_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/St_amant_roche_savine_1_%282%29.jpg/349px-St_amant_roche_savine_1_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Painting of the 15th century cleared before restoration</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_amant_roche_savine_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting after restoration"><img alt="Painting after restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_amant_roche_savine_8.jpg/174px-St_amant_roche_savine_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_amant_roche_savine_8.jpg/261px-St_amant_roche_savine_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_amant_roche_savine_8.jpg/348px-St_amant_roche_savine_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Painting after restoration</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_the_restoration_of_an_oil_painting">Examples of the restoration of an oil painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples of the restoration of an oil painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchus_(painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacchus, the painting originating from the Workshop of Leonardo da Vinci, seen here before restoration."><img alt="Bacchus, the painting originating from the Workshop of Leonardo da Vinci, seen here before restoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bacchus_%28painting%29.jpg/175px-Bacchus_%28painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bacchus_%28painting%29.jpg/262px-Bacchus_%28painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bacchus_%28painting%29.jpg/349px-Bacchus_%28painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Leonardo)" title="Bacchus (Leonardo)">Bacchus</a>, the painting originating from the Workshop of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, seen here before restoration.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchus_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_workshop_-_Louvre_INV_780.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacchus after restoration with colors closer to original and details better visible again."><img alt="Bacchus after restoration with colors closer to original and details better visible again." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bacchus_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_workshop_-_Louvre_INV_780.jpg/178px-Bacchus_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_workshop_-_Louvre_INV_780.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bacchus_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_workshop_-_Louvre_INV_780.jpg/266px-Bacchus_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_workshop_-_Louvre_INV_780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bacchus_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_workshop_-_Louvre_INV_780.jpg/355px-Bacchus_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_workshop_-_Louvre_INV_780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5693" data-file-height="8649" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bacchus after restoration with colors closer to original and details better visible again.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear-Admiral_Richard_Kempenfelt,_1718-82_RMG_BHC2818.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by Tilly Kettle, before cleaning"><img alt="Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by Tilly Kettle, before cleaning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rear-Admiral_Richard_Kempenfelt%2C_1718-82_RMG_BHC2818.tiff/lossy-page1-171px-Rear-Admiral_Richard_Kempenfelt%2C_1718-82_RMG_BHC2818.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rear-Admiral_Richard_Kempenfelt%2C_1718-82_RMG_BHC2818.tiff/lossy-page1-257px-Rear-Admiral_Richard_Kempenfelt%2C_1718-82_RMG_BHC2818.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rear-Admiral_Richard_Kempenfelt%2C_1718-82_RMG_BHC2818.tiff/lossy-page1-342px-Rear-Admiral_Richard_Kempenfelt%2C_1718-82_RMG_BHC2818.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="3800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by <a href="/wiki/Tilly_Kettle" title="Tilly Kettle">Tilly Kettle</a>, before cleaning</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Kempenfelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by Tilly Kettle, after cleaning"><img alt="Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by Tilly Kettle, after cleaning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Kempenfelt.jpg/171px-Richard_Kempenfelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Kempenfelt.jpg/257px-Richard_Kempenfelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Kempenfelt.jpg/342px-Richard_Kempenfelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by Tilly Kettle, after cleaning</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_conservation">Sustainable conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sustainable conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recognising that conservation practices should not harm the environment, harm people, or contribute to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>, the conservation-restoration profession has more recently focused on practices that reduce waste, reduce energy costs, and minimise the use of <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> or harmful solvents. A number of research projects,<sup id="cite_ref-Appendino_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendino-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartoletti_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartoletti-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> working groups,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other initiatives have explored how conservation can become a more environmentally sustainable profession.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siconserve.org/">Sustainable conservation practices</a> apply both to work within cultural institutions<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. museums, art galleries, archives, libraries, research centres and historic sites) as well as to businesses and private studios.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_materials">Choice of materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Choice of materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservators and restorers use a wide variety of materials - in conservation treatments, and those used to safely transport, display and store cultural heritage items. These materials can include solvents, papers and boards, fabrics, adhesives and consolidants, plastics and foams, wood products, and many others. Stability and longevity are two important factors conservators consider when selecting materials; sustainability is becoming an increasingly important third.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of sustainable material choices and practices include: </p> <ul><li>Using <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">biodegradable</a> products or those with less environmental impact where possible;</li> <li>Using '<a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green solvents</a>' instead of more toxic alternatives, or treatment strategies that use much smaller amounts of solvents - for example, semi-rigid aqueous gels, emulsions or nano materials;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Preparing smaller amounts of material (e.g. adhesives) to avoid waste;</li> <li>Observing recommended disposal protocols for chemicals, recyclable materials and compostable materials, particularly to avoid contamination of waterways;</li> <li>Choosing protective work wear that can be washed or cleaned and reused, rather than disposable options;</li> <li>Tracking stock quantities to avoid over-buying, especially for materials with expiration dates;</li> <li>Using durable materials for packing that may be washed and re-used, such as <a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mylar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mylar">Mylar</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Waste_and_Materials_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_and_Materials-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Repurposing consumables such as blotting paper, non-woven fabrics, and <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> film when they are no longer fit for their original purpose;</li> <li>Using locally produced products whenever possible, to reduce carbon footprints;</li> <li>Reusing packaging materials such as cardboard boxes, plastic wrap and wooden crates;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Using standard sizes of packaging and package designs that reduce waste;</li></ul> <p>These decisions are not always straightforward - for example, installing <a href="/wiki/Purified_water" title="Purified water">deionised</a> or <a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distilled</a> water filters in laboratories reduces waste associated with purchasing bottled products, but increases energy consumption. Similarly, locally-made papers and boards may reduce inherent <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon miles</a> but they may be made with pulp sourced from <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old growth forests.</a> </p><p>Another dilemma is that many conservation-grade materials are chosen because they do not biodegrade. For example, when selecting a plastic with which to make storage enclosures, conservators prefer to use relatively long-lived plastics because they have better ageing properties - they are less likely to become yellow, leach plasticisers, or lose structural integrity and crumble (examples include <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>). These plastics will also take longer to degrade in landfill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_use">Energy use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Energy use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many conservators and cultural organisations have sought to reduce the energy costs associated with controlling indoor storage and display environments (<a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">relative humidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">air filtration</a>, and lighting levels) as well as those associated with the transport of cultural heritage items for exhibitions and loans. </p><p>In general, lowering the temperature reduces the rate at which damaging <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> occur within materials. For example, storing <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_film" title="Cellulose acetate film">cellulose acetate film</a> at 10 °C instead of 21 °C is estimated to increase its usable life by over 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controlling the relative humidity of air helps to reduce <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> reactions and minimises cracking, distortion and other physical changes in <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a> materials. Changes in temperature will also bring about changes in relative humidity. Therefore, the conservation profession has placed great importance on controlling <a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">indoor environments</a>. Temperature and humidity can be controlled through passive means (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>, building design) or active means (<a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>). Active controls typically require much higher energy use. Energy use increases with specificity - e.g. in will require more energy to maintain a quantity of air to a narrow temperature range (20-22 °C) than to a broad range (18-25 °C). In the past, conservation recommendations have often called for very tight, inflexible temperature and relative humidity set points. In other cases, conservators have recommended strict environmental conditions for buildings that could not reasonably be expected to achieve them, due to the quality of build, local environmental conditions (e.g. recommending temperate conditions for a building located in the tropics) or the financial circumstances of the organisation. This has been an area of particular debate for cultural heritage organisations who lend and borrow cultural items to each other - often, the lender will specify strict environmental conditions as part of the loan agreement, which may be very expensive for the borrowing organisation to achieve, or impossible. </p><p>The energy costs associated with cold storage and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Storage">digital storage</a> are also gaining more attention. Cold storage is a very effective strategy to preserve at-risk collections such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">cellulose nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a> film, which can deteriorate beyond use within decades at ambient conditions. Digital storage costs are rising for both born-digital cultural heritage (photographs, audiovisual, time-based media) and to store digital preservation and access copies of cultural heritage. Digital storage capacity is a major factor in the complexity of preserving digital heritage such as <a href="/wiki/Video_game_preservation" title="Video game preservation">video games</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, messaging services, and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. </p><p>Other areas where energy use can be reduced within conservation and restoration include: </p> <ul><li>Exhibition lighting - e.g. using lower-energy LED lighting systems and light sensors that switch lights on only when visitors are present;<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Installation of green energy capture systems in cultural organisations, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar</a> photovoltaic plates, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind energy</a> systems, and <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Southwick_2021_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southwick_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Improving the energy performance of cultural buildings by installing insulation, sealing gaps, reducing the number of windows and installing double-glazing:<sup id="cite_ref-Southwick_2021_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southwick_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Using <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> to house small groups of climate-sensitive objects instead of seeking to control the environmental conditions of the whole building.<sup id="cite_ref-Southwick_2021_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southwick_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_by_country_look">Country by country look</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Country by country look"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heritage Preservation, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Museum_and_Library_Services" title="Institute of Museum and Library Services">Institute of Museum and Library Services</a>, a U.S. federal agency, produced The Heritage Health Index. The results of this work was the report <i>A Public Trust at Risk: The Heritage Health Index Report on the State of America's Collections</i>, which was published in December 2005 and concluded that immediate action is needed to prevent the loss of 190 million artifacts that are in need of conservation treatment. The report made four recommendations:<sup id="cite_ref-HHI2005_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHI2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Institutions must give priority to providing safe conditions for the collections they hold in trust.</li> <li>Every collecting institution must develop an emergency plan to protect its collections and train staff to carry it out.</li> <li>Every institution must assign responsibility for caring for collections to members of its staff.</li> <li>Individuals at all levels of government and in the private sector must assume responsibility for providing the support that will allow these collections to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Szczepanowska2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szczepanowska2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_and_Albert_conservation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Victoria_and_Albert_conservation.jpg/220px-Victoria_and_Albert_conservation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Victoria_and_Albert_conservation.jpg/330px-Victoria_and_Albert_conservation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Victoria_and_Albert_conservation.jpg/440px-Victoria_and_Albert_conservation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2210" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Conservation in Progress note, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a>, a governmental department, authored a document: "Understanding the Future: Priorities for England's Museums".<sup id="cite_ref-Lammy_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lammy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This document was based on several years of consultation aimed to lay out the government's priorities for museums in the 21st century. </p><p>The document listed the following as priorities for the next decade: </p> <ol><li>Museums will fulfil their potential as learning resources (pp 7–10). <ul><li>Museums will be embedded into the delivery of education in every school in the country.</li> <li>Understanding of the effectiveness of museum education will be improved further and best practice built into education programmes.</li> <li>The value of museums' collections as a research resource will be well understood and better links built between the academic community and museums.</li></ul></li> <li>Museums will embrace their role in fostering, exploring, celebrating and questioning the identities of diverse communities (pp 11–14). <ul><li>The sector needs to work with partners in academia and beyond to create an intellectual framework supporting museums' capacity to tackle issues of identity.</li> <li>The museum sector must continue to develop improved practical techniques for engaging communities of all sorts.</li></ul></li> <li>Museums' collections will be more dynamic and better used (pp 15–18). <ul><li>Government and the sector will find new ways to encourage museums to collect actively and strategically, especially the record of contemporary society.</li> <li>The sector will develop new collaborative approaches to sharing and developing collections and related expertise.</li></ul></li> <li>Museums' workforce will be dynamic, highly skilled and representative (pp 17–22). <ul><li>Museums' governing bodies and workforce will be representative of the communities they serve.</li> <li>Find more varied ways for a broader range of skills to come into museums.</li> <li>Improve continuing professional development.</li></ul></li> <li>Museums will work more closely with each other and partners outside the sector (pp 23–26). <ul><li>A consistent evidence base of the contribution of all kinds of museums to the full range of public service agendas will be developed.</li> <li>There will be deeper and longer lasting partnerships between the national museums and a broader range of regional partners.</li> <li>Museums' international roles will be strengthened to improve museum programmes in this country and Britain's image, reputation and relationships abroad.</li></ul></li></ol> <p>The conservation profession response to this report was on the whole less than favourable, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Conservation" title="Institute of Conservation">Institute of Conservation</a> (ICON) published their response under the title "A Failure of Vision".<sup id="cite_ref-Lammy_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lammy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had the following to say: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No sector can look with confidence to the future if its key asset is worked harder and harder across an ever broadening range of objectives while the inputs required to sustain it are neglected.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is of major concern to us that the only part of this section which makes any acknowledgement of the need for greater resourcing is the part which refers to acquisitions. The original consultation paper made quite extensive reference to the importance of collections, the role of new technologies, and cultural property issues, but this appears to have been whittled away in the present document.</p></blockquote><p> Concluding: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When asked by the Commons Culture Media and Sport elect Committee CMS committee what he would like to see as a priority in the DCMS document arising from the 'Understanding the Future' consultation, Mr MacGregor responded 'I would like to see added there the need to conserve and research the collections, so that the collections can really play the role across the whole of the United Kingdom that they should.' So would we.</p></blockquote> <p>Further to this the ICON website summary report<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists the following specific recommendations: </p> <ul><li>A national survey to find out what the public want from museums, what motivates them to visit them and what makes for a rewarding visit.</li> <li>A review of survey results and prioritisation of the various intrinsic, instrumental and institutional values to provide a clear basis for a 10-year strategy</li> <li>HR consultants to be brought in from the commercial sector to review recruitment, career development and working practices in the national and regional museums.</li> <li>A commitment to examine the potential for using Museum Accreditation as a more effective driver for improving recruitment, diversity, and career development across the sector.</li> <li>DCMS to take full account of the eventual findings of the current Commons Select Committee enquiry into Care of Collections in the final version of this document</li> <li>The adoption of those recommendations of the recent House of Lords inquiry into <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Science#Development_of_'Heritage_Science'" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Science">Science and Heritage</a> which might affect the future of museums.</li></ul> <p>In November 2008, the UK-based <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Demos_(UK_think_tank)" title="Demos (UK think tank)">Demos</a> published an influential pamphlet entitled <i>It's a material world: caring for the public realm</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which they argue for integrating the public directly into efforts to conserve material culture, particularly that which is in the public, their argument, as stated on page 16, demonstrates their belief that society can benefit from conservation as a paradigm as well as a profession: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>conservators provide a paradigm not just for fixing things when they are broken, but for a wider social ethos of care, where we individually and collectively take responsibility and action.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_training&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservation and restoration training (page does not exist)">Conservation and restoration training</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_North_American_Graduate_Programs_in_the_Conservation_of_Cultural_Property" title="Association of North American Graduate Programs in the Conservation of Cultural Property">Association of North American Graduate Programs in the Conservation of Cultural Property</a></div> <p>Training in conservation of cultural heritage for many years took the form of an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>, whereby an apprentice slowly developed the necessary skills to undertake their job. For some specializations within conservation this is still the case. However, it is more common in the field of conservation today that the training required to become a practicing conservator comes from a recognized university course in conservation of cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-AIC_training_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIC_training-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university can rarely provide all the necessary training in first hand experience that an apprenticeship can, and therefore in addition to graduate level training the profession also tends towards encouraging conservation students to spend time as an <a href="/wiki/Intern" class="mw-redirect" title="Intern">intern</a>. </p><p>Conservation of cultural heritage is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> field as conservators have backgrounds in the <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a>, sciences (including <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>), and closely related disciplines, such as <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. They also have design, fabrication, artistic, and other special skills necessary for the practical application of that knowledge. </p><p>Within the various schools that teach conservation of cultural heritage, the approach differs according to the educational and vocational system within the country, and the focus of the school itself. This is acknowledged by the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Conservation" title="American Institute for Conservation">American Institute for Conservation</a> who advise "Specific admission requirements differ and potential candidates are encouraged to contact the programs directly for details on prerequisites, application procedures, and program curriculum".<sup id="cite_ref-AIC_training_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIC_training-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, training for heritage conservation is taught by four schools : <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27art_d%27Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="École supérieure d'art d'Avignon (page does not exist)">École supérieure d'art d'Avignon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27art_d%27Avignon" class="extiw" title="fr:École supérieure d'art d'Avignon">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts_Tours,_Angers,_Le_Mans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'École supérieure des Beaux-Arts Tours, Angers, Le Mans (page does not exist)">L'École supérieure des Beaux-Arts Tours, Angers, Le Mans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Universit%C3%A9_Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (page does not exist)">L'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_du_patrimoine" title="Institut national du patrimoine">Institut national du patrimoine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_and_professional_organizations">Associations and professional organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Associations and professional organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_associations_and_professional_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation associations and professional organizations">Conservation associations and professional organizations</a></div> <p>Societies devoted to the care of cultural heritage have been in existence around the world for many years. One early example is the founding in 1877 of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Ancient_Buildings" title="Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings">Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings</a> in Britain to protect the built heritage, this society continues to be active today.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> work to preserve their cultural heritage with organizations including the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an international network of eight <a href="/wiki/Tibet_House" title="Tibet House">Tibet Houses</a>. </p><p>The built heritage was at the forefront of the growth of member based organizations in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Preservation_Virginia" title="Preservation Virginia">Preservation Virginia</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> in 1889 as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, was the United States' first statewide historic preservation group.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, professional conservators join and take part in the activities of numerous conservation associations and professional organizations with the wider field, and within their area of specialization. In Europe, <a href="/wiki/European_Confederation_of_Conservator-Restorers%27_Organisations" title="European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers' Organisations">E.C.C.O. European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers Organisations</a> was established in 1991 by 14 European Conservator-Restorers' Organisations. Currently representing close to 6.000 professionals within 23 countries and 26 members organisations, including one international body (IADA), E.C.C.O. embodies the field of preservation of cultural heritage, both movable and immovable. </p><p>These organizations exist to "support the conservation professionals who preserve our cultural heritage".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This involves upholding professional standards, promoting research and publications, providing educational opportunities, and fostering the exchange of knowledge among cultural conservators, allied professionals, and the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_cultural_property_documents">International cultural property documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International cultural property documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Document </th> <th>Sponsor </th> <th>Text (English where available) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter_(Preservation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Charter (Preservation)">Athens Charter</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Congress_of_Architects_and_Technicians_of_Historic_Monuments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments (page does not exist)">International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icomos.org/en/charters-and-texts/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/167-the-athens-charter-for-the-restoration-of-historic-monuments">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carta_Di_Atene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carta Di Atene (page does not exist)">Carta Di Atene</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conferenza_Internazionale_di_Atene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conferenza Internazionale di Atene (page does not exist)">Conferenza Internazionale di Atene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tine.it/NormativaBBCC/Carte.htm#atene">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523094951/http://www.tine.it/NormativaBBCC/Carte.htm#atene">Archived</a> 2009-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Italian) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carta_Italiana_del_restauro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carta Italiana del restauro (page does not exist)">Carta Italiana del restauro</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consiglio_Superiore_Per_Le_Antichit%C3%A0_e_Belle_Arti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consiglio Superiore Per Le Antichità e Belle Arti (page does not exist)">Consiglio Superiore Per Le Antichità e Belle Arti</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tine.it/NormativaBBCC/Carte.htm#consiglio">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523094951/http://www.tine.it/NormativaBBCC/Carte.htm#consiglio">Archived</a> 2009-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Italian) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Charter of Athens</a> </td> <td>IV <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_International_d%27Architecture_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne">CIAM</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/conservation/research_resources/charters/charter04.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Delhi_Recommendation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Delhi Recommendation (page does not exist)">New Delhi Recommendation</a> </td> <td>IX <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514192929/http://www.icomos.org/unesco/delhi56.html">text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153039/http://www.icomos.org/unesco/planning56.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Recommendation_1962&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Recommendation 1962 (page does not exist)">Paris Recommendation</a> </td> <td>XII <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153320/http://www.icomos.org/unesco/landscapes62.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice_Charter" title="Venice Charter">Venice Charter</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=II_International_Congress_of_Architects_and_Technicians_of_Historic_Monuments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="II International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments (page does not exist)">II International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706213642/http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.htm">text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706210448/http://www.international.icomos.org/e_venice.htm">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Recommendation_1964&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Recommendation 1964 (page does not exist)">Paris Recommendation</a> </td> <td>XIII <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153221/http://www.icomos.org/unesco/illicit64.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norms_of_Quito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norms of Quito (page does not exist)">Norms of Quito</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/quito.htm">text</a> (Spanish), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807125302/http://www.icomos.org/docs/quito67.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Recommendation_1968&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Recommendation 1968 (page does not exist)">Paris Recommendation</a> </td> <td>XV <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153203/http://www.icomos.org/unesco/works68.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Convention_1972&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Convention 1972 (page does not exist)">Paris Convention</a> </td> <td>XVII <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Recommendation_1972&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Recommendation 1972 (page does not exist)">Paris Recommendation</a> </td> <td>XVII <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514015843/http://www.icomos.org/unesco/national72.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carta_Italiana_del_Restauro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carta Italiana del Restauro (page does not exist)">Carta Italiana del Restauro</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tine.it/NormativaBBCC/Carte.htm#cartaitaliana">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523094951/http://www.tine.it/NormativaBBCC/Carte.htm#cartaitaliana">Archived</a> 2009-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Italian) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Declaration">Stockholm Declaration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150314024203/http%3A//www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid%3D97%26articleid%3D1503">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santo_Domingo_Resolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santo Domingo Resolution (page does not exist)">Santo Domingo Resolution</a>, Dominican Republic </td> <td>Interamerican Seminar on the Conservation and Restoration of the Architectural Heritage of the Colonial and Republican Periods – <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160026/http://portal.iphan.gov.br/portal/baixaFcdAnexo.do?id=245">text</a> (Portuguese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisc.br/universidade/estrutura_administrativa/nucleos/npu/npu_patrimonio/legislacao/internacional/patr_cultural/resolucoes/sao_domingos_1974.pdf">text</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (Portuguese) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Amsterdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Amsterdam (page does not exist)">Declaration of Amsterdam</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_on_the_European_Architectural_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress on the European Architectural Heritage (page does not exist)">Congress on the European Architectural Heritage</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725045522/http://www.icomos.org/docs/amsterdam.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Charter_of_the_Architectural_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Charter of the Architectural Heritage (page does not exist)">European Charter of the Architectural Heritage</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725045101/http://www.icomos.org/docs/euroch_e.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_on_Cultural_Tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter on Cultural Tourism (page does not exist)">Charter on Cultural Tourism</a>, Brussels </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Seminar_on_Contemporary_Tourism_and_Humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Seminar on Contemporary Tourism and Humanism (page does not exist)">International Seminar on Contemporary Tourism and Humanism</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/e_touris.htm">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_Recommendation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nairobi Recommendation (page does not exist)">Nairobi Recommendation</a> </td> <td>XIX <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153016/http://www.icomos.org/unesco/areas76.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machu_Picchu_Charter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machu Picchu Charter (page does not exist)">Machu Picchu Charter</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160039/http://portal.iphan.gov.br/portal/baixaFcdAnexo.do?id=250">text</a> (Portuguese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisc.br/universidade/estrutura_administrativa/nucleos/npu/npu_patrimonio/legislacao/internacional/patr_cultural/cartas/machu_picchu_1977.pdf">text</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (Portuguese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824012407/http://www.cubaarqueologica.org/document/carta12.pdf">text</a> (Spanish), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120311132628/http://148.201.96.14/dc/ver.aspx?ns=000188854">ref</a> (Spanish) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burra_Charter" title="Burra Charter">Burra Charter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512200233/http://www.icomos.org/australia/burra.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Charter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Charter (page does not exist)">Florence Charter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a>: Historic Gardens </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/gardens_e.htm">text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085255/http://www.international.icomos.org/e_floren.htm">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Declaration" title="Nairobi Declaration">Nairobi Declaration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/Law/PDF/NairobiDeclaration1982.pdf">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218025030/http://www.unep.org/Law/PDF/NairobiDeclaration1982.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlaxcala Declaration (page does not exist)">Tlaxcala Declaration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025503/http://www.icomos.org/docs/tlaxcala.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9xico_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="México Declaration (page does not exist)">México Declaration</a> </td> <td>World Conference on Cultural Policies – <a href="/w/index.php?title=MONDIACULT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MONDIACULT (page does not exist)">MONDIACULT</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=12762&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html">text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401072239/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/12762/11295421661mexico_en.pdf/mexico_en.pdf">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Rome (page does not exist)">Declaration of Rome</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025658/http://www.icomos.org/docs/rome.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>Carta della conservazione e del restauro degli oggetti d'arte e di cultura </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805180841/http://www.inforestauro.org/carta-del-restauro-1987.html">text</a> (Italian) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Charter_1987&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Charter 1987 (page does not exist)">Washington Charter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/towns_e.htm">text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/e_towns.htm">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Recommendation_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Recommendation 1989 (page does not exist)">Paris Recommendation</a> </td> <td>XXV <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un-documents.net/folklore.htm">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lausanne_Charter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lausanne Charter (page does not exist)">Lausanne Charter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICAHM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICAHM (page does not exist)">ICAHM</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/e_archae.htm">text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/arch_e.pdf">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nara_Document&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nara Document (page does not exist)">Nara Document</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> / <a href="/wiki/ICCROM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCROM">ICCROM</a> / <a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/nara_e.htm">text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.icomos.org/naradoc_eng.htm">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Recommendation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Recommendation (page does not exist)">European Recommendation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Ministers">Committee of Ministers</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetImage=535441&SecMode=1&DocId=517730&Usage=2">text</a> (Rec(95)3E), <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetImage=536539&SecMode=1&DocId=527032&Usage=2">text</a> (Rec(95)9E) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_San_Antonio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of San Antonio (page does not exist)">Declaration of San Antonio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025259/http://www.icomos.org/docs/san_antonio.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Sofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Sofia (page does not exist)">Declaration of Sofia</a> </td> <td>XI <a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> or XXIX <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228165607/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D5352%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carta_de_Mar_del_Plata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carta de Mar del Plata (page does not exist)">Carta de Mar del Plata</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.iphan.gov.br:8080/vs_portal/baixaFcdAnexo.do?id=269">text</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (Portuguese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisc.br/universidade/estrutura_administrativa/nucleos/npu/npu_patrimonio/legislacao/internacional/patr_cultural/documentos/mercosul.pdf">text</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (Portuguese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706081520/http://www.ipatrimonio.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=55">text</a> (Spanish), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puertoviejoparana.com.ar/blog/carta-de-mar-del-plata/">text</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (Spanish) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Cracow Charter </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418155505/http://www.inforestauro.org/carta-di-cracovia-2000.html">text</a> (Italian) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Cartagena de Indias (page does not exist)">Declaration of Cartagena de Indias</a>, Colômbia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conselho_Andino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conselho Andino (page does not exist)">Conselho Andino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scm.oas.org/doc_public/ENGLISH/HIST_02/CIDI01002E04.DOC">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Recommendation_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Recommendation 2003 (page does not exist)">Paris Recommendation</a> </td> <td>XXXII <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00006">text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1767">Delhi Declaration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_Monuments_and_Sites" title="International Council on Monuments and Sites">ICOMOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/GA2017_Delhi-Declaration_20180117_EN.pdf">text</a> (English) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_discovery" title="Art discovery">Art discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_Group" title="The Georgian Group">The Georgian Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Collections_Care" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Collections Care">Wikipedia:WikiProject Collections Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_For_Monuments_and_Sites" title="International Day For Monuments and Sites">International Day For Monuments and Sites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Ann Marie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl">"Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past"</a>. <i>The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law</i>. <b>15</b>: 604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+John+Marshall+Review+of+Intellectual+Property+Law&rft.atitle=Cultural+Heritage+%26+New+Media%3A+A+Future+for+the+Past&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=604&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Ann+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.jmls.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1392%26context%3Dripl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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International Council of Museums - Committee for Conservation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+a+Profession&rft.pub=International+Council+of+Museums+-+Committee+for+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icom-cc.org%2F47%2Fabout-icom-cc%2Fdefinition-of-profession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalston,_S.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Walston, S. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323064630/https://aiccm.org.au/index.php?catid=79:1978-iccm-bulletin-volume-4-no-4&id=319:the-preservation-and-conservation-of-aboriginal-and-pacific-cultural-material-in-australian-museums&itemid=44&option=com_content&view=article">"The Preservation and Conservation of Aboriginal and Pacific Cultural Material in Australian Museums"</a>. <i>ICCM Bulletin</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ficcm.1978.4.4.002">10.1179/iccm.1978.4.4.002</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiccm.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=319:the-preservation-and-conservation-of-aboriginal-and-pacific-cultural-material-in-australian-museums&catid=79:1978-iccm-bulletin-volume-4-no-4&Itemid=44">the original</a> on 2016-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICCM+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Preservation+and+Conservation+of+Aboriginal+and+Pacific+Cultural+Material+in+Australian+Museums&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ficcm.1978.4.4.002&rft.au=Walston%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiccm.org.au%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D319%3Athe-preservation-and-conservation-of-aboriginal-and-pacific-cultural-material-in-australian-museums%26catid%3D79%3A1978-iccm-bulletin-volume-4-no-4%26Itemid%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szczepanowska2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szczepanowska2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szczepanowska2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanowska2013" class="citation book cs1">Szczepanowska, Hanna M. 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Los Angeles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-637-9"><bdi>978-1-60606-637-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museum+lighting+%3A+a+guide+for+conservators+and+curators&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-637-9&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southwick_2021-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southwick_2021_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southwick_2021_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southwick_2021_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthwick2021" class="citation book cs1">Southwick, Caitlin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kiculture.org/ki-books/"><i>Energy, A Step-By-Step Guide for Sustainable Action, Volume 1</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Icon.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Museums%3A+A+Failure+of+Vision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icon.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D400%26Itemid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesHolden2008" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Samuel; Holden, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demos.co.uk/files/Material%20World%20-%20web.pdf"><i>It's a material world caring for the public realm</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tibet.net%2F&rft.atitle=TIPA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftibet.net%2Ftag%2Ftipa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apva.org/">APVA Preservation Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613122322/http://www.apva.org/">Archived</a> 2008-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Apva.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservation-us.org/about">About AIC – Overview</a>. Conservation-us.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icomos.org/fr/ressources/chartes-et-normes">"Chartes et autres textes doctrinaux - International Council on Monuments and Sites"</a>. <i>www.icomos.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icomos.org&rft.atitle=Chartes+et+autres+textes+doctrinaux+-+International+Council+on+Monuments+and+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icomos.org%2Ffr%2Fressources%2Fchartes-et-normes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Ann Marie (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl">"Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past"</a>. <i>The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law</i>. <b>15</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-8140">1930-8140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+John+Marshall+Review+of+Intellectual+Property+Law&rft.atitle=Cultural+Heritage+%26+New+Media%3A+A+Future+for+the+Past&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.issn=1930-8140&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Ann+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.jmls.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1392%26context%3Dripl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharolaKoestler2019" class="citation journal cs1">Charola, A. Elena; Koestler, Robert J., eds. (11 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/museumconservation/sc_RecordSingle.cfm?filename=scmc-0001">"Pesticide Mitigation in Museum Collections: Science in Conservation (Proceedings from the MCI Workshop Series)"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation</i>. Washington, D.C.: 1–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.19492359.1.1">10.5479/si.19492359.1.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Contributions+to+Museum+Conservation&rft.atitle=Pesticide+Mitigation+in+Museum+Collections%3A+Science+in+Conservation+%28Proceedings+from+the+MCI+Workshop+Series%29&rft.pages=1-72&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.19492359.1.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.si.edu%2Fsmithsoniancontributions%2Fmuseumconservation%2Fsc_RecordSingle.cfm%3Ffilename%3Dscmc-0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span> Copies of this volume are available for free pdf download from the Smithsonian's digital library by clicking on the included link.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoestlerKoestlerCharolaNieto-Fernandez2003" class="citation book cs1">Koestler, Robert J.; Koestler, Victoria H.; Charola, A. Elena; Nieto-Fernandez, Fernando E., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Art_Biology_and_Conservation_Biodeterioration_of_Works_of_Art"><i><span></span></i>Art, biology, and conservation: biodeterioration of works of art<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588391070" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588391070"><bdi>978-1588391070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+biology%2C+and+conservation%3A+biodeterioration+of+works+of+art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1588391070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FArt_Biology_and_Conservation_Biodeterioration_of_Works_of_Art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPergoli_Campanelli2015" class="citation book cs1">Pergoli Campanelli, Alessandro, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11726094"><i>La nascita del restauro : dall'antichità all'alto Medioevo</i></a> (Primaizione italiana ed.). Milano: Jaca book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788816412996" title="Special:BookSources/9788816412996"><bdi>9788816412996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+nascita+del+restauro+%3A+dall%27antichit%C3%A0+all%27alto+Medioevo&rft.place=Milano&rft.edition=Primaizione+italiana&rft.pub=Jaca+book&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788816412996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11726094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandis2014" class="citation book cs1">Sandis, Constantine, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/276/cultural-heritage-ethics--between-theory-and-practice"><i>Cultural heritage ethics : between theory and practice</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0047">10.11647/obp.0047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-067-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-067-3"><bdi>978-1-78374-067-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+heritage+ethics+%3A+between+theory+and+practice&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0047&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-067-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fproduct%2F276%2Fcultural-heritage-ethics--between-theory-and-practice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaniforth2013" class="citation book cs1">Staniforth, Sarah, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.getty.edu/products/historical-perspectives-on-preventive-conservation-978-1606061428"><i>Historical perspectives on preventive conservation</i></a>. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-142-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-142-8"><bdi>978-1-60606-142-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+perspectives+on+preventive+conservation&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Conservation+Institute&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-142-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.getty.edu%2Fproducts%2Fhistorical-perspectives-on-preventive-conservation-978-1606061428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanowskaJhaMathia2015" class="citation journal cs1">Szczepanowska, H. M.; Jha, D.; Mathia, Th G. (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4JA00337C">"Morphology and characterization of Dematiaceous fungi on a cellulose paper substrate using synchrotron X-ray microtomography, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy in the context of cultural heritage"</a>. <i>Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 651–657. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4JA00337C">10.1039/C4JA00337C</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5544">1364-5544</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Analytical+Atomic+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=Morphology+and+characterization+of+Dematiaceous+fungi+on+a+cellulose+paper+substrate+using+synchrotron+X-ray+microtomography%2C+scanning+electron+microscopy+and+confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy+in+the+context+of+cultural+heritage&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=651-657&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC4JA00337C&rft.issn=1364-5544&rft.aulast=Szczepanowska&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft.au=Jha%2C+D.&rft.au=Mathia%2C+Th+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1039%2FC4JA00337C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+cultural+property" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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id="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration" title="Agents of deterioration">Agents of deterioration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(archives)" title="Calendar (archives)">Calendar (archives)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">Collection (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">Collection catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management_system" title="Collections management system">Collections management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management" title="Cultural heritage management">Cultural heritage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_documentation" title="Cultural property documentation">Cultural property documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_exhibition" title="Cultural property exhibition">Cultural property exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_imaging" title="Cultural property imaging">Cultural property imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">Cultural property storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural resources management">Cultural resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Database preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">Deaccessioning (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventory (museum)">Inventory (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="Repatriation (cultural property)">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Auctioneer">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains" title="Conservation and restoration of human remains">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Conservation and restoration of Judaica">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">Folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive music">Primitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo (Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Konservierung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114279-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Conservation and restoration"><a 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