CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head><meta charset="utf-8" /> <script src="https://cdn-au.onetrust.com/consent/0a85b331-d8d7-4979-a97e-aa69b819df86/OtAutoBlock.js"></script> <meta name="description" content="The purpose of referencing is to show where the information you use comes from. Given this purpose, the first principle is to provide enough information in your citations so that your reader can find that same piece of information themselves. The second principle is consistency in format and style.The following sections provide information on specific referencing styles. Regardless of which style you use, keep in mind the two main principles." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Australian National University" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Referencing" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-10-17T14:53:35+11:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-07-16T11:25:04+10:00" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/themes/custom/webstyle/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>Referencing | Australian National University</title><style> /* Big pullquote old styling */ /* Import 'brand-colours' if needed */ .big-pullquote { background: url("https://webstyle.anu.edu.au/images/icons/quote-in.png") no-repeat top left; width: 50%; text-align: center; color: black; font-size: 1.7em; line-height: 1.2em; } .big-pullquote p { background: url("https://webstyle.anu.edu.au/images/icons/quote-out.png") no-repeat bottom right; margin: 0; padding: 5px 30px; font-weight: 300; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; } .left { margin-right: 20px; } .right { margin-left: 20px; } .fullwidth { width: 100%; } /* Contact Form */ .form-item, .form-actions { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } label { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; } label { display: block; font-weight: bold; } /* Dateblock Line */ .dateblock-line, .timeblock-line { border-right: #000 1px solid; } .dateblock .day { font-size: 24px; } .dateblock .month { font-size: 12px; } .dateblock .year { font-size: 12px; } /* events page */ /* Default styles for the eventscustom class */ .eventscustom { position: absolute; /* Default position is absolute */ /* Add other default styles here if needed */ } /* Media query for responsive styles */ @media only screen and (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 768px) { /* Overriding styles for eventscustom class within the media query */ .eventscustom { position: static; /* Override position to static */ width: 95%; margin-top: 50px; } } /* fa-ul overflow none */ .fa-ul { overflow: inherit; margin-left: 2em; } /* fse - iframe resize */ @media (min-width: 1200px) { #future-student-enquiry { height: 1200px; } } @media (min-width: 900px) { #future-student-enquiry { height: 1300px; } } @media (min-width: 480px) { #future-student-enquiry { height: 1400px; } } /* Gateway Header & Mega Menu */ /*.anu-wf-mega-menu .nav-links a {*/ /* text-transform: uppercase;*/ /*}*/ header .anu-wf-header-logo { border-right: 0 !important; } header .anu-wf-header-title, header .anu-wf-header-subtitle { display: none; } /* Horizontal listing megamenu */ .horizontal-list { display: inline-flex; padding: 10px 0; } .horizontal-list .list-item { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; margin-right: 30px; } .horizontal-list .list-item-title { display: flex; margin-right: 15px; height: 24px; line-height: 30px; font-weight: 500; } .horizontal-list .list-item img { display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-right: 5px; } .horizontal-list .list-item i, .horizontal-list .list-item img { margin-right: 5px; } /* Set text color to black */ .horizontal-list .list-item a { color: black; /* Prevent text wrapping */ white-space: nowrap; } /* Remove underline from links */ .horizontal-list .list-item a { text-decoration: none; } /* Live helper chat */ ._anu_chat_gadget { z-index: 9999; display: block; text-decoration: none; bottom: -20px; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; color: #BE830E; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 16px; } a._anu_chat_gadget:hover { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .fixedbutton-box { position: fixed; bottom: 200px; right: 0px; width: 115px; z-index: 9999; } .fixedbutton { color: #fff; padding: 12px; background: #000; margin-top: 4px; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid #BE830E; } .fixedbutton-box img { max-width:35px; max-height:35px; display:block; margin: auto; padding-bottom:5px; } .fixedbutton:hover { background: #F5EDDE; } /* Old Styling Still Needed */ a.btn-action { color: #000 !important; background: #fff; border-color: #be830e; border-width: 3px; border-style: solid; border-radius: 5px; text-decoration: none !important; display: inline-block; text-align: center; padding: 0.6em 2em; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.1em; word-wrap: break-word; margin-bottom: 20px; } a.btn-action-black { color: #000; background-color: #fff; border-color: #000; border-width: 3px; border-style: solid; border-radius: 5px; text-decoration: none !important; display: inline-block; text-align: center; padding: 0.6em 2em; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.1em; word-wrap: break-word; margin-bottom: 20px; } a.btn-action:hover { color: #be830e !important; background: #000; border-color: #000; } a.btn-action-black:hover { color: #fff !important; background: #000; border-color: #000; } .rteindent1 { margin-left: 40px; } .box-solid { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-width: 3px !important; border-color: #be830e; background: #fff; } .padbottom { padding-bottom: 10px !important; margin-bottom: 0 !important; } .divline-boldheading-gold { border-bottom: 3px solid #be830e; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 5px 0 5px 0; padding-bottom: 5px; clear: both; } .marginright { margin-right: 20px; } .box.bg-uni25 { background-color: #f5edde; color: #000 !important; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; } /* Pager */ .pager__items { display: block; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .pager__item { display: inline-block; } .pager__item a { margin-right: 5px; } .pager__item a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } /* University Calendar */ .university_cal { text-align: center; } .university_cal_prev_year { float: left; } .university_cal_next_year { float: right; } /* Yearbook */ .views-label{ display:inline-block; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:12px; } .field-content{ display:inline-block; padding-left:7px; margin-bottom:12px; } .views-field-field-hometown, .views-field-field-yearbook-state{ display:inline-block; } .views-field-field-hometown .field-content::after{ content: ','; } p{ padding:0px; } /* Hero slider */ .anu-wf-rotator-rotator img { width: 100%; } </style><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/sites/www.anu.edu.au/files/optimized/css/css_hH6_6YtvgMNHhaPUmhq0l5q3Q2jkxZdGyp6CTbEj0S8.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=webstyle&include=eJxtjEEOgzAMBD8UmidFjjHBxThV7DTl96W9cOGy0s6OFszIE-uT0GuLaPYARDLjzMJ-pIU_ZAFuNO0puyZfWVMWwO3OKp1nUKS7ba07vaBQamTbeWIVGSRlUKUW7DCnPWYwCoOy-SEUi9QMMv0Ka7n4UtVhkJ2PF4RhE0rt89LOObyZhsV_PvY6d6Ev3cpkWA" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/sites/www.anu.edu.au/files/optimized/css/css_4-i-P-9UErK34YY-geeVM7KONmBlQ1LUNagUWOP-TRg.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=webstyle&include=eJxtjEEOgzAMBD8UmidFjjHBxThV7DTl96W9cOGy0s6OFszIE-uT0GuLaPYARDLjzMJ-pIU_ZAFuNO0puyZfWVMWwO3OKp1nUKS7ba07vaBQamTbeWIVGSRlUKUW7DCnPWYwCoOy-SEUi9QMMv0Ka7n4UtVhkJ2PF4RhE0rt89LOObyZhsV_PvY6d6Ev3cpkWA" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.2/css/all.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://d1blp3aor2iuhp.cloudfront.net/styles/css/export.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/sites/www.anu.edu.au/files/optimized/asset_injector/css/accessibility_fixes-bb87135fc40f91b54148e3b5eb807375.css?srsmb5" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/sites/www.anu.edu.au/files/optimized/asset_injector/css/anu_btn_thin_black-bc47456b6efc8626e3a3c83aa5e983dd.css?srsmb5" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/sites/www.anu.edu.au/files/optimized/asset_injector/css/guidance-41aa35d218c088476f0a13d62c396f2d.css?srsmb5" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/sites/www.anu.edu.au/files/optimized/asset_injector/css/homepage_reskin_social_banner-5fbd306063d2a9414b7d478f913c3a71.css?srsmb5" /> </head><body class="page-node-77745 page-node-type-guidance"><div class="_anu_chat_placeholder"></div><div role="navigation"><a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a></div><div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas><div class="anu-bnr-wrap-1240"><div class="anu-wf-banner"></div><header aria-label="Header banner" class="anu-wf react-none" data-title=" " data-subtitle="The Australian National University" data-domain="www.anu.edu.au" role="banner"><div><div class="utility-menu"><ul><li><a href="/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/827">Newsroom</a></li><li><a href="/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/787">Events</a></li><li><a href="https://services.anu.edu.au/campus-environment/safety-security">Safety</a></li><li><a href="/maps" data-drupal-link-system-path="maps">Maps</a></li><li><a href="https://services.anu.edu.au/">Services</a></li><li><a href="https://anulib.anu.edu.au/">Library</a></li><li><a href="/jobs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/758">Jobs</a></li><li><a href="/directories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/829">Directories</a></li></ul></div></div></header><div class="main-navigation"><div><nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-webstyle-main-menu-menu" id="block-webstyle-main-menu"><h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-webstyle-main-menu-menu">Main navigation</h2><div class='anu-wf-mobile-menu react-none d-block d-lg-none'><ul><li><a href="/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/834">About</a><ul><li><a href="/about/academic-colleges" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/832">Academic Colleges</a></li><li><a href="/about/university-executive" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/809">University Executive</a></li><li><a href="/about/campuses-facilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/816">Campuses & facilities</a></li><li><a href="/about/strategic-planning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/817">Strategic planning</a></li><li><a href="/about/global-engagement" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/706">Global engagement</a></li><li><a href="/about/awards-achievements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/794">Awards & achievements</a></li><li><a href="/about/governance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/831">Governance</a></li><li><a href="/about/our-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/833">Our history</a></li><li><a href="/about/strategic-initiatives" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/707">Strategic initiatives</a></li><li><a href="/about/parliamentary-engagement" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92921">Parliamentary Engagement</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://study.anu.edu.au/" title="Study at a great university">Study</a></li><li><a href="https://research.anu.edu.au/">Research</a></li><li><a href="/giving" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/811">Giving</a><ul><li><a href="/giving/how-to-give" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/810">How to give</a></li><li><a href="/donor-information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92805">Donor information</a></li><li><a href="/giving/impact-stories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/805">Impact stories</a></li><li><a href="/giving/report-to-donors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/77517">Report to Donors</a></li><li><a href="/giving/support-anu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/806">Support ANU</a></li><li><a href="/giving/support-australias-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/77526">Support students</a></li><li><a href="/giving/kambri-scholars" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/77532">Kambri Scholars</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/821">Alumni</a><ul><li><a href="/alumni/benefits-services" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/804">Benefits & services</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/803">Events</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/820">News</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/awards" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/814">Awards</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/our-alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/819">Our alumni</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/get-involved" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/802">Get involved</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/813">Current Students</a><ul><li><a href="/students/student-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/745">Student life</a></li><li><a href="/students/accommodation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/87875">Accommodation</a></li><li><a href="/students/scholarships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/812">Scholarships</a></li><li><a href="/students/program-administration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/791">Program admin</a></li><li><a href="/students/academic-skills" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/743">Academic skills</a></li><li><a href="/students/accessibility" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/744">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/students/health-safety-wellbeing" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/747">Health, safety & wellbeing</a></li><li><a href="/students/careers-opportunities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/748">Careers & opportunities</a></li><li><a href="/students/graduation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/789">Graduation</a></li><li><a href="/students/learning-platforms" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/654">Learning platforms</a></li><li><a href="/students/contacts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/772">Contacts</a></li><li><a href="/students/information-for" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/781">Information for</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/first-nations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/90018">First Nations</a></li></ul></div><div class='anu-wf-mega-menu d-none d-lg-block' data-showAuthLinks=false data-isLoggedIn=false><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-item" ><a href="/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/834">About</a><div class=""><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-left p-2"><h1 class="h4"><a href=/about>About ANU</a></h1><p>ANU is a world-leading university in Australia鈥檚 capital. Excellence is embedded in our approach to research and education.</p></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/about/academic-colleges" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/832">Academic Colleges</a></li><li><a href="/about/university-executive" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/809">University Executive</a></li><li><a href="/about/campuses-facilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/816">Campuses & facilities</a></li><li><a href="/about/strategic-planning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/817">Strategic planning</a></li><li><a href="/about/global-engagement" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/706">Global engagement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/about/awards-achievements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/794">Awards & achievements</a></li><li><a href="/about/governance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/831">Governance</a></li><li><a href="/about/our-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/833">Our history</a></li><li><a href="/about/strategic-initiatives" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/707">Strategic initiatives</a></li><li><a href="/about/parliamentary-engagement" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92921">Parliamentary Engagement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-right"><div class="views-element-container block-template-default"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-518a5c002431c742bb33769613168545991032a58683919e8b00a62aeef9eb81"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-item" ><a href="https://study.anu.edu.au/" title="Study at a great university">Study</a></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-item" ><a href="https://research.anu.edu.au/">Research</a></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-item" ><a href="/giving" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/811">Giving</a><div class=""><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-left p-2"><h1 class="h4"><a href=/giving>Giving</a></h1><p>Your donation will make a real difference to our community of researchers and students.</p></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/giving/how-to-give" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/810">How to give</a></li><li><a href="/donor-information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92805">Donor information</a></li><li><a href="/giving/impact-stories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/805">Impact stories</a></li><li><a href="/giving/report-to-donors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/77517">Report to Donors</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/giving/support-anu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/806">Support ANU</a></li><li><a href="/giving/support-australias-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/77526">Support students</a></li><li><a href="/giving/kambri-scholars" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/77532">Kambri Scholars</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-right"><div class="block-template-default"><div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div><a class="anu-btn-black w100" href="https://engage.anu.edu.au/giving/search">Give now</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-full"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-bottom"><div class="block-template-default"><div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="horizontal-list"><div class="list-item-title">OUR PRIORITIES: </div><img src="https://webstyle.anu.edu.au/_anu/images/icons/web/giving/icon-theme-advancing.png" alt="first nation" width="24" height="24" />  <div class="list-item"><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/giving/support-us/first-nations-portfolio">First Nations Portfolio</a></div><img src="https://webstyle.anu.edu.au/_anu/images/icons/web/giving/icon-theme-leading.png" alt="first nation" width="24" height="24" />  <div class="list-item"><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/giving/support-us/leading-in-our-region">Leading in our region</a></div><img src="https://webstyle.anu.edu.au/_anu/images/icons/web/giving/icon-theme-transforming.png" alt="first nation" width="24" height="24" />  <div class="list-item"><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/giving/support-us/transforming-our-world">Transforming our world</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-item" ><a href="/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/821">Alumni</a><div class=""><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-left p-2"><h1 class="h4"><a href=/alumni>Alumni</a></h1><p>ANU graduates become lifelong members of our community. See what's on offer.</p></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/alumni/benefits-services" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/804">Benefits & services</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/803">Events</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/820">News</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/alumni/awards" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/814">Awards</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/our-alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/819">Our alumni</a></li><li><a href="/alumni/get-involved" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/802">Get involved</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-right"><div class="views-element-container block-template-default"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-49b3b79b4b2e557bbc3474d6d5dd1278ac3fea778169d025127aa8762c24f601"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-item active" ><a href="/students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/813">Current Students</a><div class=""><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-left p-2"><h1 class="h4"><a href=/students>Current students</a></h1><p>ANU has a huge variety of support services, programs and activities to enhance your student experience.</p></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/students/student-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/745">Student life</a></li><li><a href="/students/accommodation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/87875">Accommodation</a></li><li><a href="/students/scholarships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/812">Scholarships</a></li><li><a href="/students/program-administration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/791">Program admin</a></li><li class="active"><a href="/students/academic-skills" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/743">Academic skills</a></li><li><a href="/students/accessibility" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/744">Accessibility</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-middle"><ul><li><a href="/students/health-safety-wellbeing" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/747">Health, safety & wellbeing</a></li><li><a href="/students/careers-opportunities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/748">Careers & opportunities</a></li><li><a href="/students/graduation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/789">Graduation</a></li><li><a href="/students/learning-platforms" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/654">Learning platforms</a></li><li><a href="/students/contacts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/772">Contacts</a></li><li><a href="/students/information-for" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/781">Information for</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-col"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-right"><div class="views-element-container block-template-default"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-c4d270fb489e1808e81391177c7f2d9aad2cabc17b607b033d8db484b13ede64"><header><h3><a href="/current-students/information-for">Information for</a></h3></header><div><ul class="list-link"><li><a href="/students/information-for/new-students" hreflang="en">New students</a></li><li><a href="/students/information-for/students-with-a-disability" hreflang="en">Students with a disability</a></li><li><a href="/students/information-for/current-international-students" hreflang="en">Current International students</a></li><li><a href="/students/information-for/higher-degree-research-candidates" hreflang="en">Higher Degree Research candidates</a></li><li><a href="/students/information-for/indigenous-students" hreflang="en">Indigenous students</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-full"><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-bottom"><div class="block-template-default"><div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="horizontal-list"><div class="list-item"><a href="https://outlook.office.com/mail/"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-envelope"></i>Email</a></div><div class="list-item"><a href="https://wattlecourses.anu.edu.au"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-book"></i>Wattle</a></div><div class="list-item"><a href="https://isis.anu.edu.au/"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-user"></i>ISIS</a></div><div class="list-item"><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/timetabling/access-and-support-for-mytimetable"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-calendar-alt"></i>Timetable</a></div><div class="list-item"><a href="http://programsandcourses.anu.edu.au/"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-graduation-cap"></i>Programs & courses</a></div><div class="list-item"><a href="http://anulib.anu.edu.au"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-book-open"></i>Library</a></div><div class="list-item"><a href="https://services.anu.edu.au/campus-environment/safety-security/anuok-app"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-shield-alt"></i>ANUOK</a></div><div class="list-item"><a href="https://i12.figtreesystems.com.au/dds410606"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-tree"></i>Figtree</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="anu-wf-mega-menu-item" ><a href="/first-nations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/90018">First Nations</a></div></div></nav></div></div><div class="highlighted"><div><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div></div></div><main id="main-content" role="main"><div><div id="block-webstyle-breadcrumbs" class="block-template-default"><nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb" class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col"><h2 class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2><div class="mt-2 mb-2" id="breadcrumb"><a class="breadcrumb_home" href="/"><i class="fas fa-home"></i><span class="sr-only">Home</span></a><span class="breadcrumb_seperator"><i class="fa-solid fa-angles-right"></i></span><a class="breadcrumb_link" href="/students">Current students</a><span class="breadcrumb_seperator"><i class="fa-solid fa-angles-right"></i></span><a class="breadcrumb_link" href="/students/academic-skills">Academic skills</a><span class="breadcrumb_seperator"><i class="fa-solid fa-angles-right"></i></span><a class="breadcrumb_link" href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity">Academic integrity</a><span class="breadcrumb_seperator"><i class="fa-solid fa-angles-right"></i></span><span class="breadcrumb_current">Referencing</span></div></div></div></nav></div><div id="block-webstyle-page-title" class="block-template-default"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col"><h1 class="page-title"><span>Referencing</span></h1></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="block-webstyle-content" class="block-template-default"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-12"></div></div></div><div><div class="layout layout--onecol-12"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col"><div class="layout__region layout__region--first"><div class="views-element-container mb-2 block-template-3"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-7fcce600e8128f7396537d601e2d4854d54b2b0b86e255e52409071c63128595"><div class='anu-wf-slider react-none' data-duration='50000000' data-height='600'><div data-video='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MssbWl_a3fA' data-image='/files/styles/anu_full_1180_660/public/oembed_thumbnails/2023-11/zQ8kG-sXVdUtqHWumL_Duxm9aQzr2X8SS0A290JSc9g.jpg?h=144d094f&itok=Q6jZs18L' data-caption='Referencing'></div></div></div></div></div><div class="block-template-default"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="layout layout--twocol-section"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-12 col-md-8"><div class="layout__region layout__region--first"><div class="block-template-default"><div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The purpose of referencing is to show where the information you use comes from. Given this purpose, the first principle is to provide enough information in your citations so that your reader can find that same piece of information themselves. The second principle is consistency in format and style.</p><p>The following sections provide information on specific referencing styles. Regardless of which style you use, keep in mind the two main principles.</p></div></div><div class="views-element-container block-template-default"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-c57412a6b589f590918ab7be7352064e1e5d7431c53f16d5cb884a2126bcbb7f"><div></div></div></div></div><div class="views-element-container mb-2 block-template-3"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-590424e84c442d3312eb35bb1733aa7d1f0bf6f10d61ee18522156b5914b3b6e"><div><div class="d-flex flex-column mb-3"><div class=""><div class="mb-2"></div><div class="right ml-2 mb-2 w35"><div class='anu-wf-slider' data-duration='50000000' data-height='600'><div h="d1cb525d&itok=2s13debJ" data-image='/files/styles/anu_full_1180_660/public/guidance/media-paragraph/images/Anatomy%2520of%2520a%2520Harvard%2520reference.jpg?h=d1cb525d&itok=2s13debJ' data-caption=''></div></div></div><div class=""><h2>Know your style</h2><p>There are a number of different referencing systems or styles in use at ANU. Usually, your College, discipline, or school will indicate which they prefer in the course outline or on the College website. You may be required to use more than one style, particularly if you are enrolled in different Colleges. Students doing both Law and Psychology, for example, would have to use AGLC and APA in the respective disciplines.</p><p>In other cases, the lecturer may say that it's up to you to choose. To help you decide, below is an outline of the referencing styles that different disciplines commonly use.</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Field</strong></td><td><strong>Typical referencing styles</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Humanities, Social Sciences, Business</td><td><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/harvard">Harvard</a></td></tr><tr><td>Visual Art, Art History, History, Music, International Relations, Politics</td><td><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/chicago-manual-of-style">Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><td>Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science</td><td><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/harvard">Harvard </a>or <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/apa">APA</a></td></tr><tr><td>Psychology, Linguistics, Social Sciences</td><td><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/apa">APA</a></td></tr><tr><td>Law, Business Law</td><td><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/aglc">AGLC</a></td></tr><tr><td>Engineering and Computer Science</td><td><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/harvard">Harvard </a>or <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/ieee">IEEE</a></td></tr><tr><td>Medicine</td><td><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/students/learning-development/academic-integrity/referencing/vancouver">Vancouver</a></td></tr></tbody></table><h2>How to reference</h2><p>Be sure to use a good referencing style guide. Referencing style guides are like dictionaries-they give examples and rules. For some styles, such as AGLC, there is only one way to reference sources, so all AGLC style guides should have the same rules. For other styles, such as Harvard, the rules are not so well defined and may differ between guides. What is important is that you are consistent and always apply the same rules from a single guide in one piece of work.</p><p>The following pages give guidance on styles and refer you to detailed style guides.</p><h2>Referencing software</h2><p>Referencing takes a while to get used to, and it is easy to make small mistakes. There are many software tools that can make it easier. However, you have to be careful, as they do not always give accurate results, and are only as accurate as the information that you put into them.</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>Advantages</td><td>Disadvantages</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Add-a-citation-and-create-a-bibliography-17686589-4824-4940-9c69-342c289fa2a5" target="_blank">Microsoft Word referencing tool</a></td><td>Easy to use, available</td><td>Inflexible, have to install extra styles</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://services.anu.edu.au/training/endnote" target="_blank">EndNote</a></td><td>Free for ANU students</td><td>Takes time to set up, can be complicated for new users, does not have as many features as other free tools</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.mendeley.com/" target="_blank">Mendeley</a></td><td>Free, easy to use, integrates into MS Word, helps organise PDF documents</td><td>Takes time to set up, no training or support</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.zotero.org/" target="_blank">Zotero</a></td><td>Free, easy to use, integrates into MS Word, Firefox and Chrome</td><td>Takes time to set up, no training or support, can be complicated for new users</td></tr><tr><td>Google citation tool</td><td>NOT RECOMMENDED</td><td>Styles are often inconsistent, with missing information and incorrect formatting</td></tr><tr><td>Online citation generators (Cite For Me, etc.)</td><td>NOT RECOMMENDED</td><td>Styles are often inconsistent, with missing information and incorrect formatting</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Even if you choose to use a tool, you need to be familiar with your referencing style in order to spot mistakes. Being able to check a reference list manually is an important skill for all students and academics.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4"><div class="layout__region layout__region--second"><div class="views-element-container box bdr-top-black bdr-bottom-black band-white-wrap block-template-default"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-a143ee2d2422971b5611da296d0531a3c110fedf43376c91dbcbd6865ffeccad"><div class="item-list"><h3><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing" hreflang="en">Referencing</a></h3><ul class="linklist pl-2"><li><p class="m-0"><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing/harvard" hreflang="en">Harvard</a></p></li><li><p class="m-0"><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing/chicago-manual-of-style" hreflang="en">Chicago Manual of Style</a></p></li><li><p class="m-0"><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing/apa" hreflang="en">APA</a></p></li><li><p class="m-0"><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing/aglc" hreflang="en">AGLC</a></p></li><li><p class="m-0"><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing/ieee" hreflang="en">IEEE</a></p></li><li><p class="m-0"><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing/vancouver" hreflang="en">Vancouver</a></p></li><li><p class="m-0"><a href="/students/academic-skills/academic-integrity/referencing/mla" hreflang="en">MLA</a></p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="views-element-container mb-2 block-template-3"><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-f6700e05cec3bebe4810cf175023aa165e0f927395070dfc8b42dcca022bb444"><div><a class='anu-btn w100' href='https://anu.libcal.com/appointments/academic-competencies-digital-capabilities'>Book appointment</a></div></div></div></div><div class="views-element-container p-2 mb-2 band-tint-wrap bdr-left-gold bdr-thick block-template-2"><h2>Reference documents</h2><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-55ba3e9e0bd3ce90c96390e28abb7e899f937f4360118485c72e3347158e8ca8"><div class="views-row"><ul class="linklist pl-2"><li><a href="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/files/2024-07/AI%20and%20Referencing%202024%2C%20S2%2C%20JS.pdf"> slides, academic integrity and referencing, OWeek (PDF, 3.19 MB) </a></li></ul><p class="caption">Use contact details to request an alternative file format.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="views-element-container p-2 mb-2 band-tint-wrap bdr-left-gold bdr-thick block-template-2"><h2>Contact</h2><div><div class="js-view-dom-id-dab4e863b7c8c999d9fe280b20dcf616d726e76e2491757ea4e56032b58c5662"><div><ul class="fa-ul"><li><li ><span class="fa-li"><i class="fa-solid fa-user"></i></span>ANU Library Academic Skills </li><li ><span class="fa-li"><i class="fa-solid fa-phone"></i></span>+61 2 6125 2972 </li><li ><span class="fa-li"><i class="fa-solid fa-envelope"></i></span><a href="mailto:academicskills@anu.edu.au">Send email</a></li></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="views-element-container layout layout--onecol-12 block-template-default" id="block-views-block-global-page-owner-block-1"><div><div class="container js-view-dom-id-a8bed6f7ddcfe8112c9645137ffdf0e870bb293327a34731597534c161df3313"><header><div class="divider-solid mt-5 pb-2"></div></header><div class="views-delimited-list"><span class="views-delimited-list-prefix"> Page Owner: </span><span class="views-row"><a href="mailto:library.info@anu.edu.au">Scholarly Information Services</a></span></div><footer><div class="mb-3"></div></footer></div></div></div></div></main><div role="region" class="anu-wf-social-banner"></div><footer role="contentinfo" class="anu-wf-footer react-none" aria-label="Footer banner" data-tracker='anu' ></footer></div></div><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"drupalLanguage":"en","drupalCountry":"AU","siteName":"Australian National University","entityCreated":"1476676415","entityLangcode":"en","entityStatus":"1","entityUid":"0","entityUuid":"73109660-f44e-4baa-b455-593883b483ee","entityVid":"128979","entityName":"Anonymous","entityType":"node","entityBundle":"guidance","entityId":"77745","entityTitle":"Referencing","entityTaxonomy":{"workbench_access_group":{"1405":"Scholarly Information Services"}},"userUid":0});</script> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/77745","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"clientside_validation_jquery":{"validate_all_ajax_forms":2,"force_validate_on_blur":false,"messages":{"required":"This field is required.","remote":"Please fix this field.","email":"Please enter a valid email address.","url":"Please enter a valid URL.","date":"Please enter a valid date.","dateISO":"Please enter a valid date (ISO).","number":"Please enter a valid number.","digits":"Please enter only digits.","equalTo":"Please enter the same value again.","maxlength":"Please enter no more than {0} characters.","minlength":"Please enter at least {0} characters.","rangelength":"Please enter a value between {0} and {1} characters long.","range":"Please enter a value between {0} and {1}.","max":"Please enter a value less than or equal to {0}.","min":"Please enter a value greater than or equal to {0}.","step":"Please enter a multiple of {0}."}},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"pois":[],"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"eaf0baa9d02f691502ec7f3906593e0c1416fc9246cdaa37fd8902808291a99c"}}</script> <script src="https://d1zkbwgd2iyy9p.cloudfront.net/sites/www.anu.edu.au/files/optimized/js/js_0d71CjXUoS6p3n6G47xVxPiDBgh200Q3wWA31PNqZvo.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=webstyle&include=eJw9yUEOgCAMBMAPSfoks0iJTQo1pUj4vTfnOgUBxWanzDdeMR_H4jxiK5-PIqp5I5QmPU35i7BGutRmqW49PttwG84"></script> <script src="https://d1blp3aor2iuhp.cloudfront.net/widgets/bundle.js"></script> <script src="https://d1blp3aor2iuhp.cloudfront.net/styles/js/dist/export.js"></script> <div class="ourBotFrame"><div class="iframeContainer"></div></div></body></html>