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<li id="toc-Origins_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins in Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_in_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_in_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Establishment in Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_in_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Schism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_movements:_Exclusive_Brethren_and_Open_Brethren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_movements:_Exclusive_Brethren_and_Open_Brethren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Two movements: Exclusive Brethren and Open Brethren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_movements:_Exclusive_Brethren_and_Open_Brethren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Brethren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Brethren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Open Brethren</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Open_Brethren-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Open Brethren subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Open_Brethren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IBCM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBCM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>IBCM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBCM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_Brethren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_Brethren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exclusive Brethren</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exclusive_Brethren-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exclusive Brethren subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_Brethren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brethren_labels_and_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brethren_labels_and_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Brethren labels and distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brethren_labels_and_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_government_COVID-19_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_government_COVID-19_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>UK government COVID-19 contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_government_COVID-19_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionary_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Missionary work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Brethren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Brethren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Brethren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Brethren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="كنيسة الإخوة البليموث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيسة الإخوة البليموث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Дарбісты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дарбісты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_de_Plymouth" title="Germans de Plymouth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germans de Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouthbr%C3%B8drene" title="Plymouthbrødrene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plymouthbrødrene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCderbewegung" title="Brüderbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brüderbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanos_de_Plymouth" title="Hermanos de Plymouth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermanos de Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="کلیسای برادران پلیموث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای برادران پلیموث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9es_de_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Assemblées de Frères – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assemblées de Frères" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%98%95%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%A8" title="플리머스 형제단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플리머스 형제단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Serikat_Persaudaraan_Plymouth" title="Gereja Serikat Persaudaraan Plymouth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Serikat Persaudaraan Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratres_Plimmutenses" title="Fratres Plimmutenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fratres Plimmutenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimuto_broliai" title="Plimuto broliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plimuto broliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszty%C3%A9n_Testv%C3%A9rgy%C3%BClekezet" title="Keresztyén Testvérgyülekezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztyén Testvérgyülekezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonan%27_ny_Mpirahalahy" title="Fiangonan' ny Mpirahalahy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonan' ny Mpirahalahy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="كنيسة الاخوة البليموث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة الاخوة البليموث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergadering_van_gelovigen" title="Vergadering van gelovigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vergadering van gelovigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="プリマス・ブレザレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プリマス・ブレザレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plymouth Brethren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracia_plymuccy" title="Bracia plymuccy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bracia plymuccy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembleias_dos_Irm%C3%A3os" title="Assembleias dos Irmãos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assembleias dos Irmãos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Cre%C8%99tin%C4%83_dup%C4%83_Evanghelie" title="Biserica Creștină după Evanghelie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Creștină după Evanghelie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Плимутские братья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плимутские братья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ABllez%C3%ABrit_e_lir%C3%AB" title="Vëllezërit e lirë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vëllezërit e lirë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouthin_veljet" title="Plymouthin veljet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plymouthin veljet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouthbr%C3%B6derna" title="Plymouthbröderna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plymouthbröderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF%E5%BC%9F%E5%85%84%E4%BC%9A" title="普利茅斯弟兄会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普利茅斯弟兄会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q685812#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plym.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Plym.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>A Plymouth Brethren meeting hall and congregation</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a 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denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell">Stone-Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Augsburg Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_Movement" title="Convergence Movement">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Growth" title="Church Growth">Church Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestantism" title="Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestantism" title="Template talk:Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Plymouth Brethren</b> or <b>Assemblies of Brethren</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> Christian movement whose history can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, in the mid to late 1820s, where it originated from <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mackay1981_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group emphasizes <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i>, the belief that the Bible is the only authority for church doctrine and practice. Plymouth Brethren generally see themselves as a network of like-minded free churches, not as a Christian denomination. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_Ireland">Origins in Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brethren movement began in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, where several groups of Christians met informally to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> together, the first meeting being in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central figures were <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a>, a dentist studying theology at Trinity College; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cronin_(homeopath)" title="Edward Cronin (homeopath)">Edward Cronin</a>, studying medicine, <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a>, a curate in County Wicklow; and <a href="/wiki/John_Gifford_Bellett" title="John Gifford Bellett">John Gifford Bellett</a>, a lawyer who brought them together. They did not have any <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, order of service, or even any ministers; in their view, since their guide was "the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> alone" they sought to do it according to their own interpretation of the biblical text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_theology">Early theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important early stimulus was the study of prophecy, which was the subject of a number of annual meetings at <a href="/wiki/Powerscourt_Estate" title="Powerscourt Estate">Powerscourt House</a> in County Wicklow starting in 1831. Lady Powerscourt had attended <a href="/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(1786%E2%80%931860)" title="Henry Drummond (1786–1860)">Henry Drummond</a>'s prophecy conferences at <a href="/wiki/Albury_Park" title="Albury Park">Albury Park</a>, and Darby was espousing the same <a href="/wiki/Pre-tribulational" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-tribulational">pre-tribulational</a> view in 1831 as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Irving" title="Edward Irving">Edward Irving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people came to these meetings who became important in the English movement, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wills_Newton" title="Benjamin Wills Newton">Benjamin Wills Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%BCller" title="George Müller">George Müller</a>. </p><p>The two main but conflicting aspirations of the movement were to create a holy and pure fellowship on the one hand, and to allow all Christians into fellowship on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believers in the movement felt that the established Church of England had abandoned or distorted many of the ancient traditions of Christendom, following decades of dissent and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> and political revolutions in the United States and France. People in the movement wanted simply to meet together in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ without reference to denominational differences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_in_Great_Britain">Establishment in Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment in Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first meeting on the British mainland was held in December 1831<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. It was organised primarily by <a href="/wiki/George_Wigram" title="George Wigram">George Wigram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wills_Newton" title="Benjamin Wills Newton">Benjamin Wills Newton</a>, and John Nelson Darby.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement soon spread throughout the United Kingdom, and the assembly in Plymouth had more than 1,000 people in fellowship in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They became known as "the brethren from Plymouth" and were soon simply called "Plymouth Brethren".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Darbyites" class="mw-redirect" title="Darbyites">Darbyites</a></i> is also used,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> especially when describing the Exclusive branch which has a more pronounced influence from Darby. Many within the movement refuse to accept any name other than "Christian". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schism">Schism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnNelsonDarby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/JohnNelsonDarby.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1845, Darby returned from an extended visit to Switzerland where he had achieved considerable success establishing churches. He returned to Plymouth where Newton was in control, and he disagreed with some details in a book that Newton had published concerning the tribulation that was coming. He also objected to Newton's place as an elder in the Plymouth meeting. But several attempts to settle the quarrel in the presence of other brethren failed to produce any clear result.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Darby attacked Newton over a lecture that Newton had given on the 6th Psalm, and an exchange of tracts followed. Newton retracted some of his statements, but he eventually left Plymouth and established another chapel in London. </p><p>Darby had instituted a second meeting at Plymouth, and in 1848 he complained of the Bristol Bethesda assembly,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in which George Müller was prominent; he was concerned because they had accepted a member from Ebrington Street, Newton's original chapel. Bethesda investigated the individual but defended their decision, and Darby was not satisfied. He issued a circular on 26 August 1848, cutting off Bethesda and all assemblies who received anyone who went there. This defined the essential characteristic of "exclusivism" which he pursued for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_movements:_Exclusive_Brethren_and_Open_Brethren">Two movements: Exclusive Brethren and Open Brethren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Two movements: Exclusive Brethren and Open Brethren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1848, the Brethren continued as two separate main movements: the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Brethren" title="Exclusive Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</a> led by Darby, and the <a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a> led by Müller and others. Darby visited Exclusive assemblies in America seven times between 1862 and 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itinerant preachers from Scotland and Ireland established most of the early Open Brethren assemblies in America in the second half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Exclusive Brethren experienced many subsequent splits, scatterings, and recombinations. The Open Brethren also suffered a split concerning the autonomy of assemblies, which occurred at different times in different parts of the world. Nevertheless, both continued to expand their congregations. In the United States between 1916 and 1919, Exclusive Brethren membership increased 33% to 3,896, while Open Brethren membership increased 25% to 5,928. The census also recorded three smaller movements with sizeable congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_Brethren">Open Brethren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Open Brethren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Generalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section focuses only on <b>one specialized aspect of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding general information and discuss at the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Plymouth_Brethren" title="Talk:Plymouth Brethren">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Brethren_Chapel,_Broadbridge_Heath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Plymouth_Brethren_Chapel%2C_Broadbridge_Heath.jpg/300px-Plymouth_Brethren_Chapel%2C_Broadbridge_Heath.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Plymouth_Brethren_Chapel%2C_Broadbridge_Heath.jpg/450px-Plymouth_Brethren_Chapel%2C_Broadbridge_Heath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Plymouth_Brethren_Chapel%2C_Broadbridge_Heath.jpg/600px-Plymouth_Brethren_Chapel%2C_Broadbridge_Heath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A Plymouth Brethren chapel in <a href="/wiki/Broadbridge_Heath" title="Broadbridge Heath">Broadbridge Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The best-known and oldest distinction between Open assemblies is in the nature of relationships among their local churches.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open Brethren assemblies function as networks of like-minded independent local churches. Brethren generally feel an obligation to recognize and adhere to the disciplinary actions of other associated assemblies. Conversely, Open assemblies aware of that disciplining would not automatically feel a binding obligation to support it, treating each case on its own merit. Reasons for being put under discipline by both the Open and Exclusive Brethren include disseminating gross Scriptural or doctrinal error or being involved in unscriptural behavior. Being accused of illegal financial dealings may also result in being put under discipline. </p><p>Another less clear difference between assemblies lies in their approaches to collaborating with other Christians. Many Open Brethren will hold gospel meetings, youth events, or other activities in partnership with non-Brethren Evangelical Christian churches. More conservative Brethren tend to not support activities outside their own meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBCM">IBCM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: IBCM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International Brethren Conferences on Mission (IBCM) were founded in 1993 in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> by unions of churches from various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an IBCM Network census released in 2020, they claimed 40,000 churches and 2,700,000 members in 155 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclusive_Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exclusive Brethren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Brethren" title="Exclusive Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</a></div> <p>Exclusive Brethren have remained attached to Darby's doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are more interdependent, more conservative with a propensity for a dress code, very attached to the spontaneity of worship and preaching. They form several more or less compartmentalized circles of communion, from the most moderate to the narrowest. The movement has a Protestant theology and recognizes <a href="/wiki/Pedobaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedobaptism">infant baptism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 40,000 worldwide in 2012, "close" brothers are often referred to as Darbyists, but rarely refer to themselves as such.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church">Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plymouth Brethren Christian Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church" title="Plymouth Brethren Christian Church">Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Special:EditPage/Plymouth Brethren">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <i>Exclusive Brethren</i> is most commonly used in the media to describe one separatist group known as Taylor-Hales Brethren, who now call themselves the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (PBCC), which claims 50,000 members worldwide in 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known for a particularly isolationist interpretation of separation from evil and definition of what constitutes fellowship. In their view, fellowship includes dining out, business and professional partnerships, membership of clubs, etc., rather than just the act of Communion (Lord's Supper), so these activities are done only with other members. There are several unquantified but sizable branches unaffiliated with the Raven-Taylor-Hales group (since initial divisions in the 1880's, and more recent secessions in the 1960's-1970's)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that prefer being referred to as Closed or Careful rather than Exclusive brethren to avoid any connection with the more strident group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brethren_labels_and_distinctions">Brethren labels and distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brethren labels and distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Special:EditPage/Plymouth Brethren">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Terminology which sometimes confuses Brethren and non-Brethren alike is the distinction between the Open assemblies, usually called "Chapels", and the Closed assemblies (non-Exclusive), called "Gospel Halls." Contrary to common misconceptions, those traditionally known as the "Closed Brethren" are not a part of the Exclusive Brethren, but are rather a very conservative subset of the Open Brethren. The Gospel Halls regard reception to the assembly as a serious matter. One is not received to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> but to the fellowship of the assembly. This is important because the Lord's Supper is for believers, not unbelievers. </p><p>Some chapels, on the other hand, will allow practically anyone to participate who walks in and says that they are a Christian, based on the newcomer's profession of faith. Such assemblies are said to have an "open table" approach to strangers. Gospel Hall Brethren, on the other hand, generally believe that only those formally recognised as part of that or an equivalent assembly should break bread. Most Closed and some Open Brethren hold that association with evil defiles and that sharing the Communion meal can bring that association. </p><p>Their support text is from 1 Corinthians 15:33, "Do not be deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners." Among other distinctions, the Gospel Halls would generally not use musical instruments in their services, whereas many Chapels use them and may have singing groups, choirs, "worship teams" of musicians, etc. The Gospel Halls tend to be more conservative in dress; women do not wear trousers often, although they can and there is no scriptural objection in doing so, but most do not wear them in meetings and always have their heads covered, while in most Chapels women may wear whatever they wish, though modesty in dress serves as a guideline, and many continue the tradition of wearing a <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">head covering</a> taught in 1 Corinthians 11:2-13. Open Brethren churches are all independent, self-governing, local congregations with no central headquarters, although there are a number of seminaries, missions agencies, and publications that are widely supported by Brethren churches and which help to maintain a high degree of communication among them. </p><p>Henry K. Carroll performed an analysis of United States census data in 1912 to assign Roman numerals to various Brethren groups. For example, Brethren III is also known as the Lowe Brethren and the Elberfeld Brethren.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carroll's initial findings listed four sub-groups, identified as Brethren I-IV,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he expanded the number to six<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then to eight;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur Carl Piepkorn expanded the number to ten.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who have attempted to trace the realignments of the Plymouth Brethren include Ian McDowell and Massimo Introvigne.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complexity of the Brethren's history is evident in charts by McDowell and Ian McKay.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Special:EditPage/Plymouth Brethren">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Both Open and Exclusive Brethren have historically been known as "Plymouth Brethren." That is still largely the case in some areas, such as North America. In some other parts of the world such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, most Open Brethren shun the "Plymouth" label. This is mostly because of widespread negative media coverage of the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, the most hardline branch of the Exclusive Brethren (and the only numerically significant Exclusive group in either country), which most Open Brethren consider to be a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> with which they do not wish to be misidentified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most defining elements of the Brethren is the rejection of the concept of clergy. Their view is that all Christians are ordained by God to serve and therefore all are ministers, in keeping with the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>. The Brethren embrace the most extensive form of that idea, in that there is no ordained or unordained person or group employed to function as <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>(s) or <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastors</a>. Brethren assemblies are led by the local church elders within any fellowship. </p><p>Historically, there is no office of pastor in most Brethren churches, because they believe that the term <i>pastor</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ποιμην</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">poimen</i></span> in Greek) as it is used in <a href="/wiki/Ephesians_4:11" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians 4:11">Ephesians 4:11</a> describes one of the gifts given to the church, rather than a specific office. In the words of Darby, these gifts in Ephesians 4:11 are "ministrations for gathering together and for edification established by Christ as Head of the body by means of gifts with which He endows persons as His choice."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, there is no formal ordination process for those who preach, teach, or lead within their meetings. Men who become elders, or those who become deacons and overseers within the fellowship, have been recognized by others within the individual assemblies and have been given the blessing of performing leadership tasks by the elders.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An elder should be able and ready to <i>teach</i> when his assembly sees the "call of God" on his life to assume the office of elder (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#3:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 3:2</a>). Brethren elders conduct many other duties that would typically be performed by the clergy in other Christian groups, including counselling those who have decided to be baptized, performing baptisms, visiting the sick, and giving spiritual counsel in general. Normally, sermons are given either by the elders or by men who regularly attend the Sunday meetings—but, again, only men whom the elders recognize as having the "call of God" on their lives for that particular ministry. Visiting speakers, however, are usually paid their travel costs and provided for with Sunday meals following the meetings. </p><p>Open and Exclusive Brethren differ in how they interpret the concept of no clergy. The Open Brethren believe in a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(church_governance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality (church governance)">plurality of elders</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#14:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 14:23</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#15:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">15:6</a>,<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#15:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">23</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#20:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">20:17</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philippians_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians 1:1">Philippians 1:1</a>), men meeting the Biblical qualifications found in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#3:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 3:1–7</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Titus#1:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Titus">Titus 1:6–9</a>. This position is also taken in some <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> churches, especially <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Baptist">Reformed Baptists</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>. It is understood that elders are appointed by the Holy Spirit (<a href="/wiki/Acts_20:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 20:28">Acts 20:28</a>) and are recognised as meeting the qualifications by the assembly and by previously existing elders. Generally, the elders themselves will look out for men who meet the biblical qualifications, and invite them to join them as elders. In some Open assemblies, elders are elected democratically, but this is a fairly recent development and is still relatively uncommon. </p><p>Officially naming and recognizing eldership is common to Open Brethren (cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Thessalonians#5:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians 5:12–13</a>), whereas many Exclusive Brethren assemblies believe that recognizing a man as an elder is too close to having clergy, and therefore a group of leading brothers, none of whom has an official title of any kind, attempts to present issues to the entire group for it to decide upon, believing that the whole group must decide, not merely a body of elders. Traditionally, only men are allowed to speak (and, in some cases, attend) these decision-making meetings, although not all assemblies follow that rule today. </p><p>The term <i>elder</i> is based on the same Scriptures that are used to identify <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and overseers in other Christian circles,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Exclusive Brethren claim that the system of recognition of elders by the assembly means that the Open Brethren cannot claim full adherence to the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open Brethren consider, however, that this reveals a mistaken understanding of the priesthood of all believers which, in the Assemblies, has to do with the ability to directly offer worship to God and His Christ at the Lord's Supper, whether silently or audibly, without any human mediator being necessary—which is in accordance with <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 2:5</a>, where it is stated that Christ Jesus Himself is the sole Mediator between God and men (<i>men</i> being used here generically of mankind, and not referring simply and solely to males). </p><p>The Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, the most hardline of all the Exclusive Brethren groups, has developed into a de facto hierarchical body which operates under the headship of an <i>Elect Vessel</i>, currently <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Hales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Hales (page does not exist)">Bruce Hales</a> of Australia. </p><p>In place of an ordained ministry, an itinerant preacher often receives a "commendation" to the work of preaching and teaching that demonstrates the blessing and support of the assembly of origin. In most English-speaking countries, such preachers have traditionally been called <i>full-time workers</i>, <i>labouring brothers</i>, or <i>on the Lord's work</i>; in India, they are usually called <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelists</a> and very often are identified with <i>Evg.</i> in front of their name. </p><p>A given assembly may have any number of full-time workers, or none at all. In the last twenty years, many Open Assemblies in Australia, America, and New Zealand, and some elsewhere, have begun calling their full-time workers pastors, but this is not seen as ordaining clergy and does not connote a transfer of any special spiritual authority. In such assemblies, the pastor is simply one of several elders, and differs from his fellow-elders only in being salaried to serve full-time. Depending on the assembly, he may or may not take a larger share of the responsibility for preaching than his fellow elders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UK_government_COVID-19_contracts">UK government COVID-19 contracts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: UK government COVID-19 contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Dozens of companies with connections to the Exclusive Brethren, now known as the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, were awarded £2.2 billion in UK government <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> contracts from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Department of Health and Social Care">Department of Health and Social Care</a>. This included providing <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE). Several former members of the church have connections with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, and Members of Parliament previously lobbied for the church to be given UK charitable status by the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales" title="Charity Commission for England and Wales">Charity Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missionary_work">Missionary work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Missionary work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Plymouth Brethren have been active in foreign missionary work, principally in Central Africa, India and Latin America. Brethren are found throughout the English-speaking world and in most European countries. The movement spread to the US in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Brethren">Notable Brethren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable Brethren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list consists of mostly nineteenth-century figures who were associated with the Brethren movement before the 1848 schism. They are the leading historical figures common to both the Open and Exclusive Brethren. Two exceptions are H.A. Ironside and <a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a>, twentieth-century preachers who spent time associated with both the Open and Exclusive Brethren. See the respective articles for other more recent figures who have functioned primarily or entirely in either the Open Brethren or Exclusive Brethren: </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Scotland_Yard_official)" title="Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard official)">Robert Anderson</a> – senior officer of <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> and Christian author; was a member of the Plymouth Brethren, first with Darby then with the Open Brethren party, before returning to his Presbyterian roots</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gifford_Bellet" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gifford Bellet">John Gifford Bellet</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – research fellow in classics at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bergeron" title="André Bergeron">André Bergeron</a> – French trade union leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Beurling" title="George Beurling">George Beurling</a> – Canadian WWII fighter pilot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mackenzie_Beverley" title="Robert Mackenzie Beverley">Robert Mackenzie Beverley</a> – one of the most influential figures to abandon the Quakers and join the Brethren during the <a href="/wiki/Quakers#Beaconite_controversy" title="Quakers">Beaconite controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bodkin_Adams" title="John Bodkin Adams">John Bodkin Adams</a> – British general practitioner, convicted fraudster, and suspected serial killer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Charles_Lee_Brenton" title="Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton">Lancelot Brenton</a> – translator of the Greek-English edition of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">F. F. Bruce</a> – British biblical scholar, author of 40 books and commentaries. (Open Brethren)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chapman_(Plymouth_Brethren)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Chapman (Plymouth Brethren)">Robert Chapman</a> – prominent among the Plymouth Brethren in the 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coltman" title="William Coltman">William Coltman</a> - <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> recipient, most decorated stretcher bearer of World War I.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Craik_(evangelist)" title="Henry Craik (evangelist)">Henry Craik</a> – worked with <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%BCller" title="George Müller">George Müller</a> in Bristol at Gideon and Bethesda Chapels from 1832</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cronin_(homeopath)" title="Edward Cronin (homeopath)">Edward Cronin</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> and one of the original Dublin brethren</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> – British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> MP and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a> from 1976 to 1977; grandson of F. E. Raven (Raven Exclusive Brethren).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> – British occultist, was raised in the movement until his father's death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – international preacher, writer, translator, hymn writer, and "father of dispensationalism"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Deck" title="James George Deck">James George Deck</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – evangelist and missionary to New Zealand; officially associated with the Exclusives but refused to cut his ties to the Open Brethren.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Elliot" title="Jim Elliot">Jim Elliot</a> – one of five missionaries killed while participating in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Auca" title="Operation Auca">Operation Auca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> - author and radio personality, left PB assemblies of his childhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – British novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bowes_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Bowes Gosse">Emily Bowes Gosse</a> – painter, illustrator, and author of religious tracts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> and marine biologist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a> – the son of Phillip and Emily Gosse who wrote <a href="/wiki/Father_and_Son_(Gosse_book)" title="Father and Son (Gosse book)"><i>Father and Son</i></a>, about his relationship with his father and the religion.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – missionary to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and India</li> <li>Stuart Wesley Keene Hine – missionary and hymn-writer, translator and author of <a href="/wiki/How_Great_Thou_Art" title="How Great Thou Art">How Great Thou Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Howard" title="John Eliot Howard">John Eliot Howard</a> – chemist and <a href="/wiki/Quinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinologist">quinologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Howard" title="Luke Howard">Luke Howard</a> – chemist and <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a>, the "namer of clouds"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Ironside" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Ironside">Harry Ironside</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Bible teacher, preacher, and author; pastor of the <a href="/wiki/Moody_Church" title="Moody Church">Moody Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (1930–1948); associated at different times with both the Open and Exclusive Brethren</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_(Guernsey_and_Blackheath)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kelly (Guernsey and Blackheath)">William Kelly</a> – prominent leader of the Exclusive Brethren in the late 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Mackintosh" title="Charles Henry Mackintosh">Charles Henry Mackintosh</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 19th-century author of Christian books who published as C.H.M.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%BCller" title="George Müller">George Müller</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – founder of the Bristol Orphanage and a stated teacher in Bethesda Chapel, Bristol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a> – leader in the "<a href="/wiki/Local_churches_(affiliation)" title="Local churches (affiliation)">Little Flock</a>" movement in China after being "put out" by Exclusive Brethren for "breaking bread with sectarians"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newberry" title="Thomas Newberry">Thomas Newberry</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Translator">translator</a> of the <i>Newberry Reference Bible</i>, which uses a system of symbols to explain verb tenses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>; excommunicated for denying the Divinity of Christ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wills_Newton" title="Benjamin Wills Newton">Benjamin Wills Newton</a> – early leader of the assembly in Plymouth; branded as a heretic by John Darby and his followers<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parnell,_2nd_Baron_Congleton" title="John Parnell, 2nd Baron Congleton">John Parnell, 2nd Baron Congleton</a> – missionary to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Pember" title="G. H. Pember">G. H. Pember</a> – English theologian who lived in the 19th century; wrote the book <i>Earth's Earliest Ages</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Scriven" title="Joseph M. Scriven">Joseph M. Scriven</a> – writer of the words to the hymn "<a href="/wiki/What_A_Friend_We_Have_In_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="What A Friend We Have In Jesus">What A Friend We Have In Jesus</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a> – founder of the China Inland Mission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prideaux_Tregelles" title="Samuel Prideaux Tregelles">Samuel Prideaux Tregelles</a> – English biblical scholar and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edwy_Vine" title="William Edwy Vine">William Edwy Vine</a> – author of <i><a href="/wiki/Vine%27s_Expository_Dictionary" title="Vine's Expository Dictionary">Vine's Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words</a></i> and numerous commentaries<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wigram" title="George Wigram">George Wigram</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – wrote a Greek and English <a href="/wiki/Concordance_(publishing)" title="Concordance (publishing)">Concordance</a> to the New Testament and <i>The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a> – British commando</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church" title="Plymouth Brethren Christian Church">Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbigail2006" class="citation web cs1">Abigail, Shawn (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518150855/http://brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3">"What is the history of the 'Brethren'?"</a>. <i>"Plymouth Brethren" FAQ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3">the original</a> on 18 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Plymouth+Brethren%22+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+the+history+of+the+%27Brethren%27%3F&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Abigail&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrethrenonline.org%2Ffaqs%2FBrethren.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackay1981-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mackay1981_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1981" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Harold (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assemblydistinct0000mack"><i>Assembly Distinctives</i></a></span>. Scarborough, Ontario: Everyday Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88873-049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88873-049-7"><bdi>978-0-88873-049-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15948378">15948378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assembly+Distinctives&rft.place=Scarborough%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Everyday+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15948378&rft.isbn=978-0-88873-049-7&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassemblydistinct0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Hunt, <i>Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance</i>, BRILL, Leiden, 2016, p. 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSizer" class="citation book cs1">Sizer, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012001535/http://www.cc-vw.org/articles/irving1.html"><i>Chapter 3: Edward Irving (1792–1834) The Origins of the Rapture Doctrine</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc-vw.org/articles/irving1.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+Edward+Irving+%281792%E2%80%931834%29+The+Origins+of+the+Rapture+Doctrine&rft.aulast=Sizer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc-vw.org%2Farticles%2Firving1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuff1997" class="citation journal cs1">Shuff, Roger N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brethrenhistory.org/qwicsitePro2/php/docsview.php?docid=405">"Open to Closed: The Growth of Exclusivism among Brethren in Britain, 1848–1953"</a>. <i>Brethren Archivists and Historians Network Review</i> (1): 10, <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15, <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brethren+Archivists+and+Historians+Network+Review&rft.atitle=Open+to+Closed%3A+The+Growth+of+Exclusivism+among+Brethren+in+Britain%2C+1848%E2%80%931953&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Shuff&rft.aufirst=Roger+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brethrenhistory.org%2FqwicsitePro2%2Fphp%2Fdocsview.php%3Fdocid%3D405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Grayson Carter, "Irish Millennialism: The Irish Prophetic Movement and the Origins of the Plymouth Brethren", in <i>Anglican Evangelicals. Protestant Seceders from the</i> via media, <i>c.1800-1850</i> (2001/15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham2004" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Jonathan D. (2004). "The Emergence of the Plymouth Brethren". <i>A Story of Conflict: The Controversial Relationship Between Benjamin Wills Newton and John Nelson Darby</i>. <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Press" title="Paternoster Press">Paternoster Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-191-9"><bdi>978-1-84227-191-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56336926">56336926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Plymouth+Brethren&rft.btitle=A+Story+of+Conflict%3A+The+Controversial+Relationship+Between+Benjamin+Wills+Newton+and+John+Nelson+Darby&rft.place=Carlisle&rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56336926&rft.isbn=978-1-84227-191-9&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2000" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2000). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280057-2"><bdi>978-0-19-280057-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46858944">46858944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46858944&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280057-2&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel1936" class="citation book cs1">Noel, Napoleon (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179326"><i>The History of the Brethren</i></a>. Denver: Knapp. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2807272">2807272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Brethren&rft.place=Denver&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Knapp&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2807272&rft.aulast=Noel&rft.aufirst=Napoleon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.179326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neatby comments, "The important point is that the Brethren in their first great emergency found themselves absolutely unprepared to grapple with it. They had no constitution of any kind. They repudiated congregationalism, but they left their communities to fight their battles on no acknowledged basis and with no defined court of appeal." <a href="#CITEREFNeatby1901">Neatby 1901</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeatby1901">Neatby 1901</a>, pp. 61–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandeen2008" class="citation book cs1">Sandeen, Ernest R. (2008). <i>The Roots of Fundamentalism: British & American Millenarianism, 1800-1930</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Fundamentalism%3A+British+%26+American+Millenarianism%2C+1800-1930&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sandeen&rft.aufirst=Ernest+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piepkorn 1970, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of the 1919 United States census, Open Brethren accounted for 71% of a total of 13,700 brethren in the US in 1916, though only 61% of 473 assemblies.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Bureau_of_the_Census1916" class="citation book cs1">United States Bureau of the Census (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oY7YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA171"><i>Religious Bodies, 1916, Part II: Separate denominations</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Bodies%2C+1916%2C+Part+II%3A+Separate+denominations&rft.date=1916&rft.au=United+States+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoY7YAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, <i>Encyclopedia of Religion in the South</i>, Mercer University Press, USA, 2005, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil T. R. Dickson, Tim Grass, <i>The Growth of the Brethren Movement: National and International Experiences</i>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2006, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBCM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibcm.net/about/">IBCM Network</a>, ibcm.net, UK, retrieved August 22, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massimo Introvigne, <i>The Plymouth Brethren</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, 2018, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Farhadian, <i>Introducing World Christianity</i>, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 2012, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthbrethrenchristianchurch.org/">"Main Page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Cronin+%281801%E2%80%93%3F%29+%E2%80%93+Pioneers+of+homeopathy+by+T.+L.+Bradford&rft.pub=Homeoint.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeoint.org%2Fseror%2Fbiograph%2Fcronin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newble.co.uk/writers/Darby/writings.html">"The Brethren Writers' Hall of Fame"</a>. Newble.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brethren+Writers%27+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Newble.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newble.co.uk%2Fwriters%2FDarby%2Fwritings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=1D8">"Dnzb.govt.nz"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dnzb.govt.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnzb.govt.nz%2Fdnzb%2Fdefault.asp%3FFind_Quick.asp%3FPersonEssay%3D1D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp-online.de/kultur/buch/ken-follett-wie-ich-meinen-glauben-verlor-aid-1.7112704">"How I lost my faith. Interview (in German) with Ken Follett about his childhood in a Brethren assembly in Wales"</a>. 30 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+I+lost+my+faith.+Interview+%28in+German%29+with+Ken+Follett+about+his+childhood+in+a+Brethren+assembly+in+Wales&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp-online.de%2Fkultur%2Fbuch%2Fken-follett-wie-ich-meinen-glauben-verlor-aid-1.7112704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer1982" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wertheimer, Douglas (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gosse_philip_henry_11E.html">"Gosse, Philip Henry"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gosse%2C+Philip+Henry&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fgosse_philip_henry_11E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012055329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/groves/AboutANG.htm">"About Anthony Norris Grove"</a>. Web.ukonline.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/groves/AboutANG.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Anthony+Norris+Grove&rft.pub=Web.ukonline.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ukonline.co.uk%2Fd.haslam%2Fgroves%2FAboutANG.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotell.gracenet.org/m_harry_ironside.htm">Gotell.gracenet.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217043707/http://www.gotell.gracenet.org/m_harry_ironside.htm">Archived</a> 17 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/Biographies/chmackintosh.html">"Charles Henry Mackintosh Bio"</a>. Stempublishing.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Henry+Mackintosh+Bio&rft.pub=Stempublishing.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stempublishing.com%2Fauthors%2FBiographies%2Fchmackintosh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427152858/http://www.mullers.org/history.html">"History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mullers.org/history.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mullers.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laymansfellowship.com/public/Letter-921027-Item5QuotesFromWNeeLetter.pdf">"Laymansfellowship.com"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laymansfellowship.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laymansfellowship.com%2Fpublic%2FLetter-921027-Item5QuotesFromWNeeLetter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newblehome.co.uk/newberry/biography.html">"Biography of Thomas Newberry"</a>. Newblehome.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Thomas+Newberry&rft.pub=Newblehome.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newblehome.co.uk%2Fnewberry%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128052814/http://sof.wellington.net.nz/maindonald0501.doc">"Wellington – NZ News, World News, Stories & Opinions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellington.net.nz/">the original</a> on 28 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wellington+%E2%80%93+NZ+News%2C+World+News%2C+Stories+%26+Opinions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellington.net.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626200153/http://www.spurgeon.org/s_and_t/pb2.htm">"Mr. Newton and the "Brethren"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Spurgeon.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeon.org/s_and_t/pb2.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr.+Newton+and+the+%22Brethren%22&rft.pub=Spurgeon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spurgeon.org%2Fs_and_t%2Fpb2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113204/http://www.wordsearchbible.com/products/Vines_Expository_Dictionary_742.html">"Wordsearchbible.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordsearchbible.com/products/Vines_Expository_Dictionary_742.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wordsearchbible.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordsearchbible.com%2Fproducts%2FVines_Expository_Dictionary_742.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/Biographies/wigram.html">"GV Wigram Bio"</a>. Stempublishing.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GV+Wigram+Bio&rft.pub=Stempublishing.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stempublishing.com%2Fauthors%2FBiographies%2Fwigram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Norman (1972) <i>Goodbye, Beloved Brethren</i>. Impulse Publications Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901311-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-901311-13-8">0-901311-13-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1912" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Henry K. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousforces00unkngoog/page/n19/mode/2up"><i>Religious Forces of the United States</i></a>. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons. pp. xxii, <span class="nowrap">59–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790543314" title="Special:BookSources/9780790543314"><bdi>9780790543314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Forces+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxii%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%E2%80%99s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=9780790543314&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Henry+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousforces00unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carroll, H. K. (1912) <i>Religious Forces in the United States</i>. New York</li> <li>Coad, F. Roy (2001) <i>A History of the Brethren Movement: Its Origins, Its Worldwide Development and Its Significance for the Present Day</i>. Regent College Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57383-183-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57383-183-2">1-57383-183-2</a></li> <li>Dorman, W. H. (1866) <i>The Close of Twenty-eight Years of Association with J. N. Darby</i>. London: Houlston & Wright. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42193000">42193000</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbley1966" class="citation book cs1">Embley, Peter L. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031208014754/http://www.bruederbewegung.de/pdf/embley.pdf"><i>The Origins and Early Development of the Plymouth Brethren</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruederbewegung.de/pdf/embley.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Early+Development+of+the+Plymouth+Brethren&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Embley&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruederbewegung.de%2Fpdf%2Fembley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span> Ph.D. Thesis</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrass2006" class="citation book cs1">Grass, Tim (2006). <i>Gathering to his Name: The Story of the Open Brethren in Britain and Ireland</i>. Bletchley, UK: Paternoster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842272206" title="Special:BookSources/9781842272206"><bdi>9781842272206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gathering+to+his+Name%3A+The+Story+of+the+Open+Brethren+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=Bletchley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Paternoster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781842272206&rft.aulast=Grass&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1866" class="citation book cs1">Groves, Henry (1866). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Darbyism: Its Rise and Development"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Darbyism:_Its_Rise_and_Development"><i>Darbyism: Its Rise and Development and a Review of the "Bethesda Question"</i> </a></span>. London: Houlston & Wright.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darbyism%3A+Its+Rise+and+Development+and+a+Review+of+the+%22Bethesda+Question%22&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Houlston+%26+Wright&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1869" class="citation book cs1">Groves, Harriet (1869). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title=""><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Memoir_of_Anthony_Norris_Groves"><i>Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves</i> </a></span> (3rd ed.). London: James Nisbet & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=s%3AMemoir+of+Anthony+Norris+Groves&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=James+Nisbet+%26+Co.&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntrovigne2018" class="citation book cs1">Introvigne, Massimo (2018). <i>The Plymouth Brethren</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190842420" title="Special:BookSources/9780190842420"><bdi>9780190842420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plymouth+Brethren&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190842420&rft.aulast=Introvigne&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ironside, H. A. (1985) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouthbrethren.org/series/6265">Historical Sketch of the Brethren Movement</a></i> Loizeaux Brothers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87213-344-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87213-344-3">0-87213-344-3</a>, 1st edition 1942.</li> <li>Kelly, William (1883) <i>Response by William Kelly to J. S. Teulon's Plymouth Brethren</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presenttruthpublishers.com/pdf/KELLY-TUELON-TEXT.pdf">Free download site</a></li> <li>Lindsay, Thomas Martin (1885). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Plymouth_Brethren" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Plymouth Brethren">"Plymouth Brethren"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Ninth Edition. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</li> <li>Lindsay, Thomas Martin & Grieve, Alexander James (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Plymouth_Brethren" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plymouth Brethren">"Plymouth Brethren"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Eleventh Edition. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeatby1901" class="citation book cs1">Neatby, William B. (1901). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A history of the Plymouth Brethren"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_history_of_the_Plymouth_Brethren"><i>A history of the Plymouth Brethren</i> </a></span>. London: Hodder & Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Plymouth+Brethren&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Neatby&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel1936" class="citation book cs1">Noel, Napoleon (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofthebret028097mbp"><i>History of the Brethren</i></a>. W F Knapp, Colorado. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099747362">1099747362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Brethren&rft.pub=W+F+Knapp%2C+Colorado&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099747362&rft.aulast=Noel&rft.aufirst=Napoleon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofthebret028097mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pickering, Henry (1918) <i>Chief Men Among the Brethren</i>. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1918; Loizeaux Brothers, Inc. Neptune, NJ, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87213-798-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87213-798-8">0-87213-798-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuff2006" class="citation book cs1">Shuff, Roger N. (2006). <i>Searching for the True Church: Brethren and Evangelicals in Mid-Twentieth-Century England</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842272541" title="Special:BookSources/9781842272541"><bdi>9781842272541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+the+True+Church%3A+Brethren+and+Evangelicals+in+Mid-Twentieth-Century+England&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781842272541&rft.aulast=Shuff&rft.aufirst=Roger+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Natan Dylan (1996) <i>Roots, Renewal and the Brethren</i>. Hope Publishing House <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932727-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-932727-08-5">0-932727-08-5</a></li> <li>Strauch, Alexander (1995) <i>Biblical Eldership: an Urgent Call to Restore Biblical Church Leadership</i>. Lewis & Roth Publishers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936083-11-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-936083-11-5">0-936083-11-5</a></li> <li>Stott, Rebecca (2017) <i>In the Days of Rain: A Daughter, A Father, A Cult</i>. Winner of the 2017 Costa Biography Prize. London: Fourth Estate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-008-20919-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-008-20919-7">0-008-20919-7</a></li> <li>Stunt, Timothy C. F. (2000) <i>From Awakening to Secession: radical evangelicals in Switzerland and Britain, 1815–35</i>. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08719-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08719-0">0-567-08719-0</a></li> <li>Taylor (1866) <i>Biography of Henry Craik</i>. London</li> <li>Teulon, J. S. (1883) <i>The History and Teaching of The Plymouth Brethren</i>. London <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyandteachi00teuluoft">Free download site</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-52408-534-9" title="Special:BookSources/9-780-52408-534-9">9-780-52408-534-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Brethren&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Darby Translation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a 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