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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policing_in_Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Policing in Burma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policing_in_Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_and_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_and_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 London and Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_and_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Southwold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Teaching career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hampstead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hampstead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Hampstead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hampstead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 The Road to Wigan Pier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Spanish Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_and_recuperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_and_recuperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Rest and recuperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_and_recuperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Animal_Farm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_and_Animal_Farm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Second World War and Animal Farm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Animal_Farm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jura_and_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jura_and_Nineteen_Eighty-Four"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Jura and Nineteen Eighty-Four </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jura_and_Nineteen_Eighty-Four-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_months_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Final months and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_career_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_career_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Literary career and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_career_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literary career and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_career_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Literary influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_critic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_critic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Literary critic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_critic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Food writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_evaluations_of_Orwell's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_evaluations_of_Orwell's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Reception and evaluations of Orwell's works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_evaluations_of_Orwell's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_language_and_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_language_and_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Influence on language and writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_language_and_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Modern culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Archive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Statue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Relationships and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Social interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonfiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonfiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Nonfiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonfiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George Orwell</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85_%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D" title="ጆርጅ ኦርወል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆርጅ ኦርወል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉर्ज ऑरवेल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जॉर्ज ऑरवेल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جورج أورويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج أورويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B3_%D5%95%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%AC" title="Ճորճ Օրուէլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճորճ Օրուէլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जर्ज अरवेल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्ज अरवेल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Oruell" title="Corc Oruell – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Oruell" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="جورج اورول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جورج اورول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="জর্জ অরওয়েল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ অরওয়েল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруэл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Оруэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Джордж Орўэл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Орўэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Оруел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруэлл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джордж Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جورج ؤرويل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جورج ؤرويل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Τζωρτζ Όργουελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζωρτζ Όργουελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="جرج اورول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج اورول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%98%A4%EC%9B%B0" title="조지 오웰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 오웰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%95%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ջորջ Օրուել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Օրուել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉर्ज ऑरवेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज ऑरवेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Оруэлл, Джордж – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оруэлл, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="ג'ורג' אורוול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' אורוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್‌ ಆರ್ವೆಲ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್‌ ಆರ್ವೆಲ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ორუელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ ორუელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруэлл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Жорж Оруэлл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жорж Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруэлл – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Джордж Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Orwell" title="Georgius Orwell – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Orwell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Orvels" title="Džordžs Orvels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Orvels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जर्ज अरवेल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्ज अरवेल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Џорџ Орвел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ Орвел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഓർവെൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഓർവെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉर्ज ऑर्वेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज ऑर्वेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ორუელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ ორუელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جورج اورويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج اورويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="جورج ارول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جورج ارول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Жорж Орвелл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Орвелл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2" title="ဂျော့အော်ဝဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့အော်ဝဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB" title="ジョージ・オーウェル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・オーウェル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруэлл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Джордж Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜਾਰਜ ਆਰਵੈੱਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜ ਆਰਵੈੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جارج اورویل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج اورویل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84" title="جورج اوروېل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج اوروېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруэлл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джордж Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Дьордь Оруэлл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьордь Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhorxh_Orvell" title="Xhorxh Orvell – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhorxh Orvell" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%95%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝර්ජ් ඕවෙල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්ජ් ඕවෙල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joorj_Orwel" title="Joorj Orwel – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Joorj Orwel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="جۆرج ئۆروێڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج ئۆروێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Џорџ Орвел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Орвел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%E1%B9%9Bj_U%E1%B9%9Bwil" title="Juṛj Uṛwil – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Juṛj Uṛwil" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="George Orwell" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Оруэлл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джордж Оруэлл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Орвелл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Орвелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جارج اورویل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج اورویل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="George Orwell" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English author and journalist (1903–1950)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Orwell" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orwell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orwell (disambiguation)">Orwell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Orwell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the head and shoulders of a middle-aged man, with black hair and a slim mustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/220px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/330px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/440px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1594" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Press_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Press card">Press card</a> portrait, 1943</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Eric Arthur Blair</div> (1903-06-25)25 June 1903 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Motihari" title="Motihari">Motihari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1950(1950-01-21) (aged 46) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Sutton_Courtenay" title="All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay">All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay</a>, Oxfordshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Novelist</li><li>essayist</li><li>journalist</li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour</a> (from 1938)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936; died 1945)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Brownell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonia Brownell">Sonia Brownell</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1949)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blair_(patron)" title="Richard Blair (patron)">Richard Blair</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Writing career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">George Orwell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef" title="Roman à clef">roman à clef</a></li><li>satire</li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">opinion journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinism">anti-Stalinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1928–1949<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a> (1933)</li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> (1937)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> (1945)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (1949)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Orwell-Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eric Blair ("George Orwell")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Orwell-Signature.svg/150px-Orwell-Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Orwell-Signature.svg/225px-Orwell-Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Orwell-Signature.svg/300px-Orwell-Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="206" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) was a British novelist, poet, essayist, journalist, and critic who wrote under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of George Orwell, a name inspired by his favourite place, the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">River Orwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His work is characterised by lucid <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social criticism</a>, opposition to all <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> (i.e. to both left-wing authoritarian communism and to right-wing fascism), and support of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-thinktank-4">[4]</a> Orwell is best known for his <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> novella <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> (1945) and the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">dystopian</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (1949), although his works also encompass <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>, poetry, fiction, and <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a> journalism. His non-fiction works, including <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> (1937), documenting his experience of working-class life in the industrial north of England, and <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938), an account of his experiences soldiering for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican faction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939), are as critically respected as his <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_bibliography" title="George Orwell bibliography">essays</a> on politics, literature, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and culture. Orwell's work remains influential in popular culture and in <a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">political culture</a>, and the adjective "<a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a>"—describing <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> and authoritarian social practices—is part of the English language, like many of his <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">memory hole</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">doublethink</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">thoughtcrime</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> named Orwell the second-greatest British writer since 1945.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg/220px-Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg/330px-Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg/440px-Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Orwell's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Motihari" title="Motihari">Motihari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903 in <a href="/wiki/Motihari" title="Motihari">Motihari</a>, Bengal Presidency (now <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>), <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, into what he described as a "<a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">lower-upper-middle class</a>" family.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> His great-great-grandfather, Charles Blair, was a wealthy slaveowning <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">country gentleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">absentee owner</a> of two <a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Jamaica" title="List of plantations in Jamaica">Jamaican plantations</a>;<a href="#cite_note-LBS_Charles_Blair-10">[10]</a> hailing from <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, he married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fane,_8th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland">8th Earl of Westmorland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stansky-11">[11]</a> His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was an <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a> clergyman. Orwell's father was Richard Walmesley Blair, who worked as a Sub-Deputy Opium Agent in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Opium#History" title="Royal Commission on Opium">Opium Department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a>, overseeing the production and storage of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> for sale to China.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin), grew up in <a href="/wiki/Moulmein" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulmein">Moulmein</a>, Burma, where her French father was involved in speculative ventures.<a href="#cite_note-Stansky-11">[11]</a> Eric had two sisters: Marjorie, five years older; and Avril, five years younger. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him and Marjorie to England.<a href="#cite_note-crick48-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[n 1]</a> In 2014 restoration work began on Orwell's birthplace and ancestral house in Motihari.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShiplakeBlairHome01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ShiplakeBlairHome01.JPG/220px-ShiplakeBlairHome01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ShiplakeBlairHome01.JPG/330px-ShiplakeBlairHome01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ShiplakeBlairHome01.JPG/440px-ShiplakeBlairHome01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Blair family home at <a href="/wiki/Shiplake" title="Shiplake">Shiplake</a>, Oxfordshire</figcaption></figure> In 1904, Ida settled with her children at <a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a> in Oxfordshire. Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters and, apart from a brief visit in mid-1907,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> he did not see his father until 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> Aged five, Eric was sent as a day student to a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_order" title="Teaching order">convent school</a> in Henley-on-Thames. It was a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> run by French <a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursuline</a> nuns.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> His mother wanted him to have a <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public school</a> education, but his family could not afford it. Through the social connections of Ida's brother Charles Limouzin, Blair gained a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/St_Cyprian%27s_School" title="St Cyprian's School">St Cyprian's School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>, East Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> Arriving in September 1911, he boarded for the next five years, returning home only for holidays. Although he knew nothing of the reduced fees, he "soon recognised that he was from a poorer home".<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Blair hated the school<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and many years later wrote an essay "<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>", published posthumously, based on his time there. At St Cyprian's, Blair first met <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a>, who became a writer and who, as the editor of <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(British_magazine)" title="Horizon (British magazine)">Horizon</a>, published several of Orwell's essays.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:StCyprians.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/StCyprians.JPG/220px-StCyprians.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/StCyprians.JPG/330px-StCyprians.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/StCyprians.JPG/440px-StCyprians.JPG 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="476" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Blair's time at St. Cyprian's inspired his essay "<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>".</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Sisters_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seven_Sisters_3.jpg/220px-Seven_Sisters_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seven_Sisters_3.jpg/330px-Seven_Sisters_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seven_Sisters_3.jpg/440px-Seven_Sisters_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5030" data-file-height="4700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The essay recounts Blair hiking across the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> and bathing among the boulders at <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Head" title="Beachy Head">Beachy Head</a> on the south coast of England.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the family moved 2 miles (3 km) south to <a href="/wiki/Shiplake" title="Shiplake">Shiplake</a>, Oxfordshire, where Eric became friendly with the Buddicom family, especially their daughter <a href="/wiki/Jacintha_Buddicom" title="Jacintha Buddicom">Jacintha</a>. When they first met, he was standing on his head in a field. Asked why, he said, "You are noticed more if you stand on your head than if you are right way up."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[21]</a> Growing up together, Buddicom and Blair became idealistic adolescent sweethearts, reading and writing poetry together, and dreaming of becoming famous writers.<a href="#cite_note-Times_Media_Limited-23">[22]</a> Blair also enjoyed shooting, fishing and birdwatching with Jacintha's brother and sister.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[21]</a> While at St Cyprian's, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Standard" title="Henley Standard">Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> He came second to Connolly in the <a href="/wiki/Harrow_History_Prize" title="Harrow History Prize">Harrow History Prize</a>, had his work praised by the school's external examiner, and earned scholarships to <a href="/wiki/Wellington_College,_Berkshire" title="Wellington College, Berkshire">Wellington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>. But inclusion on the Eton scholarship roll did not guarantee a place, and none was immediately available. He chose to stay at St Cyprian's until December 1916, in case a place at Eton became available.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awake!_Young_Men_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Awake%21_Young_Men_of_England.jpg/200px-Awake%21_Young_Men_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Awake%21_Young_Men_of_England.jpg/300px-Awake%21_Young_Men_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Awake%21_Young_Men_of_England.jpg/400px-Awake%21_Young_Men_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1846" /></a><figcaption>First World War poem by 11-year-old Blair, "Awake! Young Men of England", published in 1914 in the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Standard" title="Henley Standard">Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard</a></figcaption></figure> In January, Blair took up the place at Wellington, where he spent the Spring term. In May 1917 a place became available as a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Scholar" title="King's Scholar">King's Scholar</a> at Eton. At this time the family lived at Mall Chambers, Notting Hill Gate. Blair remained at Eton until December 1921, when he left midway between his 18th and 19th birthdays. Wellington was "beastly", Blair told Jacintha, but he said he was "interested and happy" at Eton.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> His principal tutor was <a href="/wiki/A._S._F._Gow" title="A. S. F. Gow">A. S. F. Gow</a>, Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, who gave him advice later in his career.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> Blair was taught French by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>, who was at Eton with Blair, noted that he and his contemporaries appreciated Huxley's linguistic flair.<a href="#cite_note-Wadhams-27">[26]</a> Blair's performance reports suggest he neglected his studies,<a href="#cite_note-Wadhams-27">[26]</a> but he worked with <a href="/wiki/R._A._B._Mynors" title="R. A. B. Mynors">Roger Mynors</a> to produce a college magazine, The Election Times, joined in the production of other publications—College Days and Bubble and Squeak—and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eton_Wall_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Eton Wall Game">Eton Wall Game</a>. His parents could not afford to send him to university without another scholarship, and they concluded from his poor results he would not be able to win one. Runciman noted he had a romantic idea about the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wadhams-27">[26]</a> and the family decided Blair should join the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Police">Imperial Police</a>, the precursor of the Indian Police Service. For this he had to pass an entrance examination. In December 1921 he left Eton and travelled to join his retired father, mother, and younger sister Avril, who that month had moved to 40 Stradbroke Road, <a href="/wiki/Southwold" title="Southwold">Southwold</a>, Suffolk, the first of their four homes in the town.<a href="#cite_note-Binns-28">[27]</a> Blair was enrolled at a <a href="/wiki/Crammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Crammer">crammer</a> there called Craighurst, and brushed up on his Classics, English, and History. He passed the exam, coming seventh out of the 26 who passed.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policing_in_Burma">Policing in Burma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Policing in Burma">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg/170px-OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg/255px-OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg/340px-OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>Blair pictured in a passport photo in Burma. This was the last time he had a <a href="/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache" title="Toothbrush moustache">toothbrush moustache</a>; he would later acquire a <a href="/wiki/Pencil_moustache" title="Pencil moustache">pencil moustache</a> similar to other British officers stationed in Burma.</figcaption></figure> Blair's maternal grandmother lived at <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawlamyaing">Moulmein</a>, so he chose a posting in <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a>, then still a province of British India. In October 1922 he sailed on board SS Herefordshire to join the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Indian Imperial Police</a> in Burma. A month later, he arrived at <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> and travelled to the police training school in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>. He was appointed an Assistant District Superintendent (on probation) on 29 November 1922,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> at the pay of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Rs.</a> 525 per month.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> After a short posting at <a href="/wiki/Maymyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Maymyo">Maymyo</a>, Burma's principal <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a>, he was posted to the frontier outpost of <a href="/wiki/Myaungmya" title="Myaungmya">Myaungmya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a> at the beginning of 1924.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Working as an imperial police officer gave him considerable responsibility while most of his contemporaries were still at university in England. When he was posted farther east in the Delta to <a href="/wiki/Twante" class="mw-redirect" title="Twante">Twante</a> as a sub-divisional officer, he was responsible for the security of some 200,000 people. At the end of 1924, he was posted to <a href="/wiki/Syriam" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriam">Syriam</a>, closer to Rangoon. Syriam had the refinery of the <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmah Oil Company">Burmah Oil Company</a>, "the surrounding land a barren waste, all vegetation killed off by the fumes of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> pouring out day and night from the stacks of the refinery." But the town was near Rangoon, a cosmopolitan seaport, and Blair went into the city as often as he could, "to browse in a bookshop; to eat well-cooked food; to get away from the boring routine of police life".<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In September 1925 he went to <a href="/wiki/Insein_Township" title="Insein Township">Insein</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Insein_Prison" title="Insein Prison">Insein Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shelden-34">[33]</a> By this time, Blair had completed his training and was receiving a monthly salary of Rs. 740, including allowances.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Blair recalled he faced hostility from the Burmese, "in the end the sneering yellow faces of young men that met me everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at a safe distance, got badly on my nerves". He recalled that "I was stuck between my hatred of the empire I served and my rage against the evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make my job impossible".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatharBritishClub.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/KatharBritishClub.JPG/220px-KatharBritishClub.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/KatharBritishClub.JPG/330px-KatharBritishClub.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/KatharBritishClub.JPG/440px-KatharBritishClub.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>British Club in <a href="/wiki/Katha,_Myanmar" title="Katha, Myanmar">Katha, Myanmar</a> </figcaption></figure> In Burma, Blair acquired a reputation as an outsider. He spent much of his time alone, reading or pursuing non-<a href="/wiki/Pukka_sahib" title="Pukka sahib">pukka</a> activities, such as attending the churches of the <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a> ethnic group. A colleague, Roger Beadon, recalled that Blair was fast to learn the language and that before he left Burma, "was able to speak fluently with Burmese priests in 'very high-flown Burmese'."<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Blair made changes to his appearance in Burma that remained for the rest of his life, including adopting a <a href="/wiki/Pencil_moustache" title="Pencil moustache">pencil moustache</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emma_Larkin" title="Emma Larkin">Emma Larkin</a> writes in the introduction to Burmese Days: <blockquote>While in Burma, he acquired a moustache similar to those worn by officers of the British regiments stationed there. [He] also acquired some tattoos; on each knuckle he had a small untidy blue circle. Many Burmese living in rural areas still sport tattoos like this—they are believed to protect against bullets and snake bites.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></blockquote> In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his maternal grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Katha,_Myanmar" title="Katha, Myanmar">Katha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Burma">Upper Burma</a>, where he contracted <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> in 1927. Entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Leave_(military)" title="Leave (military)">leave</a> in England that year, he was allowed to return in July due to his illness. While on holiday with his family in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in September 1927, he reappraised his life. Deciding against returning to Burma, he resigned from the Indian Imperial Police to become a writer, with effect from 12 March 1928.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> He drew on his experiences in the Burma police for the novel <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a> (1934) and the essays "<a href="/wiki/A_Hanging" title="A Hanging">A Hanging</a>" (1931) and "<a href="/wiki/Shooting_an_Elephant" title="Shooting an Elephant">Shooting an Elephant</a>" (1936).<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_and_Paris">London and Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: London and Paris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell%27s_Home,_Notting_Hill,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/George_Orwell%27s_Home%2C_Notting_Hill%2C_London.jpg/220px-George_Orwell%27s_Home%2C_Notting_Hill%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/George_Orwell%27s_Home%2C_Notting_Hill%2C_London.jpg/330px-George_Orwell%27s_Home%2C_Notting_Hill%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/George_Orwell%27s_Home%2C_Notting_Hill%2C_London.jpg/440px-George_Orwell%27s_Home%2C_Notting_Hill%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5976" data-file-height="3992" /></a><figcaption>The blue house on the right was Blair's 1927 lodgings in <a href="/wiki/Portobello_Road" title="Portobello Road">Portobello Road</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> In England, he settled back in the family home at <a href="/wiki/Southwold" title="Southwold">Southwold</a>, renewing acquaintance with local friends and attending an <a href="/wiki/Old_Etonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Etonian">Old Etonian</a> dinner. He visited his old tutor Gow at Cambridge for advice on becoming a writer.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In 1927 he moved to London.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Pitter" title="Ruth Pitter">Ruth Pitter</a>, a family acquaintance, helped him find lodgings, and by the end of 1927 he had moved into rooms in <a href="/wiki/Portobello_Road" title="Portobello Road">Portobello Road</a>;<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorates his residence there.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Pitter's involvement in the move "would have lent it a reassuring respectability in Mrs. Blair's eyes." Pitter had a sympathetic interest in Blair's writing, pointed out weaknesses in his poetry, and advised him to write about what he knew. In fact he decided to write of "certain aspects of the present that he set out to know" and ventured into the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>—the first of the occasional sorties he would make intermittently over a period of five years to discover the world of poverty and the down-and-outers who inhabit it.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In imitation of <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, whose writing he admired (particularly <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_the_Abyss" title="The People of the Abyss">The People of the Abyss</a>), Blair started to explore the poorer parts of London. On his first outing he set out to <a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Causeway" title="Limehouse Causeway">Limehouse Causeway</a>, spending his first night in a common lodging house, possibly George Levy's "kip". For a while he "went native" in his own country, dressing like a <a href="/wiki/Tramp" title="Tramp">tramp</a>, adopting the name P.S. Burton; he recorded his experiences of the low life for use in "<a href="/wiki/The_Spike_(essay)" title="The Spike (essay)">The Spike</a>", his first published essay in English, and in the second half of his first book, <a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a> (1933).<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer.JPG/170px-Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer.JPG/255px-Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer.JPG/340px-Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Rue du Pot de Fer on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rive Gauche (Paris)">Left Bank</a> in the <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th arrondissement</a>, where Blair lived in Paris</figcaption></figure> In early 1928 he moved to Paris. He lived in the rue du Pot de Fer, a working class district in the <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th arrondissement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> His aunt Ellen (Nellie) Kate Limouzin also lived in Paris (with the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperantist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lanti" title="Eugène Lanti">Eugène Lanti</a>) and gave him social and, when necessary, financial support. He began to write novels, including an early version of Burmese Days, but nothing else survives from that period.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> He was more successful as a journalist and published articles in <a href="/wiki/Monde_(review)" title="Monde (review)">Monde</a>, a political/literary journal edited by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a> (his first article as a professional writer, "La Censure en Angleterre", appeared in that journal on 6 October 1928); <a href="/wiki/G._K.%27s_Weekly" title="G. K.'s Weekly">G. K.'s Weekly</a>, where his first article to appear in England, "A Farthing Newspaper", was printed on 29 December 1928;<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and Le Progrès Civique (founded by the left-wing coalition <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Le Cartel des Gauches</a>). Three pieces appeared in successive weeks in Le Progrès Civique: discussing unemployment, a day in the life of a tramp, and the beggars of London, respectively. "In one or another of its destructive forms, poverty was to become his obsessive subject—at the heart of almost everything he wrote until <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a>."<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> He fell seriously ill in February 1929 and was taken to the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Cochin" title="Hôpital Cochin">Hôpital Cochin</a>, a free hospital where medical students were trained. His experiences there were the basis of his essay "<a href="/wiki/How_the_Poor_Die" title="How the Poor Die">How the Poor Die</a>", published in 1946 (though he chose not to identify the hospital). Shortly afterwards, he had all his money stolen from his lodging house. Whether through necessity or to collect material, he undertook menial jobs such as dishwashing in a fashionable hotel on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a>, which he later described in Down and Out in Paris and London. In August 1929, he sent a copy of "<a href="/wiki/The_Spike_(essay)" title="The Spike (essay)">The Spike</a>" to <a href="/wiki/John_Middleton_Murry" title="John Middleton Murry">John Middleton Murry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelphi (magazine)">New Adelphi</a> magazine in London. The magazine was edited by <a href="/wiki/Max_Plowman" title="Max Plowman">Max Plowman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Rees,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Rees, 2nd Baronet">Sir Richard Rees</a>, and Plowman accepted the work for publication.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southwold">Southwold</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southwold">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthwoldPier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SouthwoldPier.JPG/220px-SouthwoldPier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SouthwoldPier.JPG/330px-SouthwoldPier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SouthwoldPier.JPG/440px-SouthwoldPier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southwold_Pier" title="Southwold Pier">Southwold Pier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwold" title="Southwold">Southwold</a>. Orwell wrote <a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a> (1935) in the town, basing the fictional town of Knype Hill partly on Southwold.</figcaption></figure> In December 1929 after nearly two years in Paris, Blair returned to England and went directly to his parents' house in <a href="/wiki/Southwold" title="Southwold">Southwold</a>, a coastal town in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, which remained his base for the next five years. The family was well established in the town, where his sister Avril ran a tea-house. He became acquainted with many local people, including Brenda Salkeld, the clergyman's daughter who worked as a gym-teacher at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Felix_School" title="Saint Felix School">St Felix Girls' School</a>. Although Salkeld rejected his offer of marriage, she remained a friend and regular correspondent for many years. He also renewed friendships with older friends, such as Dennis Collings, whose girlfriend Eleanor Jacques was also to play a part in his life.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> In early 1930 he stayed briefly in <a href="/wiki/Bramley,_Leeds" title="Bramley, Leeds">Bramley, Leeds</a>, with his sister Marjorie and her husband Humphrey Dakin. Blair was writing reviews for Adelphi and acting as a private tutor to a disabled child at Southwold. He then became tutor to three young brothers, one of whom, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stanley_Peters" title="Richard Stanley Peters">Richard Peters</a>, later became a distinguished academic.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <blockquote>His history in these years is marked by dualities and contrasts. There is Blair leading a respectable, outwardly eventless life at his parents' house in Southwold, writing; then in contrast, there is Blair as Burton (the name he used in his down-and-out episodes) in search of experience in the kips and spikes, in the East End, on the road, and in the hop fields of Kent.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></blockquote> He went painting and bathing on the beach, and there he met Mabel and Francis Fierz, who later influenced his career. Over the next year he visited them in London, often meeting their friend Max Plowman. He also often stayed at the homes of Ruth Pitter and Richard Rees, where he could "change" for his sporadic tramping expeditions. One of his jobs was domestic work at a lodgings for <a href="/wiki/Half_crown_(British_coin)" title="Half crown (British coin)">half a crown</a> (two shillings and sixpence, or one-eighth of a pound) a day.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-53">[52]</a> Blair now contributed regularly to Adelphi, with "<a href="/wiki/A_Hanging" title="A Hanging">A Hanging</a>" appearing in August 1931. From August to September 1931 his explorations of poverty continued, and, like the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a>, he followed the <a href="/wiki/East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="East End">East End</a> tradition of working in the Kent <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hop</a> fields. He kept a diary about his experiences there. Afterwards, he lodged in the <a href="/wiki/Tooley_Street#George_Orwell" title="Tooley Street">Tooley Street kip</a>, but could not stand it for long, and with financial help from his parents moved to Windsor Street, where he stayed until Christmas. "Hop Picking", by Eric Blair, appeared in the October 1931 issue of <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, whose editorial staff included his old friend Cyril Connolly. Mabel Fierz put him in contact with <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Moore_(literary_agent)" title="Leonard Moore (literary agent)">Leonard Moore</a>, who became his <a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">literary agent</a> in April 1932.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> At this time <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a> rejected A Scullion's Diary, the first version of Down and Out. On the advice of Richard Rees, he offered it to <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>, but their editorial director, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, also rejected it. Blair ended the year by deliberately getting himself arrested,<a href="#cite_note-Arrest-55">[54]</a> so that he could experience Christmas in prison, but after he was picked up and taken to <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green" title="Bethnal Green">Bethnal Green</a> police station in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a> the authorities did not regard his "drunk and disorderly" behaviour as imprisonable, and after two days in a cell he returned home to Southwold.<a href="#cite_note-Arrest-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_career">Teaching career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teaching career">edit</a>]</div> In April 1932 Blair became a teacher at The Hawthorns High School, a school for boys, in <a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Hillingdon" title="Hayes, Hillingdon">Hayes</a>, west London. This was a small private school, and had only 14 or 16 boys aged between ten and sixteen, and one other master.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> While at the school he became friendly with the curate of the local parish church and became involved with activities there. Mabel Fierz had pursued matters with Moore, and at the end of June 1932, Moore told Blair that <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a> was prepared to publish A Scullion's Diary for a £40 advance, through his recently founded publishing house, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a>, which was an outlet for radical and socialist works.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> At the end of the summer term in 1932, Blair returned to Southwold, where his parents had used a legacy to buy their own home. Blair and his sister Avril spent the holidays making the house habitable while he also worked on Burmese Days.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> He was also spending time with Eleanor Jacques, but her attachment to Dennis Collings remained an obstacle to his hopes of a more serious relationship. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stour_%5E_Orwell_Walk_along_the_River_Stour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5189247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stour_%5E_Orwell_Walk_along_the_River_Stour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5189247.jpg/220px-Stour_%5E_Orwell_Walk_along_the_River_Stour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5189247.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stour_%5E_Orwell_Walk_along_the_River_Stour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5189247.jpg/330px-Stour_%5E_Orwell_Walk_along_the_River_Stour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5189247.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stour_%5E_Orwell_Walk_along_the_River_Stour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5189247.jpg/440px-Stour_%5E_Orwell_Walk_along_the_River_Stour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5189247.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The pen name George Orwell was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">River Orwell</a> in the English county of Suffolk.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_and_the_Orwell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716129.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ipswich_and_the_Orwell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716129.jpg/220px-Ipswich_and_the_Orwell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716129.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ipswich_and_the_Orwell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716129.jpg/330px-Ipswich_and_the_Orwell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716129.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ipswich_and_the_Orwell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716129.jpg/440px-Ipswich_and_the_Orwell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716129.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3166" data-file-height="2142" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aerial view of the River Orwell</div></div></div></div></div> "Clink", an essay describing his failed attempt to get sent to prison, appeared in the August 1932 number of Adelphi. He returned to teaching at Hayes and prepared for the publication of his book, now known as Down and Out in Paris and London. He wished to publish under a different name to avoid any embarrassment to his family over his time as a "tramp".<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-60">[59]</a> In a letter to Moore (dated 15 November 1932), he left the choice of pseudonym to Moore and to Gollancz. Four days later, he wrote to Moore, suggesting the pseudonyms P. S. Burton (a name he used when tramping), Kenneth Miles, George Orwell, and H. Lewis Allways.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> He finally adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> George Orwell because "It is a good round English name."<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The name George was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">patron saint of England</a>, and Orwell after the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">River Orwell</a> in Suffolk which was one of Orwell's favourite locations.<a href="#cite_note-Down-63">[62]</a> Down and Out in Paris and London was published by Victor Gollancz in London on 9 January 1933 and received favourable reviews, with <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis" title="Cecil Day-Lewis">Cecil Day-Lewis</a> complimenting Orwell's "clarity and good sense", and <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a> comparing Orwell's eccentric characters to the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens#Characters" title="Charles Dickens">characters of Dickens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Down-63">[62]</a> Down and Out was modestly successful and was next published by <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Brothers</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-Down-63">[62]</a> In mid-1933 Blair left Hawthorns to become a teacher at <a href="/wiki/Frays_River" title="Frays River">Frays College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge" title="Uxbridge">Uxbridge</a>, west London. This was a much larger establishment with 200 pupils and a full complement of staff. He acquired a motorcycle and took trips through the surrounding countryside. On one of these expeditions he became soaked and caught a chill that developed into pneumonia. He was taken to a <a href="/wiki/Cottage_hospital" title="Cottage hospital">cottage hospital</a> in Uxbridge, where for a time his life was believed to be in danger. When he was discharged in January 1934, he returned to Southwold to convalesce and, supported by his parents, never returned to teaching.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> He was disappointed when Gollancz turned down Burmese Days, mainly on the grounds of potential suits for libel, but Harper were prepared to publish it in the United States. Meanwhile, Blair started work on the novel <a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a>, drawing upon his life as a teacher and on life in Southwold. Eventually in October, after sending A Clergyman's Daughter to Moore, he left for London to take a job that had been found for him by his aunt Nellie Limouzin.<a href="#cite_note-Down-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hampstead">Hampstead</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hampstead">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Orwell_hampstead_home.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orwell_hampstead_home.JPG/200px-Orwell_hampstead_home.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orwell_hampstead_home.JPG/300px-Orwell_hampstead_home.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orwell_hampstead_home.JPG/400px-Orwell_hampstead_home.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Orwell's former home at 77 Parliament Hill, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, London</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell_in_Hampstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_432863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/George_Orwell_in_Hampstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_432863.jpg/200px-George_Orwell_in_Hampstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_432863.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/George_Orwell_in_Hampstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_432863.jpg/300px-George_Orwell_in_Hampstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_432863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/George_Orwell_in_Hampstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_432863.jpg/400px-George_Orwell_in_Hampstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_432863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">His time as a bookseller is marked with this plaque in <a href="/wiki/Pond_Street,_Hampstead" title="Pond Street, Hampstead">Pond Street</a>, Hampstead.</div></div></div></div></div> This job was as a part-time assistant in Booklovers' Corner, a second-hand bookshop in Hampstead run by Francis and Myfanwy Westrope, who were friends of Nellie Limouzin in the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> movement. The Westropes were friendly and provided him with comfortable accommodation at Warwick Mansions, <a href="/wiki/Pond_Street,_Hampstead" title="Pond Street, Hampstead">Pond Street</a>. He was sharing the job with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kimche" title="Jon Kimche">Jon Kimche</a>, who also lived with the Westropes. Blair worked at the shop in the afternoons and had his mornings free to write and his evenings free to socialise. These experiences provided background for the novel <a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a> (1936). As well as the various guests of the Westropes, he was able to enjoy the company of Richard Rees and the Adelphi writers and Mabel Fierz. The Westropes and Kimche were members of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a>, although at this time Blair was not seriously politically active. He was writing for the Adelphi and preparing A Clergyman's Daughter and Burmese Days for publication.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GEORGE_ORWELL_1903-1950_Novelist_and_Political_Essayist_lived_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GEORGE_ORWELL_1903-1950_Novelist_and_Political_Essayist_lived_here.jpg/170px-GEORGE_ORWELL_1903-1950_Novelist_and_Political_Essayist_lived_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GEORGE_ORWELL_1903-1950_Novelist_and_Political_Essayist_lived_here.jpg/255px-GEORGE_ORWELL_1903-1950_Novelist_and_Political_Essayist_lived_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GEORGE_ORWELL_1903-1950_Novelist_and_Political_Essayist_lived_here.jpg/340px-GEORGE_ORWELL_1903-1950_Novelist_and_Political_Essayist_lived_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentish_Town" title="Kentish Town">Kentish Town</a>, London where Orwell lived from August 1935 until January 1936</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of 1935 he had to move out of Warwick Mansions, and Mabel Fierz found him a flat in Parliament Hill. A Clergyman's Daughter was published on 11 March 1935. In early 1935 Blair met his future wife <a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a>, when his landlady, Rosalind Obermeyer, who was studying for a master's degree in psychology at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, invited some of her fellow students to a party. One of these students, Elizaveta Fen, recalled Blair and his friend <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Rees,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Rees, 2nd Baronet">Richard Rees</a> "draped" at the fireplace, looking, she thought, "moth-eaten and prematurely aged."<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Around this time, Blair had started to write reviews for <a href="/wiki/The_New_English_Weekly" title="The New English Weekly">The New English Weekly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In June, Burmese Days was published and Cyril Connolly's positive review in the New Statesman prompted Blair to re-establish contact with his old friend. In August, he moved into a flat, at 50 Lawford Road, <a href="/wiki/Kentish_Town" title="Kentish Town">Kentish Town</a>, which he shared with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sayers" title="Michael Sayers">Michael Sayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Heppenstall" title="Rayner Heppenstall">Rayner Heppenstall</a>. The relationship was sometimes awkward and Blair and Heppenstall even came to blows, though they remained friends and later worked together on BBC broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Blair was now working on Keep the Aspidistra Flying, and also tried unsuccessfully to write a serial for the <a href="/wiki/News_Chronicle" title="News Chronicle">News Chronicle</a>. By October 1935 his flatmates had moved out and he was struggling to pay the rent on his own. He remained until the end of January 1936, when he stopped working at Booklovers' Corner. In 1980, <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> honoured Orwell with a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> at his Kentish Town residence.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Road to Wigan Pier">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a></div> At this time, Victor Gollancz suggested Orwell spend a short time investigating social conditions in economically depressed <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[n 2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Depression</a> had introduced a number of working-class writers from the North of England to the reading public. It was one of these working-class authors, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hilton_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Hilton (author)">Jack Hilton</a>, whom Orwell sought for advice. Orwell had written to Hilton seeking lodging and asking for recommendations on his route. Hilton was unable to provide him lodging, but suggested that he travel to <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a> rather than Rochdale, "for there are the colliers and they're good stuff."<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> On 31 January 1936, Orwell set out by public transport and on foot. Arriving in Manchester after the banks had closed, he had to stay in a common lodging-house. The next day he picked up a list of contacts sent by Richard Rees. One of these, the trade union official Frank Meade, suggested <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, where Orwell spent February staying in dirty lodgings over a <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a> shop. In Wigan, he visited many homes to see how people lived, went down <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Hall_Colliery" title="Bryn Hall Colliery">Bryn Hall coal mine</a>, and used the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Wigan_Life" title="Museum of Wigan Life">local public library</a> to consult public health records and reports on working conditions in mines.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> During this time, he was distracted by concerns about style and possible libel in Keep the Aspidistra Flying. He made a quick visit to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and during March, stayed in south Yorkshire, spending time in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>. As well as visiting mines, including <a href="/wiki/Grimethorpe" title="Grimethorpe">Grimethorpe</a>, and observing social conditions, he attended meetings of the Communist Party and of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> ("his speech the usual claptrap—The blame for everything was put upon mysterious international gangs of Jews") where he saw the tactics of the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">Blackshirts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> He also made visits to his sister at <a href="/wiki/Headingley" title="Headingley">Headingley</a>, during which he visited the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_Parsonage_Museum" title="Brontë Parsonage Museum">Brontë Parsonage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haworth" title="Haworth">Haworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wigan_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4175.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wigan_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4175.jpg/220px-Wigan_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4175.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wigan_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4175.jpg/330px-Wigan_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4175.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wigan_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4175.jpg/440px-Wigan_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4175.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>A former warehouse at <a href="/wiki/Wigan_Pier" title="Wigan Pier">Wigan Pier</a> is named after Orwell.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_2_Kits_Lane,_Wallington_2020-07-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/No_2_Kits_Lane%2C_Wallington_2020-07-18.jpg/220px-No_2_Kits_Lane%2C_Wallington_2020-07-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/No_2_Kits_Lane%2C_Wallington_2020-07-18.jpg/330px-No_2_Kits_Lane%2C_Wallington_2020-07-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/No_2_Kits_Lane%2C_Wallington_2020-07-18.jpg/440px-No_2_Kits_Lane%2C_Wallington_2020-07-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3554" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption>No 2 Kits Lane, <a href="/wiki/Wallington,_Hertfordshire" title="Wallington, Hertfordshire">Wallington, Hertfordshire</a>, Orwell's residence <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1936–1940</figcaption></figure> Orwell needed somewhere he could concentrate on writing his book, and once again help was provided by Aunt Nellie, who was living at <a href="/wiki/Wallington,_Hertfordshire" title="Wallington, Hertfordshire">Wallington, Hertfordshire</a> in a very small 16th-century cottage called the "Stores". Orwell took over the tenancy and moved in on 2 April 1936.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> He started work on The Road to Wigan Pier by the end of April, but also spent hours working on the garden, planting a rose garden which is still extant, and revealing four years later that "outside my work the thing I care most about is gardening, especially vegetable gardening".<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> He also tested the possibility of reopening the Stores as a village shop. Keep the Aspidistra Flying was published by Gollancz on 20 April 1936. On 4 August, Orwell gave a talk at the Adelphi Summer School held at <a href="/wiki/Langham,_Essex" title="Langham, Essex">Langham</a>, entitled An Outsider Sees the Distressed Areas; others who spoke at the school included <a href="/wiki/John_Strachey_(politician)" title="John Strachey (politician)">John Strachey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Plowman" title="Max Plowman">Max Plowman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The result of his journeys through the north was <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a>, published by Gollancz for the <a href="/wiki/Left_Book_Club" title="Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The first half of the book documents his social investigations of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, including an evocative description of working life in the coal mines. The second half is a long essay on his upbringing and the development of his political conscience, which includes an argument for socialism. Gollancz feared the second half would offend readers and added a disculpatory preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Orwell's research for The Road to Wigan Pier led to him being placed under surveillance by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Special Branch</a> from 1936.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Orwell married O'Shaughnessy on 9 June 1936. Shortly afterwards, the political crisis began in Spain and Orwell followed developments there closely. At the end of the year, concerned by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s military uprising, Orwell decided to go to Spain to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">the Republican side</a>. Under the erroneous impression that he needed papers from some left-wing organisation to cross the frontier, on <a href="/wiki/John_Strachey_(politician)" title="John Strachey (politician)">John Strachey</a>'s recommendation he applied unsuccessfully to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/British_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Communist Party">British Communist Party</a>. Pollitt was suspicious of Orwell's political reliability; he asked him whether he would undertake to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> and advised him to get a safe-conduct from the Spanish Embassy in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Not wishing to commit himself until he had seen the situation in situ, Orwell instead used his Independent Labour Party contacts to get a letter of introduction to <a href="/wiki/John_McNair_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McNair (UK politician)">John McNair</a> in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placa_de_George_Orwell_in_Barcelona_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Placa_de_George_Orwell_in_Barcelona_3.jpg/170px-Placa_de_George_Orwell_in_Barcelona_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Placa_de_George_Orwell_in_Barcelona_3.jpg/255px-Placa_de_George_Orwell_in_Barcelona_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Placa_de_George_Orwell_in_Barcelona_3.jpg/340px-Placa_de_George_Orwell_in_Barcelona_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The square in Barcelona renamed in Orwell's honour</figcaption></figure> Orwell set out for Spain on about 23 December 1936, dining with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a> in Paris on the way. Miller told Orwell that going to fight in the Civil War out of some sense of obligation or guilt was "sheer stupidity" and that the Englishman's ideas "about combating Fascism, defending democracy, etc., etc., were all baloney".<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> A few days later in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Orwell met John McNair of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> (ILP) Office.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-catalonia-86">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a> was supported by a number of factions with conflicting aims, including the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">Workers' Party of Marxist Unification</a> (POUM), the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">anarcho-syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (CNT) and the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia</a> (a wing of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Spain (main)">Spanish Communist Party</a>). Orwell was at first exasperated by this "kaleidoscope" of political parties and trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-catalonia-86">[84]</a> The ILP was linked to the POUM so Orwell joined the POUM.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> After a time at the Lenin Barracks in Barcelona he was sent to the relatively quiet <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> Front under <a href="/wiki/Georges_Kopp" title="Georges Kopp">Georges Kopp</a>. By January 1937 he was at <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre" title="Alcubierre">Alcubierre</a> 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level, in the depth of winter. There was very little military action and Orwell was shocked by the lack of munitions, food and firewood as well as other extreme deprivations.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> With his Cadet Corps and police training, Orwell was quickly made a corporal. On the arrival of a British <a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a> about three weeks later, Orwell and the other English militiaman, Williams, were sent with them to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Alcubierre" title="Sierra de Alcubierre">Monte Oscuro</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a>. Meanwhile, back in England, Eileen had been handling the issues relating to the publication of The Road to Wigan Pier before setting out for Spain herself, leaving Nellie Limouzin to look after The Stores. Eileen volunteered for a post in John McNair's office and with the help of Georges Kopp paid visits to her husband, bringing him English tea, chocolate and cigars.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Orwell had to spend some days in hospital with a poisoned hand<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-90">[88]</a> and had most of his possessions stolen by the staff. He returned to the front and saw some action in a night attack on the Nationalist trenches where he chased an enemy soldier with a bayonet and bombed an enemy rifle position. In April, Orwell returned to Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-90">[88]</a> Wanting to be sent to the Madrid front, which meant he "must join the International Column", he approached a Communist friend attached to the Spanish Medical Aid and explained his case. "Although he did not think much of the Communists, Orwell was still ready to treat them as friends and allies. That would soon change."<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a> Orwell was caught up in the factional fighting. He spent much of the time on a roof, with a stack of novels, but encountered <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kimche" title="Jon Kimche">Jon Kimche</a> from his Hampstead days during the stay. The subsequent campaign of lies and distortion carried out by the Communist press,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> in which the POUM was accused of collaborating with the fascists, had a dramatic effect on Orwell. Instead of joining the International Brigades as he had intended, he decided to return to the Aragon Front. Once the May fighting was over, he was approached by a Communist friend who asked if he still intended transferring to the International Brigades. Orwell expressed surprise that they should still want him, because according to the Communist press he was a fascist.<a href="#cite_note-newsinger-93">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_orwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_orwell.jpg/220px-George_orwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_orwell.jpg/330px-George_orwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_orwell.jpg/440px-George_orwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque in <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a> marking where Orwell received treatment at the Hospital Santa María de Lleida for his bullet wound to the neck</figcaption></figure> After his return to the front, he was wounded in the throat by a sniper's bullet. At 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), Orwell was considerably taller than the Spanish fighters<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> and had been warned against standing against the trench parapet. Unable to speak, and with blood pouring from his mouth, Orwell was carried on a stretcher to <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A9tamo" title="Siétamo">Siétamo</a>, loaded on an ambulance and sent to hospital in <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>. He recovered sufficiently to get up and on 27 May 1937 was sent on to <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> and two days later to a POUM sanatorium in the suburbs of Barcelona. The bullet had missed his main artery by the barest margin and his voice was barely audible. It had been such a clean shot that the wound immediately went through the process of <a href="/wiki/Cauterisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauterisation">cauterisation</a>. He received <a href="/wiki/Electrotherapy" title="Electrotherapy">electrotherapy</a> treatment and was declared medically unfit for service.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> By the middle of June, the political situation in Barcelona had deteriorated and the POUM—painted by the pro-Soviet Communists as a <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> organisation—was outlawed and under attack.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Members, including Kopp, were arrested and others were in hiding. Orwell and his wife were under threat and had to lie low,<a href="#cite_note-97">[n 3]</a> although they broke cover to try to help Kopp. They finally escaped from Spain by train. In the first week of July 1937 Orwell arrived back at Wallington; on 13 July 1937 a deposition was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, charging the Orwells with "rabid Trotskyism", and being agents of the POUM.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The trial of the leaders of the POUM and of Orwell (in his absence) took place in Barcelona in October and November 1938. Observing events from French Morocco, Orwell wrote that they were "only a by-product of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Russian Trotskyist trials</a> and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press."<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Orwell's experiences in the Spanish Civil War gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938). In his book, The International Brigades: Fascism, Freedom and the Spanish Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Giles_Tremlett" title="Giles Tremlett">Giles Tremlett</a> writes that according to Soviet files, Orwell and his wife Eileen were spied on in Barcelona in May 1937.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_and_recuperation">Rest and recuperation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rest and recuperation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24_Crooms_Hill,_Greenwich,_London-11July2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/24_Crooms_Hill%2C_Greenwich%2C_London-11July2010.jpg/220px-24_Crooms_Hill%2C_Greenwich%2C_London-11July2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/24_Crooms_Hill%2C_Greenwich%2C_London-11July2010.jpg/330px-24_Crooms_Hill%2C_Greenwich%2C_London-11July2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/24_Crooms_Hill%2C_Greenwich%2C_London-11July2010.jpg/440px-24_Crooms_Hill%2C_Greenwich%2C_London-11July2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Laurence O'Shaughnessy's former home, the large house on the corner, 24 Crooms Hill, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, London<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> Orwell returned to England in June 1937, and stayed at the O'Shaughnessy home at Greenwich. He found his views on the Spanish Civil War out of favour. <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Martin" title="Kingsley Martin">Kingsley Martin</a> rejected two of his works and Gollancz was equally cautious. At the same time, the communist <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Daily Worker</a> was running an attack on The Road to Wigan Pier, taking out of context Orwell writing that "the working classes smell"; a letter to Gollancz from Orwell threatening libel action brought a stop to this. Orwell was also able to find a more sympathetic publisher for his views in <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Warburg" title="Fredric Warburg">Fredric Warburg</a> of Secker & Warburg. Orwell returned to Wallington, which he found in disarray after his absence. He acquired goats, a cockerel (rooster) he called <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> and a poodle puppy he called <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>;<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> and settled down to animal husbandry and writing Homage to Catalonia. There were thoughts of going to India to work on <a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pioneer (newspaper)">The Pioneer</a>, a newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, but by March 1938 Orwell's health had deteriorated. He was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Preston_Hall,_Aylesford" title="Preston Hall, Aylesford">Preston Hall Sanatorium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aylesford" title="Aylesford">Aylesford</a>, Kent, a <a href="/wiki/British_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="British Legion">British Legion</a> hospital for ex-servicemen to which his brother-in-law Laurence O'Shaughnessy was attached. He was thought initially to be suffering from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and stayed in the sanatorium until September. Homage to Catalonia was published in London by <a href="/wiki/Harvill_Secker" title="Harvill Secker">Secker & Warburg</a> and was a commercial flop; it re-emerged in the 1950s, following on the success of Orwell's later books.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> The novelist <a href="/wiki/Leo_Myers" title="Leo Myers">L. H. Myers</a> secretly funded a trip to <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a> for half a year for Orwell to avoid the English winter and recover his health. The Orwells set out in September 1938 via <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a> and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>. They rented a villa on the road to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> and during that time Orwell wrote <a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a>. They arrived back in England on 30 March 1939 and Coming Up for Air was published in June. Orwell spent time in Wallington and Southwold working on a <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a> essay. In June 1939, Orwell's father died.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_and_Animal_Farm">Second World War and Animal Farm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second World War and Animal Farm">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell_and_Sir_Stephen_Spender_(Marchmont_Association).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/George_Orwell_and_Sir_Stephen_Spender_%28Marchmont_Association%29.jpg/180px-George_Orwell_and_Sir_Stephen_Spender_%28Marchmont_Association%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/George_Orwell_and_Sir_Stephen_Spender_%28Marchmont_Association%29.jpg/270px-George_Orwell_and_Sir_Stephen_Spender_%28Marchmont_Association%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/George_Orwell_and_Sir_Stephen_Spender_%28Marchmont_Association%29.jpg/360px-George_Orwell_and_Sir_Stephen_Spender_%28Marchmont_Association%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Based in <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Terrace,_London" title="Lansdowne Terrace, London">Lansdowne Terrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>, London, Orwell wrote for <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(British_magazine)" title="Horizon (British magazine)">Horizon</a> magazine (co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a>) from 1940</figcaption></figure> At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Orwell's wife Eileen started working in the Censorship Department of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a> in central London, staying during the week with her family in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>. Orwell submitted his name to the Central Register for war work, but nothing transpired. He returned to Wallington, and in late 1939 he wrote material for his first collection of essays, <a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale_and_Other_Essays" title="Inside the Whale and Other Essays">Inside the Whale</a>. For the next year he was occupied writing reviews for plays, films and books for <a href="/wiki/The_Listener_(magazine)" title="The Listener (magazine)">The Listener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(magazine)" title="Time and Tide (magazine)">Time and Tide</a> and New Adelphi. On 29 March 1940 his long association with <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a> began<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> with a review of a sergeant's account of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">retreat from Moscow</a>. At the beginning of 1940, the first edition of Connolly's <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(British_magazine)" title="Horizon (British magazine)">Horizon</a> appeared, and this provided a new outlet for Orwell's work and new literary contacts. In May the Orwells took lease of a flat in London at Dorset Chambers, Chagford Street, <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a>. It was the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>, and the death in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, of Eileen's brother, Laurence O'Shaughnessy, caused her considerable grief and long-term depression.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Orwell was declared "unfit for any kind of military service" by the Medical Board in June, but soon joined the <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> He shared <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wintringham" title="Tom Wintringham">Tom Wintringham</a>'s socialist vision for the Home Guard as a revolutionary People's Militia. His lecture notes for instructing platoon members include advice on street fighting, field fortifications, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>. Sergeant Orwell recruited <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Warburg" title="Fredric Warburg">Fredric Warburg</a> to his unit. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> he spent weekends with Warburg and his new <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> friend, <a href="/wiki/T._R._Fyvel" title="T. R. Fyvel">Tosco Fyvel</a>, at Warburg's house at <a href="/wiki/Twyford,_Berkshire" title="Twyford, Berkshire">Twyford, Berkshire</a>. At Wallington he worked on "<a href="/wiki/England_Your_England" title="England Your England">England Your England</a>" and in London wrote reviews for periodicals. Visiting Eileen's family in Greenwich brought him face-to-face with the effects of <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>. In 1940 he first worked for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> as a producer on their Indian Section, while the broadcaster and writer <a href="/wiki/Venu_Chitale" title="Venu Chitale">Venu Chitale</a> was his secretary.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> In mid-1940, Warburg, Fyvel and Orwell planned <a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Books" title="Searchlight Books">Searchlight Books</a>. Eleven volumes eventually appeared, of which Orwell's <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius</a>, published in February 1941, was the first.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Early in 1941 he began to write for the American <a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a> which linked Orwell with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a> who were also anti-Stalinist,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> and contributed to the Gollancz anthology The Betrayal of the Left, written in the light of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>. He applied unsuccessfully for a job at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a>. Meanwhile, he was still writing reviews of books and plays and met the novelist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell" title="Anthony Powell">Anthony Powell</a>. He took part in radio broadcasts for the Eastern Service of the BBC. In March the Orwells moved to a seventh-floor flat at Langford Court, <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood" title="St John's Wood">St John's Wood</a>, while at Wallington Orwell was "<a href="/wiki/Dig_for_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dig for Victory">digging for victory</a>" by planting potatoes. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"One could not have a better example of the moral and emotional shallowness of our time, than the fact that we are now all more or less pro Stalin. This disgusting murderer is temporarily on our side, and so the purges, etc., are suddenly forgotten."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Orwell, in his war-time diary, 3 July 1941<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In August 1941, Orwell finally obtained "war work" when he was taken on full-time by the BBC's Eastern Service.<a href="#cite_note-ind060416-114">[111]</a> He supervised cultural broadcasts to India, to counter propaganda from Nazi Germany designed to undermine imperial links.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> At the end of August he had a dinner with <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> which degenerated into a row because Wells had taken offence at observations Orwell made about him in a Horizon article. In October Orwell had a bout of bronchitis and the illness recurred frequently. <a href="/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a> was looking for a provocative contributor for <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> and invited Orwell to write for him—the first article appearing in March 1942. In early 1942 Eileen changed jobs to work at the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Food_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Food (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Food</a> and in mid-1942 the Orwells moved to a larger flat, 10a Mortimer Crescent in <a href="/wiki/Maida_Vale" title="Maida Vale">Maida Vale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilburn,_London" title="Kilburn, London">Kilburn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-orwell-BBC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/George-orwell-BBC.jpg/180px-George-orwell-BBC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/George-orwell-BBC.jpg/270px-George-orwell-BBC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/George-orwell-BBC.jpg/360px-George-orwell-BBC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Orwell spoke on many <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and other broadcasts, but no recordings are known to survive.<a href="#cite_note-Bowker2013-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Recordings_Capture_Writers'_Voices_Off_The_Page_Listen_Queue-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_tried_to_take_George_Orwell_off_air_because_of_'unattractive'_voice-119">[116]</a></figcaption></figure> At the BBC, Orwell introduced Voice, a literary programme for his Indian broadcasts, and by now was leading an active social life with literary friends, particularly on the political left. Late in 1942, he started writing regularly for the left-wing weekly <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a>: 306 <a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a>: 441  directed by <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MPs <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Strauss" title="George Strauss">George Strauss</a>. In March 1943, Orwell's mother died, and around this time he told Moore he was starting work on a book, which turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a>. In September 1943, Orwell resigned from the BBC.<a href="#cite_note-Crick-LBC-122">[119]</a>: 352  His resignation followed a report confirming his fears that few Indians listened to the broadcasts,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> but he was also keen to concentrate on writing Animal Farm. On 24 November 1943, six days before his last day of service, his adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a> was broadcast. It was a genre in which he was greatly interested and which appeared on Animal Farm's title page.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> He resigned from the Home Guard on medical grounds.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> In November 1943, Orwell was appointed literary editor at Tribune, where his assistant was his friend <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kimche" title="Jon Kimche">Jon Kimche</a>. Orwell was on the staff until early 1945, writing over 80 book reviews<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> and on 3 December 1943 started his regular personal column, "<a href="/wiki/As_I_Please" title="As I Please">As I Please</a>".<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> He was still writing reviews for other magazines, including Partisan Review, Horizon, and the New York <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">Nation</a>. By April 1944 Animal Farm was ready for publication. Gollancz refused to publish it, considering it an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Soviet regime</a> which was a crucial ally in the war. A similar fate was met from other publishers, including <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a> agreed to take it. In May the Orwells had the opportunity to adopt a child, thanks to the contacts of Eileen's sister-in-law Gwen O'Shaughnessy,<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> then a doctor in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. In June a <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> struck Mortimer Crescent and the Orwells had to find somewhere else to live. Orwell had to scrabble around in the rubble for his books, which he had finally managed to transfer from Wallington, carting them away in a wheelbarrow. Another blow was Cape's reversal of his plan to publish Animal Farm. The decision followed his visit to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Smollett" title="Peter Smollett">Peter Smollett</a>, an official at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a>. Smollett was later identified as a Soviet agent.<a href="#cite_note-TGA-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caute2009-130">[127]</a> The Orwells spent time in the North East, near <a href="/wiki/Carlton,_County_Durham" title="Carlton, County Durham">Carlton, County Durham</a>, dealing with the adoption of a boy whom they named <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blair_(patron)" title="Richard Blair (patron)">Richard Horatio Blair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> By September 1944 they had set up home in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, at 27b <a href="/wiki/Canonbury_Square" title="Canonbury Square">Canonbury Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Baby Richard joined them there, and Eileen gave up her work at the Ministry of Food to look after her family. <a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a> had agreed to publish Animal Farm, planned for the following March, although it did not appear in print until August 1945. By February 1945 David Astor had invited Orwell to become a war correspondent for The Observer. He went to liberated Paris, then to Germany and Austria, to such cities as <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. He was never in the front line, under fire, but followed the troops closely, "sometimes entering a captured town within a day of its fall while dead bodies lay in the streets."<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Some of his reports were published in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> While he was there, Eileen went into hospital for a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> and died under anaesthetic on 29 March 1945. She had not given Orwell much notice about the operation because of worries about the cost, and because she expected to make a speedy recovery. Orwell returned home and then went back to Europe. He returned to London to cover the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a> at the beginning of July. <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm: A Fairy Story</a> was published in Britain on 17 August 1945, and a year later in the US, on 26 August 1946.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jura_and_Nineteen_Eighty-Four">Jura and Nineteen Eighty-Four</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jura and Nineteen Eighty-Four">edit</a>]</div> Animal Farm had particular resonance in the post-war climate and its worldwide success made Orwell a sought-after figure. For the next four years, Orwell mixed journalistic work—mainly for Tribune, The Observer and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>, though he also contributed to many small-circulation political and <a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">literary magazines</a>—with writing his best-known work, <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>, which was published in 1949. He was a leading figure in the so-called Shanghai Club (named after a restaurant in Soho) of left-leaning and émigré journalists, among them <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner" title="Sebastian Haffner">Sebastian Haffner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ward,_Baroness_Jackson_of_Lodsworth" title="Barbara Ward, Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth">Barbara Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kimche" title="Jon Kimche">Jon Kimche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnhill_(Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg/220px-Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg/330px-Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg/440px-Barnhill_%28Cnoc_an_t-Sabhail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barnhill,_Jura" title="Barnhill, Jura">Barnhill</a> farmhouse on the Isle of <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura</a>, Scotland. Orwell completed <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> while living here.</figcaption></figure> In the year following Eileen's death he published around 130 articles and a selection of his <a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a>, while remaining active in various political lobbying campaigns. He employed a housekeeper, Susan Watson, to look after his adopted son at the <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a> flat, which visitors now described as "bleak". In September he spent a fortnight on the island of <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> and saw it as a place to escape from the hassle of London literary life. David Astor was instrumental in arranging a place for Orwell on Jura.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Astor's family owned Scottish estates in the area and a fellow Old Etonian, Robin Fletcher, had a property on the island. In late 1945 and early 1946 Orwell made several hopeless and unwelcome marriage proposals to younger women, including <a href="/wiki/Celia_Kirwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Celia Kirwan">Celia Kirwan</a>; Ann Popham, who happened to live in the same block of flats; and <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Brownell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonia Brownell">Sonia Brownell</a>, one of Connolly's coterie at the Horizon office. Orwell suffered a tubercular haemorrhage in February 1946 but disguised his illness. In 1945 or early 1946, while still living at Canonbury Square, Orwell wrote an article on "British Cookery", complete with recipes, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. Given the post-war shortages, both parties agreed not to publish it.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> His sister Marjorie died in May.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> On 22 May 1946, Orwell set off to live on Jura in <a href="/wiki/Barnhill,_Jura" title="Barnhill, Jura">Barnhill</a>, an abandoned farmhouse without outbuildings.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Conditions at the farmhouse were primitive but the natural history and the challenge of improving the place appealed to Orwell. Orwell returned to London in late 1946 and picked up his literary journalism again. Now a well-known writer, he was swamped with work. Apart from a visit to Jura in the new year he stayed in London for <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_1946%E2%80%931947_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter of 1946–1947 in the United Kingdom">one of the coldest British winters on record</a> and with such a national shortage of fuel that he burnt his furniture and his child's toys. The heavy smog in the days before the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act 1956</a> did little to help his health, about which he was reticent, keeping clear of medical attention. Meanwhile, he had to cope with rival claims of publishers Gollancz and Warburg for publishing rights. About this time he co-edited a collection titled British Pamphleteers with <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Reynolds" title="Reginald Reynolds">Reginald Reynolds</a>. As a result of the success of Animal Farm, Orwell was expecting a large bill from the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Revenue" title="Inland Revenue">Inland Revenue</a> and he contacted a firm of accountants. The firm advised Orwell to establish a company to own his copyright and to receive his royalties and set up a "service agreement" so that he could draw a salary. Such a company, "George Orwell Productions Ltd" (GOP Ltd) was set up on 12 September 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-141">[138]</a> Orwell left London for Jura on 10 April 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> In July he ended the lease on the Wallington cottage.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Back on Jura he worked on Nineteen Eighty-Four. During that time his sister's family visited, and Orwell led a disastrous boating expedition, on 19 August,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> which nearly led to loss of life whilst trying to cross the notorious <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corryvreckan" title="Gulf of Corryvreckan">Gulf of Corryvreckan</a> and gave him a soaking which was not good for his health. In December a chest specialist was summoned from Glasgow who pronounced Orwell seriously ill, and a week before Christmas 1947 he was in <a href="/wiki/Hairmyres_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairmyres Hospital">Hairmyres Hospital</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a> was diagnosed and the request for permission to import <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a> to treat Orwell went as far as <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, then Minister of Health. <a href="/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a> helped with supply and payment and Orwell began his course of streptomycin on 19 or 20 February 1948.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> By the end of July 1948 Orwell was able to return to Jura and by December he had finished the manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In January 1949, in a very weak condition, he set off for a sanatorium at <a href="/wiki/Cranham,_Gloucestershire" title="Cranham, Gloucestershire">Cranham, Gloucestershire</a>. Unluckily for Orwell, streptomycin could not be continued, as he developed toxic epidermal necrolysis, a rare side effect.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2005-145">[142]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/280px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/420px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/560px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> cartoon strips produced for the Cold War anti-communist department of the British Foreign Office, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">IRD</a></figcaption></figure> The sanatorium at Cranham consisted of a series of small wooden chalets or huts in a remote part of the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a> near <a href="/wiki/Stroud" title="Stroud">Stroud</a>. Visitors were shocked by Orwell's appearance and concerned by the shortcomings and ineffectiveness of the treatment. Friends were worried about his finances, but by now he was comparatively well off. He was writing to many of his friends, including Jacintha Buddicom, who had "rediscovered" him, and in March 1949, was visited by Celia Kirwan. Kirwan had just started working for a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> unit, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a> (IRD), set up by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government to publish <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> propaganda, and Orwell gave her a list of people he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. <a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a>, not published until 2003, consisted mainly of writers but also included actors and Labour MPs.<a href="#cite_note-TGA-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> To further promote Animal Farm, the IRD commissioned cartoon strips, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Pett" title="Norman Pett">Norman Pett</a>, to be placed in newspapers across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Orwell received more streptomycin treatment and improved slightly. This repeat dose of streptomycin, especially after the side effect had been noticed, has been called "ill-advised".<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2005-145">[142]</a> He then received penicillin, although doctors knew it was ineffective against tuberculosis. It is presumed it was given to treat his bronchiectasis.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2005-145">[142]</a> In June 1949 Nineteen Eighty-Four was published, to critical acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_months_and_death">Final months and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final months and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCL_Gower_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UCL_Gower_Street.jpg/220px-UCL_Gower_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UCL_Gower_Street.jpg/330px-UCL_Gower_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UCL_Gower_Street.jpg/440px-UCL_Gower_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a> in London where Orwell died</figcaption></figure> Orwell's health continued to decline. In mid-1949, he courted <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Brownell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonia Brownell">Sonia Brownell</a>, and they announced their engagement in September, shortly before he was removed to <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a> in London. She is believed to be the model for <a href="/wiki/Julia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Julia</a>, the heroine of <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Sonia took charge of Orwell's affairs and attended him diligently in the hospital. Friends of Orwell stated that Brownell helped him through the painful last months of his life and, according to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell" title="Anthony Powell">Anthony Powell</a>, cheered Orwell up greatly.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> However, others have argued that she may have been attracted to him primarily because of his fame.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2005-145">[142]</a> In September 1949, Orwell invited his accountant Jack Harrison to visit him at the hospital, and Harrison claimed that Orwell then asked him to become director of GOP Ltd and to manage the company, but there was no independent witness.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-141">[138]</a> Orwell's wedding took place in the hospital room on 13 October 1949, with David Astor as best man.<a href="#cite_note-Ingle1993-152">[149]</a> Further meetings were held with his accountant, at which Harrison and Mr and Mrs Blair were confirmed as directors of the company.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-141">[138]</a> Orwell's health was in decline again by Christmas. Jack Harrison visited later and claimed that Orwell gave him 25% of the company.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-141">[138]</a> At the age of 46, Orwell suffered a pulmonary artery rupture due to complications of tuberculosis. He died in the early morning of 21 January 1950.<a href="#cite_note-obit-153">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Eric_Arthur_Blair_(George_Orwell),_All_Saints,_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Grave_of_Eric_Arthur_Blair_%28George_Orwell%29%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg/170px-Grave_of_Eric_Arthur_Blair_%28George_Orwell%29%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Grave_of_Eric_Arthur_Blair_%28George_Orwell%29%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg/255px-Grave_of_Eric_Arthur_Blair_%28George_Orwell%29%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Grave_of_Eric_Arthur_Blair_%28George_Orwell%29%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg/340px-Grave_of_Eric_Arthur_Blair_%28George_Orwell%29%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Orwell's grave in <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Sutton_Courtenay" title="All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay">All Saints'</a> parish churchyard, <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Courtenay" title="Sutton Courtenay">Sutton Courtenay</a>, Oxfordshire</figcaption></figure> Orwell had requested to be buried in accordance with the Anglican rite in the graveyard of the closest church to wherever he happened to die. The graveyards in central London had no space, and so in an effort to ensure his last wishes could be fulfilled, his widow appealed to his friends to see whether any of them knew of a church with space in its graveyard. David Astor arranged for Orwell to be interred in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Sutton_Courtenay" title="All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay">All Saints'</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Courtenay" title="Sutton Courtenay">Sutton Courtenay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> The funeral was organised by Anthony Powell and Malcom Muggeridge. Powell chose the hymns: "<a href="/wiki/Old_100th" title="Old 100th">All people that on earth do dwell</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cwm_Rhondda" title="Cwm Rhondda">Guide me, O thou great Redeemer</a>" and "Ten thousand times ten thousand".<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Orwell's adopted son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blair_(patron)" title="Richard Blair (patron)">Richard Horatio Blair</a>, was brought up by Orwell's sister Avril, his legal guardian, and her husband, Bill Dunn.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> In 1979, Sonia Brownell brought a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> action against Harrison when he declared an intention to subdivide his 25 per cent share of the company between his three children. For Sonia, the consequence of this manoeuvre would have made getting overall control of the company three times more difficult. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_career_and_legacy">Literary career and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literary career and legacy">edit</a>]</div> During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: <a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a> (describing a period of poverty in these cities), <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> (describing the living conditions of the poor in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Class_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Class division">class division</a> generally) and <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Irving Howe</a>, Orwell was "the best English essayist since <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a>, perhaps since <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Dr Johnson</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Howe-157">[154]</a> Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>. The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>; the latter, life under <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian rule</a>. In 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a> were honoured with the <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus Award</a> for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011 he received it again for Animal Farm. In 2003, Nineteen Eighty-Four was listed at number 8 and Animal Farm at number 46 on the BBC's <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a> poll.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> In 2021, readers of the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">New York Times Book Review</a> rated Nineteen Eighty-Four third in a list of "The best books of the past 125 years."<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_influences">Literary influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literary influences">edit</a>]</div> In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote: <blockquote>The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Fielding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reade" title="Charles Reade">Charles Reade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a> and, among modern writers, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>. But I believe the modern writer who has influenced me most is <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>, whom I admire immensely for his power of telling a story straightforwardly and without frills.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a></blockquote> Elsewhere, Orwell strongly praised the works of <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, especially his book <a href="/wiki/The_Road_(London_book)" title="The Road (London book)">The Road</a>. Orwell's investigation of poverty in The Road to Wigan Pier strongly resembles that of Jack London's <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_the_Abyss" title="The People of the Abyss">The People of the Abyss</a>, in which the American journalist disguises himself as an out-of-work sailor to investigate the lives of the poor in London. In his essay "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) Orwell wrote: "If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would certainly put <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a> among them." On <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> he wrote, "The minds of all of us, and therefore the physical world, would be perceptibly different if Wells had never existed."<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Orwell was an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> and became a close friend during the three years that Koestler and his wife Mamain spent at the cottage of Bwlch Ocyn in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Ffestiniog" title="Vale of Ffestiniog">Vale of Ffestiniog</a>. Orwell reviewed Koestler's <a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a> for the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> in 1941, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Brilliant as this book is as a novel, and a piece of brilliant literature, it is probably most valuable as an interpretation of the Moscow "confessions" by someone with an inner knowledge of totalitarian methods. What was frightening about these trials was not the fact that they happened—for obviously such things are necessary in a totalitarian society—but the eagerness of Western intellectuals to justify them.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> </blockquote> Other writers Orwell admired included <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gissing" title="George Gissing">George Gissing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Smollett" title="Tobias Smollett">Tobias Smollett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> He was both an admirer and a critic of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> praising Kipling as a gifted writer and a "good bad poet" whose work is "spurious" and "morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting," but undeniably seductive and able to speak to certain aspects of reality more effectively than more enlightened authors.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> He had a similarly ambivalent attitude to <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, whom he regarded as a writer of considerable talent who had chosen to devote himself to "Roman Catholic propaganda",<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>, who was, he wrote, "about as good a novelist as one can be (i.e. as novelists go today) while holding untenable opinions".<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_critic">Literary critic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary critic">edit</a>]</div> Throughout his life Orwell continually supported himself as a book reviewer. His reviews are well known and have had an influence on literary criticism. He wrote in the conclusion to his 1940 essay on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"When one reads any strongly individual piece of writing, one has the impression of seeing a face somewhere behind the page. It is not necessarily the actual face of the writer. I feel this very strongly with <a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Swift" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathon Swift">Swift</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Defoe</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Fielding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a>, though in several cases I do not know what these people looked like and do not want to know. What one sees is the face that the writer ought to have. Well, in the case of Dickens I see a face that is not quite the face of Dickens's photographs, though it resembles it. It is the face of a man of about forty, with a small beard and a high colour. He is laughing, with a touch of anger in his laughter, but no triumph, no malignity. It is the face of a man who is always fighting against something, but who fights in the open and is not frightened, the face of a man who is generously angry—in other words, of a nineteenth-century liberal, a free intelligence, a type hated with equal hatred by all the smelly little orthodoxies which are now contending for our souls."</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> suggested that the last two sentences also describe Orwell.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Orwell wrote a critique of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man#Critical_acclaim" title="Arms and the Man">Arms and the Man</a>. He considered this Shaw's best play and the most likely to remain socially relevant. His 1945 essay In Defence of P.G. Wodehouse argues that his broadcasts from Germany during the war did not really make him a traitor. He accused <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">The Ministry of Information</a> of exaggerating Wodehouse's actions for propaganda purposes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_writing">Food writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food writing">edit</a>]</div> In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> commissioned Orwell to write an essay on British food as part of a drive to promote British relations abroad.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[168]</a> In his essay titled "British Cookery", Orwell described the British diet as "a simple, rather heavy, perhaps slightly barbarous diet" and where "hot drinks are acceptable at most hours of the day".<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[168]</a> He wrote that <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">high tea in the United Kingdom</a> consisted of a variety of savoury and sweet dishes, but "no tea would be considered a good one if it did not include at least one kind of cake", before adding "as well as cakes, <a href="/wiki/Biscuit#Confectionery_biscuits" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a> are much eaten at tea-time".<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Orwell included his own recipe for <a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">marmalade</a>, a popular British spread on toast.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[168]</a> However, the British Council declined to publish the essay on the grounds that it was too problematic to write about food at the time of <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">strict rationing in the UK</a> following the war. In 2019, the essay was discovered in the British Council's archives along with the rejection letter. The British Council issued an official apology to Orwell over the rejection of the commissioned essay, publishing the original essay along with the rejection letter.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_and_evaluations_of_Orwell's_works">Reception and evaluations of Orwell's works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reception and evaluations of Orwell's works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Playhouse_1984_London_Cinema_Marquee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Playhouse_1984_London_Cinema_Marquee.jpg/220px-The_Playhouse_1984_London_Cinema_Marquee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Playhouse_1984_London_Cinema_Marquee.jpg/330px-The_Playhouse_1984_London_Cinema_Marquee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Playhouse_1984_London_Cinema_Marquee.jpg/440px-The_Playhouse_1984_London_Cinema_Marquee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Production of the play <a href="/wiki/1984_(play)" title="1984 (play)">1984</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Theatre" title="Playhouse Theatre">Playhouse Theatre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a>. Orwell's works have been adapted for stage, screen and television. They have also inspired commercials and songs, and he is often quoted. Historian John Rodden called him a "cultural icon".<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a></figcaption></figure> Arthur Koestler said that Orwell's "uncompromising intellectual honesty made him appear almost inhuman at times".<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Ben Wattenberg</a> stated: "Orwell's writing pierced intellectual hypocrisy wherever he found it".<a href="#cite_note-thinktank-4">[4]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Piers_Brendon" title="Piers Brendon">Piers Brendon</a>, "Orwell was the saint of common decency who would in earlier days, said his BBC boss <a href="/wiki/Rushbrook_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushbrook Williams">Rushbrook Williams</a>, 'have been either canonised—or burnt at the stake'".<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_Letters:_Interviews_with_New_Left_Review" title="Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review">Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review</a> describes Orwell as a "successful impersonation of a plain man who bumps into experience in an unmediated way and tells the truth about it".<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Norris_(critic)" title="Christopher Norris (critic)">Christopher Norris</a> declared that Orwell's "homespun empiricist outlook—his assumption that the truth was just there to be told in a straightforward common-sense way—now seems not merely naïve but culpably self-deluding".<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The American scholar Scott Lucas has described Orwell as an enemy of the Left.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> John Newsinger has argued that Lucas could only do this by portraying "all of Orwell's attacks on Stalinism [–] as if they were attacks on socialism, despite Orwell's continued insistence that they were not".<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Orwell's work has taken a prominent place in the school literature curriculum in England,<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> with Animal Farm a regular examination topic at the end of secondary education (<a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a>), and Nineteen Eighty-Four a topic for subsequent examinations below university level (<a href="/wiki/A_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A Level">A Levels</a>). A 2016 UK poll saw Animal Farm ranked the nation's favourite book from school.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Historian John Rodden stated: "<a href="/wiki/John_Podhoretz" title="John Podhoretz">John Podhoretz</a> did claim that if Orwell were alive today, he'd be standing with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-conservatives">neo-conservatives</a> and against the Left. And the question arises, to what extent can you even begin to predict the political positions of somebody who's been dead three decades and more by that time?"<a href="#cite_note-thinktank-4">[4]</a> John Rodden points out the "undeniable conservative features in the Orwell physiognomy" and remarks on how "to some extent Orwell facilitated the kinds of uses and abuses by the Right that his name has been put to. In other ways there has been the politics of selective quotation."<a href="#cite_note-thinktank-4">[4]</a> Rodden refers to the essay "<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>",<a href="#cite_note-whyiwrite-182">[179]</a> in which Orwell refers to the Spanish Civil War as being his "watershed political experience", saying: "The Spanish War and other events in 1936–37, turned the scale. Thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism as I understand it." (emphasis in original)<a href="#cite_note-thinktank-4">[4]</a> Rodden goes on to explain how, during the McCarthy era, the introduction to the Signet edition of Animal Farm makes use of selective quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> "[Introduction]: If the book itself, Animal Farm, had left any doubt of the matter, Orwell dispelled it in his essay Why I Write: 'Every line of serious work that I've written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against Totalitarianism ....' [Rodden]: dot, dot, dot, dot, the politics of ellipsis. 'For Democratic Socialism' is vaporized, just like Winston Smith did it at the Ministry of Truth, and that's very much what happened at the beginning of the McCarthy era and just continued, Orwell being selectively quoted."<a href="#cite_note-thinktank-4">[4]</a></blockquote> Fyvel wrote about Orwell: <blockquote>His crucial experience [...] was his struggle to turn himself into a writer, one which led through long periods of poverty, failure and humiliation, and about which he has written almost nothing directly. The sweat and agony was less in the slum-life than in the effort to turn the experience into literature.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></blockquote> Conversely, historian <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a> was far more critical of Orwell from a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> perspective and characterised him as a "simple minded <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>". Deutscher argued that Orwell had struggled to comprehend the dialectical philosophy of Marxism, demonstrated personal ambivalence towards <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">other strands of socialism</a> and his works such as Nineteen Eighty-Four had been appropriated for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_language_and_writing">Influence on language and writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence on language and writing">edit</a>]</div> In his essay "<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>" (1946), Orwell wrote about the importance of precise and clear language, arguing that vague writing can be used as a powerful tool of political manipulation. In that essay, Orwell provides six rules for writers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.</li> <li>Never use a long word where a short one will do.</li> <li>If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.</li> <li>Never use the passive where you can use the active.</li> <li>Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.</li> <li>Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a></li></ol></blockquote> Orwell worked as a journalist at <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> for seven years, and its editor <a href="/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a> gave a copy of this celebrated essay to every new recruit.<a href="#cite_note-Good_journalism-188">[185]</a> In 2003, literary editor at the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCrum" title="Robert McCrum">Robert McCrum</a> wrote, "Even now, it is quoted in our style book".<a href="#cite_note-Good_journalism-188">[185]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Heawood" title="Jonathan Heawood">Jonathan Heawood</a> noted: "Orwell's criticism of slovenly language is still taken very seriously."<a href="#cite_note-Good_journalism-188">[185]</a> Andrew N. Rubin argues that "Orwell claimed that we should be attentive to how the use of language has limited our capacity for critical thought just as we should be equally concerned with the ways in which dominant modes of thinking have reshaped the very language that we use."<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The adjective "<a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a>" connotes an attitude and a policy of control by propaganda, surveillance, misinformation, denial of truth and manipulation of the past. In <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>, Orwell described a totalitarian government that controlled thought by controlling language, making certain ideas literally unthinkable. Several words and phrases from Nineteen Eighty-Four have entered popular language. "<a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>" is a simplified and obfuscatory language designed to make independent thought impossible. "<a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a>" means holding two contradictory beliefs simultaneously. The "<a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a>" are those who suppress all dissenting opinion. "<a href="/wiki/Prolefeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolefeed">Prolefeed</a>" is homogenised, manufactured superficial literature, film and music used to control and indoctrinate the populace through docility. "<a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>" is a supreme dictator who watches everyone. Other <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> from the novel include, "<a href="/wiki/Two_Minutes_Hate" title="Two Minutes Hate">Two Minutes Hate</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">memory hole</a>", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unperson" class="extiw" title="wikt:unperson">unperson</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">thoughtcrime</a>",<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> as well as providing direct inspiration for the neologism "<a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">groupthink</a>". Orwell may have been the first to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">cold war</a>" in his essay, "You and the Atom Bomb", published in Tribune on 19 October 1945. He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"We may be heading not for general breakdown but for an epoch as horribly stable as the slave empires of antiquity. <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>'s theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications—this is, the kind of world-view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a State which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of 'cold war' with its neighbours."<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_culture">Modern culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Society_Publications.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Society_Publications.jpg/170px-Society_Publications.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Society_Publications.jpg/255px-Society_Publications.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Society_Publications.jpg/340px-Society_Publications.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Selection of publications by <a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Society" title="The Orwell Society">the Orwell Society</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Society" title="The Orwell Society">Orwell Society</a> was formed in 2011 to promote understanding of the life and work of Orwell. A registered UK charity, it was founded and inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Dione_Venables" title="Dione Venables">Dione Venables</a> at <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Court" title="Phyllis Court">Phyllis Court</a> members club in <a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a>, Oxfordshire, a club that was often visited by Orwell in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> Apart from theatre adaptations of his books, several works were written with Orwell as one of the main characters. <ul><li>In 2012, a musical play, One Georgie Orwell, by Peter Cordwell and Carl Picton was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Theatre" title="Greenwich Theatre">Greenwich Theatre</a>, London. It explored Orwell's life, his concerns for the world that he lived in, and for the Britain that he loved.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a></li> <li>In 2014, a play written by playwright <a href="/wiki/Joe_Sutton" title="Joe Sutton">Joe Sutton</a> titled Orwell in America was first performed by the Northern Stage theatre company in White River Junction, Vermont. It is a fictitious account of Orwell doing a book tour in the United States (something he never did in his lifetime). It moved to <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">off-Broadway</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a></li> <li>In 2017, Mrs Orwell by British playwright Tony Cox opened at the <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Red_Lion,_Islington" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Red Lion, Islington">Old Red Lion Theatre</a> in London before transferring to the <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Playhouse" title="Southwark Playhouse">Southwark Playhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The play centres on Orwell's second wife Sonia Brownell (played by <a href="/wiki/Cressida_Bonas" title="Cressida Bonas">Cressida Bonas</a>), her reasons for marrying Orwell and her relationship with Lucian Freud.</li> <li>In 2019, Tasmanian theatre company Blue Cow presented the play 101 by Cameron Hindrum,<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> in which Orwell is seen working on his novel 1984 "while keeping his severe illness at bay and balancing the demands of fatherhood, art, family and success."<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a></li> <li>Orwell is the main character in a 2017 novel, The Last Man in Europe, by Australian author <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Glover" title="Dennis Glover">Dennis Glover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a></li> <li>The young Eric Blair is the main character in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux's</a> 2024 novel Burma Sahib, a fictional narrative of Blair's five years in the country.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a></li></ul> Orwell's birthplace, a <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Motihari" title="Motihari">Motihari</a>, Bihar, India, was opened as a museum in May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archive">Archive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Archive">edit</a>]</div> In 1960 Orwell's widow Sonia deposited his papers on permanent loan to <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-200">[197]</a> The collection contains Orwell's literary notebooks, manuscripts and typescripts of his work, personal and political diaries, correspondence and family material.<a href="#cite_note-:3-200">[197]</a> Since the initial donation the papers - now known as the George Orwell Archive - have been supplemented by further donations from family, friends and business associates.<a href="#cite_note-:3-200">[197]</a> Orwell's son Richard Blair has purchased additional material for the collection since its inception; in 2023 Blair was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from University College London for his contributions.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> University College London also holds an extensive collection of Orwell's books, including rare and early editions of his works, translations into other languages and titles from his own library.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue">Statue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Statue">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_(38562767202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg/170px-George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg/255px-George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg/340px-George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">Statue of George Orwell</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a>, headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">statue of George Orwell</a>, sculpted by the British sculptor <a href="/wiki/Martin_Jennings" title="Martin Jennings">Martin Jennings</a>, was unveiled on 7 November 2017 outside <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a>, the headquarters of the BBC.<a href="#cite_note-204">[n 4]</a> The wall behind the statue is inscribed with the following phrase: "If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear". These are words from his proposed preface to Animal Farm and a rallying cry for the idea of free speech in an open society.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jacintha_Buddicom" title="Jacintha Buddicom">Jacintha Buddicom</a>'s account, Eric & Us, provides an insight into Blair's childhood.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-207">[203]</a> She quoted his sister Avril that "he was essentially an aloof, undemonstrative person" and said herself of his friendship with the Buddicoms: "I do not think he needed any other friends beyond the schoolfriend he occasionally and appreciatively referred to as 'CC'". She could not recall him having schoolfriends to stay and exchange visits as her brother Prosper often did in holidays.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a> provides an account of Blair as a child in <a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_Promise" title="Enemies of Promise">Enemies of Promise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Connolly-209">[205]</a> Years later, Blair mordantly recalled his prep school in the essay "<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>", claiming among other things that he "was made to study like a dog" to earn a scholarship. Jacintha Buddicom repudiated Orwell's schoolboy misery described in the essay, stating that "he was a specially happy child". She noted that he did not like his name because it reminded him of a book he greatly disliked—<a href="/wiki/Eric,_or,_Little_by_Little" title="Eric, or, Little by Little">Eric, or, Little by Little</a>, a Victorian boys' school story.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eton_College_front_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large gothic facade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eton_College_front_4.jpg/220px-Eton_College_front_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eton_College_front_4.jpg/330px-Eton_College_front_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eton_College_front_4.jpg/440px-Eton_College_front_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4392" data-file-height="3381" /></a><figcaption>Orwell's time at Eton College was formative in his attitude and his later career as a writer.</figcaption></figure> Connolly remarked of him as a schoolboy, "The remarkable thing about Orwell was that alone among the boys he was an intellectual and not a parrot for he thought for himself".<a href="#cite_note-Connolly-209">[205]</a> At Eton, <a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan_Wilkes" title="John Vaughan Wilkes">John Vaughan Wilkes</a>, his former headmaster's son at St Cyprians, recalled that "he was extremely argumentative—about anything—and criticising the masters and criticising the other boys [...] We enjoyed arguing with him. He would generally win the arguments—or think he had anyhow."<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> Blair liked to carry out practical jokes. Buddicom recalls him swinging from the luggage rack in a railway carriage like an orangutan to frighten a woman passenger out of the compartment.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[21]</a> At Eton, he played tricks on John Crace, his <a href="/wiki/Master_in_College" title="Master in College">housemaster</a>, among which was to enter a spoof advertisement in a college magazine implying pederasty.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> Gow, his tutor, said he "made himself as big a nuisance as he could" and "was a very unattractive boy".<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Later Blair was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Cram_school" title="Cram school">crammer</a> at Southwold for sending a dead rat as a birthday present to the town surveyor.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1984-214">[210]</a> Blair had an interest in natural history which stemmed from his childhood. In letters from school he wrote about caterpillars and butterflies,<a href="#cite_note-Crick-S&W-215">[211]</a> and Buddicom recalls his keen interest in ornithology. He also enjoyed fishing and shooting rabbits, and conducting experiments as in cooking a hedgehog<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[21]</a> or shooting down a jackdaw from the Eton roof to dissect it.<a href="#cite_note-Mynors-216">[212]</a> His zeal for scientific experiments extended to explosives—again Buddicom recalls a cook giving notice because of the noise. Later in Southwold, his sister Avril recalled him blowing up the garden. When teaching he enthused his students with his nature-rambles both at Southwold<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> and at Hayes.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> His adult diaries are permeated with his observations on nature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_and_marriage">Relationships and marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Relationships and marriage">edit</a>]</div> Blair's adolescent idyll with Buddicom was shattered in the summer of 1921, when he attempted to take their relationship further than Buddicom was ready for, in what was characterised as a botched seduction.<a href="#cite_note-hughes-219">[215]</a> When Blair left for Burma the following year, he wrote to Buddicom but she soon stopped replying to his letters.<a href="#cite_note-postscript-220">[216]</a> Returning from Burma in 1927, Blair went in search of Buddicom at her family home to ask her to marry him but she was nowhere to be seen.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> What had been a very serious business indeed for Blair had apparently been dismissed by Buddicom, leaving Blair potentially emotionally vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-Times_Media_Limited-23">[22]</a> Buddicom and Blair revisited those memories briefly in 1949 in three letters and three telephone calls but without closure.<a href="#cite_note-Pathway-222">[218]</a> Mabel Fierz, who later became Blair's confidante, said: "He used to say the one thing he wished in this world was that he'd been attractive to women. He liked women and had many girlfriends I think in Burma. He had a girl in Southwold and another girl in London. He was rather a womaniser, yet he was afraid he wasn't attractive."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-223">[219]</a> Brenda Salkield (Southwold) preferred friendship to any deeper relationship and maintained a correspondence with Blair for many years, particularly as a sounding board for his ideas. She wrote: "He was a great letter writer. Endless letters, and I mean when he wrote you a letter he wrote pages."<a href="#cite_note-Wadhams-27">[26]</a> His correspondence with Eleanor Jacques (London) was more prosaic, dwelling on a closer relationship and referring to past rendezvous or planning future ones in London and <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Beeches" title="Burnham Beeches">Burnham Beeches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Blair_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Richard_Blair_1.jpg/220px-Richard_Blair_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Richard_Blair_1.jpg/330px-Richard_Blair_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Richard_Blair_1.jpg/440px-Richard_Blair_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Orwell's adopted son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blair_(patron)" title="Richard Blair (patron)">Richard</a> in 2018 reciting his father's work at his graveside during an annual visit to All Saints' churchyard, Sutton Courtenay</figcaption></figure> When Orwell was in the sanatorium in Kent, his wife Eileen's friend Lydia Jackson visited. He invited her for a walk and out of sight "an awkward situation arose."<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Jackson was to be the most critical of Orwell's marriage to Eileen, but their later correspondence hints at a complicity. At the time Eileen was more concerned about Orwell's closeness to Brenda Salkield. Orwell had an affair with his secretary at Tribune which caused Eileen much distress, and others have been mooted. In a letter to Ann Popham he wrote: "I was sometimes unfaithful to Eileen, and I also treated her badly, and I think she treated me badly, too, at times, but it was a real marriage, in the sense that we had been through awful struggles together and she understood all about my work, etc."<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> Similarly he suggested to Celia Kirwan that they had both been unfaithful.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> There are several testaments that it was a well-matched and happy marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Dakin-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donahue-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> In June 1944, Orwell and Eileen adopted a three-week-old boy they named <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blair_(patron)" title="Richard Blair (patron)">Richard Horatio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> According to Richard, Orwell was a wonderful father who gave him devoted, if rather rugged, attention and a great degree of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> Orwell was very lonely after Eileen's death in 1945 and was desperate for a wife, both as companion for himself and as mother for Richard. He proposed marriage to four women, including Celia Kirwan, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Brownell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonia Brownell">Sonia Brownell</a> accepted.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> Orwell had met her when she was assistant to Cyril Connolly, at <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(British_magazine)" title="Horizon (British magazine)">Horizon</a> literary magazine.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> They were married on 13 October 1949, only three months before Orwell's death. Some maintain that Sonia was the model for Julia in Nineteen Eighty-Four. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_interactions">Social interactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Social interactions">edit</a>]</div> Orwell was noted for very close and enduring friendships with a few friends, but these were generally people with a similar background or with a similar level of literary ability. Ungregarious, he was out of place in a crowd and his discomfort was exacerbated when he was outside his own class. Though representing himself as a spokesman for the common man, he often appeared out of place with real working people. His brother-in-law Humphrey Dakin, a <a href="/wiki/Hail_fellow_well_met" title="Hail fellow well met">"Hail fellow, well met"</a> type, who took him to a local pub in Leeds, said that he was told by the landlord: "Don't bring that bugger in here again."<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> Adrian Fierz commented "He wasn't interested in racing or greyhounds or pub crawling or <a href="/wiki/Shove_ha%27penny" title="Shove ha'penny">shove ha'penny</a>. He just did not have much in common with people who did not share his intellectual interests."<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> Awkwardness attended many of his encounters with working-class representatives, as with Pollitt and McNair,<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> but his courtesy and good manners were often commented on. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Common" title="Jack Common">Jack Common</a> observed on meeting him for the first time, "Right away manners, and more than manners—breeding—showed through."<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> In his tramping days, he did domestic work for a time. His extreme politeness was recalled by a member of the family he worked for; she declared that the family referred to him as "<a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Laurel</a>" after the film comedian.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-53">[52]</a> With his gangling figure and awkwardness, Orwell's friends often saw him as a figure of fun. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Gorer" title="Geoffrey Gorer">Geoffrey Gorer</a> commented "He was awfully likely to knock things off tables, trip over things. I mean, he was a gangling, physically badly co-ordinated young man. I think his feeling [was] that even the inanimate world was against him."<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> At the BBC in the 1940s, "everybody would pull his leg"<a href="#cite_note-Wilshin-240">[236]</a> and Spender described him as having real entertainment value "like, as I say, watching a Charlie Chaplin movie".<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> A friend of Eileen's reminisced about her tolerance and humour, often at Orwell's expense.<a href="#cite_note-Donahue-229">[225]</a> One biography of Orwell accused him of having had an authoritarian streak.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> One of his former pupils recalled <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">being beaten</a> so hard he could not sit down for a week.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> When sharing a flat with Orwell, Heppenstall came home late one night in an advanced stage of loud inebriation. The upshot was that Heppenstall ended up with a bloody nose and was locked in a room. When he complained, Orwell hit him across the legs with a <a href="/wiki/Shooting_stick" title="Shooting stick">shooting stick</a> and Heppenstall then had to defend himself with a chair. Years later, after Orwell's death, Heppenstall wrote a dramatic account of the incident called "The Shooting Stick".<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> Orwell got on well with young people. The pupil he beat considered him the best of teachers and the young recruits in Barcelona tried to drink him under the table without success.<a href="#cite_note-Dakin-228">[224]</a> In the wake of his most famous works, he attracted many uncritical hangers-on, but many others who sought him found him aloof and even dull. With his soft voice, he was sometimes shouted down or excluded from discussions.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> At this time, he was severely ill; it was wartime or the austerity period after it; during the war his wife suffered from depression; and after her death he was lonely and unhappy. In addition to that, he always lived frugally and seemed unable to care for himself properly. As a result of all this, people found his circumstances bleak.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> Some, like <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ayrton" title="Michael Ayrton">Michael Ayrton</a>, called him "Gloomy George", but others developed the idea that he was an "English <a href="/wiki/Secular_saint" title="Secular saint">secular saint</a>".<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> Orwell was a heavy smoker, who rolled his own cigarettes from strong <a href="/wiki/Shag_(tobacco)" title="Shag (tobacco)">shag tobacco</a>, despite his bronchial condition. His penchant for the rugged life often took him to cold and damp situations. Described by The Economist as "perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">English culture</a>",<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> Orwell considered <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a>, strong tea, cut-price chocolate, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">the movies</a>, and radio among the chief comforts for the working class.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> He advocated a patriotic defence of a British way of life that could not be trusted to intellectuals or, by implication, the state: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"We are a nation of flower-lovers, but also a nation of stamp-collectors, pigeon-fanciers, amateur carpenters, coupon-snippers, darts-players, crossword-puzzle fans. All the culture that is most truly native centres round things which even when they are communal are not official—the pub, the football match, the back garden, the fireside and the "nice cup of tea". The liberty of the individual is still believed in, almost as in the nineteenth century. But this has nothing to do with economic liberty, the right to exploit others for profit. It is the liberty to have a home of your own, to do what you like in your spare time, to choose your own amusements instead of having them chosen for you from above."<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "By putting the tea in first and stirring as one pours, one can exactly regulate the amount of milk, whereas one is likely to put in too much milk if one does it the other way round" </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— One of Orwell's eleven rules for making tea from his essay "<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>" which appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a>, 12 January 1946<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a></cite> </div> Orwell enjoyed strong tea—he had <a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a>'s tea brought to him in Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> His 1946 essay, "<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>", appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a> article on how to <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">make tea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> He appreciated English beer, taken regularly and moderately, despised drinkers of <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> and wrote about an imagined, ideal <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">British pub</a> in his 1946 Evening Standard article, "<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a>".<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> Not as particular about food, he enjoyed the wartime "Victory Pie"<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> and extolled canteen food at the BBC.<a href="#cite_note-Wilshin-240">[236]</a> He preferred traditional English dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">roast beef</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">kippers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> His dress sense was unpredictable and usually casual.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> In Southwold, he had the best cloth from the local tailor,<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> but was equally happy in his tramping outfit. His attire in the Spanish Civil War, along with his size-12 boots, was a source of amusement.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> David Astor described him as looking like a prep school master,<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> while according to the Special Branch dossier, Orwell's tendency to dress "in Bohemian fashion" revealed that the author was "a Communist".<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> Orwell's confusing approach to matters of social decorum—on the one hand expecting a working-class guest to dress for dinner<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> and, on the other, slurping tea out of a saucer at the BBC canteen<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a>—helped stoke his reputation as an English eccentric.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_of_Astor_and_Orwell,_All_Saints,_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small row of gravestones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Graves_of_Astor_and_Orwell%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362296.jpg/220px-Graves_of_Astor_and_Orwell%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362296.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Graves_of_Astor_and_Orwell%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362296.jpg/330px-Graves_of_Astor_and_Orwell%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Graves_of_Astor_and_Orwell%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362296.jpg/440px-Graves_of_Astor_and_Orwell%2C_All_Saints%2C_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Orwell was an atheist and a robust critic of Christianity. Nevertheless, he was sentimentally attached to church services, and was buried in All Saints' parish churchyard in <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Courtenay" title="Sutton Courtenay">Sutton Courtenay</a>, Oxfordshire.</figcaption></figure> Orwell was an atheist who identified himself with the <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> outlook on life.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> Despite this, and despite his criticisms of both religious doctrine and religious organisations, he nevertheless regularly participated in the social and civic life of the church, including by attending <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> Holy Communion.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> Acknowledging this contradiction, he once said: "It seems rather mean to go to HC [Holy Communion] when one doesn't believe, but I have passed myself off for pious & there is nothing for it but to keep up with the deception."<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> He had two Anglican marriages and left instructions for an Anglican funeral.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Orwell was also well-read in Biblical literature and could quote lengthy passages from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> from memory.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> His extensive knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> came coupled with unsparing criticism of its philosophy, and as an adult he could not bring himself to believe in its tenets. He said in part V of his essay, "<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>", that "Till about the age of fourteen I believed in God, and believed that the accounts given of him were true. But I was well aware that I did not love him."<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> Orwell directly contrasted Christianity with <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a> in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Lear,_Tolstoy_and_the_Fool" title="Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool">Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool</a>", finding the latter philosophy more palatable and less "self-interested". Literary critic <a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(critic)" title="James Wood (critic)">James Wood</a> wrote that in the struggle, as he saw it, between Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, "Orwell was on the humanist side, of course".<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> Orwell's writing was often explicitly critical of religion, and Christianity in particular. He found the church to be a "selfish [...] church of the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>" with its establishment "out of touch" with the majority of its communicants and altogether a pernicious influence on public life.<a href="#cite_note-Voorhees1986-273">[269]</a> His contradictory and sometimes ambiguous views about the social benefits of religious affiliation mirrored the dichotomies between his public and private lives: Stephen Ingle wrote that it was as if the writer George Orwell "vaunted" his unbelief while Eric Blair the individual retained "a deeply ingrained religiosity".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-274">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Orwell liked to provoke arguments by challenging the status quo, but he was also a <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditionalist</a> with a love of old English values. He criticised and satirised, from the inside, the various social milieux in which he found himself. In his Adelphi days, he described himself as a "<a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Tory</a>-<a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> Of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> in Burmese Days, he portrays the <a href="/wiki/English_colonist" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonist">English colonists</a> as a "dull, decent people, cherishing and fortifying their dullness behind a quarter of a million bayonets."<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> Writing for Le Progrès Civique, Orwell described the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial government</a> in Burma and India: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The government of all the Indian provinces under the control of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> is of necessity despotic, because only the threat of force can subdue a population of several million subjects. But this <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a> is latent. It hides behind a mask of democracy... Care is taken to avoid technical and industrial training. This rule, observed throughout India, aims to stop India from becoming an industrial country capable of competing with England ... Foreign competition is prevented by an insuperable barrier of prohibitive customs tariffs. And so the English factory-owners, with nothing to fear, control the markets absolutely and reap exorbitant profits."<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Independent_Labour_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The letters "ISLP" in white on a red circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Logo_of_the_Independent_Labour_Party.svg/170px-Logo_of_the_Independent_Labour_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Logo_of_the_Independent_Labour_Party.svg/255px-Logo_of_the_Independent_Labour_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Logo_of_the_Independent_Labour_Party.svg/340px-Logo_of_the_Independent_Labour_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption>Orwell joined the British <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> during his time in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and became a defender of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> and a critic of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> for the rest of his life.</figcaption></figure> The Spanish Civil War played the most important part in defining Orwell's socialism. He wrote to Cyril Connolly from Barcelona on 8 June 1937: "I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe in Socialism, which I never did before."<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> Having witnessed <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalist</a> communities and the subsequent brutal suppression of the anarcho-syndicalists, anti-Stalin communist parties and revolutionaries by the Soviet Union-backed Communists, Orwell returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-<a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> and joined the British <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> In Part 2 of The Road to Wigan Pier, published by the <a href="/wiki/Left_Book_Club" title="Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a>, Orwell stated that "a real Socialist is one who wishes—not merely conceives it as desirable, but actively wishes—to see tyranny overthrown". Orwell stated in "Why I Write" (1946): "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, as I understand it."<a href="#cite_note-whyiwrite-182">[179]</a> Orwell's conception of socialism was of a planned economy alongside democracy.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> Orwell was a proponent of a federal socialist Europe, a position outlined in his 1947 essay "<a href="/wiki/Toward_European_Unity" title="Toward European Unity">Toward European Unity</a>", which first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a>. According to biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Newsinger" title="John Newsinger">John Newsinger</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The other crucial dimension to Orwell's socialism was his recognition that the Soviet Union was not socialist. Unlike many on the left, instead of abandoning socialism once he discovered the full horror of Stalinist rule in the Soviet Union, Orwell abandoned the Soviet Union and instead remained a socialist—indeed he became more committed to the socialist cause than ever."<a href="#cite_note-newsinger-93">[91]</a></blockquote> Orwell was opposed to rearmament against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> he signed a manifesto entitled "If War Comes We Shall Resist"<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a>—but he changed his view after the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> and the outbreak of the war. He left the ILP because of its opposition to the war and adopted a political position of "revolutionary patriotism". On 21 March 1940 he wrote a review of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_New_English_Weekly" title="The New English Weekly">The New English Weekly</a>, in which he analysed the dictator's psychology. Asking "how was it that he was able to put [his] monstrous vision across?", Orwell tried to understand why Hitler was worshipped by the German people: <blockquote>The situation in Germany, with its seven million unemployed, was obviously favourable for demagogues. But Hitler could not have succeeded against his many rivals if it had not been for the attraction of his own personality, which one can feel even in the clumsy writing of Mein Kampf, and which is no doubt overwhelming when one hears his speeches...The fact is that there is something deeply appealing about him. The initial, personal cause of his grievance against the universe can only be guessed at; but at any rate the grievance is here. He is the martyr, the victim, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> chained to the rock, the self-sacrificing hero who fights single-handed against impossible odds. If he were killing a mouse he would know how to make it seem like a dragon.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a></blockquote> In December 1940 he wrote in Tribune (the Labour left's weekly): "We are in a strange period of history in which a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> has to be a patriot and a patriot has to be a revolutionary." During the war, Orwell was highly critical of the popular idea that an Anglo-Soviet alliance would be the basis of a post-war world of peace and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> In his reply (dated 15 November 1943) to an invitation from the <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Stewart-Murray,_Duchess_of_Atholl" title="Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl">Duchess of Atholl</a> to speak for the British League for European Freedom, he stated that he could not "associate himself with an essentially Conservative body" that claimed to "defend democracy in Europe" but had "nothing to say about <a href="/wiki/British_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British imperialism">British imperialism</a>". His closing paragraph stated: "I belong to the Left and must work inside it, much as I hate Russian <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> and its poisonous influence in this country."<a href="#cite_note-In_Front_of_Your_Nose-286">[282]</a> Orwell joined the staff of <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a> magazine as literary editor, and from then until his death, was a left-wing (though hardly orthodox) Labour-supporting <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woodcock1984-287">[283]</a> On 1 September 1944, writing about the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw uprising">Warsaw uprising</a>, Orwell expressed in Tribune his hostility against the influence of the alliance with the USSR over the allies: "Do remember that dishonesty and cowardice always have to be paid for. Do not imagine that for years on end you can make yourself the boot-licking <a href="/wiki/Propagandist" class="mw-redirect" title="Propagandist">propagandist</a> of the sovietic regime, or any other regime, and then suddenly return to honesty and reason. Once a whore, always a whore."<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> According to Newsinger, although Orwell "was always critical of the 1945–51 Labour government's moderation, his support for it began to pull him to the right politically. This did not lead him to embrace conservatism, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> or reaction, but to defend, albeit critically, Labour reformism."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-289">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Special Branch</a>, the intelligence division of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>, maintained a file on Orwell for more than 20 years of his life. The dossier, published by <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, states that, according to one investigator, Orwell had "advanced Communist views and several of his Indian friends say that they have often seen him at Communist meetings".<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>, the intelligence department of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>, noted: "It is evident from his recent writings—'The Lion and the Unicorn'—and his contribution to Gollancz's symposium The Betrayal of the Left that he does not hold with the Communist Party nor they with him."<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> Sexual politics plays an important role in Nineteen Eighty-Four. In the novel, people's intimate relationships are strictly governed by the party's <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four#Sexual_repression" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Junior Anti-Sex League</a>, by opposing sexual relations and instead encouraging <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> Personally, Orwell disliked what he thought as misguided middle-class revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipatory</a> views, expressing disdain for "every fruit-juice drinker, nudist, sandal-wearer, sex-maniacs".<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> Orwell was also openly against <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Patai" title="Daphne Patai">Daphne Patai</a> said: "Of course he was homophobic. That has nothing to do with his relations with his homosexual friends. Certainly, he had a negative attitude and a certain kind of anxiety, a denigrating attitude towards homosexuality. That is definitely the case. I think his writing reflects that quite fully."<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> Orwell used the <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> "nancy" and "pansy", for example, in expressions of contempt for what he called the "pansy Left".<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> The protagonist of Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Gordon Comstock, conducts an internal critique of his customers when working in a bookshop, and there is an extended passage of several pages in which he concentrates on a homosexual male customer, and sneers at him for his "nancy" characteristics, including a <a href="/wiki/Lisp" title="Lisp">lisp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> Stephen Spender "thought Orwell's occasional homophobic outbursts were part of his rebellion against the public school".<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies">Biographies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</div> Orwell's will requested that no <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a> of him be written, and his <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widow</a>, Sonia Brownell, repelled every attempt by those who tried to persuade her to let them write about him. Various recollections and interpretations were published in the 1950s and 1960s, but Sonia saw the 1968 Collected Works<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1968-298">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-299">[295]</a> as the record of his life. She did appoint <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a> as official biographer, but later biographers have seen this as deliberate spoiling as Muggeridge eventually gave up the work.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-300">[296]</a> In 1972, two American authors, Peter Stansky and William Abrahams, produced The Unknown Orwell, an unauthorised account of his early years that lacked any support or contribution from Sonia Brownell.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> Sonia Brownell then commissioned <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Bernard Crick</a> to complete a biography and asked Orwell's friends to co-operate.<a href="#cite_note-OrwellAndBiographers-302">[298]</a> Crick collated a considerable amount of material in his work, which was published in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-OrwellAndBiographers-302">[298]</a> but his questioning of the factual accuracy of Orwell's first-person writings led to conflict with Brownell, and she tried to suppress the book. Crick concentrated on the facts of Orwell's life rather than his character, and presented primarily a political perspective.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> After Sonia Brownell's death, other works on Orwell were published in the 1980s, particularly in 1984. These included collections of reminiscences by Audrey Coppard and Crick<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1984-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-299">[295]</a> and Stephen Wadhams.<a href="#cite_note-Wadhams-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shelden" title="Michael Shelden">Michael Shelden</a> published a biography.<a href="#cite_note-Shelden-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> More concerned with the literary nature of Orwell's work, he sought explanations for Orwell's character and treated his first-person writings as <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical">autobiographical</a>. Shelden introduced new information that sought to build on Crick's work.<a href="#cite_note-OrwellAndBiographers-302">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Davison (professor)">Peter Davison</a>'s publication of the Complete Works of George Orwell, completed in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> made most of the Orwell Archive accessible to the public. Jeffrey Meyers, a prolific American biographer, was first to take advantage of this and published a book in 2001 that investigated the darker side of Orwell and questioned his saintly image.<a href="#cite_note-OrwellAndBiographers-302">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a> (released in the UK as Orwell's Victory) was published by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> In 2003, the centenary of Orwell's birth resulted in biographies by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Philip_Bowker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Philip Bowker">Gordon Bowker</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._J._Taylor_(writer)" title="D. J. Taylor (writer)">D. J. Taylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-310">[306]</a> Taylor notes the stage management which surrounds much of Orwell's behaviour<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-12">[12]</a> and Bowker highlights the essential sense of decency which he considers to have been Orwell's main motivation.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> An updated edition of Taylor's biography was released in 2023 as Orwell: The New Life, published by Constable.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a> In 2018, Ronald Binns published the first detailed study of Orwell's years in Suffolk, Orwell in Southwold. In 2020, Richard Bradford wrote a new biography, Orwell: A Man of Our Time,<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> while in 2021 <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Solnit" title="Rebecca Solnit">Rebecca Solnit</a> reflected on Orwell's interest in gardening in her book Orwell's Roses.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> Two books about Orwell's relationship with his first wife, Eileen O'Shaughnessy, and her role in his life and career, have been published: Eileen: The Making of George Orwell by Sylvia Topp (2020)<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a> and Wifedom: Mrs Orwell's Invisible Life by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Funder" title="Anna Funder">Anna Funder</a> (2023).<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-310">[306]</a> In her book Funder claims that Orwell was misogynistic and sadistic. This sparked a strong controversy among Orwell's biographers, particularly with Topp. Celia Kirwan's family also intervened in the discussion, believing that the attribution to their relative of a relationship with Orwell, as stated by Funder, is false. The publishing house of Wifedom was forced to remove that reference from the book.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_bibliography" title="George Orwell bibliography">George Orwell bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a></li> <li>1935 – <a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a></li> <li>1936 – <a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a></li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a></li> <li>1945 – <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></li> <li>1949 – <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nonfiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a></li> <li>1937 – <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a></li> <li>1938 – <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Stansky and Abrahams suggested that Ida Blair moved to England in 1907, based on information given by her daughter Avril, talking about a time before she was born. This is contrasted by Ida Blair's 1905, as well as a photograph of Eric, aged three, in an English suburban garden.<a href="#cite_note-crick48-13">[13]</a> The earlier date coincides with a difficult posting for Blair senior, and the need to start their daughter Marjorie (then six years old) in an English education. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> The conventional view, based on Geoffrey Gorer's recollections, is of a specific commission with a £500 advance. Taylor argues that Orwell's subsequent life does not suggest he received such a large advance, Gollancz was not known to pay large sums to relatively unknown authors, and Gollancz took little proprietorial interest in progress.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> The author states that evidence discovered at the National Historical Archives in Madrid in 1989 of a security police report to the Tribunal for Espionage and High Treason described Eric Blair and his wife Eileen Blair, as "known Trotskyists" and as "linking agents of the ILP and the POUM". Newsinger goes on to state that given Orwell's precarious health, "there can be little doubt that if he had been arrested he would have died in prison." </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> The statue is owned by <a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Society" title="The Orwell Society">The Orwell Society</a> under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blair_(patron)" title="Richard Blair (patron)">Richard Blair</a>, Orwell's adopted son </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJeffries,_Stuart2013" class="citation web cs1">Jeffries, Stuart (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jan/24/george-orwell-britain-in-2013">"What would George Orwell have made of the world in 2013?"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+would+George+Orwell+have+made+of+the+world+in+2013%3F&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fjan%2F24%2Fgeorge-orwell-britain-in-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116084546/https://www.bl.uk/people/george-orwell">"George Orwell"</a>. The British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/george-orwell">the original</a> on 16 January 2021. 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Retrieved 28 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legacies+of+British+Slavery&rft.atitle=Legacies+of+British+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Flbs%2Fperson%2Fview%2F2146636746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stansky-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stansky_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stansky_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanskyAbrahams1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stansky" title="Peter Stansky">Stansky, Peter</a>; Abrahams, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unknownorwellorw00stan">"From Bengal to St Cyprian's"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unknownorwellorw00stan/page/5">The Unknown Orwell and Orwell: The Transformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unknownorwellorw00stan/page/5">5–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804723428" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804723428"><bdi>978-0804723428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Bengal+to+St+Cyprian%27s&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Orwell+and+Orwell%3A+The+Transformation&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=5-12&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0804723428&rft.aulast=Stansky&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Abrahams%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funknownorwellorw00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_12-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, D.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwelllife00tayl">Orwell: The Life</a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805074734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805074734"><bdi>978-0805074734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+The+Life&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0805074734&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forwelllife00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury2018" class="citation web cs1">Chowdhury, Amlan (16 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/15774/george-orwells-birthplace-in-motihari-to-turn-museum">"George Orwell's Birthplace in Motihari to Turn Museum"</a>. www.thecitizen.in. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecitizen.in&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%27s+Birthplace+in+Motihari+to+Turn+Museum&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Amlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecitizen.in%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fnewsdetail%2Findex%2F9%2F15774%2Fgeorge-orwells-birthplace-in-motihari-to-turn-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleem2014" class="citation news cs1">Haleem, Suhail (11 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28739420">"The Indian Animal Farm where Orwell was born"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Animal+Farm+where+Orwell+was+born&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft.aulast=Haleem&rft.aufirst=Suhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28739420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/arena/entries/fb151770-ff16-39a5-b426-f0e7904fa31e">"Arena News Week: Frank Maloney, George Orwell Museum and Giant Panda Tian Tian"</a>. BBC. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Arena+News+Week%3A+Frank+Maloney%2C+George+Orwell+Museum+and+Giant+Panda+Tian+Tian&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Farena%2Fentries%2Ffb151770-ff16-39a5-b426-f0e7904fa31e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2014" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, Maseeh (30 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/30/george-orwell-birthplace-motihari-bihar-india-museum">"George Orwell's birthplace in India set to become a museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%27s+birthplace+in+India+set+to+become+a+museum&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Maseeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjun%2F30%2Fgeorge-orwell-birthplace-motihari-bihar-india-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crick48-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crick48_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crick48_13-1">b</a> Crick (1982), p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629044724/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/renovation-of-british-author-george-orwells-house-in-motihari-begins/">"Renovation of British Author George Orwell's house in Motihari begins"</a>. IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/renovation-of-british-author-george-orwells-house-in-motihari-begins/">the original</a> on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANS&rft.atitle=Renovation+of+British+Author+George+Orwell%27s+house+in+Motihari+begins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.biharprabha.com%2F2014%2F06%2Frenovation-of-british-author-george-orwells-house-in-motihari-begins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> A Kind of Compulsion 1903–36, xviii </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, Gordon. George Orwell. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell&rft.pages=21&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Bowker p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alaric_Jacob" title="Alaric Jacob">Jacob, Alaric</a> (1984). "Sharing Orwell's Joys, but not his Fears". In Norris, Christopher (ed.). Inside the Myth. Lawrence and Wishart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sharing+Orwell%27s+Joys%2C+but+not+his+Fears&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Myth&rft.pub=Lawrence+and+Wishart&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-century Literature in English. Oxford University Press. 1996. p. 517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Twentieth-century+Literature+in+English&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/joys/english/e_joys">"Such, Such Were The Joys"</a>. Orwell.ru. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orwell.ru&rft.atitle=Such%2C+Such+Were+The+Joys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwell.ru%2Flibrary%2Fessays%2Fjoys%2Fenglish%2Fe_joys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddicom1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacintha_Buddicom" title="Jacintha Buddicom">Buddicom, Jacintha</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ericusremembranc0000budd">Eric and Us</a>. Frewin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0856320767" title="Special:BookSources/978-0856320767"><bdi>978-0856320767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eric+and+Us&rft.pub=Frewin&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0856320767&rft.aulast=Buddicom&rft.aufirst=Jacintha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fericusremembranc0000budd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times_Media_Limited-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times_Media_Limited_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times_Media_Limited_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, D.J. (17 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/2e21f026-326a-4639-90eb-0a607b4f31c0">"George Orwell: lost letter revealed"</a>. Times Media Limited. The Times. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%3A+lost+letter+revealed&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2F2e21f026-326a-4639-90eb-0a607b4f31c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard". 2 October 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Henley+and+South+Oxfordshire+Standard&rft.date=1914-10-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard". 21 July 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Henley+and+South+Oxfordshire+Standard&rft.date=1916-07-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Jacintha Buddicom, Eric and Us, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wadhams-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wadhams_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadhams_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadhams_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadhams_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadhams_27-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadhams1984" class="citation book cs1">Wadhams, Stephen (1984). Remembering Orwell. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Orwell&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Wadhams&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binns-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Binns_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2018" class="citation book cs1">Binns, Ronald (2018). Orwell in Southwold. Zoilus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1999735920" title="Special:BookSources/978-1999735920"><bdi>978-1999735920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell+in+Southwold&rft.pub=Zoilus+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1999735920&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> A Kind of Compulsion, p. 87, gives Blair as seventh of 29 successful candidates, and 21st of the 23 successful candidates who passed the Indian Imperial Police riding test, in September 1922. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The India Office and Burma Office List: 1927. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1927. p. 514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+Office+and+Burma+Office+List%3A+1927&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Harrison+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Combined Civil List for India: January 1923. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PageNotFound/PageNotFound.aspx?url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2005/highlights_july/july19/default.htm">the original</a> on 8 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=George+Orwell+under+the+watchful+eye+of+Big+Brother+%E2%80%93+The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2FPageNotFound%2FPageNotFound.aspx%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Freleases%2F2005%2Fhighlights_july%2Fjuly19%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> "Notes on the Spanish Militias" in Orwell in Spain, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngle1993" class="citation book cs1">Ingle, Stephen (1993). George Orwell: A Political Life. Manchester University Press. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Haycock, I Am Spain (2013), 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> John McNair – Interview with Ian Angus UCL 1964 </li> <li id="cite_note-catalonia-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catalonia_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catalonia_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2013" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2013). Homage to Catalonia. Penguin Books. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-39302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-39302-5"><bdi>978-0-141-39302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-141-39302-5&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2013" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orwell, George</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 197–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> See article by <a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a> on Orwell's war experiences, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military-history.org/articles/thinkers-at-war-george-orwell.htm">here.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Letter to Eileen Blair April 1937 in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p. 296 (Penguin) </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1952" class="citation news cs1">Hicks, Granville (18 May 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/16/specials/orwell-homage.html">"George Orwell's Prelude in Spain"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Walking+the+Line%3A+Venu+Chitale&rft.aulast=Sutaria&rft.aufirst=Sejal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhistoryofthebbc%2F100-voices%2Fpioneering-women%2Fvenu-chitale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> A Patriot After All, p. xviii </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" title="Frances Stonor Saunders">Frances Stonor Saunders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Who_Paid_the_Piper%3F" title="Who Paid the Piper?">Who Paid the Piper?</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> A Patriot After All 1940–1941, p. 522 </li> <li id="cite_note-ind060416-114"><a href="#cite_ref-ind060416_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2016" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, John (6 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/bbc-proposes-8ft-tall-bronze-statue-in-honour-of-george-orwell-a6971961.html">"BBC proposes 8 ft tall bronze statue in honour of George Orwell"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=BBC+proposes+8+ft+tall+bronze+statue+in+honour+of+George+Orwell&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftv%2Ffeatures%2Fbbc-proposes-8ft-tall-bronze-statue-in-honour-of-george-orwell-a6971961.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1987" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Urb_nQEACAAJ">The War Broadcasts</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018910-0"><bdi>978-0-14-018910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Broadcasts&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-14-018910-0&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrb_nQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Crick (1982), pp. 432–433 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowker2013-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowker2013_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Bowker2013" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Bowker (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdAzAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT309">George Orwell</a>. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 309–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405528054" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405528054"><bdi>978-1405528054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell&rft.pages=309-310&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1405528054&rft.au=Gordon+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdAzAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recordings_Capture_Writers'_Voices_Off_The_Page_Listen_Queue-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Recordings_Capture_Writers'_Voices_Off_The_Page_Listen_Queue_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96030704">"Recordings Capture Writers' Voices Off The Page Listen Queue"</a>. NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 5 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Recordings+Capture+Writers%27+Voices+Off+The+Page+Listen+Queue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D96030704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_tried_to_take_George_Orwell_off_air_because_of_'unattractive'_voice-119"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_tried_to_take_George_Orwell_off_air_because_of_'unattractive'_voice_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2009" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Urmeen (4 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/5445579/BBC-tried-to-take-George-Orwell-off-air-because-of-unattractive-voice.html">"BBC tried to take George Orwell off air because of 'unattractive' voice"</a>. Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/5445579/BBC-tried-to-take-George-Orwell-off-air-because-of-unattractive-voice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2016. <q>The BBC tried to take the author George Orwell off air because his voice was "unattractive", according to archive documents released by the corporation...no recording of Orwell's voice survives but contemporaries—such as the artist Lucian Freud—have described it as "monotonous" with "no power".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=BBC+tried+to+take+George+Orwell+off+air+because+of+%27unattractive%27+voice&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Urmeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fculturenews%2F5445579%2FBBC-tried-to-take-George-Orwell-off-air-because-of-unattractive-voice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Rodden (1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Crick (1982) </li> <li id="cite_note-Crick-LBC-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Crick-LBC_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1980" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Bernard R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeorwelllife0000cric">George Orwell: A Life</a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316161121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316161121"><bdi>978-0316161121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0316161121&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgeorwelllife0000cric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuggeridge1962" class="citation cs2">Muggeridge, Malcolm (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Burmese_Days/english/e_mm_int">Burmese Days (Introduction)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Inc." title="Time Inc.">Time Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burmese+Days+%28Introduction%29&rft.pub=Time+Inc.&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Muggeridge&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forwell.ru%2Flibrary%2Fnovels%2FBurmese_Days%2Fenglish%2Fe_mm_int&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> Muggeridge recalls that he asked Orwell if such broadcasts were useful, "'Perhaps not', he said, somewhat crestfallen. He added, more cheerfully, that anyway, no one could pick up the broadcasts except on short-wave sets which cost about the equivalent of an Indian labourer's earnings over 10 years" </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Two Wasted Years, 1943, p. xxi, Secker & Warburg, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> I Have Tried to Tell the Truth, p. xv. Secker & Warburg, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell,_G.Davison,_P.1999" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, G.; Davison, P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRHBGAAACAAJ">I Have Tried to Tell the Truth</a>. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0436203701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0436203701"><bdi>978-0436203701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Have+Tried+to+Tell+the+Truth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0436203701&rft.au=Orwell%2C+G.&rft.au=Davison%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRHBGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> I Have Tried to Tell the Truth, p. xxix </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, DJ (10 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/dec/10/georgeorwell.classics">"Another piece of the puzzle"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Another+piece+of+the+puzzle&rft.date=2005-12-10&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2005%2Fdec%2F10%2Fgeorgeorwell.classics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGA-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarton_Ash,_Timothy2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Garton Ash, Timothy</a> (25 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071504/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/09/25/orwells-list/">"Orwell's List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/09/25/orwells-list/">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Orwell%27s+List&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.au=Garton+Ash%2C+Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2003%2F09%2F25%2Forwells-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caute2009-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Caute2009_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaute2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Caute" title="David Caute">Caute, David</a> (2009). Politics and the Novel during the Cold War. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412811613" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412811613"><bdi>978-1412811613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Novel+during+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1412811613&rft.aulast=Caute&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> "He had led a quiet life as Richard Blair, not 'Richard Orwell'": Shelden (1991: 398; 489) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Orwell: Collected Works, I Have Tried to Tell the Truth, p. 283 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwellsociety.com/reporting-from-the-ruins/">"Reporting from the Ruins"</a>. The Orwell Society. 3 October 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orwell+Society&rft.atitle=Reporting+from+the+Ruins&rft.date=2021-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forwellsociety.com%2Freporting-from-the-ruins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2021" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrs-EAAAQBAJ">Ruins: Orwell's Reports as War Correspondent in France, Germany and Austria from February until June 1945</a>. Comino Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3945831311" title="Special:BookSources/978-3945831311"><bdi>978-3945831311</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruins%3A+Orwell%27s+Reports+as+War+Correspondent+in+France%2C+Germany+and+Austria+from+February+until+June+1945&rft.pub=Comino+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3945831311&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrs-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2009). George Orwell's Animal Farm. Infobase Publishing. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%27s+Animal+Farm&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoutsopanagou2020" class="citation book cs1">Koutsopanagou, Gioula (2020). The British Press and the Greek Crisis, 1943–1949: Orchestrating the Cold-War 'Consensus' in Britain. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137551559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137551559"><bdi>978-1137551559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Press+and+the+Greek+Crisis%2C+1943%E2%80%931949%3A+Orchestrating+the+Cold-War+%27Consensus%27+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1137551559&rft.aulast=Koutsopanagou&rft.aufirst=Gioula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131052708/https://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/news/remembering-jura/">"Remembering Jura, Richard Blair"</a>. Theorwellprize.co.uk. 5 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theorwellprize.co.uk/news/remembering-jura/">the original</a> on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Jura%2C+Richard+Blair&rft.pub=Theorwellprize.co.uk&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheorwellprize.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fremembering-jura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210180526/http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/life-and-work.aspx">"The Orwell Prize | Life and Work – Exclusive Access to the Orwell Archive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/life-and-work.aspx">the original</a> on 10 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Orwell+Prize+%7C+Life+and+Work+%E2%80%93+Exclusive+Access+to+the+Orwell+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theorwellprize.co.uk%2Flife-and-work.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngle1993" class="citation book cs1">Ingle, Stephen (1993). George Orwell A Political Life. 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The Sunday Times. Timesonline.co.uk. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Tim+Carroll+%27A+writer+wronged%27&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fa-writer-wronged-nc07cw9clc5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Crick (1982), p. 530 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Orwell: Collected Works, It Is What I Think, p. xx, Daily Telegraph, 2 December 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/10487292/George-Orwell-nearly-drowned-in-a-whirlpool-before-completing-Nighteen-Eighty-Four.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> It Is what I Think, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2005-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2005_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2005_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2005_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2005_145-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ross JJ (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F497838">"Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and infertility: what ailed George Orwell?"</a>. Clin Infect Dis. 41 (11): 1599–1603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F497838">10.1086/497838</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-4838">1058-4838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16267732">16267732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Infect+Dis&rft.atitle=Tuberculosis%2C+bronchiectasis%2C+and+infertility%3A+what+ailed+George+Orwell%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1599-1603&rft.date=2005-12&rft.issn=1058-4838&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16267732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F497838&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F497838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzard2003" class="citation news cs1">Ezard, John (21 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jun/21/books.artsandhumanities">"Blair's babe: Did love turn Orwell into a government stooge?"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Blair%27s+babe%3A+Did+love+turn+Orwell+into+a+government+stooge%3F&rft.date=2003-06-21&rft.aulast=Ezard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2003%2Fjun%2F21%2Fbooks.artsandhumanities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefty2005" class="citation book cs1">Defty, Andrew (2005). 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Retrieved 20 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1950%3A+Acclaimed+author+George+Orwell+dies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjanuary%2F21%2Fnewsid_2669000%2F2669789.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/may/19/georgeorwell.biography">"Dedicated follower of passions"</a>. The Guardian. 19 May 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dedicated+follower+of+passions&rft.date=2002-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Fmay%2F19%2Fgeorgeorwell.biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/15/books/the-widow-orwell.html">"The Widow Orwell"</a>. The New York Times. 15 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Widow+Orwell&rft.date=2003-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F06%2F15%2Fbooks%2Fthe-widow-orwell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Powell, Anthony, 1977. Infants of the Spring, p.106. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingle1993-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Ingle1993_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngle1993" class="citation book cs1">Ingle, Stephen (1993). George Orwell: a political life. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719032332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719032332"><bdi>978-0719032332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+a+political+life&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0719032332&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-153"><a href="#cite_ref-obit_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"George Orwell, author, 46, Dead. British Writer, Acclaimed for His '1984' and 'Animal Farm,' is Victim of Tuberculosis. Two Novels Popular Here Distaste for Imperialism". The New York Times. 22 January 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%2C+author%2C+46%2C+Dead.+British+Writer%2C+Acclaimed+for+His+%271984%27+and+%27Animal+Farm%2C%27+is+Victim+of+Tuberculosis.+Two+Novels+Popular+Here+Distaste+for+Imperialism&rft.date=1950-01-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anthony" title="Andrew Anthony">Andrew Anthony</a> (11 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/may/11/georgeorwell.classics">"Orwell: the Observer years"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>, Observer Review Pages, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Taylor, D.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/jan/15/georgeorwell.classics">Last days of Orwell</a> The Guardian (14 January 2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwellsociety.com/richard-blair-on-life-with-my-aunt-avril/">"Richard Blair on Life With My Aunt Avril"</a>. The Orwell Society. 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orwell+Society&rft.atitle=Richard+Blair+on+Life+With+My+Aunt+Avril&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forwellsociety.com%2Frichard-blair-on-life-with-my-aunt-avril%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Howe_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1969" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe, Irving</a> (January 1969). 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Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719032332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719032332"><bdi>978-0719032332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+a+political+life&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0719032332&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1961" class="citation cs2">Rees, Richard (1961), Orwell: Fugitive from the Camp of Victory, Secker & Warburg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+Fugitive+from+the+Camp+of+Victory&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeppenstall1960" class="citation cs2">Heppenstall, Rayner (1960), Four Absentees, Barrie & Rockcliff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Absentees&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Rockcliff&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Heppenstall&rft.aufirst=Rayner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2021" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2021). Burmese Days. Oxford University Press. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burmese+Days&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1929" class="citation journal cs1">Orwell, George (4 May 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/how-a-nation-is-exploited-the-british-empire-in-burma/">"Comment on exploite un peuple: L'Empire britannique en Birmanie"</a> [How a Nation Is Exploited – The British Empire in Burma]. Le Progrès Civique (CW 86). Translated by Percival, Janet; Willison, Ian – via Orwell Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Progr%C3%A8s+Civique&rft.atitle=Comment+on+exploite+un+peuple%3A+L%27Empire+britannique+en+Birmanie&rft.issue=CW+86&rft.date=1929-05-04&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwellfoundation.com%2Fthe-orwell-foundation%2Forwell%2Fessays-and-other-works%2Fhow-a-nation-is-exploited-the-british-empire-in-burma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1973" class="citation cs2">Connolly, Cyril (1973), "George Orwell 3", <a href="/wiki/The_Evening_Colonnade" title="The Evening Colonnade">The Evening Colonnade</a>, David Bruce & Watson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Orwell+3&rft.btitle=The+Evening+Colonnade&rft.pub=David+Bruce+%26+Watson&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Orwell, George, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950, Penguin, p. 301</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Essays%2C+Journalism+and+Letters&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Crick (1982), p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2017" class="citation book cs1">Steele, David Ramsay (20 July 2017). Orwell Your Orwell: A Worldview on the Slab. St. Augustines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587316104" title="Special:BookSources/978-1587316104"><bdi>978-1587316104</bdi></a>. <q>For Orwell, socialism is a planned society by definition, as contrasted with capitalism, which is by definition unplanned. So closely was socialism identified with planning that socialists would sometimes use a phrase like 'a planned society' as a synonym for socialism, and Orwell himself does this too...Democracy too is part of Orwell's picture of socialism, though when he employs the term 'democracy,' he is usually referring to civil liberties rather than to decisions by majority vote—not that he rejects majoritarian rule, but that when he talks about 'democracy,' this is not uppermost in his mind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell+Your+Orwell%3A+A+Worldview+on+the+Slab&rft.pub=St.+Augustines+Press&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.isbn=978-1587316104&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508171253/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2013/12/reluctant-patriot">"The reluctant patriot: how George Orwell reconciled himself with England"</a>. New Statesman. 6 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2013/12/reluctant-patriot">the original</a> on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+reluctant+patriot%3A+how+George+Orwell+reconciled+himself+with+England&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2F2013%2F12%2Freluctant-patriot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1940" class="citation web cs1">Orwell, George (21 March 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookmarks.reviews/george-orwells-1940-review-of-mein-kampf/">"George Orwell's 1940 Review of 'Mein Kampf'"</a>. New English Weekly. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+English+Weekly&rft.atitle=George+Orwell%27s+1940+Review+of+%27Mein+Kampf%27&rft.date=1940-03-21&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookmarks.reviews%2Fgeorge-orwells-1940-review-of-mein-kampf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollini2008" class="citation web cs1">Collini, Stefan (5 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030341/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article3490032.ece">"E.H. Carr: Historian of the Future"</a>. The Times. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article3490032.ece">the original</a> on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=E.H.+Carr%3A+Historian+of+the+Future&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft.aulast=Collini&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fthe_tls%2Farticle3490032.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_Front_of_Your_Nose-286"><a href="#cite_ref-In_Front_of_Your_Nose_286-0">^</a> Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose (1945–1950) (Penguin) </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock1984-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock1984_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1967). The crystal spirit: a study of George Orwell. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0947795054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0947795054"><bdi>978-0947795054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crystal+spirit%3A+a+study+of+George+Orwell&rft.place=London&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0947795054&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1944" class="citation news cs1">Orwell, George (1 September 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telelib.com/authors/O/OrwellGeorge/essay/tribune/AsIPlease19440901.html">"As I please"</a>. Tribune. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=As+I+please&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1944-09-01&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telelib.com%2Fauthors%2FO%2FOrwellGeorge%2Fessay%2Ftribune%2FAsIPlease19440901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-289"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013191304/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr276/newsinger.htm">"John Newsinger in Socialist Review Issue 276 July/August 2003"</a>. Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr276/newsinger.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Newsinger+in+Socialist+Review+Issue+276+July%2FAugust+2003&rft.pub=Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk%2Fsr276%2Fnewsinger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2007" class="citation news cs1">Bates, Stephen (4 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/sep/04/booksnews.nationalarchives">"Odd clothes and unorthodox views – why MI5 spied on Orwell for a decade"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Odd+clothes+and+unorthodox+views+%E2%80%93+why+MI5+spied+on+Orwell+for+a+decade&rft.date=2007-09-04&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2007%2Fsep%2F04%2Fbooksnews.nationalarchives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6976576.stm">"MI5 confused by Orwell's politics"</a>. BBC News. 4 September 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MI5+confused+by+Orwell%27s+politics&rft.date=2007-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F6976576.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/095892300102452">"We are the dead ... you are the dead". An examination of sexuality as a weapon of revolt in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>. Journal of Gender Studies. Retrieved 21 December 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/nineteen-eighty-four-and-the-politics-of-dystopia">"Nineteen Eighty-Four and the politics of dystopia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308004754/https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/nineteen-eighty-four-and-the-politics-of-dystopia">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. British Library. Retrieved 21 December 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodden2006" class="citation book cs1">Rodden, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlnwITCGcw8C&pg=PA162">Every Intellectual's Big Brother: George Orwell's Literary Siblings</a>. University of Texas Press, Austin. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292774537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292774537"><bdi>978-0292774537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Intellectual%27s+Big+Brother%3A+George+Orwell%27s+Literary+Siblings&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press%2C+Austin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0292774537&rft.aulast=Rodden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlnwITCGcw8C%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2013" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Tony (2013). W H Auden in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W+H+Auden+in+Context&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1987" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keepaspidistrafl0000orwe">Keep The Aspidistra Flying</a>. Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780436350269" title="Special:BookSources/9780436350269"><bdi>9780436350269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keep+The+Aspidistra+Flying&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780436350269&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeepaspidistrafl0000orwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, Gordon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312238414">George Orwell</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312238414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312238414"><bdi>978-0312238414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0312238414&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312238414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1968-298"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1968_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell,_GeorgeAngus,_IanOrwell,_Sonia1969" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George; Angus, Ian; Orwell, Sonia (1969). The collected essays, journalism and letters of George Orwell. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0436350153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0436350153"><bdi>978-0436350153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collected+essays%2C+journalism+and+letters+of+George+Orwell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0436350153&rft.au=Orwell%2C+George&rft.au=Angus%2C+Ian&rft.au=Orwell%2C+Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodden1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rodden, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539417">"Personal Behavior, Biographical History, and Literary Reputation: The Case of George Orwell"</a>. Biography. 12 (3): 189–207. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-4962">0162-4962</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539417">23539417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Personal+Behavior%2C+Biographical+History%2C+and+Literary+Reputation%3A+The+Case+of+George+Orwell&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-207&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23539417%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0162-4962&rft.aulast=Rodden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23539417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-300"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_300-0">^</a> D.J. Taylor Orwell: The Life. Henry Holt and Company. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805074732" title="Special:BookSources/0805074732">0805074732</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darcymoore.net/2020/01/25/homage-stansky-abrahams-orwells-first-biographers/">"Homage to Stansky and Abrahams: Orwell's first biographers"</a>. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homage+to+Stansky+and+Abrahams%3A+Orwell%27s+first+biographers&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darcymoore.net%2F2020%2F01%2F25%2Fhomage-stansky-abrahams-orwells-first-biographers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrwellAndBiographers-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OrwellAndBiographers_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrwellAndBiographers_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrwellAndBiographers_302-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrwellAndBiographers_302-3">d</a> Gordon Bowker – Orwell and the biographers in John Rodden The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell Cambridge University Press 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208143658/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1982/spring/meyers-wintry-conscience/">"VQR " Wintry Conscience"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1982/spring/meyers-wintry-conscience/">the original</a> on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VQR+%22+Wintry+Conscience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Farticles%2F1982%2Fspring%2Fmeyers-wintry-conscience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwellsociety.com/remembering-orwell-again/">"Remembering Orwell Again"</a>. The Orwell Society. 7 January 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orwell+Society&rft.atitle=Remembering+Orwell+Again&rft.date=2018-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forwellsociety.com%2Fremembering-orwell-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaley1993" class="citation journal cs1">Haley, P. Edward (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20719210">"Review of Orwell: The Authorized Biography"</a>. Utopian Studies. 4 (1): 193–195. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-991X">1045-991X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20719210">20719210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+Orwell%3A+The+Authorized+Biography&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-195&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20719210%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1045-991X&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=P.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20719210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Davison, Peter. The Complete Works of George Orwell. Random House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0151351015" title="Special:BookSources/0151351015">0151351015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2001" class="citation journal cs1">Meyers, Jeffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24304724">"Review of The Complete Works of George Orwell. With additional notes on George Orwell: A Bibliography"</a>. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 95 (1): 121–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fpbsa.95.1.24304724">10.1086/pbsa.95.1.24304724</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-128X">0006-128X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24304724">24304724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Papers+of+the+Bibliographical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Complete+Works+of+George+Orwell.+With+additional+notes+on+George+Orwell%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-124&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0006-128X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24304724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fpbsa.95.1.24304724&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24304724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Also see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russ_Roberts" title="Russ Roberts">Roberts, Russ</a> (17 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402194513/http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/christopher_hit/">"Hitchens on Orwell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EconTalk" title="EconTalk">EconTalk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/christopher_hit/">the original</a> on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconTalk&rft.atitle=Hitchens+on+Orwell&rft.date=2009-08-17&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econtalk.org%2Farchives%2F_featuring%2Fchristopher_hit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2010" class="citation web cs1">Bowker, Gordon (20 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/articles/gordon-bowker-the-biography-orwell-never-wrote/">"The Biography Orwell Never Wrote"</a>. The Orwell Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biography+Orwell+Never+Wrote&rft.pub=The+Orwell+Foundation&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwellfoundation.com%2Fthe-orwell-foundation%2Forwell%2Farticles%2Fgordon-bowker-the-biography-orwell-never-wrote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_310-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2023" class="citation news cs1">Bakewell, Sarah (26 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/26/books/review/orwell-dj-taylor-wifedom-anna-funder.html">"One Biography Questions Orwell's Image, and Another Brings His First Wife Into Focus"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Biography+Questions+Orwell%27s+Image%2C+and+Another+Brings+His+First+Wife+Into+Focus&rft.date=2023-08-26&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F08%2F26%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Forwell-dj-taylor-wifedom-anna-funder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Review: Orwell by DJ Taylor and George Orwell by Gordon Bowker Observer on Sunday 1 June 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/events/2023/june/06/orwell-new-life">"'Orwell: New Life'"</a>. Balliol.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balliol.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=%27Orwell%3A+New+Life%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.balliol.ox.ac.uk%2Fevents%2F2023%2Fjune%2F06%2Forwell-new-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/constable-signs-fresh-orwell-biography-award-winner-taylor-1109236">"D J Taylor to write second Orwell biography for Constable"</a>. The Bookseller. Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bookseller&rft.atitle=D+J+Taylor+to+write+second+Orwell+biography+for+Constable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Frights%2Fconstable-signs-fresh-orwell-biography-award-winner-taylor-1109236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/27/orwell-a-man-of-our-time-richard-bradford-review">"Orwell: A Man of Our Time by Richard Bradford review – undone by its own premise"</a>. The Guardian. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Orwell%3A+A+Man+of+Our+Time+by+Richard+Bradford+review+%E2%80%93+undone+by+its+own+premise&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Fjan%2F27%2Forwell-a-man-of-our-time-richard-bradford-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/19/orwells-roses-by-rebecca-solnit-review-george-orwell-in-the-garden">"Orwell's Roses by Rebecca Solnit review – deadheading with George Orwell"</a>. The Guardian. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Orwell%27s+Roses+by+Rebecca+Solnit+review+%E2%80%93+deadheading+with+George+Orwell&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2021%2Foct%2F19%2Forwells-roses-by-rebecca-solnit-review-george-orwell-in-the-garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2020" class="citation news cs1">Cooke, Rachel (10 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/10/eileen-the-making-of-george-orwell-sylvia-topp-review">"Eileen: The Making of George Orwell by Sylvia Topp – review"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eileen%3A+The+Making+of+George+Orwell+by+Sylvia+Topp+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Fmar%2F10%2Feileen-the-making-of-george-orwell-sylvia-topp-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunder2023" class="citation news cs1">Funder, Anna (30 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/jul/30/my-hunt-for-eileen-george-orwell-erased-wife-anna-funder">"Looking for Eileen: how George Orwell wrote his wife out of his story"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Looking+for+Eileen%3A+how+George+Orwell+wrote+his+wife+out+of+his+story&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Funder&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2023%2Fjul%2F30%2Fmy-hunt-for-eileen-george-orwell-erased-wife-anna-funder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2023" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, Richard (11 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/11/row-sex-claims-book-george-orwell-marriage">"Sadistic and misogynistic? Row erupts over sex claims in book about George Orwell's marriage"</a>. The Observer. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Sadistic+and+misogynistic%3F+Row+erupts+over+sex+claims+in+book+about+George+Orwell%27s+marriage&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2023%2Fnov%2F11%2Frow-sex-claims-book-george-orwell-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Anderson, Paul (ed.). Orwell in Tribune: 'As I Please' and Other Writings. Methuen/Politico's 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842751557" title="Special:BookSources/1842751557">1842751557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a> (1984): George Orwell. 1984: Reality exists in the human mind, <a href="/wiki/Jakin_(magazine)" title="Jakin (magazine)">Jakin</a>, 32: 87–103.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bounds" title="Philip Bounds">Bounds, Philip</a>. Orwell and Marxism: The Political and Cultural Thinking of George Orwell. I.B. Tauris. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845118073" title="Special:BookSources/1845118073">1845118073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bowker_(writer)" title="Gordon Bowker (writer)">Bowker</a>, Gordon. George Orwell. Little Brown. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316861154" title="Special:BookSources/0316861154">0316861154</a></li> <li>Buddicom, Jacintha. Eric & Us. Finlay Publisher. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0955370809" title="Special:BookSources/0955370809">0955370809</a></li> <li>Caute, David. Dr. Orwell and Mr. Blair, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297814389" title="Special:BookSources/0297814389">0297814389</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick, Bernard</a>. George Orwell: A Life. Penguin. 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140058567" title="Special:BookSources/0140058567">0140058567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Davison (professor)">Davison, Peter</a>; Angus, Ian; Davison, Sheila (eds.). 2000 A Kind of Compulsion. London: Random House <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0436205422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0436205422">978-0436205422</a></li> <li>Flynn, Nigel. George Orwell. The Rourke Corporation, Inc. 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086593018X" title="Special:BookSources/086593018X">086593018X</a></li> <li>Haycock, David Boyd. I Am Spain: The Spanish Civil War and the Men and Women who went to Fight Fascism. Old Street Publishing. 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908699107" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908699107">978-1908699107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a>. Why Orwell Matters. Basic Books. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465030491" title="Special:BookSources/0465030491">0465030491</a></li> <li>Hollis, Christopher. A Study of George Orwell: The Man and His Works. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co. 1956.</li> <li>Larkin, Emma. Secret Histories: Finding George Orwell in a Burmese Teashop. Penguin. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594200521" title="Special:BookSources/1594200521">1594200521</a></li> <li>Lee, Robert A. Orwell's Fiction. University of Notre Dame Press, 1969. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/74-75151">74--75151</a></li> <li>Leif, Ruth Ann. Homage to Oceania. The Prophetic Vision of George Orwell. Ohio State U.P. [1969]</li> <li>Meyers, Jeffery. Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation. W.W. Norton. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393322637" title="Special:BookSources/0393322637">0393322637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newsinger" title="John Newsinger">Newsinger, John</a>. Orwell's Politics. Macmillan. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333682874" title="Special:BookSources/0333682874">0333682874</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Orwell, George, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Essays%2C+Journalism+and+Letters&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodden1989" class="citation book cs1">Rodden, John (1989). George Orwell: The Politics of Literary Reputation (2002 revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765808967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765808967"><bdi>978-0765808967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+The+Politics+of+Literary+Reputation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2002+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0765808967&rft.aulast=Rodden&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rodden, John (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. Cambridge. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521675079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521675079">978-0521675079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shelden" title="Michael Shelden">Shelden, Michael</a>. Orwell: The Authorized Biography. HarperCollins. 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060167092" title="Special:BookSources/0060167092">0060167092</a></li> <li>Smith, D. & Mosher, M. Orwell for Beginners. 1984. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._Taylor_(writer)" title="D. J. Taylor (writer)">Taylor, D. J.</a> Orwell: The Life. Henry Holt and Company. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805074732" title="Special:BookSources/0805074732">0805074732</a></li> <li>West, W. J. The Larger Evils. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0862413826" title="Special:BookSources/0862413826">0862413826</a> (Nineteen Eighty-Four – The truth behind the satire.)</li> <li>West, W. J. (ed.). George Orwell: The Lost Writings. New York: Arbor House. 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877957452" title="Special:BookSources/0877957452">0877957452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</a>. Orwell, Fontana/Collins, 1971</li> <li>Wood, James. "A Fine Rage." The New Yorker. 2009. 85(9):54.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a>. The Crystal Spirit. Little Brown. 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551642689" title="Special:BookSources/1551642689">1551642689</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarp2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Masha_Karp" title="Masha Karp">Karp, Masha</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/george-orwell-and-russia-9781788317139/">George Orwell and Russia</a> (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1788317139" title="Special:BookSources/978-1788317139"><bdi>978-1788317139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell+and+Russia&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=312&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1788317139&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Masha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fgeorge-orwell-and-russia-9781788317139%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Morgan, W. John, 'Pacifism or Bourgeois Pacifism? Huxley, Orwell, and Caudwell'. Chapter 5 in Morgan, W. John and Guilherme, Alexandre (Eds.), Peace and War-Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, pp, 71–96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-48670-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-48670-9">978-3-030-48670-9</a>.</li> <li>Orwell, George. Diaries, edited by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Davison (professor)">Peter Davison</a> (<a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>; 2012) 597 pages; annotated edition of 11 diaries kept by Orwell, from August 1931 to September 1949.</li> <li>Orwell, George. On Jews and Antisemitism, introduced, edited and annotated by Paul Seeliger (Berlin: Comino; 2022) 304 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-945831-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-945831-32-8">978-3-945831-32-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Ramsay_Steele" title="David Ramsay Steele">Steele, David Ramsay</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Orwell, George (1903–1950)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 366–368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n224">10.4135/9781412965811.n224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orwell%2C+George+%281903%E2%80%931950%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=366-368&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n224&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ostrom, Hans and Halton, William. Orwell's "Politics and the English Language" in the Age of Pseudocracy (New York: Routledge, 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138499904" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138499904">978-1138499904</a></li> <li>Powell, Anthony. 1977. Infants of the Spring, pp. 91–104. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_Venables" title="Dione Venables">Venables, Dione</a> George Orwell - The Complete Poetry, introduction by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(literary_scholar)" title="Peter Davison (literary scholar)">Peter Davidson</a> (Finlay Publisher; 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955370823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955370823">978-0955370823</a></li> <li>Wilson, S. M. and Huxtable, J. "Such, Such Were the Joys: graphic novel" (London: Pluto Press, Sept 2021) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745345925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745345925">978-0745345925</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Orwell" class="extiw" title="c:Category:George Orwell">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Orwell" class="extiw" title="q:George Orwell">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31915">Blair, Eric Arthur (George Orwell) (1903–1950) at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/george-orwell">George Orwell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116084546/https://www.bl.uk/people/george-orwell">Archived</a> 16 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu//george-orwell/">"George Orwell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Orwell&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2F%2Fgeorge-orwell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Orwell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL118077A">Works by George Orwell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3335#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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University College London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/orwell">Orwell Collection</a> (rare and early editions of Orwell's works) at University College London</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Orwell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_bibliography" title="George Orwell bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hanging" title="A Hanging">A Hanging</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Spike_(essay)" title="The Spike (essay)">The Spike</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bookshop_Memories" title="Bookshop Memories">Bookshop Memories</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shooting_an_Elephant" title="Shooting an Elephant">Shooting an Elephant</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spilling_the_Spanish_Beans" title="Spilling the Spanish Beans">Spilling the Spanish Beans</a>" (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Weeklies" title="Boys' Weeklies">Boys' Weeklies</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale" title="Inside the Whale">Inside the Whale</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Country_Right_or_Left" title="My Country Right or Left">My Country Right or Left</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Donald_McGill" title="The Art of Donald McGill">The Art of Donald McGill</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/England_Your_England" title="England Your England">England Your England</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poetry_and_the_Microphone" title="Poetry and the Microphone">Poetry and the Microphone</a>" (1943)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raffles_and_Miss_Blandish" title="Raffles and Miss Blandish">Raffles and Miss Blandish</a>" (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Bad_Books" title="Good Bad Books">Good Bad Books</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism" title="Notes on Nationalism">Notes on Nationalism</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Spirit" title="The Sporting Spirit">The Sporting Spirit</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lear,_Tolstoy_and_the_Fool" title="Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool">Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_English_People_(essay)" title="The English People (essay)">The English People</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toward_European_Unity" title="Toward European Unity">Toward European Unity</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Gandhi" title="Reflections on Gandhi">Reflections on Gandhi</a>" (1949)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1946" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Books_v._Cigarettes" title="Books v. Cigarettes">Books v. Cigarettes</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Book_Reviewer" title="Confessions of a Book Reviewer">Confessions of a Book Reviewer</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_English_Murder" title="Decline of the English Murder">Decline of the English Murder</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Good_Word_for_the_Vicar_of_Bray" title="A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray">A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_the_Poor_Die" title="How the Poor Die">How the Poor Die</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pleasure_Spots" title="Pleasure Spots">Pleasure Spots</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Starvation" title="The Politics of Starvation">The Politics of Starvation</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_vs._Literature:_An_Examination_of_Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels">Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Literature" title="The Prevention of Literature">The Prevention of Literature</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Riding_Down_from_Bangor_(essay)" title="Riding Down from Bangor (essay)">Riding Down from Bangor</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_on_James_Burnham" title="Second Thoughts on James Burnham">Second Thoughts on James Burnham</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_on_the_Common_Toad" title="Some Thoughts on the Common Toad">Some Thoughts on the Common Toad</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>" (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/As_I_Please" title="As I Please">As I Please</a>" (1943–1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/London_Letters" title="London Letters">London Letters</a>" (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_of_the_Left" title="Betrayal of the Left">Betrayal of the Left</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale_and_Other_Essays" title="Inside the Whale and Other Essays">Inside the Whale and Other Essays</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Books" title="Searchlight Books">Searchlight Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Orwell" title="Sonia Orwell">Sonia Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_%26_Us" title="Eric & Us">Eric & Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Foundation" title="The Orwell Foundation">The Orwell Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Portal</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Orwell&#039;s_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Template:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Template talk:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nineteen Eighty-Four"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell&#039;s_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Political geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_in_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Ministries in Nineteen Eighty-Four">Ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Police" title="Thought Police">Thought Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_%2B_2_%3D_5" title="2 + 2 = 5">2 + 2 = 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtcrime" title="Thoughtcrime">Thoughtcrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescreen" title="Telescreen">Telescreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism" title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism">The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism (Goldstein's book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Minutes_Hate" title="Two Minutes Hate">Two Minutes Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_Week" title="Hate Week">Hate Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(1956_film)" title="1984 (1956 film)">1956 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(1984_film)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)">1984 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(2023_film)" title="1984 (2023 film)">2023 film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(Westinghouse_Studio_One)" title="1984 (Westinghouse Studio One)">US program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(British_TV_programme)" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (British TV programme)">UK programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_(opera)" title="1984 (opera)">2005 opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(play)" title="1984 (play)">2013 play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_in_popular_media" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media">In popular media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Truth_(Lynskey_book)" title="The Ministry of Truth (Lynskey book)">The Ministry of Truth (Lynskey book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_on_Screen:_Adaptations,_Documentaries_and_Docudramas_on_Film_and_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="George Orwell on Screen: Adaptations, Documentaries and Docudramas on Film and Television">George Orwell on Screen (Ryan book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">"1984" (advertisement)</a></li> <li>Room 101 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(radio_series)" title="Room 101 (radio series)">radio series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (British TV series)">British TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_101_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Room 101 (Australian TV series)">Australian TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Category:Nineteen Eighty-Four">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Orwell&#039;s_Animal_Farm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_Farm" title="Template:Animal Farm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_Farm" title="Template talk:Animal Farm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_Farm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal Farm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell&#039;s_Animal_Farm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Major" title="Old Major">Old Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(Animal_Farm)" title="Snowball (Animal Farm)">Snowball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squealer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Squealer (Animal Farm)">Squealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Boxer (Animal Farm)">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_(Animal_Farm)" title="Benjamin (Animal Farm)">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilkington_(Animal_Farm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilkington (Animal Farm)">Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_(Animal_Farm)" title="Jones (Animal Farm)">Mr. Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_in_Animal_Farm" title="Anthems in Animal Farm">Anthems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1954_film)" title="Animal Farm (1954 film)">1954 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1999_film)" title="Animal Farm (1999 film)">1999 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poshu_Khamar" title="Poshu Khamar">Poshu Khamar</a> (2006 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(opera)" title="Animal Farm (opera)">2023 opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(2025_film)" title="Animal Farm (2025 film)">2025 film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspired music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_(Pink_Floyd_album)" title="Animals (Pink Floyd album)">Animals (Pink Floyd album)</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Pigs_on_the_Wing" title="Pigs on the Wing">Pigs on the Wing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dogs_(Pink_Floyd_song)" title="Dogs (Pink Floyd song)">Dogs</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pigs_(Three_Different_Ones)" title="Pigs (Three Different Ones)">Pigs (Three Different Ones)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sheep_(Pink_Floyd_song)" title="Sheep (Pink Floyd song)">Sheep</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Piggies" title="Piggies">Piggies</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Template talk:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Best Novella</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella#Retro_Hugos" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Retro Hugos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Who_Goes_There%3F" title="Who Goes There?">Who Goes There?</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">Don A. Stuart</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_This_Goes_On%E2%80%94" class="mw-redirect" title="If This Goes On—">If This Goes On—</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_(short_story)" title="Waldo (short story)">Waldo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killdozer!_(short_story)" title="Killdozer! (short story)">Killdozer!</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Orwell</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_Moon" title="The Man Who Sold the Moon">The Man Who Sold the Moon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Conscience" title="A Case of Conscience">A Case of Conscience</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riders_of_the_Purple_Wage" title="Riders of the Purple Wage">Riders of the Purple Wage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a> /<a href="/wiki/Dragonflight_(novel)" title="Dragonflight (novel)">Weyr Search</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightwings_(novella)" title="Nightwings (novella)">Nightwings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1969)</li> <li>Ship of Shadows by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_in_Lankhmar" title="Ill Met in Lankhmar">Ill Met in Lankhmar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Air_and_Darkness_(novella)" title="The Queen of Air and Darkness (novella)">The Queen of Air and Darkness</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_for_World_Is_Forest" title="The Word for World Is Forest">The Word for World Is Forest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Was_Plugged_In" title="The Girl Who Was Plugged In">The Girl Who Was Plugged In</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (1974)</li> <li>A Song for Lya by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Legion_(Zelazny_stories)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Name Is Legion (Zelazny stories)">Home Is the Hangman</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1976)</li> <li>By Any Other Name by <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Houston,_Do_You_Read%3F" title="Houston, Houston, Do You Read?">Houston, Houston, Do You Read?</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardance" title="Stardance">Stardance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Robinson" title="Jeanne Robinson">Jeanne Robinson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Vision_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Persistence of Vision (short story)">The Persistence of Vision</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_Mine_(novella)" title="Enemy Mine (novella)">Enemy Mine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Longyear" title="Barry B. Longyear">Barry B. Longyear</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dorsai" title="Lost Dorsai">Lost Dorsai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Dickson" title="Gordon R. Dickson">Gordon R. Dickson</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saturn_Game" title="The Saturn Game">The Saturn Game</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_(story)" title="Souls (story)">Souls</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a> (1983)</li> <li>Cascade Point by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Zahn" title="Timothy Zahn">Timothy Zahn</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Enter" title="Press Enter">Press Enter</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Views_of_Mt._Fuji,_by_Hokusai" title="24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai">24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_Outback" title="Gilgamesh in the Outback">Gilgamesh in the Outback</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_Eye" title="Eye for Eye">Eye for Eye</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Winnebagos" title="The Last of the Winnebagos">The Last of the Winnebagos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorkosigan_Saga" title="Vorkosigan Saga">The Mountains of Mourning</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingway_Hoax" title="The Hemingway Hoax">The Hemingway Hoax</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beggars_in_Spain" title="Beggars in Spain">Beggars in Spain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a> (1992)</li> <li>Barnacle Bill the Spacer by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Shepard" title="Lucius Shepard">Lucius Shepard</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_in_the_Bottomlands" title="Down in the Bottomlands">Down in the Bottomlands</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Views_of_Olduvai_Gorge" title="Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge">Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Mike Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Future#"The_Death_of_Captain_Future"" title="Captain Future">The Death of Captain Future</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_the_Dragon_(novella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood of the Dragon (novella)">Blood of the Dragon</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1997)</li> <li>...Where Angels Fear to Tread by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_(novella)" title="Oceanic (novella)">Oceanic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Greg Egan</a> (1999)</li> <li>The Winds of Marble Arch by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Ultimate Earth by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Vernor_Vinge#"Fast_Times_at_Fairmont_High"" title="The Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge">Fast Times at Fairmont High</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraline" title="Coraline">Coraline</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cookie_Monster_(novella)" title="The Cookie Monster (novella)">The Cookie Monster</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atrocity_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atrocity Archives">The Concrete Jungle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Job_(novella)" title="Inside Job (novella)">Inside Job</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2006)</li> <li>A Billion Eves by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed_(author)" title="Robert Reed (author)">Robert Reed</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Seated_on_the_Ground" title="All Seated on the Ground">All Seated on the Ground</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2008)</li> <li>The Erdmann Nexus by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimpsest_(novella)" title="Palimpsest (novella)">Palimpsest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lifecycle_of_Software_Objects" title="The Lifecycle of Software Objects">The Lifecycle of Software Objects</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Bridged_the_Mist" title="The Man Who Bridged the Mist">The Man Who Bridged the Mist</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kij_Johnson" title="Kij Johnson">Kij Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Soul" title="The Emperor's Soul">The Emperor's Soul</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Sanderson" title="Brandon Sanderson">Brandon Sanderson</a> (2013)</li> <li>Equoid by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2014)</li> <li>(No award given) (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binti_(novella)" title="Binti (novella)">Binti</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Heart_a_Doorway" title="Every Heart a Doorway">Every Heart a Doorway</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seanan_McGuire" title="Seanan McGuire">Seanan McGuire</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Systems_Red" title="All Systems Red">All Systems Red</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Murderbot_Diaries" title="The Murderbot Diaries">Artificial Condition</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_How_You_Lose_the_Time_War" title="This Is How You Lose the Time War">This Is How You Lose the Time War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amal_El-Mohtar" title="Amal El-Mohtar">Amal El-Mohtar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Gladstone" title="Max Gladstone">Max Gladstone</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Empress_of_Salt_and_Fortune" title="The Empress of Salt and Fortune">The Empress of Salt and Fortune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nghi_Vo" title="Nghi Vo">Nghi Vo</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Psalm_for_the_Wild-Built" title="A Psalm for the Wild-Built">A Psalm for the Wild-Built</a> by <a href="/wiki/Becky_Chambers" title="Becky Chambers">Becky Chambers</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Drowned_Girls_Go" title="Where the Drowned Girls Go">Where the Drowned Girls Go</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seanan_McGuire" title="Seanan McGuire">Seanan McGuire</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornhedge" title="Thornhedge">Thornhedge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Vernon" title="Ursula Vernon">T. Kingfisher</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3335#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3335#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3335#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368645684">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121441305">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95155403">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36162/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxFYfM7WK7QkPkKgxCcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118590359">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058639">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918228x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918228x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451859">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000470">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35401792">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001921&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1158631">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000345933">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/30769">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068777833">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90076220">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000029427&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000006657&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038505">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=67232">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000030873">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199620760">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmn10r503p0bn">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660825705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20130">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266258505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000054344">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513875806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14364138">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00346468?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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