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<li id="toc-Soviet_occupation_and_rise_of_the_Communists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_occupation_and_rise_of_the_Communists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_occupation_and_rise_of_the_Communists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_People's_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_People's_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Romanian People's Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_People's_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1947-48_takeover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947-48_takeover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>1947-48 takeover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947-48_takeover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gheorghiu-Dej_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gheorghiu-Dej_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Gheorghiu-Dej era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gheorghiu-Dej_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution,_the_labour_camp_system_and_anti-communist_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution,_the_labour_camp_system_and_anti-communist_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Persecution, the labour camp system and anti-communist resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution,_the_labour_camp_system_and_anti-communist_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceaușescu_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceaușescu_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ceaușescu government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceaușescu_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>First years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Human rights issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_severe_rationing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_severe_rationing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>1980s: severe rationing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_severe_rationing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Systematization: demolition and reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years:_increased_social_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years:_increased_social_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Last years: increased social control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years:_increased_social_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brașov_Riot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brașov_Riot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Brașov Riot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brașov_Riot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_in_1989_before_the_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_in_1989_before_the_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Protests in 1989 before the Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_in_1989_before_the_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_the_events_of_December_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_the_events_of_December_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Controversy over the events of December 1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_the_events_of_December_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Republic of Romania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية رومانيا الاشتراكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية رومانيا الاشتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_de_Ruman%C3%ADa" title="República Socialista de Rumanía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Socialista de Rumanía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%B1niya_Sosialist_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Rumıniya Sosialist Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rumıniya Sosialist Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সমাজতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্রী রোমানিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমাজতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্রী রোমানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="रोमानिआ के लोकतांत्रिक गनराज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रोमानिआ के लोकतांत्रिक गनराज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалистическа република Румъния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социалистическа република Румъния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_de_Romania" title="República Socialista de Romania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Socialista de Romania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsk%C3%A1_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Rumunská socialistická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rumunská socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Sosialaidd_Rwmania" title="Gweriniaeth Sosialaidd Rwmania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Sosialaidd Rwmania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiske_Republik_Rum%C3%A6nien" title="Socialistiske Republik Rumænien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialistiske Republik Rumænien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistische_Republik_Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Sozialistische Republik Rumänien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialistische Republik Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenia_Sotsialistlik_Vabariik" title="Rumeenia Sotsialistlik Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumeenia Sotsialistlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Ρουμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Ρουμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_de_Rumania" title="República Socialista de Rumania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Socialista de Rumania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisma_Respubliko_Rumanio" title="Socialisma Respubliko Rumanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialisma Respubliko Rumanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی رومانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی رومانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie" title="République socialiste de Roumanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République socialiste de Roumanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_de_Roman%C3%ADa" title="República Socialista de Romanía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Socialista de Romanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="루마니아 사회주의 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루마니아 사회주의 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika_Rumunjska" title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunjska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunjska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Rumania" title="Republik Sosialis Rumania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Sosialis Rumania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Социалистон Республикæ Румыни – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Социалистон Республикæ Румыни" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Socialista_di_Romania" title="Repubblica Socialista di Romania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Socialista di Romania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית רומניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית רומניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຣມາເນຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຣມາເນຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%81nijas_Tautas_Republika" title="Rumānijas Tautas Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rumānijas Tautas Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunijos_Socialistin%C4%97_Respublika" title="Rumunijos Socialistinė Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rumunijos Socialistinė Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Szocialista_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Román Szocialista Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Román Szocialista Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რუმინეთიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუმინეთიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistische_Republiek_Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Socialistische Republiek Roemenië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Socialistische Republiek Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ルーマニア社会主義共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーマニア社会主義共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminiya_Sotsialistik_Respublikasi" title="Ruminiya Sotsialistik Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruminiya Sotsialistik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اشتراکی جمہوریہ رومانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اشتراکی جمہوریہ رومانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមរ៉ូម៉ានី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមរ៉ូម៉ានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_da_Rom%C3%AAnia" title="República Socialista da Romênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Socialista da Romênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Socialist%C4%83_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Republica Socialistă România – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Socialistă România" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Социалистична Република Румуньско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Социалистична Република Румуньско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалистическая Республика Румыния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическая Республика Румыния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Sotzialista_de_Romania" title="Repùblica Sotzialista de Romania – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica Sotzialista de Romania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Popullore_e_Rumanis%C3%AB" title="Republika Popullore e Rumanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Popullore e Rumanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Socialist Republic of Romania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsk%C3%A1_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Rumunská socialistická republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rumunská socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјалистичка Република Румунија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалистичка Република Румунија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika_Rumunija" title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_sosialistinen_tasavalta" title="Romanian sosialistinen tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanian sosialistinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_republiken_Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Socialistiska republiken Rumänien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialistiska republiken Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโรมาเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโรมาเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалистии Руминия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалистии Руминия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names"><b>Romanian People's Republic</b><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1947–1965)</span><br /><div style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Republica Populară Română</i></span> (1947–1958)<br /><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Republica Populară Romînă</i></span> (1958–1965)</div><hr /><b>Socialist Republic of Romania</b><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1965–1989)</span><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Republica Socialistă România</i></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1947–1989<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Romania"><img alt="Flag of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag<br />(1965–1989)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1965–1989) of Romania"><img alt="Emblem (1965–1989) of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" title="Coat of arms of Romania"> Emblem<br />(1965–1989)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Proletari din toate țările, uniți-vă!</a></i></span><br />("Proletarians of all countries, unite!")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br /><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Zdrobite_c%C4%83tu%C8%99e" title="Zdrobite cătușe">Zdrobite cătușe</a></i></span><br />(1948–1953)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Romania_(1948-1953)_(Vocal).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/National_Anthem_of_Romania_%281948-1953%29_%28Vocal%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/National_Anthem_of_Romania_%281948-1953%29_%28Vocal%29.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Romania_%281948-1953%29_%28Vocal%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><br /><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Te_sl%C4%83vim,_Rom%C3%A2nie" title="Te slăvim, Românie">Te slăvim, Românie</a></i></span><br />(1953–1975)<div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="211" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Romania_(1953-1975)_(Vocal).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/National_Anthem_of_Romania_%281953-1975%29_%28Vocal%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/National_Anthem_of_Romania_%281953-1975%29_%28Vocal%29.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Romania_%281953-1975%29_%28Vocal%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><br /><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/E_scris_pe_tricolor_Unire" class="mw-redirect" title="E scris pe tricolor Unire">E scris pe tricolor Unire</a></i></span><br />(1975–1977)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="193" data-mwtitle="E_scris_pe_tricolor_Unire_(vocal).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/E_scris_pe_tricolor_Unire_%28vocal%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/E_scris_pe_tricolor_Unire_%28vocal%29.ogg/E_scris_pe_tricolor_Unire_%28vocal%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AE_scris_pe_tricolor_Unire_%28vocal%29.ogg&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><br /><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Trei_culori" title="Trei culori">Trei culori</a></i></span><br />(1977–1989)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="Trei_culori.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Trei_culori.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Trei_culori.ogg/Trei_culori.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_1956-1990.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989 in dark green"><img alt="The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989 in dark green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Romania_1956-1990.svg/250px-Romania_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Romania_1956-1990.svg/375px-Romania_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Romania_1956-1990.svg/500px-Romania_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989 in dark green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> member</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> (de jure) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Orthodox">Romanian Orthodox</a> (dominant)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a> <ul><li>under a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> (1947-1965)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>under a totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinist</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dictatorship (1971–1989) <br /><sup id="cite_ref-Horga_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horga-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dirdala_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirdala-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party">General Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1954 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954–1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955–1965 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1965–1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="List of heads of state of Romania">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1952 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ion_Parhon" title="Constantin Ion Parhon">Constantin Ion Parhon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1989 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Romania" title="List of heads of government of Romania">Head of government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1952 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1982–1989 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_D%C4%83sc%C4%83lescu" title="Constantin Dăscălescu">Constantin Dăscălescu</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Great National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1947_Romanian_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Romanian coup d'etat">Forced abdication of Michael I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1948_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1948 Constitution of Romania">First constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 April 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1952_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1952 Constitution of Romania">Second constitution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 September 1952</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="De-satellization of Communist Romania">De-satellization</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1964</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1965_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1965 Constitution of Romania">Last constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1965</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Fall of Ceaușescu</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1989<sup id="cite_ref-ROM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Name changed to "Romania" </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 December 1989<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Formally abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1990 formula)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.863<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Leu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Romania" title="Telephone numbers in Romania">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RO" title="ISO 3166-2:RO">RO</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Romania_%281867%E2%80%931947%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania_%281867%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Romania_%281867%E2%80%931947%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%281867%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Romania_%281867%E2%80%931947%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania_%281867%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Republic of<br />Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Great National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Guards_(Romania)" title="Patriotic Guards (Romania)">Patriotic Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_(Romania)" title="National Council of Women (Romania)">National Council of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Organization" title="Pioneer Organization">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Gheorghiu_Academy" title="Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy">Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church_in_Communist_Romania" title="Romanian Orthodox Church in Communist Romania">Romanian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">People's Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comturist" title="Comturist">Comturist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ion_Parhon" title="Constantin Ion Parhon">Constantin Ion Parhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C8%9B" title="Ilie Verdeț">Ilie Verdeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Communism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Communism in Romania">National communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">Ceaușescu's cult of personality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_Romania" title="Collectivization in Romania">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_in_Romania" title="Nationalization in Romania">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literacy_campaign" title="Romanian literacy campaign">Literacy campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Romania" title="Five-Year Plans of Romania">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization_in_Romania" title="De-Stalinization in Romania">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">Decree 770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_rural_systematization_program" title="Romanian rural systematization program">Rural</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">1980s austerity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daciad" title="Daciad">Daciad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEntarea_Rom%C3%A2niei" title="Cîntarea României">Cîntarea României</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenaclul_Flac%C4%83ra" title="Cenaclul Flacăra">Cenaclul Flacăra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive_decade" title="Obsessive decade">Obsessive decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Repression</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Danube–Black Sea Canal">Danube–Black Sea Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-education_in_Communist_Romania" title="Re-education in Communist Romania">Re-education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan_deportations" title="Bărăgan deportations">Bărăgan deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%83m%C4%83d%C4%83u_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Tămădău Affair">Tămădău Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitești prison">Pitești prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighet_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighet prison">Sighet prison</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Protests and resistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">1940s–1950s resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_student_movement_of_1956" title="Bucharest student movement of 1956">Bucharest student movement of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_in_Romania_under_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu">Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLOMR" title="SLOMR">SLOMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brașov Rebellion">Brașov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_Six" title="Letter of the Six">Letter of the Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Relationship with the USSR</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation (1944–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SovRom" title="SovRom">SovRom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Relations with other states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Italy–Romania relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="North Korea–Romania relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Romania–Soviet_Union_relations_(1945/47–1990)" title="Romania–Russia relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Romania–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Template:Socialist Republic of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Socialist Republic of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist Republic of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Socialist Republic of Romania</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Republica Socialistă România</i>, <b>RSR</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> that existed officially in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> from 1947 to 1989 (see <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>). From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the <b>Romanian People's Republic</b> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Republica Populară Romînă</i></span>, <b>RPR</b>). The country was an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> state and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> with a dominant role for the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Template:RomanianConstitutions" title="Template:RomanianConstitutions">its constitutions</a>. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSRs</a>) to the north and east, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a>) to the west, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the south. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> member which had <a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">overthrown their pro-Axis government</a>, was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as the sole representative of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. On 6 March 1945, after mass demonstrations by communist sympathizers and political pressure from the Soviet representative of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">Allied Control Commission</a>, a new pro-Soviet government that included members of the previously outlawed <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Workers' Party">Romanian Workers' Party</a> was installed. Gradually, more members of the Workers' Party and communist-aligned parties gained control of the administration and pre-war political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. In December 1947, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> was forced to <a href="/wiki/Abdicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicate">abdicate</a> and the People's Republic of Romania was declared. </p><p>At first, Romania's scarce post-war resources were drained by the "<a href="/wiki/SovRom" title="SovRom">SovRoms</a>," new tax-exempt Soviet-Romanian companies that allowed the Soviet Union to control Romania's major sources of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Zwass_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwass-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another drain was the <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> paid to the Soviet Union. However, during the 1950s, Romania's communist government began to assert more independence, leading to, for example, the withdrawal of all Soviet troops from Romania by 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, from the 1950s to the 1970s, the country exhibited high rates of economic growth and significant improvements in infant mortality, life expectancy, literacy, urbanization, and women's rights, but then stagnated in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-CBan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> became General Secretary of the Communist Party (1965), Chairman of the State Council (1967), and the newly established role of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a> in 1974. Ceaușescu's denunciation of the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> and a <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization_in_Romania" title="De-Stalinization in Romania">brief relaxation in internal repression</a> led to a positive image both at home and in the West. However, rapid economic growth fueled in part by foreign credits gradually gave way to an <a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity in Romania">austerity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissent_in_Romania_under_Nicolae_Ceausescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceausescu">political repression</a> that led to <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">the violent fall</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">December 1989</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horga_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horga-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dirdala_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirdala-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people were executed or died in custody during communist Romania's existence, most during the Stalinist era of the 1950s. While judicial executions between 1945 and 1964 numbered 137,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deaths in custody are estimated in the tens or hundreds of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-judt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cioroianu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cioroianu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-applebaum_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-applebaum-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were arrested for political, economical, or other reasons and suffered imprisonment or torture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1965_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1965 Constitution of Romania">1965 Constitution</a> remained in effect after its dissolution and was amended to reflect Romania's transition to democracy. It was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">current constitution</a> on 8 December 1991, after a <a href="/wiki/1991_Romanian_constitutional_referendum" title="1991 Romanian constitutional referendum">nationwide referendum</a> abolished the socialist system of government completely and replaced it with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"><span style="color:white;">Eastern Bloc</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/250px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><span style="color:white;">Republics</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR"><span style="color:white;">USSR</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelia-Finland</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1940–1956)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1922–1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1978–1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1979–1983)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1989)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1977)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1948)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_occupation_and_rise_of_the_Communists">Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation of Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R.S.R.,_hart%C4%83_administrativ%C4%83,_1966.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/R.S.R.%2C_hart%C4%83_administrativ%C4%83%2C_1966.jpeg/250px-R.S.R.%2C_hart%C4%83_administrativ%C4%83%2C_1966.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/R.S.R.%2C_hart%C4%83_administrativ%C4%83%2C_1966.jpeg/330px-R.S.R.%2C_hart%C4%83_administrativ%C4%83%2C_1966.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/R.S.R.%2C_hart%C4%83_administrativ%C4%83%2C_1966.jpeg/500px-R.S.R.%2C_hart%C4%83_administrativ%C4%83%2C_1966.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">King Michael</a>, supported by the main political parties, overthrew <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> in August 1944, breaking Romania away from the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> and bringing it over to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> side, Michael could do nothing to erase the memory of his country's recent active participation in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. Romanian forces fought under Soviet command, driving through Northern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> into Hungary proper, and on into <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and Austria. However, the Soviets treated Romania as a conquered territory,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Soviet troops continued to occupy the country on the basis of the Romanians having been active Nazi allies with a fascist government until very recently.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> had granted the Soviet Union a predominant interest in Romania. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Treaties">Paris Peace Treaties</a> did not acknowledge Romania as an <a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">allied co-belligerent</a>, as the Romanian army had fought hard against the Soviets for the better part of the war, changing sides only when the tides started to turn. The Communists, as all political parties, played only a minor role in King Michael's first wartime government, headed by General <a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a>, though their presence increased in the one led by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Nicolae Rădescu</a>. This changed in March 1945, when Dr. <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a>, a party closely associated with the Communists, became prime minister. His government was broad-based on paper, including members of most major prewar parties except the fascist <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>. However, the Communists held the key ministries, and most of the ministers nominally representing non-Communist parties were, like Groza himself, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow traveler">fellow travelers</a>. </p><p>The King was not happy with the direction of this government, but when he attempted to force Groza's resignation by refusing to sign any legislation (a move known as "the royal strike"), Groza simply chose to enact laws without bothering to obtain Michael's signature. On 8 November 1945, King Michael's <a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">name day</a>, a pro-monarchy demonstration in front of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art_of_Romania" title="National Museum of Art of Romania">Royal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> escalated into street fights between opposition supporters and soldiers, police and pro-government workers, resulting in dozens of killed and wounded; Soviet officers restrained Romanian soldiers and police from firing on civilians, and Soviet troops restored order.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the King's disapproval, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Groza_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Groza government (page does not exist)">first Groza government</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Romania" title="Land reform in Romania">land reform</a> and women's <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>, the former giving the party widespread popularity among peasants from the south and east, while the latter gained it the support of educated women. However, it also brought the beginnings of Soviet domination of Romania. In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">elections of 19 November 1946</a>, the Communist-led Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD) claimed 84% of the votes. These elections were characterized by widespread irregularities, including intimidation, electoral fraud, and assassinations<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archives confirm suspicions at the time that the election results were, in fact, falsified.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After forming a government, the Communists moved to eliminate the role of the <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> parties; notably, the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> was accused of espionage after it became clear in 1947 that their leaders were meeting secretly with United States officials. A <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> of their leadership was then arranged, and they were put in jail. Other parties were forced to "merge" with the Communists. In 1946 and 1947, several high-ranking members in the pro-<a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> government were executed as war criminals, primarily for their involvement in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and for attacking the Soviet Union. Antonescu himself was executed on 1 June 1946.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1947, Romania remained the only monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. On 30 December that year, Michael was at his <a href="/wiki/Pele%C8%99_Castle" title="Peleș Castle">palace in Sinaia</a> when Groza and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghiu-Dej" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a> summoned him back to Bucharest. They presented him with a pretyped instrument of abdication and demanded that he sign it. With pro-Communist troops surrounding his palace and his telephone lines cut, Michael was forced to sign the document.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_People's_Republic"><span id="Romanian_People.27s_Republic"></span>Romanian People's Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Romanian People's Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1947-48_takeover">1947-48 takeover</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1947-48 takeover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 December 1947, only hours after Michael had been forced to abdicate, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a> abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic">People's Republic</a>. In February 1948, the Communists merged with the Social Democrats to form the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Workers' Party">Romanian Workers' Party</a>. However, most independent-minded Socialists were soon pushed out. Meanwhile, many non-Communist politicians had either been imprisoned or fled into exile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The communist regime was formalized with the <a href="/wiki/1948_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1948 Constitution of Romania">constitution of 13 April 1948</a>. The new constitution was a near-copy of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a>. While it guaranteed all manner of freedoms on paper, any association which had a "fascist or anti-democratic nature" was forbidden. This provision was broadly interpreted to ban any party not willing to do the Communists' bidding, and gave a legal façade to political repression. </p> <dl><dt>Religion</dt></dl> <p>Although the 1948 Constitution and its two successors provided a simulacrum of religious freedom, the regime in fact had a policy of promoting <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a>, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">religious persecution</a>. The role of religious bodies was strictly limited to their houses of worship, and large public demonstrations were strictly forbidden. In 1948, in order to minimize the role of the clergy in society, the government adopted a decree nationalizing church property, including schools.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime found wiser to use religion and make it subservient to the regime rather than to eradicate it.<sup id="cite_ref-StanTurcescu2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanTurcescu2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communist government also disbanded the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek-Catholic_Uniate_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Greek-Catholic Uniate Church">Romanian Greek-Catholic Uniate Church</a>, declaring its merger with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_years">Early years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>1949 stamp celebrating Romanian-Soviet friendship.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early years of communist rule in Romania were marked by repeated changes of course and by numerous arrests and imprisonments as factions contended for dominance. The country's resources were also drained by the Soviet's <a href="/wiki/SovRom" title="SovRom">SovRom</a> agreements, which facilitated shipping of Romanian goods to the Soviet Union at nominal prices. </p><p>On 11 June 1948, all banks and large businesses were <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a>. </p><p>In the communist leadership, there appear to have been three important factions, all of them <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a>, differentiated more by their respective personal histories than by any deep political or philosophical differences. Later historiography claimed to identify the following factions: the "Muscovites", notably <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a>, who had spent the war in Moscow and the "Prison Communists", notably <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, who had been imprisoned during the war. </p><p>Pauker and her allies were accused of deviating to the left and right. For instance, they were initially allied on not liquidating the rural bourgeoise, but later shifted their position. Ultimately, with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s backing, Gheorghiu-Dej won out. Pauker was purged from the party (along with 192,000 other party members); <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Pătrășcanu</a> was executed after a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gheorghiu-Dej_era">Gheorghiu-Dej era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gheorghiu-Dej era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Socialist Republic of Romania">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IICCR_FA186_Dej_post_1946_elections_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/IICCR_FA186_Dej_post_1946_elections_meeting.jpg/220px-IICCR_FA186_Dej_post_1946_elections_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/IICCR_FA186_Dej_post_1946_elections_meeting.jpg/330px-IICCR_FA186_Dej_post_1946_elections_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/IICCR_FA186_Dej_post_1946_elections_meeting.jpg/440px-IICCR_FA186_Dej_post_1946_elections_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> speaking at a workers' rally in <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Unirii" title="Piața Unirii">Nation Square, Bucharest</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">1946 general election</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, a committed Stalinist, was unhappy with the reforms in <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s Soviet Union after Stalin's death in 1953. He also balked at <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>'s goal of turning Romania into the "breadbasket" of the East Bloc, pursuing an economic plan based on <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> and energy production. The government closed Romania's largest labor camps, abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Danube–Black Sea Canal">Danube–Black Sea Canal</a> project, halted rationing and hiked workers' wages. These factors combined to put Romania under Gheorghiu-Dej on a relatively independent and nationalist route. </p><p>Gheorghiu-Dej identified with <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, and the more liberal Soviet government threatened to undermine his authority. In an effort to reinforce his position, Gheorghiu-Dej pledged cooperation with any state, regardless of political-economic system, as long as it recognized international equality and did not interfere in other nations' domestic affairs. This policy led to a tightening of Romania's bonds with China, which also advocated national self-determination and opposed Soviet hegemonism. </p><p>Gheorghiu-Dej resigned as the party's general secretary in 1954 but retained the premiership; a four-member collective secretariat, including <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, controlled the party for a year before Gheorghiu-Dej again took up the reins. Despite its new policy of international cooperation, Romania joined the Warsaw Treaty Organization (<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>) in 1955, which entailed subordinating and integrating a portion of its military into the Soviet military machine. Romania later refused to allow Warsaw Pact maneuvers on its soil and limited its participation in military maneuvers elsewhere within the alliance. </p><p>In 1956, the Soviet premier, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, denounced Stalin in a <a href="/wiki/Secret_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Speech">secret speech</a> before the Twentieth Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU). Gheorghiu-Dej and the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Workers' Party">Romanian Workers' Party</a> (<i>Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR</i>) were fully braced to weather de-Stalinization. Gheorghiu-Dej made Pauker, Luca and Georgescu scapegoats for the Romanian communist past excesses and claimed that the Romanian party had purged its Stalinist elements even before Stalin died in 1953. In all likelihood, Gheorghiu-Dej himself ordered the violence and coercion in the collectivization movements, since he did not rebuke those who perpetuated abuses. In fact, Pauker reprimanded any cadre who forced peasants, and once she was purged, the violence reappeared. </p><p>In October 1956, Poland's communist leaders refused to succumb to Soviet military threats to intervene in domestic political affairs and install a more obedient <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">politburo</a>. A few weeks later, the Communist Party in Hungary virtually disintegrated during a popular revolution. Poland's <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">defiance</a> and Hungary's popular uprising inspired Romanian students to organize meetings in București, Cluj and Timișoara calling for liberty, better living conditions, and an end to Soviet domination. Under the pretext that the Hungarian uprising might incite his nation's own revolt, Gheorghiu-Dej took radical measures which meant persecutions and jailing of various "suspects", especially people of Hungarian origin. He also advocated swift Soviet intervention, and the Soviet Union reinforced its military presence in Romania, particularly along the Hungarian border. Although Romania's unrest proved fragmentary and controllable, Hungary's was not, so in November Moscow mounted a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">bloody invasion</a> of Hungary. </p><p>After the Revolution of 1956, Gheorghiu-Dej worked closely with Hungary's new leader, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a>, who was installed by the Soviet Union. Romania took Hungary's former premier (leader of the 1956 revolution) <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> into custody. He was jailed at Snagov, north of Bucharest. After a series of interrogations by Soviets and Romanian authorities, Nagy was returned to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> for trial and execution. </p><p>Romania's government also took measures to reduce public discontent by reducing investments in heavy industry, boosting output of consumer goods, decentralizing economic management, hiking wages and incentives, and instituting elements of worker management. The authorities eliminated compulsory deliveries for private farmers but reaccelerated the collectivization program in the mid-1950s, albeit less brutally than earlier. The government declared collectivization complete in 1962, when collective and state farms controlled 77% of the <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>. </p><p>Despite Gheorghiu-Dej's claim that he had purged the Romanian party of Stalinists, he remained susceptible to attack for his obvious complicity in the party's activities from 1944 to 1953. At a plenary PMR meeting in March 1956, <a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Chi%C8%99inevschi" title="Iosif Chișinevschi">Iosif Chișinevschi</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> members and deputy premiers, criticized Gheorghiu-Dej. Constantinescu, who advocated a Khrushchev-style liberalization, posed a particular threat to Gheorghiu-Dej because he enjoyed good connections with the Moscow leadership. The PMR purged Constantinescu and Chișinevschi in 1957, denouncing both as Stalinists and charging them with complicity with Pauker. Afterwards, Gheorghiu-Dej faced no serious challenge to his leadership. Ceaușescu replaced Constantinescu as head of PMR cadres. </p><p>The cadres – anyone who was not a rank-and-file member of the Communist Party – were deemed the Party's vanguard, as they were entrusted with the power to construct a new social order and the forms of power that would sustain it. They still underwent extensive surveillance, which created an environment of competition and rivalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution,_the_labour_camp_system_and_anti-communist_resistance"><span id="Persecution.2C_the_labour_camp_system_and_anti-communist_resistance"></span>Persecution, the labour camp system and anti-communist resistance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Persecution, the labour camp system and anti-communist resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Socialist Republic of Romania">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romanian anti-communist resistance movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan_deportations" title="Bărăgan deportations">Bărăgan deportations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti_Prison" title="Pitești Prison">Pitești Prison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania%27s_Resistance_1948-1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Romania%27s_Resistance_1948-1960.jpg/250px-Romania%27s_Resistance_1948-1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Romania%27s_Resistance_1948-1960.jpg/330px-Romania%27s_Resistance_1948-1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Romania%27s_Resistance_1948-1960.jpg/500px-Romania%27s_Resistance_1948-1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Armed resistance against the government</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Romania" title="Category:History of Romania">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of <span class="fn org label">Romania</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Romania">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Transylvania" title="Prehistory of Transylvania">Prehistory of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity" title="Romania in Antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Banat in the Middle Ages">Banat in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Litua" title="Țara Litua">Țara Litua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">Founding of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Times</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Temesvar">Eyalet of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">1848 Moldavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">1848 Wallachian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_Transilvan%C4%83_pentru_Literatura_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultura_Poporului_Rom%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Fascist Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Revolution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">Romania since 1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Romania">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">Romanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Historical timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Romania">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">By historical region</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="History of Maramureș">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/17px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/26px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/34px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Romania" title="Template talk:History of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Once the Communist government became more entrenched, the number of arrests increased. The General Directorate of People's Security, or '<a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>', was established in 1948 with the stated aim "to defend the democratic conquest and to ensure the security of the Romanian People’s Republic against the plotting of internal and external enemies".<sup id="cite_ref-ref_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All strata of society were involved, but particularly targeted were the prewar elites, such as intellectuals, clerics, teachers, former politicians (even if they had left-leaning views), and anybody who could potentially form the nucleus of anti-Communist resistance. According to figures, in the years between 1945 and 1964, 73,334 people were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existing prisons were filled with political prisoners, and a new system of forced labor camps and prisons was created, modeled after the Soviet Gulag. A decision to put into practice the century-old project for a <a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Danube–Black Sea Canal">Danube–Black Sea Canal</a> served as a pretext for the erection of several labor camps, where numerous people died. Some of the most notorious prisons included <a href="/wiki/Sighet_Prison" title="Sighet Prison">Sighet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gherla_Prison" title="Gherla Prison">Gherla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti_Prison" title="Pitești Prison">Pitești</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aiud_Prison" title="Aiud Prison">Aiud</a>, and forced labor camps were set up at lead mines and in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>. </p><p>One of the most notorious and infamous brainwashing experiments in Eastern Europe's history took place in Romania, in the political prison of Pitești, a small city about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Bucharest. This prison is still infamous in Romania for the so-called 'Pitești experiment' or Pitești phenomenon, conducted there between 1949 and 1952. The <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti_Prison" title="Pitești Prison">prison in Pitești</a> and the Pitești experiment aimed to 'reeducate' the (real or imagined) opponents of the regime. It involved psychological and physical torture of prisoners, and the submission of them to humiliating, degrading and dehumanizing acts. Tens of people died in this 'experiment', but its aim was not to kill the people, but to 'reeducate' them. Some of those who were thus 'reeducated' later became torturers themselves. Of those who survived Pitești, many either took their own lives or ended up in mental institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist government also decided on the <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan_deportations" title="Bărăgan deportations">deportation of peasants</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> (south-west from Transylvania, at the border with Yugoslavia), started on 18 June 1951. About 45,000 people were forcibly "resettled" in lesser populated regions on the eastern plains (<a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan_Plain" title="Bărăgan Plain">Bărăgan</a>). The government decision was directed towards creating a <i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">cordon sanitaire</a></i> against <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, but was also used as an intimidation tactic to force the remaining peasants to join collective farms. Most deportees lived in the Bărăgan for 5 years (until 1956), but some remained there permanently. </p><p>Anti-communist resistance also had an organized form, and many people opposing the government took up arms and formed partisan groups, comprising 10–40 people. There were attacks on police posts and sabotage. Some of the famous partisans were <a href="/wiki/Elisabeta_Rizea" title="Elisabeta Rizea">Elisabeta Rizea</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nuc%C8%99oara" title="Nucșoara">Nucșoara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Arsenescu" title="Gheorghe Arsenescu">Gheorghe Arsenescu</a>. Despite the numerous secret police (<i><a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a></i>) and army troops massed against them, armed resistance in the mountains continued until the early 1960s, and one of the best known partisan leaders was not captured until 1974. </p><p>Another form of anti-communist resistance, non-violent this time, was the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_student_movement_of_1956" title="Bucharest student movement of 1956">student movement of 1956</a>. In reaction to the anti-communist revolt in Hungary, echoes were felt all over the Eastern bloc. Protests took place in some university centers resulting in numerous arrests and expulsions. The most-organised student movement was in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, where 3000 were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bucharest and Cluj, organised groups were set up which tried to make common cause with the anti-communist movement in Hungary and coordinate activity. The authorities' reaction was immediate – students were arrested or suspended from their courses, some teachers were dismissed, and new associations were set up to supervise student activities. </p><p>Tens of thousands of people were killed as part of repression and <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_Romania" title="Collectivization in Romania">agricultural collectivization</a> in Communist Romania primarily under Gheorghiu-Dej.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceaușescu_government"><span id="Ceau.C8.99escu_government"></span>Ceaușescu government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceaușescu government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Socialist Republic of Romania">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/149px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/224px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/299px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, Leader of Romania from 1965 to 1989</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gheorghiu-Dej" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a> died in 1965 and, after a power struggle, was succeeded by the previously obscure <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>. During his last two years, Gheorghiu-Dej had exploited the Soviet–Chinese dispute and begun to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the Soviet Union. Ceaușescu, supported by colleagues of Gheorghiu-Dej such as Maurer, continued this popular line. Relations with Western countries and many other states began to be strengthened in what seemed to be the national interest of Romania. Under a policy of <a href="/wiki/De-Russification" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Russification">de-Russification</a> the forced Soviet (mostly Russian) cultural influence in the country which characterized the 1950s was stopped and Western media were allowed to circulate in Romania instead.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_years">First years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_map_of_Romania,_1950-1952.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1950-1952.svg/180px-Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1950-1952.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1950-1952.svg/270px-Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1950-1952.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1950-1952.svg/360px-Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1950-1952.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_map_of_Romania,_1960-1968.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1960-1968.svg/180px-Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1960-1968.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1960-1968.svg/270px-Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1960-1968.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1960-1968.svg/360px-Administrative_map_of_Romania%2C_1960-1968.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Administrative division of Romania 1950–52 (top) and 1960–68 (bottom)</div></div></div></div> <p>On 21 August 1965, following the example of Czechoslovakia, the name of the country was changed to "Socialist Republic of Romania" (<i>Republica Socialistă România, RSR</i>) and PMR's old name was restored (<i>Partidul Comunist Român, PCR</i>; "Romanian Communist Party"). </p><p>In his early years in power, Ceaușescu was genuinely popular, both at home and abroad. Agricultural goods were abundant, consumer goods began to reappear, there was a cultural thaw, and, what was important abroad, he spoke out against the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.</a> While his reputation at home soon soured, he continued to have uncommonly good relations with Western governments and with international capitalist institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> because of his independent political line. Romania under Ceaușescu maintained and sometimes improved diplomatic and other relations with, among others, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, Israel, China, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinochet">Pinochet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973-90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973-90)">Chile</a>, all for various reasons not on good terms with Moscow. </p><p>Ceaușescu refused to implement measures of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. He continued with the program of intensive <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Economic_self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic self-sufficiency">economic self-sufficiency</a> of the country which since 1959 had already doubled industrial production and had reduced the peasant population from 78% at the end of the 1940s to 61% in 1966 and 49% by 1971. However, for Romania, like other Eastern People's Republics, industrialization did not mean a total social break with the countryside. The peasants returned periodically to the villages or resided in them, commuting daily to the city in a practice called naveta. This allowed Romanians to act as peasants and workers at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-:Ferrero_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ferrero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Universities were also founded in small Romanian towns, which served to train qualified professionals, such as engineers, economists, planners or jurists, necessary for the industrialization and development project of the country. Romanian healthcare also achieved improvements and recognition by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). In May 1969, Marcolino Candau, Director General of this organization, visited Romania and declared that the visits of WHO staff to various Romanian hospital establishments had made an extraordinarily good impression.<sup id="cite_ref-:Ferrero_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ferrero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social and economic transformations resulted in improved living conditions for Romanians. Economic growth allowed for higher salaries which, combined with the benefits offered by the state (free medical care, pensions, free universal education at all levels, etc.) were a leap compared to the pre-WWII situation of the Romanian population. Certain extra retributions were allowed for the peasants, who started to produce more.<sup id="cite_ref-:Ferrero_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ferrero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_rights_issues">Human rights issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Human rights issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirthDeath_1950_RO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BirthDeath_1950_RO.svg/220px-BirthDeath_1950_RO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BirthDeath_1950_RO.svg/330px-BirthDeath_1950_RO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BirthDeath_1950_RO.svg/440px-BirthDeath_1950_RO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Demographics graphs. A huge surge of the birth rate in 1967, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">Decree 770</a>, is the most prominent feature of these graphs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Concerned about the country's low birthrates, Nicolae Ceaușescu enacted an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Natalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalist">natalist</a> policy, which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, <a href="/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">taxes on childlessness</a>, and legal discrimination against childless people. This period has later been depicted in movies and documentaries (such as <i><a href="/wiki/4_Months,_3_Weeks_and_2_Days" title="4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days">4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days</a></i>, <i>Children of the Decree</i>). To counter the sharp decline of the population, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist Party</a> decided that the Romanian population should be increased from 23 to 30 million inhabitants. In October 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">Decree 770</a> was authorized by Ceaușescu. </p><p>These pro-natalist measures had some degree of success, as a baby boom resulted in the late 1960s, with the generations born in 1967 and 1968 being the largest in the country's history. The natalist policies temporarily increased birth rates for a few years, but this was followed by a later decline due to an increased use of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal abortion">illegal abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu's policy resulted in the deaths of over 9,000 women due to illegal abortions,<sup id="cite_ref-Kligman_short_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kligman_short-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> large numbers of children put into <a href="/wiki/Romanian_orphanages" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian orphanages">Romanian orphanages</a> by parents who couldn't cope with raising them, <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">street children</a> in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets), and <a href="/wiki/Overcrowding" title="Overcrowding">overcrowding</a> in homes and schools. </p><p>Other restrictions of human rights included invasion of privacy by the secret police (the "<a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>"), censorship and relocation, but not on the same scale as in the 1950s. </p><p>During the Ceaușescu era, there was a secret ongoing "trade" between Romania on one side and Israel and West Germany on the other side, under which Israel and West Germany paid money to Romania to allow Romanian citizens with certified Jewish or German ancestry to emigrate to Israel and West Germany, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defilare_23_August.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Defilare_23_August.jpg/250px-Defilare_23_August.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Defilare_23_August.jpg/330px-Defilare_23_August.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Defilare_23_August.jpg/500px-Defilare_23_August.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>23 August demonstration</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu's Romania continued to pursue Gheorghiu-Dej's policy of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. Romania made progress with the economy. From 1951 to 1974, Romania's gross industrial output increased at an average annual rate of 13 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several branches of heavy industry were founded, including the machine-tool, tractor, and automotive industries; large-tonnage shipbuilding; the manufacture of electric diesel locomotives; and the electronics and petrochemical industries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prior to the mid-1970s, Bucharest, as most other cities, was developed by expanding the city, especially towards the south, east and west. High density residential neighbourhoods were built on the outskirts of the city, some (such as <a href="/wiki/Drumul_Taberei" title="Drumul Taberei">Drumul Taberei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berceni,_Bucharest" title="Berceni, Bucharest">Berceni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan,_Bucharest" title="Titan, Bucharest">Titan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Giurgiului" title="Giurgiului">Giurgiului</a>) of architectural and urban planning value. Conservation plans were made, especially during the 1960s and early 1970s, but all were halted after Ceaușescu embarked on what is known as "The Small <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>" ("Mica revoluție culturală"), after visiting <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and then delivering a speech known as the <a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a>. In the late 1970s, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Metro" title="Bucharest Metro">Bucharest Metro</a> system was started. After two years, 10 km of network were already complete and after another 2 years, 9 km of tunnels were ready for use. By 17 August 1989, 49.01 km of the subway system and 34 stations were already in use. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimbruPionieri1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TimbruPionieri1.png/220px-TimbruPionieri1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TimbruPionieri1.png/330px-TimbruPionieri1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TimbruPionieri1.png/440px-TimbruPionieri1.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>1979 <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1977_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1977 Vrancea earthquake">earthquake of 1977</a> shocked Bucharest; many buildings collapsed, and many others were weakened. This was the backdrop that led to a policy of large-scale demolition which affected monuments of historical significance or architectural masterpieces such as the monumental Văcărești Monastery (1722), the "Sfânta Vineri" (1645) and "Enei" (1611) Churches, the Cotroceni (1679) and Pantelimon (1750) Monasteries, and the <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> "Republic's Stadium" (ANEF Stadium, 1926). Even the Palace of Justice – built by Romania's foremost architect, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mincu" title="Ion Mincu">Ion Mincu</a> – was scheduled for demolition in early 1990, according to the systematisation papers. Yet another tactic was abandoning and neglecting buildings and bringing them into such a state that they would require being torn down. </p><p>Thus, the policy towards the city after the earthquake was not one of reconstruction, but one of demolition and building anew. An analysis by the Union of Architects, commissioned in 1990, claims that over 2000 buildings were torn down, with over 77 of very high architectural importance, most of them in good condition. Even Gara de Nord (the city's main railway station), listed on the Romanian Architectural Heritage List, was scheduled to be torn down and replaced in early 1992. </p><p>Despite all of this, and despite the much-questioned treatment of HIV-infected <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-children_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-children-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the country continued to have a notably good system of schools. Also, not every industrialization project was a failure: Ceaușescu left Romania with a reasonably effective system of power generation and transmission, gave Bucharest <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Metro" title="Bucharest Metro">a functioning subway</a>, and left many cities with an increase in habitable apartment buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s:_severe_rationing">1980s: severe rationing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1980s: severe rationing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">1980s austerity policy in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucur_Obor_(1986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bucur_Obor_%281986%29.jpg/250px-Bucur_Obor_%281986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bucur_Obor_%281986%29.jpg/330px-Bucur_Obor_%281986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bucur_Obor_%281986%29.jpg/500px-Bucur_Obor_%281986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A queue for cooking oil in Bucharest, 1986</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_ration-card_for_bread,_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Romanian_ration-card_for_bread%2C_1989.jpg/250px-Romanian_ration-card_for_bread%2C_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Romanian_ration-card_for_bread%2C_1989.jpg/330px-Romanian_ration-card_for_bread%2C_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Romanian_ration-card_for_bread%2C_1989.jpg/500px-Romanian_ration-card_for_bread%2C_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Romanian <a href="/wiki/Ration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration">ration</a> card, 1989</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg/250px-Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg/330px-Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg/500px-Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> poster on the streets of Bucharest, 1986. The caption reads "65 years since the creation of the Romanian Communist Party", while the background states "Ceaușescu Era" and "The Party. Ceaușescu. Romania."</figcaption></figure> <p>Before austerity, Romania had made considerable progress in many areas. Between 1950 and 1973, Romania joined Yugoslavia and Bulgaria in achieving average annual growth rates that were above both the Central European and the West European average. During the first 3 post-war decades, Romania industrialized faster than Spain, Greece, and Portugal. The infant mortality rate plummeted from 139 per 1,000 during the interwar period to 35 in the 1970s. During the interwar period, half the population was illiterate, but under the communist government illiteracy was eradicated. The population became urbanized, women's rights greatly improved, life expectancy grew, among many other achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-CBan_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania continued to make progress. High rates of growth in production created conditions for raising living standards of the people. From 1950 to the mid-1980s, average net wages increased more than eightfold. The consumption fund increased 22-fold, and a broad program of building cultural facilities and housing was carried out. Over 80 percent of the country's population had moved to new apartments during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Affairs_1985_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Affairs_1985-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite all this, living standards in the country remained some of Europe's lowest and as early as 1981, there were clear signs of public discontent, such as riots and an angry mob throwing rocks at Ceaușescu's helicopter while it made a flight to Transylvania that October. Ceaușescu desired to repay Western loans, and thus enacted a harsh austerity policy, including <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> of food, gas, heating and electricity. People in cities had to turn to natural gas containers (<i>"butelii"</i>) or charcoal stoves, even though they were connected to the gas mains. With full-scale food rationing in place, the Communist Party published official guidelines on how Romanians could eat nutritiously while reducing their calorie intake by 25%. There was a shortage of available goods for the average Romanian. By 1984, despite a high crop yield and increased food production, wide-scale food rationing was introduced. The government promoted it as "rational eating" and "a means to reduce obesity". Most of what was available were export rejects, as most of the quality goods were exported, even underpriced, in order to obtain <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a>, either to pay the debt, or to push forward in the ever-growing pursuit of heavy industrialization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Measures in the mechanization and chemicalization of farming helped to increase the output of agricultural products. In 1950, more than 300 kg of cereals was gathered per head of the population; by 1982 this amount had increased to 1 ton per person. Meat production increased from 29.5 to 100 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Affairs_1985_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Affairs_1985-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">Soviet-led boycott</a>, Romania participated in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles. At that time, it was the only Soviet-aligned country to participate in the Olympic Games. </p><p>In the late 1980s, the United Nations Human Development report classified Romania as having had high human development. The life expectancy was 71 years, the literacy rate was 96%, and the Real GDP per capita was $3000.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1985, despite Romania's huge refining capacity, petroleum products were strictly rationed with supplies drastically cut, a Sunday curfew was instated, and many buses used <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> propulsion (they were mockingly named "bombs"); taxis were converted to burning <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. Electricity was rationed to divert supplies to heavy industry, with a maximum monthly allowed consumption of 20 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kWh</a> per family (everything over this limit was heavily taxed). Only one in five streetlights was kept on, and television was reduced to a single channel broadcasting just 2 hours each day. All these policies combined led Romanians to have the lowest standard of living in Europe, with the possible exception of Albania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction">Systematization: demolition and reconstruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Systematization: demolition and reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization (Romania)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_Unirii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boulevard_Unirii.jpg/250px-Boulevard_Unirii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boulevard_Unirii.jpg/330px-Boulevard_Unirii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boulevard_Unirii.jpg/500px-Boulevard_Unirii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Civic Center, Bucharest</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Sistematizarea</i>) refers to the program of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> carried out under Ceaușescu's regime. After a visit to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in 1971, Ceaușescu was impressed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i> ideology of that country, and began a massive campaign shortly afterwards. </p><p>Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated goal of turning Romania into a "multilaterally developed <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">socialist society</a>". The policy largely consisted in the mass construction of high-density blocks of flats (<i>blocuri</i>). </p><p>During the 1980s, Ceaușescu became obsessed with building himself a <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_People_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the People (Romania)">palace</a> of unprecedented proportions, along with an equally grandiose neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Centrul_Civic" title="Centrul Civic">Centrul Civic</a>, to accompany it. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> sports stadium, in order to make way for the grandiose <a href="/wiki/Centrul_Civic" title="Centrul Civic">Centrul Civic</a> (Civic center) and the House of the Republic, now officially renamed the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Parliament">Palace of Parliament</a>, were the most extreme manifestation of the systematization policy. </p><p>In 1988 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_rural_systematization_program" title="Romanian rural systematization program">massive rural resetlement program began</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Last_years:_increased_social_control">Last years: increased social control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Last years: increased social control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg/250px-Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg/330px-Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg/500px-Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>The Communist government fostered the <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">personality cult of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soimii_Patriei_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soimii_Patriei_1983.jpg/250px-Soimii_Patriei_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soimii_Patriei_1983.jpg/330px-Soimii_Patriei_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soimii_Patriei_1983.jpg/500px-Soimii_Patriei_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Members of <i>Șoimii Patriei</i>, a communist youth organization created in 1976 for children aged 4–7</figcaption></figure> <p>Control over society became stricter and stricter, with an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">phone bugging system</a> installed, and with the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> recruiting more agents, extending <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">censorship</a> and keeping tabs and records on a large segment of the population. By 1989, according to CNSAS (the Council for Studies of the Archives of the Former Securitate), one in three Romanians was an informant for the Securitate. Due to this situation, income from tourism dropped substantially, the number of foreign tourists visiting Romania falling by 75%, with the three main tour operators that organized trips in Romania leaving the country by 1987. Ceaușescu also started becoming the subject of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">a vast personality cult</a>, his portrait on every street and hanging in every public building. </p><p>By 1988, with <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> policies in effect in the Soviet Union and China undergoing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reform">economic reforms</a>, Romania's <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> sociopolitical system began to look increasingly out-of-place, but all attempts were made to keep the populace isolated from events going on outside the country. Also, while the West had been willing in the past to overlook Ceaușescu's human rights record in lieu of his independent, anti-Soviet stance, this was becoming less relevant with the Cold War winding down. As such, Romania started coming under fire from the United States and its allies, but such complaints were merely brushed off as "unwelcome interference in our nation's internal affairs". </p><p>There was also a revival of the effort to build: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Danube–Black Sea Canal">Danube–Black Sea Canal</a>, which was completed;</li> <li>a nationwide canal system and irrigation network, some of which was completed, but most of which is still a project, or was abandoned;</li> <li>an effort to improve the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Romania" title="Rail transport in Romania">railway system</a> with electrification and a modern control system;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant">Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant</a>;</li> <li>a national <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> power system, including the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_(Danube)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gate (Danube)">Porțile de Fier</a> power station on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>;</li> <li>a network of oil refineries;</li> <li>a fairly developed oceanic fishing fleet;</li> <li>naval shipyards at <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>;</li> <li>a good industrial basis for the chemical and heavy machinery industries;</li> <li>a rather well-developed foreign policy; and</li> <li>new towns via the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_rural_systematization_program" title="Romanian rural systematization program">Romanian rural systematization program</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall">Downfall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brașov_Riot"><span id="Bra.C8.99ov_Riot"></span>Brașov Riot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brașov Riot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brașov Rebellion">Brașov Rebellion</a></div> <p>December 1989 was the last act of a finale that had started in 1987, in Brașov. The anti-communist riot in Brașov on 15 November 1987 was the main political event that announced the imminent fall of communism in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolt started at the enterprise of Trucks Brașov, as a strike that began on the night of 14 November, on the night-shift, and it continued the next morning with a march downtown, in front of the Council of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The population heard about this event through <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a>. As Emil Hurezeanu tells it: "I remember that Neculai Constantin Munteanu, the moderator of the show, started the broadcast: 'Brașov! So Brașov! Now it started!' This was the tone of the whole broadcast. We had interviews, information, interpretations of some political interpretations, older press articles announcing open street protests against Ceaușescu."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2009)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The reprisals against the strikers were rapid. The workers were arrested and imprisoned and their families were terrorized, but this act of courage on the part of the workers of Brașov set the stage for future mass revolts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (May 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Talk:Socialist Republic of Romania">disputed</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hurezeanu continues: "... All these have been turned into an offensive. The reaction of the regime was expected.. Very soon it was seen that the regime wants to hide it, to cancel it, practically not to respond to claims, not to take measures, to change anything, not to turn this protest into a public debate or even inside the party, in the Political Executive Committee. And then, the recipe of street confrontations with the regime became the only...possible. It became the leitmotif of all the media analysis. [...] It was the beginning of an action against the system that comprises more items. It was a labor protest in a citadel of Ceaușescu, it was an antidictatorial message, it was a clear political context: the pressures of Moscow, Ceaușescu's refusal to accept the demands of Gorbachev, the breaking with the West, who changed the views towards the regime – all these have made us to believe that the beginning of the end was coming".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2009)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protests_in_1989_before_the_Revolution">Protests in 1989 before the Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Protests in 1989 before the Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1989, several leading activists of the PCR protested in a letter that criticized the economic policies of Nicolae Ceaușescu, but shortly thereafter Ceaușescu achieved a significant political victory: Romania paid off its external debt of about US$11 billion several months earlier than even the Romanian dictator had expected. Ceaușescu was formally reelected secretary general of the Romanian Communist Party—-the only political party of the Romanian Socialist Republic—-on 14 November at the party's XIVth Congress. </p><p>On 11 November 1989, before the party congress, on Bucharest's Brezoianu Street and Kogălniceanu Boulevard, students from <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> and Bucharest demonstrated with placards that read "We want Reforms against the Ceaușescu government."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2009)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The students–Mihnea Paraschivescu, Grațian Vulpe, the economist Dan Căprariu from Cluj and others–were arrested and investigated by the Securitate at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahova_Penitentiary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahova Penitentiary (page does not exist)">Rahova Penitentiary</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitenciarul_Rahova" class="extiw" title="ro:Penitenciarul Rahova">ro</a>]</span>, accused of propaganda against the socialist society. They were released on 22 December 1989 at 14.00. There were other letters and other attempts to draw attention to the economic, cultural, and spiritual oppression of Romanians, but they served only to intensify the activity of the communist police and the Securitate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution">Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></div> <p>On 16 December, a protest broke out in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> in response to an attempt by the government to evict the dissident pastor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_T%C5%91k%C3%A9s" title="László Tőkés">László Tőkés</a> from his church flat. Tőkés had recently made critical comments against the regime to the Hungarian media,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the government alleged that he was <a href="/wiki/Inciting_ethnic_hatred" class="mw-redirect" title="Inciting ethnic hatred">inciting ethnic hatred</a>. His parishioners gathered around his home to protect him from harassment and eviction. Many passers-by, including Romanian students, spontaneously joined the protest. Subsequently, police and <i>Securitate</i> forces showed up at the scene. By 7:30 pm, the protest had spread, and the original cause became largely irrelevant. Some of the protesters attempted to burn down the building that housed the District Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> (PCR). The <i>Securitate</i> responded with <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> and water jets, while the police attacked rioters and arrested many of them. Around 9:00 pm, the rioters withdrew. They regrouped eventually around the <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral">Romanian Orthodox Cathedral</a> and started a protest march around the city, but again they were confronted by the security forces. </p><p>Riots and protests resumed the following day, 17 December. The rioters broke into the District Committee building. The army failed to establish order and chaos ensued, with gunfire, fighting, burning of cars, and casualties. </p><p>Unlike the Soviet Union at the same time, Romania had not developed a large, privileged elite. Ceausescu's family maintained all control of politics and Communist Party officials were paid poorly and often rotated from job to job, thus preventing any potential political rivals from developing a base of support. This prevented the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>-era reformist Communism found in Hungary or the Soviet Union. Ceausescu was so bitterly opposed to reform that he went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland after its Communists decided to treat with the opposition–a marked turn from his vehement opposition to the invasion of Czechoslovakia two decades earlier. </p><p>Similarly, unlike in Poland, Ceaușescu reacted to strikes entirely through a strategy of further oppression. Romania was nearly the last of the Eastern European communist governments to fall; its fall was also the most violent up to that time. </p><p>Protests and riots broke out in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> on 17 December and soldiers opened fire on the protesters, killing about 100 people. After cutting short a two-day trip to Iran, Ceaușescu gave a televised speech on 20 December in which he condemned the events of Timișoara, saying he considered them an act of foreign intervention in the internal affairs of Romania and an aggression through foreign secret services on Romania's sovereignty, and declared National Curfew, convoking a mass meeting in his support in Bucharest for the next day. The uprising of Timișoara became known across the country, and on the morning of 21 December, protests spread to <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, Bucharest and elsewhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Matters came to a head on 21 December, when Ceausescu's speech at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (page does not exist)">Central Committee Building</a> (CC) in Bucharest turned into chaos. The crowd, in a reaction that would have been unthinkable for most of the previous quarter-century, openly booed and jeered Ceaușescu as he spoke. He was forced to hide himself in the CC Building after losing control of his own "supporters". The night of 21 December brought fighting between protesters and the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>, police and part of the army forces; more than 1100 protesters were killed during the fights over the next few days. On the morning of 22 December, it was announced that the army general Vasile Milea was dead by suicide. Believing that Milea had actually been murdered, the rank-and-file soldiers went over almost <i>en masse</i> to the budding rebellion. A second attempt at a speech the next day quickly failed. Soon, people were besieging the Central Committee Building, coming within a few meters of Ceaușescu himself;<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Securitate did nothing to help him. Ceaușescu soon fled by helicopter from the rooftop of the CC Building, only to find himself abandoned in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>, where he and his wife Elena were <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu#Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">finally tried</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Drumhead_court-martial" title="Drumhead court-martial">drumhead court-martial</a>, convicted after an hour and a half, and executed by <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a> moments after the verdict and sentence were announced on 25 December.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">PCR</a> dissolved soon afterward and has never been revived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy_over_the_events_of_December_1989">Controversy over the events of December 1989</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Controversy over the events of December 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several months after the events of December 1989, it was widely argued that <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> (FSN) had merely taken advantage of the chaos to stage a coup. While, ultimately, a great deal did change in Romania, it is still a subject of contention among Romanians and other observers as to whether this was their intent from the outset, or merely pragmatic playing of the cards they were dealt. By December 1989 Ceaușescu's harsh and counterproductive economic and political policies had cost him the support of many government officials and even the most loyal Communist Party cadres, most of whom joined forces with the popular revolution or simply refused to support him. This loss of support from government officials ultimately set the stage for Ceaușescu's demise. The Romanian army also was a factor in the regime's fall as it suffered from severe budget cuts while vast sums were spent on the Securitate, leaving them severely discontented and unwilling to save Ceaușescu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div> <p>RSR's political framework was a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">run by a single party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a>. All of its legislative meetings took place in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Foreign relations of Romania</a></div> <p>Romania's foreign policy was aligned with all nations that were aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Under Ceaușescu it enjoyed strategic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and it was the only Eastern Bloc country not to boycott the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, Romania also maintained relations with China and North Korea as well as the Chinese-backed <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>. </p><p>Romania joined the United Nations on 14 December 1955 (see <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_109" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 109">United Nations Security Council Resolution 109</a>) as well as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 1972. In July 1980, Romania signed a comprehensive trade agreement with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>; which in turn became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1993 when Romania joined in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communist_nostalgia#Romania" title="Communist nostalgia">Communist nostalgia § Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bans_on_communist_symbols#Romania" title="Bans on communist symbols">Bans on communist symbols § Romania</a></div> <p>Despite the prolonged economic and social crisis between 1982 and 1989 and the following <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">austerity measures</a>; mostly due to the fast and stunning economic growth that was followed by the decline,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Romanians still view the Socialist era of their country positively,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> looking back nostalgically at an era of perceived stability and safety as opposed to the recent <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">political instability</a>, and also the post-communist corruption that were resilient after 1989, being considered a major problem in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 53% of Romanians responded in polls that they would prefer to live once again under the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist regime</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 63% think that their lives were better under it.<sup id="cite_ref-balkanalysis.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balkanalysis.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last and longest ruling leader of the Communist regime, Ceaușescu, also enjoys a high amount of approval in polls: In 2010, 41% of Romanians would vote for Ceaușescu, by 2014 this percentage reached 46%. In December 2018, 64% of people had a good opinion of Ceaușescu, making him the president with the highest amount of approval in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, after the fall of the communist regime, Romania began shifting its political and economic policies from support (albeit tepid) for Moscow to aligning itself with Brussels and Washington by joining <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2004 and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2007. Today, the "apologetic presentation" of Nazi and communists governments and denigrating their victims in the audio-visual media is forbidden by decision of the <a href="/wiki/National_Audiovisual_Council" title="National Audiovisual Council">National Audiovisual Council</a>. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">lei</a> (approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceaușescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel (<i>3TV Oltenia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag (1947–1948)"><img alt="Flag (1947–1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/120px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/180px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/240px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag (1947–1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania_(January-March_1948).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag (1948)"><img alt="Flag (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania_(1948%E2%80%931952).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag (1948–1952)"><img alt="Flag (1948–1952)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag (1948–1952)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania_(1952%E2%80%931965).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag (1952–1965)"><img alt="Flag (1952–1965)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag (1952–1965)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag (1965–1989)"><img alt="Flag (1965–1989)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag (1965–1989)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1947–1948)"><img alt="Emblem (1947–1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg/120px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem (1947–1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(January-March_1948).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1948)"><img alt="Emblem (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/116px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/174px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/232px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1948%E2%80%931952).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1948–1952)"><img alt="Emblem (1948–1952)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281948%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem (1948–1952)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1952%E2%80%931965).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1952–1965)"><img alt="Emblem (1952–1965)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem (1952–1965)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1965–1989)"><img alt="Emblem (1965–1989)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/109px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/164px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/218px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem (1965–1989)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" 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title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A2nteia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scânteia">Scânteia</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a>'s newspaper.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_Nations" title="Captive Nations">Captive Nations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qC7pvX2M39AC&q=%2228+december+1989%22+%22socialist+Republic+of+romania%22&pg=PA198"><i>A Political Chronology of Europe</i></a>. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-40340-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-40340-1"><bdi>0-203-40340-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>28 December 1989: The name of the country was changed by decree to Romania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+Europe&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-203-40340-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqC7pvX2M39AC%26q%3D%252228%2Bdecember%2B1989%2522%2B%2522socialist%2BRepublic%2Bof%2Bromania%2522%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Romania/Communist-Romania">https://www.britannica.com/place/Romania/Communist-Romania</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stalinism und Neo-Stalinism in Romania.</i> In: <i>Southeastern Europe in the 19. und 20. century. Foreign ways– own ways</i> (= <i>Berliner Jahrbuch für osteuropäische Geschichte.</i> Bd. 2). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-05-002590-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-05-002590-5">3-05-002590-5</a>, S. 87–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horga-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horga_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horga_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorgaStoica2012" class="citation ssrn cs1">Horga, Ioan; Stoica, Alina (2012). "Totalitarianism in Europe. Case Study: Romania between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Dictatorships (1938-1989)". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2226915">2226915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Totalitarianism+in+Europe.+Case+Study%3A+Romania+between+Left-Wing+and+Right-Wing+Dictatorships+%281938-1989%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2226915%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Horga&rft.aufirst=Ioan&rft.au=Stoica%2C+Alina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, M.R. (2010). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism". <i>Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">79–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714005469">10.1080/714005469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145789019">145789019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=Totalitarian+and+Post-Totalitarian+Regimes+in+Transitions+and+Non-Transitions+from+Communism&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714005469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145789019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dirdala-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dirdala_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dirdala_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDîrdală2011" class="citation report cs1">Dîrdală, Lucian-Dumitru (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umk.ro/images/documente/publicatii/Buletin20/the_end.pdf">The End of the Ceaușescu Regime – A Theoretical Convergence</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Ceau%C8%99escu+Regime+%E2%80%93+A+Theoretical+Convergence&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=D%C3%AErdal%C4%83&rft.aufirst=Lucian-Dumitru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umk.ro%2Fimages%2Fdocumente%2Fpublicatii%2FBuletin20%2Fthe_end.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ROM_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinderTimes1989" class="citation news cs1">Binder, David; Times, Special to The New York (23 December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/23/world/upheaval-east-overview-ceausescu-flees-revolt-rumania-but-divided-security.html">"Upheaval in the East: Overview; Ceausescu Flees a Revolt in Rumania but Divided Security Forces Fight on"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Upheaval+in+the+East%3A+Overview%3B+Ceausescu+Flees+a+Revolt+in+Rumania+but+Divided+Security+Forces+Fight+on&rft.date=1989-12-23&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Times%2C+Special+to+The+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F12%2F23%2Fworld%2Fupheaval-east-overview-ceausescu-flees-revolt-rumania-but-divided-security.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">Human Development Report 1990, p. 111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zwass-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zwass_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZwass1995" class="citation book cs1">Zwass, Adam (1995). <i>From Failed Communism to Underdeveloped Capitalism: Transformation of Eastern Europe, the Post-Soviet Union, and China</i>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563244616" title="Special:BookSources/1563244616"><bdi>1563244616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Failed+Communism+to+Underdeveloped+Capitalism%3A+Transformation+of+Eastern+Europe%2C+the+Post-Soviet+Union%2C+and+China&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1563244616&rft.aulast=Zwass&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1989-803-01-Verona.pdf">"Final report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ucis.pitt.edu</i>. December 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucis.pitt.edu&rft.atitle=Final+report&rft.date=1989-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucis.pitt.edu%2Fnceeer%2F1989-803-01-Verona.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBan_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBan_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ban, Cornel (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325412465513">"Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania"</a>. <i>East European Politics and Societies</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">743–</span>776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325412465513">10.1177/0888325412465513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-3254">0888-3254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144784730">144784730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Politics+and+Societies&rft.atitle=Sovereign+Debt%2C+Austerity%2C+and+Regime+Change%3A+The+Case+of+Nicolae+Ceausescu%27s+Romania&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E743-%3C%2Fspan%3E776&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144784730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0888-3254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0888325412465513&rft.aulast=Ban&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0888325412465513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balázs Szalontai, The Dynamics of Repression: The Global Impact of the Stalinist Model, 1944–1953. <i>Russian History/<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire Russe</i></span></i> Vol. 29, Issue 2–4 (2003), pp. 415–442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-judt-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-judt_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Postwar_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar (book)">Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-065-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-065-3">1-59420-065-3</a>. "In addition to well over a million in detainees in prison, labor camps, and slave labor on the <a href="/wiki/Danube-Black_Sea_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube-Black Sea Canal">Danube-Black Sea Canal</a>, of whom tens of thousands died and whose numbers don't include those <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Romania_during_and_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Romania during and after World War II">deported to the Soviet Union</a>, Romania was remarkable for the severity of its prison conditions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cioroianu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cioroianu_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCioroianu2005" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Cioroianu, Adrian</a> (2005), <i>Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc</i>, Bucharest: <a href="/wiki/Editura_Curtea_Veche" title="Editura Curtea Veche">Editura Curtea Veche</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-669-175-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-669-175-1"><bdi>978-973-669-175-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pe+umerii+lui+Marx.+O+introducere+%C3%AEn+istoria+comunismului+rom%C3%A2nesc&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Editura+Curtea+Veche&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-973-669-175-1&rft.aulast=Cioroianu&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span>. During debates over the overall number of victims of the Communist government between 1947 and 1964, <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Coposu" title="Corneliu Coposu">Corneliu Coposu</a> spoke of 282,000 arrests and 190,000 deaths in custody.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-applebaum-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-applebaum_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a>, <i>Gulag: A History</i>, Doubleday, April, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0056-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0056-1">0-7679-0056-1</a>. The author gives an estimate of 200,000 dead at the Danube-Black Sea Canal alone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romulus Rusan (dir.), in <i>Du passé faisons table rase ! Histoire et mémoire du communisme en Europe</i>, Robert Laffont, Paris, 2002, p. 376–377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Stone" title="David R. Stone">Stone, David R.</a> (2006). "The 1945 Ethridge Mission to Bulgaria and Romania and the Origins of the Cold War in the Balkans". <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290500533775">10.1080/09592290500533775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155033071">155033071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=The+1945+Ethridge+Mission+to+Bulgaria+and+Romania+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War+in+the+Balkans&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290500533775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155033071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rădulescu-Motru, in Cioroianu, p.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frucht, R. (2005). <i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i>, Volume 1, p. 759. ABC-CLIO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiriac, Marian (2005). <i>Provocările diversității: politici publice privind minoritățile naționale și religioase în România</i>, p. 111. Bucharest: Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9738-623-97-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9738-623-97-2">978-9738-623-97-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StanTurcescu2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StanTurcescu2007_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavinia_StanLucian_Turcescu2007" class="citation book cs1">Lavinia Stan; Lucian Turcescu (25 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15YRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530853-2"><bdi>978-0-19-530853-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+Post-Communist+Romania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530853-2&rft.au=Lavinia+Stan&rft.au=Lucian+Turcescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15YRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ageing, Ritual and Social Change: Comparing the Secular and Religious in Eastern and Western Europe</i>; Ashgate AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Series; Daniela Koleva; Peter Coleman; <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge Press">Routledge Press</a>, 2016; Pgs. 6–7; "The Romanian Orthodox Church by contrast has shown a much stronger development since the Second World War. After the initial waves of militant atheism were spent, a strong spiritual renewal movement took place in the late 1950s, and there has been a stream of notable spiritual figures both before and after communism. ... There was also a lack of consistent suppression of the Romanian Orthodox church by communist authorities. A large number of churches were left open, and monasteries continued to function."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://communistcrimes.org/en/countries/romania">"Communist Dictatorship in Romania (1947-1989)"</a>. <i>Communist Crimes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+Crimes&rft.atitle=Communist+Dictatorship+in+Romania+%281947-1989%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunistcrimes.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fromania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDragomirStănescu2015" class="citation web cs1">Dragomir, Elena; Stănescu, Mircea (11 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912043544/http://www.balkanalysis.com/romania/2015/01/11/the-media-vs-historical-accuracy-how-romanias-current-communist-trials-are-being-misrepresented/">"The Media vs. Historical Accuracy. How Romania's Current Communist Trials Are Being Misrepresented"</a>. <i>Balkan Analysis</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkanalysis.com/romania/2015/01/11/the-media-vs-historical-accuracy-how-romanias-current-communist-trials-are-being-misrepresented/">the original</a> on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Analysis&rft.atitle=The+Media+vs.+Historical+Accuracy.+How+Romania%27s+Current+Communist+Trials+Are+Being+Misrepresented&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft.aulast=Dragomir&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=St%C4%83nescu%2C+Mircea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkanalysis.com%2Fromania%2F2015%2F01%2F11%2Fthe-media-vs-historical-accuracy-how-romanias-current-communist-trials-are-being-misrepresented%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/2007-10-25/trei-mii-de-studenti-timisoreni-arestati-si-torturati.html">Trei mii de studenți timișoreni, arestați și torturați</a>", <i>România liberă</i>, 25 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valentino, Benjamin A (2005). Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. Cornell University Press. pp. 91–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rummel, Rudolph, Statistics of Democide, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oIZkAAAAIBAJ&pg=710,2798537">"Henry Shapiro, "Red Cultural Influence Vanishing in Romania", United Press International published in the Wilmington (N.C.) <i>Star-News</i>, July 16, 1965"</a>. 17 July 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Shapiro%2C+%22Red+Cultural+Influence+Vanishing+in+Romania%22%2C+United+Press+International+published+in+the+Wilmington+%28N.C.%29+Star-News%2C+July+16%2C+1965&rft.date=1965-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DoIZkAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D710%2C2798537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Ferrero-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Ferrero_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Ferrero_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Ferrero_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The contradictions between domestic and foreign policies in the Cold War Romania (1956-1975), Ferrero, M.D, 2006, Historia Actual Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legex.ro/Decretul-770-1966-363.aspx">"Decretul 770/1966 – Legislatie gratuita"</a>. <i>www.legex.ro</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legex.ro&rft.atitle=Decretul+770%2F1966+%E2%80%93+Legislatie+gratuita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legex.ro%2FDecretul-770-1966-363.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFESHRE_Capri_Workshop_Group2010" class="citation journal cs1">ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq023">"Europe the continent with the lowest fertility"</a>. <i>Human Reproduction Update</i>. <b>16</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">590–</span>602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq023">10.1093/humupd/dmq023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603286">20603286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Reproduction+Update&rft.atitle=Europe+the+continent+with+the+lowest+fertility&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20603286&rft.au=ESHRE+Capri+Workshop+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fhumupd%252Fdmq023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorgaGerdtsPotts2013" class="citation journal cs1">Horga, Mihai; 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"Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds. <i>Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction.</i> Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234–255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/90006449/">"Romania : a country study"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ROMANIA%27S+LOST+CHILDREN%3A+A+Photo+Essay+by+James+Nachtwey&rft.date=1990-06-24&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F06%2F24%2Fmagazine%2Fromania-s-lost-children-a-photo-essay-by-james-nachtwey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorky" class="citation web cs1">Gorky, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberationnews.org/romania-30-years/">"Romania: 30 years removed from socialism – Liberation News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania%3A+30+years+removed+from+socialism+%E2%80%93+Liberation+News&rft.aulast=Gorky&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberationnews.org%2Fromania-30-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Affairs_1985-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Affairs_1985_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Affairs_1985_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International Affairs</i>, No. 3, Vol.31, 1985, page(s): 141–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_1990_en_indicators1.pdf">"- Human Development Reports"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=-+Human+Development+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fhdr_1990_en_indicators1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emil Hurezeanu, as quoted (see note below) by: <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> "Ziua care nu se uită. 15 noiembrie 1987, Brașov", <a href="/wiki/Polirom" title="Polirom">Polirom</a>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-681-136-0" title="Special:BookSources/973-681-136-0">973-681-136-0</a>.<br /> This is documented by the book's revision, available at <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librarie.net/carti/17126/Ziua-care-nu-se-uita-15-noiembrie-1987-Brasov-Marius">librarie.net</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brubaker, Rogers: <i>Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town</i>. Princeton University Press, 2006, page 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691128340" title="Special:BookSources/0691128340">0691128340</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revolution1989-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebetsyen2009" class="citation book cs1">Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolution1989fa00sebe"><i>Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5"><bdi>978-0-375-42532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+1989%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42532-5&rft.aulast=Sebetsyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolution1989fa00sebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearthatchangedw00meye/page/196"><i>The Year That Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearthatchangedw00meye/page/196">196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-5845-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-5845-3"><bdi>978-1-4165-5845-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+That+Changed+the+World%3A+The+Untold+Story+Behind+the+Fall+of+the+Berlin+Wall&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-5845-3&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearthatchangedw00meye%2Fpage%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanescu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stanescu, Iulian (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330480915">"Quality of life in Romania 1918-2018: An overview"</a>. <i>Calitatea Vietii</i>. <b>02</b> (29): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calitatea+Vietii&rft.atitle=Quality+of+life+in+Romania+1918-2018%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=02&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=2019-07&rft.aulast=Stanescu&rft.aufirst=Iulian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F330480915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManuela2016" class="citation journal cs1">Manuela, Marin (11 July 2016). "Assessing communist nostalgia in Romania: chronological framework and opinion polls". <i>Twentieth Century Communism</i> (11). Gale Academic OneFile: 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Communism&rft.atitle=Assessing+communist+nostalgia+in+Romania%3A+chronological+framework+and+opinion+polls&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.aulast=Manuela&rft.aufirst=Marin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKligmanVerdery2011" class="citation book cs1">Kligman, Gail; Verdery, Katherine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmzOtWapThUC"><i>Peasants under siege: the collectivization of Romanian agriculture, 1949–1962</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400840434" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400840434"><bdi>978-1400840434</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants+under+siege%3A+the+collectivization+of+Romanian+agriculture%2C+1949%E2%80%931962&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1400840434&rft.aulast=Kligman&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.au=Verdery%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmzOtWapThUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdobescu2012" class="citation news cs1">Odobescu, Vlad (30 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/30/struggling-romanians-yearn-for-communism/?page=all">"Struggling Romanians yearn for communism"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Struggling+Romanians+yearn+for+communism&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.aulast=Odobescu&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2Faug%2F30%2Fstruggling-romanians-yearn-for-communism%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-balkanalysis.com-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-balkanalysis.com_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111110854/http://www.balkanalysis.com/romania/2011/12/27/in-romania-opinion-polls-show-nostalgia-for-communism/">"In Romania, Opinion Polls Show Nostalgia for Communism"</a>. Balkanalysis. 27 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkanalysis.com/romania/2011/12/27/in-romania-opinion-polls-show-nostalgia-for-communism/">the original</a> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Romania%2C+Opinion+Polls+Show+Nostalgia+for+Communism&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkanalysis.com%2Fromania%2F2011%2F12%2F27%2Fin-romania-opinion-polls-show-nostalgia-for-communism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/eveniment/Noul_Partid_Comunist_Roman-_Pionierii_0_367163711.html">"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi"</a>. Adevarul. 7 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noul+Partid+Comunist+Rom%C3%A2n%2C+condus+de+un+%C8%99ofer+de+taxi&rft.pub=Adevarul&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adevarul.ro%2Factualitate%2Feveniment%2FNoul_Partid_Comunist_Roman-_Pionierii_0_367163711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transylvanianow.com/ceausescu-still-most-beloved-president-of-romania/">"Ceaușescu still most beloved President of Romania"</a>. 27 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ceau%C8%99escu+still+most+beloved+President+of+Romania&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransylvanianow.com%2Fceausescu-still-most-beloved-president-of-romania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Republic+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220071037/http://www.cna.ro/comunicare/comunic/2006/c0207.html">Official communique of the National Board of the Audio-Visual</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 20 December 2007), originally at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cna.ro/comunicare/comunic/2006/c0207.html">cna.org</a> but now removed, accessible through web.archive.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Republic_of_Romania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceausescu.org/">ceausescu.org</a>, an extensive website on Communist Romania.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorialsighet.ro/en/">memorialsighet.ro</a>, a memorial site dedicated to the victims of Communism in Romania, based at <a href="/wiki/Sighet_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighet prison">Sighet prison</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gce.unisg.ch/en/Euxeinos">Euxeinos</a> 3/2011: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gce.unisg.ch/~/media/Internet/Content/Dateien/InstituteUndCenters/GCE/Euxeinos%20Folder/Euxeinos%203_2012.ashx"><i>Romanian Communism between Commemoration, Nostalgia, and Scientific Debate</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romania_articles575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Romania" title="Timeline of ancient Romania">ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Romania">Prehistoric Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Romania" title="List of earthquakes in Romania">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Romania" title="Fauna of Romania">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Romania" title="Flora of Romania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Romania" title="List of islands of Romania">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Romania" title="List of lakes of Romania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Romania" title="List of mountains in Romania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Romania" title="List of rivers of Romania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Romania" title="Territorial evolution of Romania">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Romania" title="Topography of Romania">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Romania" title="Administrative divisions of Romania">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Romania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Romania" title="Judiciary of Romania">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Romania" title="Agriculture in Romania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Romania" title="List of exports of Romania">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Romania" title="Foreign direct investment in Romania">Foreign investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Romania" title="Industry of Romania">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Romania" title="Mining industry of Romania">mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry_in_Romania" title="Petrochemical industry in Romania">petrochemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Leu <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Romania" title="Pensions in Romania">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Romania" title="Science and technology in Romania">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_in_Romania" title="Services in Romania">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Romania" title="Squatting in Romania">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Romania" title="Rail transport in Romania">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Romania" title="Category:Society of Romania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Romania" title="Crime in Romania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Romania" title="Healthcare in Romania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Romania" title="Prostitution in Romania">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Romania" title="Public holidays in Romania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Romania" title="Refugees in Romania">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Gypsies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Romania" title="Welfare in Romania">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_architecture" title="Romanian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_art" title="Romanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_humour" title="Romanian humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Romania" title="Mass media in Romania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Romania" title="Sport in Romania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romania" title="Category:Romania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template talk:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> period</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Pact Logo"><img alt="Warsaw Pact Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/250px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Cold War Europe"><img alt="Map of Cold War Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size: 85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size: 85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size: 85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Libya" title="Socialism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen" title="Democratic Republic of Yemen">Democratic Republic of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet 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