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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontario_Saulteaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario_Saulteaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ontario Saulteaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario_Saulteaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manitoba_Saulteaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manitoba_Saulteaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Manitoba Saulteaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manitoba_Saulteaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Saulteaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Saulteaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Western Saulteaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Saulteaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Saulteaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Saulteaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable Saulteaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Saulteaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Saulteaux</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Салтьо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Салтьо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saulteaux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saulteaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saulteaux" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saulteaux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saulteaux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saulteaux" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteauxit" title="Saulteauxit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saulteauxit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Saulteaux" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Saulteaux" title="Special:EditPage/Saulteaux">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Saulteaux%22">"Saulteaux"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Saulteaux%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Saulteaux%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Saulteaux%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Saulteaux%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Saulteaux%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Anishinaabe, Nakawē<br />ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ, ᓇᐦᑲᐍ</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/300px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/450px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/600px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="993" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Homelands of Anishinaabe and Anishinini, ca. 1800</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, and others</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwe people">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Saulteaux</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAWL</span>-toh</i></a> or in imitation of the French pronunciation <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SOH</span>-toh;</i></a> also written <b>Salteaux, Saulteau</b> and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa_ethnonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa ethnonyms">other variants</a>), otherwise known as the <b>Plains Ojibwe</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. They are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> who pushed west. They formed a mixed culture of <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland Indians">woodlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Indian">plains Indigenous</a> customs and traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_classification">Ethnic classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnic classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Saulteaux are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Nations within Canada</a>. They are sometimes called the <b>Anihšināpē</b> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Saulteaux</i> is a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> term meaning "people of the rapids," referring to their former location in the area of Sault Ste. Marie. They are primarily hunters and fishers, and when still the primary dwellers of their sovereign land, they had extensive trading relations with the French, British and later Americans at that post. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Saulteaux historically were settled around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>, principally in the areas of present-day Sault Ste. Marie and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan" title="Northern Michigan">northern Michigan</a>. Pressure from European Canadians and Americans gradually pushed the tribe westward to <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, with one community in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Today most of the Saulteaux live in the <a href="/wiki/Interlake" title="Interlake">Interlake</a> District; Swan River, Duck Bay, Camperville, the southern part of Manitoba, and in Saskatchewan (Kamsack and surrounding areas). Because they were forced to move to land ill-suited for European crops, they were lucky to escape European-Canadian competition for their lands and have kept much of that assigned territory in reserves. Generally, the Saulteaux have three major divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontario_Saulteaux">Ontario Saulteaux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ontario Saulteaux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Saulteaux, better known as the Ontario Saulteaux, are located around <a href="/wiki/Rainy_Lake" title="Rainy Lake">Rainy Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario" title="Northwestern Ontario">Northwestern Ontario</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. Many of the Ontario Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_3" title="Treaty 3">Treaty 3</a>. Their form of <i>Anishinaabemowin</i> (Anishinaabe language) is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ojibwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Ojibwa language">Northwestern Ojibwa language</a> (ISO 639-3: OJB), or simply <i>Ojibwemowin</i> (Ojibwe). Today English is the first language of many members. The Ontario Saulteaux culture is descended from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Woodland">Eastern Woodlands</a> culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manitoba_Saulteaux">Manitoba Saulteaux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manitoba Saulteaux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Central Saulteaux, better known as Manitoba Saulteaux, are found primarily in eastern and southern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, extending west into southern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>. During the late 18th century and early 19th century, as partners with the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>, the Saulteaux migrated northwest into the Swan River and Cumberland districts of west-central Manitoba, and into Saskatchewan along the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_River" title="Assiniboine River">Assiniboine River</a>, as far its confluence with the Souris (Mouse) River. Once established in the area, the Saulteaux adapted some of the cultural traits of their allies, the Plains Cree and <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a>. </p><p>Consequently, together with the Western Saulteaux, the Manitoba Saulteaux are sometimes called <b>Plains Ojibwe</b>. Many of the Manitoba Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_1" title="Treaty 1">Treaty 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_2" title="Treaty 2">Treaty 2</a>. The Manitoba Saulteaux culture is a transitional one from the Eastern Woodlands culture of their Ontario Saulteaux neighbours and Plains culture of the Western Saulteaux neighbours. Often, the term <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bungi people (page does not exist)">Bungi</a></i> or <i>Bungee</i> (from <i>bangii,</i> meaning "a little bit") has been used to refer to either the Manitoba Saulteaux (who resemble the Cree in culture) or their <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> population (who are a little bit Anishinaabe). The language of their Métis population is described as the <a href="/wiki/Bungi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi language">Bungi language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Saulteaux">Western Saulteaux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western Saulteaux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western Saulteaux are found primarily in central <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, but extend east into southwestern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and west into central <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. They call themselves <span title="Western Ojibwa-language text"><i lang="ojw-Latn">Nakawē</i></span> (<span title="Western Ojibwa-language text"><span lang="ojw-Cans">ᓇᐦᑲᐍ</span></span>)—an <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a> that is a general term for the Saulteaux. The neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> call them the <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Nahkawiyiniw</i></span> (<span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr-Cans">ᓇᐦᑲᐏᔨᓂᐤ</span></span>), a word of related etymology. Their form of <span title="Western Ojibwa-language text"><i lang="ojw-Latn">Anishinaabemowin</i></span> (Anishinaabe language), known as <span title="Western Ojibwa-language text"><i lang="ojw-Latn">Nakawēmowin</i></span> (<span title="Western Ojibwa-language text"><span lang="ojw-Cans">ᓇᐦᑲᐍᒧᐏᐣ</span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwa language</a> (ISO 639-3: OJW), is also an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a>. Like most First Nations, most members use English as the first language. Many of the Western Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_4" title="Treaty 4">Treaty 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a>; Saulteau First Nations in North Eastern British Columbia are a signatory to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a>. The Western Saulteaux culture is that of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay,_The_Six,_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-George_Catlin_-_Sha-c%C3%B3-pay%2C_The_Six%2C_Chief_of_the_Plains_Ojibwa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sha-c%C3%B3-pay" title="Sha-có-pay">Sha-có-pay</a>, The Six, Chief of the Plains Ojibwa</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Population figures are as of May 2013, unless noted otherwise.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asubpeeschoseewagong_First_Nation" title="Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation">Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation</a> (formerly: Grassy Narrows First Nation (Ontario))(population 1,326)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berens_River_First_Nation" title="Berens River First Nation">Berens River First Nation</a>, Berens River, MB (population 1851 on-reserve)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Point_First_Nation" title="Buffalo Point First Nation">Buffalo Point First Nation</a>, Buffalo Point, MB (population 110)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cote_First_Nation" title="Cote First Nation">Cote First Nation</a>, Kamsack, SK (population 3,059)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowessess_First_Nation" title="Cowessess First Nation">Cowessess First Nation</a>, Cowessess, SK (population 3,570) (part Cree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Lake_First_Nation" title="Eagle Lake First Nation">Eagle Lake First Nation</a>, Migisi Sahgaigan, ON (population 458 in 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebb_and_Flow_First_Nation" title="Ebb and Flow First Nation">Ebb and Flow First Nation</a>, Ebb and Flow, MB (population 2,467)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon First Nation">Gordon First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punnichy,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Punnichy, Saskatchewan">Punnichy, SK</a> (population 3,065)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskatewizaagegan_39_Independent_First_Nation" title="Iskatewizaagegan 39 Independent First Nation">Iskatewizaagegan 39 Independent First Nation</a>, Kejick, ON (population 568)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeseekoose_First_Nation" title="Keeseekoose First Nation">Keeseekoose First Nation</a>, Kamsack, SK (population 2,145)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Key_First_Nation" title="The Key First Nation">The Key First Nation</a>, Norquay, SK (population 1,114)</li> <li>Lac des Bois Band of Saulteaux (Historical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Grassy_First_Nation" title="Big Grassy First Nation">Big Grassy First Nation</a>, Morson, ON (population 660)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishnaabeg_of_Naongashiing_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing First Nation (page does not exist)">Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing First Nation</a> (Big Island), Morson, ON (population 360)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle_33_First_Nation" title="Northwest Angle 33 First Nation">Northwest Angle 33 First Nation</a> (population 454)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle_37_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Angle 37 First Nation">Northwest Angle 37 First Nation</a> (population 338)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niisaachewan_Anishinaabe_Nation" title="Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation">Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation</a>, Kenora, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibways_of_Onigaming_First_Nation" title="Ojibways of Onigaming First Nation">Ojibways of Onigaming First Nation</a> (population 706)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anishinabe_of_Wauzhushk_Onigum_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum First Nation (page does not exist)">Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum First Nation</a>, Kenora, ON (population 622)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_des_Mille_Lacs_First_Nation" title="Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation">Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation</a> (population 522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscowpetung_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscowpetung First Nation">Muscowpetung First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Qu%27Appelle,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan">Fort Qu'Appelle SK</a> (population 1,183)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskowekwan_First_Nation" title="Muskowekwan First Nation">Muskowekwan First Nation</a> Lestock, SK (population 1,524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naotkamegwanning_First_Nation" title="Naotkamegwanning First Nation">Naotkamegwanning First Nation</a> (formerly: Whitefish Bay First Nation), Pawitik, ON (population 1,109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obashkaandagaang_Bay_First_Nation" title="Obashkaandagaang Bay First Nation">Obashkaandagaang Bay First Nation</a> (population 280)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi_First_Nation" title="O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi First Nation">O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi First Nation</a> (population 600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese First Nation</a>, Rocky Mountain House, AB (population 963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasqua_First_Nation" title="Pasqua First Nation">Pasqua First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Qu%27Appelle,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan">Fort Qu'Appelle, SK</a> (population 1,775) (part Cree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauingassi_First_Nation" title="Pauingassi First Nation">Pauingassi First Nation</a>, Pauingass, MB (population 575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaymootang_First_Nation" title="Pinaymootang First Nation">Pinaymootang First Nation</a>, Fairford, MB (population 2500+)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Creek_First_Nation" title="Pine Creek First Nation">Pine Creek First Nation</a>, Pine Creek MB (population 2,730)</li> <li>Poorman's Band of Cree (historical)—primarily Cree but historically part Saulteaux <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawacatoose_First_Nation" title="Kawacatoose First Nation">Kawacatoose First Nation</a>, Raymore, SK (population 2,748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskowekwan_First_Nation" title="Muskowekwan First Nation">Muskowekwan First Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_River_First_Nation" title="Poplar River First Nation">Poplar River First Nation</a>, Poplar River, MB (population 1,439)</li> <li>Portage Band of Saulteaux (Historical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Plain_First_Nation" title="Long Plain First Nation">Long Plain First Nation</a>, Portage la Prairie, MB (population 3,388 in 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay_First_Nation" title="Sandy Bay First Nation">Sandy Bay First Nation</a> (formerly: White Mud Band of Saulteaux), Marius, MB (population 5,521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake_First_Nation" title="Swan Lake First Nation">Swan Lake First Nation</a>, Swan Lake, MB (population 1,206)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainy_Lake_and_River_Bands_of_Saulteaux" title="Rainy Lake and River Bands of Saulteaux">Rainy Lake Band of Saulteaux</a> (Historical)<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg/225px-A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg/338px-A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg/450px-A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption><b>A-na-cam-e-gish-ca</b> (<i>Aanakamigishkaang</i> / "[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Rainy Lake Ojibwe chief, painted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bird_King" title="Charles Bird King">Charles Bird King</a> during the 1826 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a> & published in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couchiching_First_Nation" title="Couchiching First Nation">Couchiching First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frances,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Frances, Ontario">Fort Frances, ON</a> (population 1,989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naicatchewenin_First_Nation" title="Naicatchewenin First Nation">Naicatchewenin First Nation</a>, Devlin, ON (population 370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigigoonsiminikaaning_First_Nation" title="Nigigoonsiminikaaning First Nation">Nigigoonsiminikaaning (Nicickousemenecaning) First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frances,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Frances, Ontario">Fort Frances, ON</a> (population 293)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanjikoming_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanjikoming First Nation">Stanjikoming First Nation</a>, Fort Frances, ON (population 142)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainy_Lake_and_River_Bands_of_Saulteaux" title="Rainy Lake and River Bands of Saulteaux">Rainy River Bands of Saulteaux</a> (Historical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lac_La_Croix_First_Nation" title="Lac La Croix First Nation">Lac La Croix First Nation</a>, Fort Frances, ON (population 397) <ul><li>Lac La Croix Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)—on Lac La Croix Indian Reserve 25D (now known as Neguagon Lake Indian Reserve 25D)</li> <li>Sturgeon Lake Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)— as on Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve 24C until the Reserve was delisted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontario_Provincial_Park_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontario Provincial Park Act (page does not exist)">Ontario Provincial Park Act</a> in 1950, took this <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> and made it part of <a href="/wiki/Quetico_Provincial_Park" title="Quetico Provincial Park">Quetico Provincial Park</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainy_River_First_Nations" title="Rainy River First Nations">Rainy River First Nations</a>, Manitou Rapids, ON (population 767 in 2006) <ul><li>Hungry Hall 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)</li> <li>Hungry Hall 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)</li> <li>Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)[Canada]— Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)[United States], the southern half of the former, became part of <a href="/wiki/Bois_Forte_Band_of_Chippewa" title="Bois Forte Band of Chippewa">Bois Forte Band of Chippewa</a>.</li> <li>Long Sault 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)</li> <li>Long Sault 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)</li> <li>Manitou Rapids 1 of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)</li> <li>Manitou Rapids 2 of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_River_First_Nation" title="Seine River First Nation">Seine River First Nation</a>, Mine Centre, ON (population 697)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagkeeng_First_Nation" title="Sagkeeng First Nation">Sagkeeng First Nation</a> (formerly Fort Alexander First Nation), Fort Alexander, MB (population 6,844)</li> <li>St. Peter's Band of Cree and Saulteaux (Historical)—primarily Cree but historically part Saulteaux <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskoday_First_Nation" title="Muskoday First Nation">Muskoday First Nation</a> (formerly: John Smith First Nation), Muskoday, SK (population 1,579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peguis_First_Nation" title="Peguis First Nation">Peguis First Nation</a>, Peguis, MB (population 8,410)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteau_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Saulteau First Nations">Saulteau First Nations</a>, Moberly Lake, BC (population 792 in 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux_First_Nation" title="Saulteaux First Nation">Saulteaux First Nation</a>, Cochin, SK (population 1,157)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal_Lake_40_First_Nation" title="Shoal Lake 40 First Nation">Shoal Lake 40 First Nation</a>, Shoal Lake, ON (population 542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skownan_First_Nation" title="Skownan First Nation">Skownan First Nation</a> (formerly: Waterhen River Band of Saulteaux), Skownan, MB (population 1,246)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabaseemoong_Independent_Nations" title="Wabaseemoong Independent Nations">Wabaseemoong Independent Nations</a> (formerly: Islington Band of Saulteaux), Whitedog, ON (1,716) <ul><li>One Man Lake Band of Saulteaux (Historical)</li> <li>Swan Lake Band of Saulteaux (Historical)</li> <li>Whitedog Band of Saulteaux (Historical)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabauskang_First_Nation" title="Wabauskang First Nation">Wabauskang First Nation</a> (population 257)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabigoon_Lake_Ojibway_Nation" title="Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation">Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation</a> (population 541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bear_First_Nations" title="White Bear First Nations">White Bear First Nations</a>, Carlyle, SK—Multitribal band of Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Nakota and Dakota First Nations (population 2805)</li> <li>Yellow-quill Band of Saulteaux (Historical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_Lake_First_Nation" title="Fishing Lake First Nation">Fishing Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinistin_Saulteaux_Nation" title="Kinistin Saulteaux Nation">Kinistin Saulteaux Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Quill_First_Nation" title="Yellow Quill First Nation">Yellow Quill First Nation</a> (formerly: Nut Lake Band of Saulteaux)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagime_Anishinabek" title="Zagime Anishinabek">Zagime Anishinabek</a>, Grenfell, SK (population 1,404) (formerly Sakimay First Nation, part Cree)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Saulteaux">Notable Saulteaux</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable Saulteaux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Beach" title="Adam Beach">Adam Beach</a>, actor known for his work in <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Our_Fathers_(film)" title="Flags of Our Fathers (film)">Flags of Our Fathers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Windtalkers" title="Windtalkers">Windtalkers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Air" title="Arctic Air">Arctic Air</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Fontaine" title="Phil Fontaine">Phil Fontaine</a>, former National Chief, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Houle" title="Robert Houle">Robert Houle</a>, artist, critic, and curator<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hunter_(writer)" title="Al Hunter (writer)">Al Hunter</a>, Anishinaabe writer and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Pelly" title="Wilma Pelly">Wilma Pelly</a>, actor<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Podemski" title="Jennifer Podemski">Jennifer Podemski</a>, actor<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Prince" title="Tommy Prince">Tommy Prince</a>, one of Canada's most decorated First Nations soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boucha" title="Henry Boucha">Henry Boucha</a>, former NHL player and Olympian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Grassy+Narrows+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgrassy-narrows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaulteaux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribute.ca/people/biography/adam-beach/5726/">"Adam Beach biography and filmography | Adam Beach movies"</a>. <i>Tribute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribute&rft.atitle=Adam+Beach+biography+and+filmography+%7C+Adam+Beach+movies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribute.ca%2Fpeople%2Fbiography%2Fadam-beach%2F5726%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaulteaux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadill2018" class="citation book cs1">Madill, Shirley (2018). "Biography". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/robert-houle"><i>Robert Houle : life & work</i></a>. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0170-1"><bdi>978-1-4871-0170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.btitle=Robert+Houle+%3A+life+%26+work&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Art+Canada+Institute&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4871-0170-1&rft.aulast=Madill&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci-iac.ca%2Fart-books%2Frobert-houle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaulteaux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/wilma-pelly-north-of-60-actor-1.5858968">"Wilma Pelly, actor most beloved for playing Elsie Tsa Che on North of 60, dies at 83 | CBC News"</a>. <i>CBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Wilma+Pelly%2C+actor+most+beloved+for+playing+Elsie+Tsa+Che+on+North+of+60%2C+dies+at+83+%7C+CBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Fwilma-pelly-north-of-60-actor-1.5858968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaulteaux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneller2018" class="citation news cs1">Schneller, Johanna (February 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/jennifer-podemski-on-the-challenges-indigenous-actors-face-in-the-industry/article38027843/">"Jennifer Podemski on the challenges Indigenous actors face in the film industry"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Jennifer+Podemski+on+the+challenges+Indigenous+actors+face+in+the+film+industry&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=Schneller&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Farts%2Ffilm%2Fjennifer-podemski-on-the-challenges-indigenous-actors-face-in-the-industry%2Farticle38027843%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaulteaux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLackenbauer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lackenbauer, P. Whitney (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf">"A Hell of a Warrior": Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Historical Biography</i>. <b>1</b>: 27–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Biography&rft.atitle=A+Hell+of+a+Warrior%22%3A+Remembering+Sergeant+Thomas+George+Prince&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=27-78&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lackenbauer&rft.aufirst=P.+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ufv.ca%2Fjhb%2FVolume_1%2FVolume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaulteaux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saulteaux&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030926103724/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/saulteaux.html">information, via Minnesota State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230141427/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/saulteaux/saulteaux.html">Our Languages: Nakawē</a> (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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system">Clan system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth and stories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aayaase" title="Aayaase">Aayaase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykok" title="Baykok">Baykok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumkeeper" title="Drumkeeper">Drumkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Grand Medicine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiibayaabooz" title="Jiibayaabooz">Jiibayaabooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_dress" title="Jingle dress">Jingle dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudjekeewis" title="Mudjekeewis">Mudjekeewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokomis" title="Nokomis">Nokomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">Powwow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_fires_prophecy" title="Seven fires prophecy">Seven fires prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingebis" title="Shingebis">Shingebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Indigenous_North_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Indigenous North American folklore)">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Traditional beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiigwaasabak" title="Wiigwaasabak">Birch bark scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birchbark_biting" title="Birchbark biting">Birchbark biting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">Quillwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_work" title="Ribbon work">Ribbon work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">U.S. residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian residential schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Education">Primary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig_School" title="Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School">Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_School" title="Hannahville Indian School">Hannahville Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Lumsden_Bahweting_Anishnabe_School" title="Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School">Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Educational_Institute" title="Anishinabek Educational Institute">Anishinabek Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Community_College" title="Bay Mills Community College">Bay Mills Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Ojibwa_Community_College" title="Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College">Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_College" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Numbered_Treaties:_Treaty_Four" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numbertreaty" title="Template:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numbertreaty" title="Template talk:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numbertreaty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numbertreaty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Numbered_Treaties:_Treaty_Four" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a>: Treaty Four</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numbered <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_1" title="Treaty 1">Treaty 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_2" title="Treaty 2">Treaty 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_3" title="Treaty 3">Treaty 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_4" title="Treaty 4">Treaty 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_5" title="Treaty 5">Treaty 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_9" title="Treaty 9">Treaty 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_10" title="Treaty 10">Treaty 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_11" title="Treaty 11">Treaty 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamblers_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamblers First Nation">Gamblers First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Creek_First_Nation" title="Pine Creek First Nation">Pine Creek First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_River_First_Nation" title="Rolling River First Nation">Rolling River First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaweyak_Cree_Nation" title="Sapotaweyak Cree Nation">Sapotaweyak Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tootinaowaziibeeng_Treaty_Reserve_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tootinaowaziibeeng Treaty Reserve First Nation">Tootinaowaziibeeng Treaty Reserve First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waywayseecappo_First_Nation" title="Waywayseecappo First Nation">Waywayseecappo First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuskwi_Sipihk_First_Nation" title="Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation">Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carry_the_Kettle_Nakoda_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation">Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cot%C3%A9_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coté First Nation">Coté First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowessess_First_Nation" title="Cowessess First Nation">Cowessess First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Star_First_Nation" title="Day Star First Nation">Day Star First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_Lake_First_Nation" title="Fishing Lake First Nation">Fishing Lake First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon First Nation">Gordon First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahkewistahaw_First_Nation" title="Kahkewistahaw First Nation">Kahkewistahaw First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawacatoose_First_Nation" title="Kawacatoose First Nation">Kawacatoose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeseekoose_First_Nation" title="Keeseekoose First Nation">Keeseekoose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Key_First_Nation" title="The Key First Nation">The Key First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinistin_Saulteaux_Nation" title="Kinistin Saulteaux Nation">Kinistin Saulteaux Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Black_Bear_First_Nation" title="Little Black Bear First Nation">Little Black Bear First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscowpetung_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscowpetung First Nation">Muscowpetung First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskowekwan_First_Nation" title="Muskowekwan First Nation">Muskowekwan First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekaneet_Cree_Nation" title="Nekaneet Cree Nation">Nekaneet Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Man_First_Nation" title="Ocean Man First Nation">Ocean Man First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochapowace_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochapowace First Nation">Ochapowace First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanese_First_Nation" title="Okanese First Nation">Okanese First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasqua_First_Nation" title="Pasqua First Nation">Pasqua First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peepeekisis_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peepeekisis First Nation (page does not exist)">Peepeekisis First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasant_Rump_Nakota_First_Nation" title="Pheasant Rump Nakota First Nation">Pheasant Rump Nakota First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piapot_First_Nation" title="Piapot First Nation">Piapot First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Buffalo_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Buffalo First Nation">Standing Buffalo First Nation</a><small> (included, though not a signatory)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Blanket_Cree_Nation" title="Star Blanket Cree Nation">Star Blanket Cree Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bear_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bear First Nation">White Bear First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Mountain_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood Mountain First Nation">Wood Mountain First Nation</a><small> (included, though not a signatory)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Quill_First_Nation" title="Yellow Quill First Nation">Yellow Quill First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagime_Anishinabek" title="Zagime Anishinabek">Zagime Anishinabek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f8d6b6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template talk:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alberta"><img alt="Flag of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/25px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/38px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/50px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations in Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Cultural areas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Ethnolinguistic groups</a> (by language family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language"><i>Plains</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree"><i>Woodland</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saulteaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athapascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athapascan">Athapascan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Daneẕaa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Dënesųłı̨ne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavey people">Dene Tha'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Nakoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> <small>(1876)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> <small>(1877)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a> <small>(1899)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Tribal_Council" title="Athabasca Tribal Council">Athabasca Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Chipewyan_First_Nation" title="Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation">Athabasca Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_Prairie_First_Nation" title="Chipewyan Prairie First Nation">Chipewyan Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKay_First_Nation" title="Fort McKay First Nation">Fort McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray_First_Nation" title="Fort McMurray First Nation">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikisew_Cree_First_Nation" title="Mikisew Cree First Nation">Mikisew Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Standoff,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff, Alberta">Standoff</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederacy_of_Treaty_6_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations">Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Enoch,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch, Alberta">Enoch</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bull_Tribe" title="Louis Bull Tribe">Louis Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_First_Nation" title="Montana First Nation">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Band" title="Paul Band">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Saddle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Cree_Nation" title="Samson Cree Nation">Samson Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kee_Tas_Kee_Now_Tribal_Council" title="Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council">Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Atikameg</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Creek" title="Red Earth Creek">Loon River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Band" title="Lubicon Lake Band">Lubicon Lake Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Trout_First_Nation" title="Peerless Trout First Nation">Peerless Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree_First_Nation" title="Woodland Cree First Nation">Woodland Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake_Indian_Regional_Council" title="Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council">Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Slave_Lake,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Lake, Alberta">Slave Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driftpile_First_Nation" title="Driftpile First Nation">Driftpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapawe%27no_First_Nation" title="Kapawe'no First Nation">Kapawe'no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawridge_First_Nation" title="Sawridge First Nation">Sawridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_Creek_Cree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucker Creek Cree First Nation">Sucker Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_First_Nation" title="Swan River First Nation">Swan River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Peace_Tribal_Council" title="North Peace Tribal Council">North Peace Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/High_Level,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="High Level, Alberta">High Level</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_First_Nation" title="Beaver First Nation">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_River_Cree_Nation" title="Little Red River Cree Nation">Little Red River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallcree_Tribal_Government" title="Tallcree Tribal Government">Tallcree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoney_Nakoda_-_Tsuut%27ina_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation" title="Stoney Nakoda First Nation">Stoney Nakoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearspaw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearspaw First Nation">Bearspaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniki_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiniki First Nation">Chiniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley First Nation">Wesley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_Chiefs_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribal Chiefs Ventures (page does not exist)">Tribal Chiefs Ventures</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_Tribal_Council" title="Western Cree Tribal Council">Western Cree Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Valleyview,_Alberta" title="Valleyview, Alberta">Valleyview</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan%27s_First_Nation" title="Duncan's First Nation">Duncan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Lake_First_Nation" title="Horse Lake First Nation">Horse Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation">Sturgeon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Tribal_Council" title="Yellowhead Tribal Council">Yellowhead Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Morinville,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Morinville, Alberta">Morinville</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaffiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigstone_Cree_Nation" title="Bigstone Cree Nation">Bigstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not federally recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseniwuche_Winewak_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (page does not exist)">Aseniwuche Winewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Indian_Nation" title="Lubicon Lake Indian Nation">Lubicon Lake Indian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not headquartered in Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acho_Dene_Koe_First_Nation" title="Acho Dene Koe First Nation">Acho Dene Koe</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Kelly Lake, British Columbia">Kelly Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Onion Lake Cree Nation">Onion Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Landing_First_Nation" title="Smith's Landing First Nation">Smith's Landing</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase</a> <small>(1891)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharphead_band" title="Sharphead band">Sharphead</a> <small>(1897)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Band" title="Michel Band">Michel</a> <small>(1958)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">List of Indian reserves in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis in Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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