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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Folk music (disambiguation)">Folk music (disambiguation)</a>. "Folk singer" and "Traditional music" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Folk_singer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Folk singer (disambiguation)">Folk singer (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Traditional music (disambiguation)">Traditional music (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Folk music is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that includes <a href="#Traditional_folk_music">traditional folk music</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">contemporary genre</a> that evolved from the former during the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Folk_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk revival">folk revival</a>. Some types of folk music may be called <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, music that is played on traditional instruments, music about cultural or national identity, music that changes between generations (folk process), music associated with a people's <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, or music performed by <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">custom</a> over a long period of time. It has been contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">commercial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">classical styles</a>. The term originated in the 19th century, but folk music extends beyond that. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Folk music</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartok_recording_folk_music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bartok_recording_folk_music.jpg/260px-Bartok_recording_folk_music.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bartok_recording_folk_music.jpg/390px-Bartok_recording_folk_music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bartok_recording_folk_music.jpg/520px-Bartok_recording_folk_music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1267"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> recording peasant singers in Zobordarázs, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, (now <a href="/wiki/Nitra" title="Nitra">Nitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) 1907</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traditions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_music_traditions" title="List of folk music traditions">List of folk music traditions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Musicians</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_musicians" title="List of folk musicians">List of folk musicians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instruments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instruments</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Starting in the mid-20th century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the (second) folk revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">contemporary folk music</a> or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms.<a href="#cite_note-AboutDefinition-1">[1]</a> Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times, but the term folk music has typically not been applied to the new music created during those revivals. This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a>, and others. While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinct from traditional folk music, in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">U.S. English</a> it shares the same name, and it often shares the same performers and venues as traditional folk music. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Traditional_folk_music">1 Traditional folk music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition">1.1 Definition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Characteristics">1.1.1 Characteristics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Tune">1.2 Tune</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Origins">1.3 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Subject_matter">1.4 Subject matter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Folk_song_transformations_and_variations">1.5 Folk song transformations and variations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Regional_forms">1.6 Regional forms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Early_folk_music,_fieldwork_and_scholarship">1.7 Early folk music, fieldwork and scholarship</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#19th-century_Europe">1.7.1 19th-century Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#North_America">1.7.2 North America</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#National_and_regional_forms">1.8 National and regional forms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Africa">1.8.1 Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Asia">1.8.2 Asia</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Folk_music_of_China">1.8.2.1 Folk music of China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Traditional_folk_music_of_Sri_Lanka">1.8.2.2 Traditional folk music of Sri Lanka</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Australia">1.8.3 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Europe">1.8.4 Europe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Celtic_traditional_music">1.8.4.1 Celtic traditional music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Central_and_Eastern_Europe">1.8.4.2 Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#Balkan_music">1.8.4.3 Balkan music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Nordic_folk_music">1.8.4.4 Nordic folk music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Latin_America">1.8.5 Latin America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#North_America_2">1.8.6 North America</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="#Canada">1.8.6.1 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-26"><a href="#United_States">1.8.6.2 United States</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Folk_music_revivals">2 Folk music revivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Contemporary_folk_music">3 Contemporary folk music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Festivals">4 Festivals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#United_States_2">4.1 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#United_Kingdom">4.2 United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Australia_2">4.3 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Canada_2">4.4 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Other">4.5 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Citations">6.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Sources">6.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Traditional_folk_music">Traditional folk music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional folk music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Traditional folk music</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Traditional music</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Individual nations or regions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_music" title="Contemporary music">Contemporary music</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">Contemporary folk music</a> (Western) <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music_(worldwide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary folk music (worldwide)">Contemporary folk music</a> (non-Western) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_music_traditions" title="List of folk music traditions">complete list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">Skiffle</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">Roots revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music_(term)" title="World music (term)">World music (term)</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The terms folk music, folk song, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a> are comparatively recent expressions. They are extensions of the term <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, which was coined in 1846 by the English <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Thoms" title="William Thoms">William Thoms</a> to describe "the traditions, customs, and <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitions</a> of the uncultured classes".<a href="#cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">[2]</a> The term further derives from the German expression <a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a>, in the sense of "the people as a whole" as applied to popular and national music by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> and the German Romantics over half a century earlier.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Though it is understood that folk music is the music of the people, observers find a more precise definition to be elusive.<a href="#cite_note-NERevival-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Some do not even agree that the term folk music should be used.<a href="#cite_note-NERevival-4">[4]</a> Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics<a href="#cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">[2]</a> but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of "old songs, with no known composers,"<a href="#cite_note-Ronald_D._Cohen_2006_pp._1-2-6">[6]</a> another is that of music that has been submitted to an evolutionary "process of <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral transmission</a>... the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character."<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_1969-7">[7]</a> Such definitions depend upon "(cultural) processes rather than abstract musical types...", upon "continuity and oral transmission...seen as characterizing one side of a cultural <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a>, the other side of which is found not only in the lower layers of feudal, capitalist and some oriental societies but also in 'primitive' societies and in parts of 'popular cultures'".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> One widely used definition is simply "Folk music is what the people sing."<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson,_2011_page_13-9">[9]</a> For Scholes,<a href="#cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">[2]</a> as well as for <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">Cecil Sharp</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A.L.Lloyd,_1969,_pp._14-5-10">[10]</a> there was a sense of the music of the country as distinct from that of the town. Folk music was already, "...seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear (or in some cases, to be preserved or somehow revived),"<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> particularly in "a community uninfluenced by art music"<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_1969-7">[7]</a> and by commercial and printed song. Lloyd rejected this in favor of a simple distinction of economic class<a href="#cite_note-A.L.Lloyd,_1969,_pp._14-5-10">[10]</a> yet for him, true folk music was, in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seeger" title="Charles Seeger">Charles Seeger</a>'s words, "associated with a lower class"<a href="#cite_note-Mills-12">[12]</a> in culturally and socially stratified societies. In these terms, folk music may be seen as part of a "schema comprising four musical types: 'primitive' or 'tribal'; 'elite' or 'art'; 'folk'; and 'popular'."<a href="#cite_note-Charles_Seeger_1980_p.127-13">[13]</a> Music in this genre is also often called traditional music. Although the term is usually only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> previously used the terms "traditional music" and "traditional folk" for folk music that is not contemporary folk music.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Folk music may include most <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music" title="Indigenous music">indigenous music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NERevival-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viljandi_2010_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Viljandi_2010_002.jpg/220px-Viljandi_2010_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Viljandi_2010_002.jpg/220px-Viljandi_2010_002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Viljandi_2010_002.jpg/330px-Viljandi_2010_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Viljandi_2010_002.jpg/440px-Viljandi_2010_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viljandi_Folk_Music_Festival" title="Viljandi Folk Music Festival">Viljandi Folk Music Festival</a> held annually within the castle ruins in <a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a>, Estonia.</figcaption></figure> From a historical perspective, traditional folk music had these characteristics:<a href="#cite_note-Mills-12">[12]</a> <ul><li>It was transmitted through an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>. Before the 20th century, ordinary people were usually illiterate; they acquired songs by memorizing them. Primarily, this was not mediated by books or recorded or transmitted media. Singers may extend their repertoire using <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadside (music)">broadsheets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Song_book" title="Song book">song books</a>, but these secondary enhancements are of the same character as the primary songs experienced in the flesh.</li> <li>The music was often related to <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">national culture</a>. It was culturally particular; from a particular region or culture. In the context of an immigrant group, folk music acquires an extra dimension for social cohesion. It is particularly conspicuous in immigrant societies, where <a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi Canadians</a>, and others strive to emphasize their cultural identity. They learn songs and dances that originate in the countries their grandparents came from.</li> <li>They commemorate historical and personal events. On certain days of the year, including such holidays as Christmas, Easter, and May Day, particular songs celebrate the yearly cycle. Birthdays, weddings, and funerals may also be noted with songs, dances and special costumes. Religious festivals often have a folk music component. <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">Choral music</a> at these events brings children and non-professional singers to participate in a public arena, giving an emotional bonding that is unrelated to the aesthetic qualities of the music.</li> <li>The songs have been performed, by <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">custom</a>, over a long period of time, usually several <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generations</a>.</li></ul> As a side-effect, the following characteristics are sometimes present: <ul><li>There is no <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> on the songs. Hundreds of folk songs from the 19th century have known authors but have continued in oral tradition to the point where they are considered traditional for purposes of music publishing. This has become much less frequent since the 1940s. Today, almost every folk song that is recorded is credited with an arranger.</li> <li>Fusion of cultures: Because cultures interact and change over time, traditional songs evolving over time may incorporate and reflect influences from disparate cultures. The relevant factors may include instrumentation, <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tunings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)" title="Voicing (music)">voicings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrasing_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasing (music)">phrasing</a>, subject matter, and even production methods.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tune">Tune</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tune" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In folk music, a tune is a short <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Piece_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piece (music)">piece</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, often with repeating <a href="/wiki/Section_(music)" title="Section (music)">sections</a>, and usually played a number of times.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A collection of tunes with structural similarities is known as a <a href="/wiki/Tune-family" title="Tune-family">tune-family</a>. America's Musical Landscape says "the most common <a href="/wiki/Form_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (music)">form</a> for tunes in folk music is AABB, also known as <a href="/wiki/Binary_form" title="Binary form">binary form</a>."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In some traditions, tunes may be strung together in <a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">medleys</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Set_(music)" title="Set (music)">sets</a>."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_village_musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indian_village_musicians.jpg/220px-Indian_village_musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="610"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indian_village_musicians.jpg/220px-Indian_village_musicians.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indian_village_musicians.jpg/330px-Indian_village_musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indian_village_musicians.jpg/440px-Indian_village_musicians.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Indians always distinguished between classical and folk music, though in the past even classical Indian music used to rely on the unwritten transmission of repertoire.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg/220px-Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="2997"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg/220px-Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg/330px-Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg/440px-Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Indian Nepali folk musician <a href="/wiki/Navneet_Aditya_Waiba" title="Navneet Aditya Waiba">Navneet Aditya Waiba</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout most of human history, listening to <a href="/wiki/Recorded_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorded music">recorded music</a> was not possible.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Music was made by common people during both their work and leisure, as well as during religious activities. The work of economic production was often manual and communal.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manual_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual labor">Manual labor</a> often included singing by the workers, which served several practical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It reduced the <a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">boredom</a> of repetitive tasks, it kept the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> during <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronized</a> pushes and pulls, and it set the pace of many activities such as <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">planting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeding">weeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reaping" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaping">reaping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milling_(grinding)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling (grinding)">milling</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Leisure_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure time">leisure time</a>, singing and playing <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> were common forms of entertainment and history-telling—even more common than today when electrically enabled technologies and widespread literacy make other forms of entertainment and information-sharing competitive.<a href="#cite_note-SeegerLomaxDocumentary-22">[22]</a> Some believe that folk music originated as <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> that was changed and probably debased by oral transmission while reflecting the character of the society that produced it.<a href="#cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">[2]</a> In many societies, especially preliterate ones, the cultural transmission of folk music requires <a href="/wiki/Learning_music_by_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning music by ear">learning by ear</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">notation</a> has evolved in some cultures.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Different cultures may have different notions concerning a division between "folk" music on the one hand and of "art" and "court" music on the other. In the proliferation of popular music genres, some traditional folk music became also referred to as "<a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a>" or "Roots music".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The English term "<a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>", to describe traditional folk music and dance, entered the vocabulary of many continental European nations, each of which had its folk-song collectors and revivalists.<a href="#cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">[2]</a> The distinction between "authentic" folk and national and <a href="/wiki/Popular_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular song">popular song</a> in general has always been loose, particularly in America and Germany<a href="#cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">[2]</a> – for example, popular songwriters such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a> could be termed "folk" in America.<a href="#cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Folk_Music_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="International Folk Music Council">International Folk Music Council</a> definition allows that the term can also apply to music that, "...has originated with an individual composer and has subsequently been absorbed into the unwritten, living tradition of a community. But the term does not cover a song, dance, or tune that has been taken over ready-made and remains unchanged."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> folk revival in America and in Britain started a new genre, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Folk_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Folk Music">Contemporary Folk Music</a>, and brought an additional meaning to the term "folk music": newly composed songs, fixed in form and by known authors, which imitated some form of traditional music. The popularity of "contemporary folk" recordings caused the appearance of the category "Folk" in the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a> of 1959;<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> in 1970 the term was dropped in favor of "Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording (including Traditional Blues)",<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> while 1987 brought a distinction between "Best Traditional Folk Recording" and "Best Contemporary Folk Recording".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> After that, they had a "Traditional music" category that subsequently evolved into others. The term "folk", by the start of the 21st century, could cover singer-songwriters, such as <a href="/wiki/Donovan" title="Donovan">Donovan</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> from Scotland and American <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> who emerged in the 1960s and much more. This completed a process to where "folk music" no longer meant only traditional folk music.<a href="#cite_note-Ronald_D._Cohen_2006_pp._1-2-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject_matter">Subject matter</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subject matter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Armenian_Musicians.jpg/220px-Armenian_Musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="308"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Armenian_Musicians.jpg/220px-Armenian_Musicians.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Armenian_Musicians.jpg/330px-Armenian_Musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Armenian_Musicians.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian culture">Armenian</a> traditional musicians</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrianfolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Assyrian folk music" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Assyrianfolk.jpg/220px-Assyrianfolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="164"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Assyrianfolk.jpg/220px-Assyrianfolk.jpg" data-alt="Assyrian folk music" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Assyrianfolk.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> playing a <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">davul</a>, instruments typically used for Assyrian folk music and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">dance</a>.</figcaption></figure> Traditional folk music often includes <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">sung words</a>, although folk <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental music</a> occurs commonly in <a href="/wiki/Dancing_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing music">dance music</a> traditions. <a href="/wiki/Narrative_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative verse">Narrative verse</a> looms large in the traditional folk music of many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This encompasses such forms as traditional <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, much of which was meant originally for oral performance, sometimes accompanied by instruments.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Many epic poems of various cultures were pieced together from shorter pieces of traditional narrative verse, which explains their episodic structure, repetitive elements, and their frequent <a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a> plot developments. Other forms of traditional narrative verse relate the outcomes of <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a> or lament <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_(event)" title="Tragedy (event)">tragedies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Sometimes, as in the triumphant <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Deborah" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Deborah">Song of Deborah</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, these songs celebrate victory. Laments for lost battles and wars, and the lives lost in them, are equally prominent in many traditions; these laments keep alive the cause for which the battle was fought.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The narratives of traditional songs often also remember <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk heroes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some traditional song narratives recall <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> events or mysterious deaths.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymns</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a> are often of traditional and unknown origin.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Western <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> was originally created to preserve the lines of <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, which before its invention was taught as an oral tradition in <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Traditional songs such as <a href="/wiki/Green_grow_the_rushes,_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Green grow the rushes, O">Green grow the rushes, O</a> present religious lore in a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> form, as do Western <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carols</a> and similar traditional songs.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">Work songs</a> frequently feature <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> structures and are designed to enable the laborers who sing them to coordinate their efforts in accordance with the rhythms of the songs.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> They are frequently, but not invariably, composed. In the American <a href="/wiki/Armed_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed force">armed forces</a>, a lively oral tradition preserves <a href="/wiki/Jody_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Jody call">jody calls</a> ("Duckworth chants") which are sung while soldiers are on the march.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Professional sailors made similar use of a large body of <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Love_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Love poetry">Love poetry</a>, often of a tragic or regretful nature, prominently figures in many folk traditions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_song" title="Children's song">children's songs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">nonsense verse</a> used to amuse or quiet children also are frequent subjects of traditional songs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_song_transformations_and_variations">Folk song transformations and variations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Folk song transformations and variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_music_traditions" title="List of folk music traditions">List of folk music traditions</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Folk_music" title="Special:EditPage/Folk music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg/220px-Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg/220px-Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg/330px-Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg/440px-Korean_music-Nongak-03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Korean traditional musicians</figcaption></figure> Music transmitted by word of mouth through a community, in time, develops many variants, since this transmission cannot produce word-for-word and note-for-note accuracy. In addition, folk singers may choose to modify the songs they hear. For example, around 1970 the song Mullā Mohammed Jān spread from <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> where it was recorded. Due to its repetitive refrain and the predictability of the second half of each verse, it allowed for both its popularization, and for each singer to create their own version of the song without being overly-concerned for a melody or restrictive poetic rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Because variants proliferate naturally, there is generally no "authoritative" version of song. Researchers in traditional songs have encountered countless versions of the <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Allen_(song)" title="Barbara Allen (song)">Barbara Allen</a> ballad throughout the English-speaking world, and these versions often differ greatly from each other. The original is not known; many versions can lay an equal claim to authenticity. Influential folklorist <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">Cecil Sharp</a> felt that these competing variants of a traditional song would undergo a process of improvement akin to biological <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>: only those new variants that were the most appealing to ordinary singers would be picked up by others and transmitted onward in time. Thus, over time we would expect each traditional song to become more aesthetically appealing, due to incremental community improvement. Literary interest in the popular ballad form dates back at least to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(bishop_of_Dromore)" title="Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)">Thomas Percy</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>. English Elizabethan and Stuart composers had often evolved their music from folk themes, the classical <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a> was based upon stylised folk-dances, and <a href="/wiki/Haydn_and_folk_music" title="Haydn and folk music">Joseph Haydn</a>'s use of folk melodies is noted. But the emergence of the term "folk" coincided with an "outburst of national feeling all over Europe" that was particularly strong at the edges of Europe, where <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">national identity</a> was most asserted. <a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Nationalist composers</a> emerged in Central Europe, Russia, Scandinavia, Spain and Britain: the music of <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">de Falla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, and many others drew upon folk melodies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_forms">Regional forms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional forms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg/220px-Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg/220px-Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg/330px-Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg/440px-Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Naxi traditional musicians</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg/220px-015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="2012"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg/220px-015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg/330px-015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg/440px-015_Die_Br%C3%BCder_Steinegger_nach_einem_Lichtbild_in_den_1880er-Jahren_-_%C3%84nderung_der_Tracht.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Steinegger brothers, traditional fifers of <a href="/wiki/Grundlsee" title="Grundlsee">Grundlsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, 1880</figcaption></figure> While the loss of traditional folk music in the face of the rise of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> is a worldwide phenomenon,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> it is not one occurring at a uniform rate throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The process is most advanced "where industrialization and <a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialisation</a> of culture are most advanced"<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> but also occurs more gradually even in settings of lower technological advancement. However, the loss of traditional music is slowed in nations or regions where traditional folk music is a badge of cultural or national identity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_folk_music,_fieldwork_and_scholarship">Early folk music, fieldwork and scholarship</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early folk music, fieldwork and scholarship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Much of what is known about folk music prior to the development of audio recording technology in the 19th century comes from <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">fieldwork</a> and writings of scholars, collectors and proponents.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th-century_Europe">19th-century Europe</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th-century Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Starting in the 19th century, academics and amateur scholars, taking note of the musical traditions being lost, initiated various efforts to preserve the music of the people.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> One such effort was the collection by <a href="/wiki/Francis_James_Child" title="Francis James Child">Francis James Child</a> in the late 19th century of the texts of over three hundred <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> in the English and Scots traditions (called the <a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child Ballads</a>), some of which predated the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson,_2011_page_13-9">[9]</a> Contemporaneously with Child, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould" title="Sabine Baring-Gould">Sabine Baring-Gould</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">Cecil Sharp</a> worked to preserve a great body of English rural traditional song, music and dance, under the aegis of what became and remains the <a href="/wiki/English_Folk_Dance_and_Song_Society" title="English Folk Dance and Song Society">English Folk Dance and Song Society</a> (EFDSS).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Sharp campaigned with some success to have English traditional songs (in his own heavily edited and expurgated versions) to be taught to school children in hopes of reviving and prolonging the popularity of those songs.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Throughout the 1960s and early to mid-1970s, American scholar <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Harris_Bronson" title="Bertrand Harris Bronson">Bertrand Harris Bronson</a> published an exhaustive four-volume collection of the then-known variations of both the texts and tunes associated with what came to be known as the Child Canon.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> He also advanced some significant theories concerning the workings of oral-aural tradition.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Similar activity was also under way in other countries. One of the most extensive was perhaps the work done in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> by <a href="/wiki/Krisjanis_Barons" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisjanis Barons">Krisjanis Barons</a>, who between the years 1894 and 1915 published six volumes that included the texts of 217,996 Latvian folk songs, the Latvju dainas.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In Norway the work of collectors such as <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Mathias_Lindeman" title="Ludvig Mathias Lindeman">Ludvig Mathias Lindeman</a> was extensively used by Edvard Grieg in his Lyric Pieces for piano and in other works, which became immensely popular.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Around this time, composers of <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a> developed a strong interest in collecting traditional songs, and a number of composers carried out their own field work on traditional music. These included <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> in Hungary. These composers, like many of their predecessors, both made arrangements of folk songs and incorporated traditional material into original classical compositions.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil-sharp-appalachia-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cecil-sharp-appalachia-map.png/350px-Cecil-sharp-appalachia-map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="297"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cecil-sharp-appalachia-map.png/350px-Cecil-sharp-appalachia-map.png" data-width="350" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cecil-sharp-appalachia-map.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Locations in Southern and Central Appalachia visited by the British folklorist <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">Cecil Sharp</a> in 1916 (blue), 1917 (green), and 1918 (red). Sharp sought "old world" English and Scottish ballads passed down to the region's inhabitants from their British ancestors. He collected hundreds of such ballads, the most productive areas being the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina and the Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky.</figcaption></figure> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording">audio recording</a> technology provided folklorists with a revolutionary tool to preserve vanishing musical forms.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The earliest American folk music scholars were with the <a href="/wiki/American_Folklore_Society" title="American Folklore Society">American Folklore Society</a> (AFS), which emerged in the late 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Their studies expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American music</a>, but still treated folk music as a historical item preserved in isolated societies as well.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In North America, during the 1930s and 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> worked through the offices of traditional music collectors <a href="/wiki/Robert_Winslow_Gordon" title="Robert Winslow Gordon">Robert Winslow Gordon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and others to capture as much North American field material as possible.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lomax" title="John Lomax">John Lomax</a> (the father of Alan Lomax) was the first prominent scholar to study distinctly American folk music such as that of cowboys and southern blacks. His first major published work was in 1911, Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and was arguably the most prominent US folk music scholar of his time, notably during the beginnings of the folk music revival in the 1930s and early 1940s. Cecil Sharp also worked in America, recording the traditional songs of the Appalachian Mountains in 1916–1918 in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Maud_Karpeles" title="Maud Karpeles">Maud Karpeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_Dame_Campbell" title="Olive Dame Campbell">Olive Dame Campbell</a> and is considered the first major scholar covering American folk music.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Campbell and Sharp are represented under other names by actors in the modern movie <a href="/wiki/Songcatcher" title="Songcatcher">Songcatcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> One strong theme amongst folk scholars in the early decades of the 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> the analysis of the diversity of folk music (and related cultures) based on regions of the US rather than based on a given song's historical roots.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Later, a dynamic of class and circumstances was added to this.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The most prominent regionalists were literary figures with a particular interest in folklore.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> often traveled the U.S. as a writer and a poet.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> He also collected songs in his travels and, in 1927, published them in the book <a href="/wiki/The_American_Songbag" title="The American Songbag">The American Songbag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Rachel Donaldson, a historian who worked for Vanderbilt, later stated this about The American Songbird in her analysis of the folk music revival. "In his collections of folk songs, Sandburg added a class dynamic to popular understandings of American folk music. This was the final element of the foundation upon which the early folk music revivalists constructed their own view of Americanism. Sandburg's working-class Americans joined with the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnically</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racially</a>, and regionally diverse citizens that other scholars, public intellectuals, and folklorists celebrated their own definitions of the American folk, definitions that the folk revivalists used in constructing their own understanding of American folk music, and an overarching American identity".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Prior to the 1930s, the study of folk music was primarily the province of scholars and collectors. The 1930s saw the beginnings of larger scale themes, commonalities, and linkages in folk music developing in the populace and practitioners as well, often related to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson,_2011,_p_39-55-92">[92]</a> Regionalism and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a> grew as influences and themes. During this time folk music began to become enmeshed with political and social activism themes and movements.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson,_2011,_p_39-55-92">[92]</a> Two related developments were the U.S. Communist Party's interest in folk music as a way to reach and influence Americans,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and politically active prominent folk musicians and scholars seeing communism as a possible better system, through the lens of the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> exemplifies songwriters and artists with such an outlook.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Folk music festivals proliferated during the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="President Franklin Roosevelt">President Franklin Roosevelt</a> was a fan of folk music, hosted folk concerts at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, and often patronized folk festivals.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> One prominent festival was <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gertrude_Knott" title="Sarah Gertrude Knott">Sarah Gertrude Knott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Folk_Festival_(United_States)" title="National Folk Festival (United States)">National Folk Festival</a>, established in St. Louis, Missouri in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Under the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">the Washington Post</a>, the festival was held in Washington, DC at Constitution Hall from 1937 to 1942.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The folk music movement, festivals, and the wartime effort were seen as forces for social goods such as democracy, cultural pluralism, and the removal of culture and race-based barriers.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Jones_und_Len_Spencer,_Return_of_the_Arkansas_Traveler,_Indestructible_Record_3108,_1910.mp3" title="File:Ada Jones und Len Spencer, Return of the Arkansas Traveler, Indestructible Record 3108, 1910.mp3">Return of the Arkansas Traveler</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="260" data-mwtitle="Ada_Jones_und_Len_Spencer,_Return_of_the_Arkansas_Traveler,_Indestructible_Record_3108,_1910.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Ada_Jones_und_Len_Spencer%2C_Return_of_the_Arkansas_Traveler%2C_Indestructible_Record_3108%2C_1910.mp3/Ada_Jones_und_Len_Spencer%2C_Return_of_the_Arkansas_Traveler%2C_Indestructible_Record_3108%2C_1910.mp3.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Ada_Jones_und_Len_Spencer%2C_Return_of_the_Arkansas_Traveler%2C_Indestructible_Record_3108%2C_1910.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/The_Arkansas_Traveler" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Arkansas Traveler">Return of the Arkansas Traveler</a> performed by <a href="/wiki/Ada_Jones" title="Ada Jones">Ada Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Len_Spencer" title="Len Spencer">Len Spencer</a> (1910)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The American folk music revivalists of the 1930s approached folk music in different ways.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson87-101">[101]</a> Three primary schools of thought emerged: "Traditionalists" (e.g. Sarah Gertrude Knott and <a href="/wiki/John_Lomax" title="John Lomax">John Lomax</a>) emphasized the preservation of songs as artifacts of deceased cultures. "Functional" folklorists (e.g. Botkin and Alan Lomax) maintained that songs only retain relevance when used by those cultures which retain the traditions which birthed those songs. "Left-wing" folk revivalists (e.g. Charles Seeger and Lawrence Gellert) emphasized music's role "in 'people's' struggles for social and political rights".<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson87-101">[101]</a> By the end of the 1930s these and others had turned American folk music into a social movement.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson87-101">[101]</a> Sometimes folk musicians became scholars and advocates themselves. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ritchie" title="Jean Ritchie">Jean Ritchie</a> (1922–2015) was the youngest child of a large family from <a href="/wiki/Viper,_Kentucky" title="Viper, Kentucky">Viper, Kentucky</a> that had preserved many of the old <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a> traditional songs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Ritchie, living in a time when the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a> had opened up to outside influence, was university educated and ultimately moved to New York City, where she made a number of classic recordings of the family repertoire and published an important compilation of these songs.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/American_Folklife_Center" title="American Folklife Center">American Folklife Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with the Association for Cultural Equity, announced that they would release Lomax's vast archive of 1946 and later recording in digital form. Lomax spent the last 20 years of his life working on an <a href="/wiki/Interactive_Multimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive Multimedia">Interactive Multimedia</a> educational computer project he called the <a href="/wiki/Cantometrics#Cantometrics_as_an_educational_tool" title="Cantometrics">Global Jukebox</a>, which included 5,000 hours of sound recordings, 400,000 feet of film, 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotapes</a>, and 5,000 photographs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> As of March 2012, this has been accomplished. Approximately 17,400 of Lomax's recordings from 1946 and later have been made available free online.<a href="#cite_note-ACEmusic-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR17000-106">[106]</a> This material from Alan Lomax's independent archive, begun in 1946, which has been digitized and offered by the Association for Cultural Equity, is "distinct from the thousands of earlier recordings on acetate and aluminum discs he made from 1933 to 1942 under the auspices of the Library of Congress. This earlier collection—which includes the famous Jelly Roll Morton, Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, and Muddy Waters sessions, as well as Lomax's prodigious collections made in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and Eastern Kentucky (1937) — is the provenance of the American Folklife Center"<a href="#cite_note-ACEmusic-105">[105]</a> at the library of Congress. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_regional_forms">National and regional forms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National and regional forms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg/220px-Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg/220px-Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg/330px-Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg/440px-Mbira_dzavadzimu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The African <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">lamellophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thumb_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumb piano">thumb piano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a></figcaption></figure> Africa is a vast continent<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Africa">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African countries">nations</a> have distinct musical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_folk_music_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Middle Eastern and North African folk music traditions">music of North Africa</a> for the most part has a different history from <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The music and dance forms of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, including <a href="/wiki/African_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African American music">African American music</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean music">Caribbean</a> genres like <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">Zouk</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin American music</a> genres like the <a href="/wiki/Samba_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba (music)">samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">Cuban rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>; and other <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave (rhythm)</a>-based genres, were founded to varying degrees on the music of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">enslaved Africans</a>, which has in turn influenced <a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamang_Selo" title="Tamang Selo">Tamang Selo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian folk music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean folk music">Korean folk music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Paban_Das_Baul_at_Nine_Lives_concert%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paban_Das_Baul" title="Paban Das Baul">Paban Das Baul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">baul</a> singer at Nine Lives concert, 2009</figcaption></figure> Many Asian civilizations distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art</a>/court/classical styles and "folk" music.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> For example, the late <a href="/wiki/Alam_Lohar" title="Alam Lohar">Alam Lohar</a> is an example of a South Asian singer who was classified as a folk singer.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Khunung Eshei/Khuland Eshei is an ancient folk song from India, a country of Asia, of <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meiteis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, that is an example of Asian folk music, and how they put it into its own genre.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Folk_music_of_China">Folk music of China</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Folk music of China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#Folk_music" title="Music of China">Music of China § Folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijing">Shijing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuefu" title="Yuefu">Yuefu</a></div> Archaeological discoveries date <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese</a> folk music back 7000 years;<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> it is largely based on the <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> traditional weddings and funerals usually include a form of oboe called a <a href="/wiki/Suona" title="Suona">suona</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and apercussive ensembles called a <a href="/wiki/Chuigushou" title="Chuigushou">chuigushou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Ensembles consisting of <a href="/wiki/Mouth_organ" title="Mouth organ">mouth organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)" title="Sheng (instrument)">sheng</a>), shawms (<a href="/wiki/Suona" title="Suona">suona</a>), flutes (<a href="/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)" title="Dizi (instrument)">dizi</a>) and percussion instruments (especially <a href="/wiki/Yunluo" title="Yunluo">yunluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a>) are popular in northern villages;<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> their music is descended from the imperial temple music of Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wutai_shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wutai shan">Wutai shan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> drum music, consisting of wind and percussive instruments,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> is popular around Xi'an, and has received some commercial popularity outside of China.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Another important instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)" title="Sheng (instrument)">sheng</a>, a type of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinese_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese flute">pipe</a>, an ancient instrument that is ancestor of all Western <a href="/wiki/Free_reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Free reed">free reed</a> instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Parades led by Western-type <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> are common, often competing in volume with a shawm/chuigushou band. In southern <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Nanyin or <a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanguan</a> is a genre of traditional ballads.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> They are sung by a woman accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(flute)" title="Xiao (flute)">xiao</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a>, as well as other traditional instruments.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The music is generally sorrowful and typically deals with love-stricken people.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Further south, in <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">zheng</a> ensembles are popular.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sizhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sizhu">Sizhu</a> ensembles use flutes and bowed or plucked string instruments to make harmonious and melodious music that has become popular in the West among some listeners.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> These are popular in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, as well as elsewhere along the southern <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_Sizhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangnan Sizhu">Jiangnan Sizhu</a> (silk and bamboo music from <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a>) is a style of instrumental music, often played by amateur musicians in tea houses in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Guangdong Music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Cantonese Music</a> is instrumental music from <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The music from this region influenced <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Opera">Yueju</a> (Cantonese Opera) music,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> which would later grow popular during the self-described "Golden Age" of China under the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Folk songs have been recorded since ancient times in China. The term <a href="/wiki/Yuefu" title="Yuefu">Yuefu</a> was used for a broad range of songs such as ballads, laments, folk songs, love songs, and songs performed at court.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> China is a vast country, with a multiplicity of linguistic and geographic regions. Folk songs are categorized by geographic region, language type, ethnicity, social function (e.g. work song, ritual song, courting song) and musical type. Modern anthologies collected by Chinese folklorists distinguish between traditional songs, revolutionary songs, and newly invented songs.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The songs of northwest China are known as "flower songs" (hua'er), a reference to beautiful women, while in the past they were notorious for their erotic content.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The village "mountain songs" (<a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">shan'ge</a>) of Jiangsu province were also well known for their amorous themes.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Other regional song traditions include the "strummed lyrics" (<a href="/wiki/Tanci" title="Tanci">tanci</a>) of the Lower Yangtze Delta, the Cantonese Wooden Fish tradition (muyu or muk-yu) and the Drum Songs (<a href="/wiki/Guci" title="Guci">guci</a>) of north China.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In the twenty-first century many cherished Chinese folk songs have been inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In the process, songs once seen as vulgar are now being reconstructed as romantic courtship songs.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Regional song competitions, popular in many communities, have promoted professional folk singing as a career, with some individual folk singers having gained national prominence.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Traditional_folk_music_of_Sri_Lanka">Traditional folk music of Sri Lanka</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traditional folk music of Sri Lanka" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music of Sri Lanka</a></div> The art, music and dance of Sri Lanka derive from the elements of nature, and have been enjoyed and developed in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> environment.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The music is of several types and uses only a few types of instruments.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The folk songs and poems were used in social gatherings to work together. The Indian influenced classical music has grown to be unique.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The traditional drama, music and songs of Sinhala Light Music are typically Sri Lankan.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The temple paintings and carvings feature birds, elephants, wild animals, flowers, and trees, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">Traditional 18 Dances</a> display the dancing of birds and animals.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> For example: <ul><li>Mayura Wannama – The dance of the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>Hanuma Wannama – The dance of the monkey<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>Gajaga Wannama – The dance of the elephant</li></ul> Musical types include: <ul><li>Local drama music includes <a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and Nadagam types.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Kolam music is based on low country tunes primarily to accompany mask dance in <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> rituals.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> It is considered less developed/evolved, true to the folk tradition and a preserving of a more ancient artform.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> It is limited to approximately 3–4 notes and is used by the ordinary people for pleasure and entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>Nadagam music is a more developed form of drama influenced from South Indian street drama which was introduced by some south Indian artists. Phillippu Singho from Negombo in 1824 performed "Harishchandra Nadagama" in <a href="/wiki/Hanguranketha_Divisional_Secretariat" title="Hanguranketha Divisional Secretariat">Hnguranketha</a> which was originally written in the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telingu</a> language. Later "Maname",<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> "Sanda kinduru"<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> and others were introduced. Don Bastian of <a href="/wiki/Dehiwala" title="Dehiwala">Dehiwala</a> introduced Noorthy firstly by looking at Indian dramas and then <a href="/wiki/John_de_Silva" title="John de Silva">John de Silva</a> developed it as did Ramayanaya in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>Sinhala light music is currently the most popular type of music in Sri Lanka and enriched with the influence of folk music, kolam music, nadagam music, noorthy music, <a href="/wiki/Film_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Film music">film music</a>, classical music, Western music, and others.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Some artists visited India to learn music and later started introducing light music. <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Samarakoon" title="Ananda Samarakoon">Ananda Samarakone</a> was the pioneer of this<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and also composed the national anthem.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li></ul> The classical Sinhalese orchestra consists of five categories of instruments, but among the percussion instruments, the drum is essential for dance.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The vibrant beat of the rhythm of the drums form the basic of the dance.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The dancers' feet bounce off the floor and they leap and swirl in patterns that reflect the complex rhythms of the drum beat. This drum beat may seem simple on the first hearing but it takes a long time to master the intricate rhythms and variations, which the drummer sometimes can bring to a <a href="/wiki/Crescendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescendo">crescendo</a> of intensity. There are six common types of drums falling within 3 styles (one-faced, two-faced, and flat-faced):<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <ul><li>The typical Sinhala Dance is identified as the <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandyan</a> dance and the <a href="/wiki/Geta_Bera" title="Geta Bera">Gatabera</a> drum is indispensable to this dance.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>Yak-bera is the demon drum or the drum used in low country dance in which the dancers wear masks and perform devil dancing, which has become a highly developed form of art.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>The Daula is a <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrel</a>-shaped drum, and it was used as a companion drum with a Thammattama in the past, to keep strict time with the beat.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thammattama" class="mw-redirect" title="Thammattama">Thammattama</a> is a flat, two-faced drum. The drummer strikes the drum on the two surfaces on top with sticks, unlike the others where you drum on the sides. This is a companion drum to the aforementioned Dawula.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>A small double-headed hand drum is used to accompany songs. It is primarily heard in the poetry dances like vannam.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li> <li>The Rabana is a flat-faced circular drum and comes in several sizes.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The large Rabana - called the Banku Rabana - has to be placed on the floor like a circular short-legged <a href="/wiki/Table_(furniture)" title="Table (furniture)">table</a> and several people (traditionally women) can sit around it and beat on it with both hands.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> This is used in festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_New_Year" title="Sinhalese New Year">Sinhalese New Year</a> and ceremonies such as weddings.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The resounding beat of the Rabana symbolizes the joyous moods of the occasion. The small Rabana is a form of mobile drum beat since the player carries it wherever the person goes.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li></ul> Other instruments include: <ul><li>The Thalampata – 2 small cymbals joined by a string.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>The wind section, is dominated by an instrument akin to the clarinet.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] This is not normally used for dances. This is important to note because the Sinhalese dance is not set to music as the western world knows it; rhythm is king.</li> <li>The flutes of metal such as silver & brass produce <a href="/wiki/Shrillness" title="Shrillness">shrill</a> music to accompany Kandyan Dances, while the plaintive strains of music of the reed flute may pierce the air in devil-dancing. The <a href="/wiki/Conch-shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Conch-shell">conch-shell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hakgediya" title="Hakgediya">Hakgediya</a>) is another form of a natural instrument, and the player blows it to announce the opening of ceremonies of grandeur.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ravanahatha" title="Ravanahatha">Ravanahatha</a> (ravanhatta, rawanhattha, ravanastron or ravana hasta veena) is a bowed fiddle that was once popular in Western India.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> It is believed to have originated among the Hela civilisation of Sri Lanka in the time of King Ravana.<a href="#cite_note-FSL-185">[185]</a> The bowl is made of cut coconut shell, the mouth of which is covered with goat hide. A dandi, made of bamboo, is attached to this shell.<a href="#cite_note-FSL-185">[185]</a> The principal strings are two: one of steel and the other of a set of horsehair. The long bow has jingle bells<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailynews.lk-187">[187]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_folk_music" title="Australian folk music">Australian folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Indigenous music of Australia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian music">Indigenous Australian music</a> includes the music of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>, who are collectively called <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>;<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> it incorporates a variety of distinctive traditional music styles practiced by Indigenous Australian peoples, as well as a range of contemporary musical styles of and <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (music)">fusion</a> with European traditions as interpreted and performed by indigenous Australian artists.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Music has formed an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and ceremonial observances of these peoples, down through the millennia of their individual and collective histories to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The traditional forms include many aspects of performance and <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> unique to particular regions or <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indigenous Australian group names">Indigenous Australian groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Equal elements of musical tradition are common through much of the Australian continent, and even beyond.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The culture of the Torres Strait Islanders is related to that of adjacent parts of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and so their music is also related. Music is a vital part of Indigenous Australians' cultural maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Folk song traditions were taken to Australia by early settlers from England, Scotland and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The rhyming songs, poems and tales written in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bush_ballad" title="Bush ballad">bush ballads</a> often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in <a href="/wiki/The_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bush">The Bush</a>, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-197">[197]</a> The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Several collectors have catalogued the songs including <a href="/wiki/John_Meredith_(folklorist)" title="John Meredith (folklorist)">John Meredith</a> whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-197">[197]</a> The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearing" title="Sheep shearing">sheep shearing</a>, wanderings, war stories, the <a href="/wiki/1891_Australian_shearers%27_strike" title="1891 Australian shearers' strike">1891 Australian shearers' strike</a>, class conflicts between the landless working class and the <a href="/wiki/Squatting_(pastoral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatting (pastoral)">squatters</a> (landowners), and outlaws such as <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a>, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">trucking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The most famous bush ballad is "<a href="/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda" title="Waltzing Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a>", which has been called "the unofficial national anthem of Australia".<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_folk_music" title="French folk music">French folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="German folk music">German folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG/300px-2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG/300px-2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG" data-width="300" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG/450px-2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG/600px-2012-01-25_BattlefieldBand_0097.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Band" title="Battlefield Band">Battlefield Band</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Celtic_traditional_music">Celtic traditional music</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Celtic traditional music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Folk music of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Scotland">Folk music of Scotland</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic music</a> is a term used by artists, record companies, music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical genres</a> that evolved out of the folk musical traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic people">Celtic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> These traditions include <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Manx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Welsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breton_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton music">Breton</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">Asturian and Galician music</a> is often included, though there is no significant research showing that this has any close musical relationship.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a>'s Folk revival began in the 1950s with the "bagadoù" and the "kan-ha-diskan" before growing to world fame through <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stivell" title="Alan Stivell">Alan Stivell</a>'s work since the mid-1960s.<a href="#cite_note-saw-207">[207]</a> In Ireland, <a href="/wiki/The_Clancy_Brothers_and_Tommy_Makem" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem">The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem</a> (although its members were all Irish-born, the group became famous while based in New York's Greenwich Village<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">The Dubliners</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clannad_(musical_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannad (musical group)">Clannad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Planxty" title="Planxty">Planxty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">The Chieftains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pogues" title="The Pogues">The Pogues</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Corrs" title="The Corrs">The Corrs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Rovers" title="The Irish Rovers">The Irish Rovers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> and a variety of other folk bands have done much over the past few decades to revitalise and re-popularise <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Irish traditional music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> These bands were rooted, to a greater or lesser extent, in a tradition of Irish music and benefited from the efforts of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Ennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Seamus Ennis">Seamus Ennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Douglas_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Douglas Kennedy">Peter Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saw-207">[207]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Corries" title="The Corries">The Corries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silly_Wizard" title="Silly Wizard">Silly Wizard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capercaillie_(band)" title="Capercaillie (band)">Capercaillie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Runrig" title="Runrig">Runrig</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Leven" title="Jackie Leven">Jackie Leven</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Fowlis" title="Julie Fowlis">Julie Fowlis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karine_Polwart" title="Karine Polwart">Karine Polwart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Roberts_(musician)" title="Alasdair Roberts (musician)">Alasdair Roberts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gaughan" title="Dick Gaughan">Dick Gaughan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfstone" title="Wolfstone">Wolfstone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boys_of_the_Lough" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys of the Lough">Boys of the Lough</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Silencers_(band)" title="The Silencers (band)">The Silencers</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> have kept Scottish folk vibrant and fresh by mixing traditional Scottish and Gaelic folk songs with more contemporary genres.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> These artists have also been commercially successful in continental Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> There is an emerging wealth of talent in the Scottish traditional music scene, with bands such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0nran" title="Mànran">Mànran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skipinnish" title="Skipinnish">Skipinnish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Barluath<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breabach" title="Breabach">Breabach</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> and solo artists such as Patsy Reid,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robyn_Stapleton" title="Robyn Stapleton">Robyn Stapleton</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and Mischa MacPherson<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> gaining a lot of success in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Central_and_Eastern_Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music of Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_folk_music" title="Hungarian folk music">Hungarian folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Music of Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_music" title="Russian folk music">Russian folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folk_music" title="Ukrainian folk music">Ukrainian folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Music of Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_folklore" title="Czech folklore">Czech folklore</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> era, national folk dancing was actively promoted by the state.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Dance troupes from Russia and Poland toured non-communist Europe from about 1937 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alexandrov_Ensemble" title="Alexandrov Ensemble">Red Army Choir</a> recorded many albums, becoming the most popular military band.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Eastern Europe is also the origin of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm/220px--%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="Ľubomír_Párička_gra_na_dudach.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="720" data-height="576"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm/%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr_P%C3%A1ri%C4%8Dka_gra_na_dudach.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Ľubomír Párička playing bagpipes, Slovakia</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a> is a central European dance and also a <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dancing_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing music">dance music</a> familiar throughout Europe and the Americas. It originated in the middle of the 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Polka is still a popular genre of folk music in many European countries and is performed by folk artists in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Local varieties of this dance are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>), and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. German <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Volkslieder</a> perpetuated by <a href="/wiki/Liederhandschrift" title="Liederhandschrift">Liederhandschriften</a> manuscripts like <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> date back to medieval <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meistersinger" title="Meistersinger">Meistersinger</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Those folk songs revived in the late 18th century period of <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> first promoted by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> and other advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> later compiled by <a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn" title="Des Knaben Wunderhorn">Des Knaben Wunderhorn</a>)<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> as well as by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Volksmusik" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksmusik">Volksmusik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a> genre, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranz_des_Vaches" title="Ranz des Vaches">Kuhreihen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, up to today has lingered in rustic communities against the backdrop of industrialisation<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a>—Low German <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">shanties</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Wienerlied" title="Wienerlied">Wienerlied</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schrammelmusik" title="Schrammelmusik">Schrammelmusik</a>) being notable exceptions. <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovene</a> folk music in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Carniola" title="Upper Carniola">Upper Carniola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styria_(Slovenia)" title="Styria (Slovenia)">Styria</a> also originated from the Alpine traditions, like the prolific Lojze Slak Ensemble.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Traditional Volksmusik is not to be confused with commercial <a href="/wiki/Volkst%C3%BCmliche_Musik" title="Volkstümliche Musik">Volkstümliche Musik</a>, which is a derivation of that.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> The Hungarian group <a href="/wiki/Muzsik%C3%A1s" title="Muzsikás">Muzsikás</a> played numerous American tours<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> and participated in the Hollywood movie <a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient_(film)" title="The English Patient (film)">The English Patient</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> while the singer <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rta_Sebesty%C3%A9n" title="Márta Sebestyén">Márta Sebestyén</a> worked with the band <a href="/wiki/Deep_Forest" title="Deep Forest">Deep Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The Hungarian <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">táncház</a> movement, started in the 1970s, involves strong cooperation between musicology experts and enthusiastic amateurs.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> However, traditional Hungarian folk music and folk culture barely survived in some rural areas of Hungary, and it has also begun to disappear among the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">ethnic Hungarians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. The táncház movement revived broader folk traditions of music, dance, and costume together and created a new kind of music club.<a href="#cite_note-HU-265">[265]</a> The movement spread to ethnic Hungarian communities elsewhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-HU-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Balkan_music">Balkan music</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Balkan music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_folk_music" title="Balkan folk music">Balkan folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg/220px-Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg/220px-Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg/330px-Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg/440px-Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Television_Female_Vocal_Choir" title="Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir">The Mystery of the Bulgarian Voices</a></figcaption></figure> Balkan folk music was influenced by the mingling of Balkan ethnic groups in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> It comprises the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian folk music">music of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian folk music">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian folk music">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro#Traditional_music" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_music" title="Serbian folk music">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian folk music">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Folk_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk music">Albania</a>, some of the historical states of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> and geographical regions such as <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Some music is characterised by complex rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> A notable act is <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Television_Female_Vocal_Choir" title="Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir">the Mystery of the Bulgarian Voices</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Folk_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album">Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Recording</a> at the <a href="/wiki/32nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="32nd Annual Grammy Awards">32nd annual ceremony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> An important part of the whole Balkan folk music is the music of the local <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> ethnic minority, which is called <a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">tallava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass band</a> music.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nordic_folk_music">Nordic folk music</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nordic folk music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg/220px-Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="722"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg/220px-Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg/330px-Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg/440px-Latviu_senovinio_folkloro_grupe_Vilki.2009-08-22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Latvian men's folk ensemble Vilki, performing at the festival of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic people">Baltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafts">crafts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> Apuolė 854 in <a href="/wiki/Apuol%C4%97" title="Apuolė">Apuolė</a>, August 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic folk music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Nordic_dance_music" title="Traditional Nordic dance music">Traditional Nordic dance music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joik" title="Joik">Joik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_psaltery" title="Baltic psaltery">Baltic psaltery</a></div> Nordic folk music includes a number of traditions in Northern European, especially Scandinavian, countries. The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> are generally taken to include <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Sometimes it is taken to include the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg/220px-Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="422"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg/220px-Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg/330px-Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg/440px-Maria_Gasolina_Etnofestivaalit_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maria Gasolina performing at 2008 <a href="/wiki/Faces_(festival)" title="Faces (festival)">Faces Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raseborg" title="Raseborg">Raseborg</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> The many regions of the Nordic countries share certain traditions, many of which have diverged significantly, like Psalmodicon of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> It is possible to group together the Baltic states (or, sometimes, only Estonia) and parts of northwest Russia as sharing cultural similarities,<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> although the relationship has gone cold in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Contrast with Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Atlantic islands of Iceland and the Faroe Islands, which share virtually no similarities of that kind. Greenland's Inuit culture has its own unique musical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Finland shares many cultural similarities with both the Baltic nations and the Scandinavian nations. The Sami of Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russia have their own unique culture, with ties to the neighboring cultures.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_folk_music" title="Swedish folk music">Swedish folk music</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">genre</a> of music based largely on <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folkloric</a> collection work that began in the early 19th century in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> The primary instrument of Swedish folk music is the <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Another common <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrument</a>, unique to Swedish traditions, is the <a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">nyckelharpa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Most Swedish instrumental folk music is <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>; the signature music and dance form within Swedish folk music is the <a href="/wiki/Polska_(dance)" title="Polska (dance)">polska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Vocal and instrumental traditions in Sweden have tended to share <a href="#Tune">tunes</a> historically, though they have been performed separately.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music revival">folk music revival</a> of the 1970s, vocalists and instrumentalists have also begun to perform together in folk music <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensembles</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Latin America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">Nueva canción</a></div> The folk music of the Americas consists of the encounter and union of three main musical types: European traditional music, traditional music of the American natives, and tribal African music that arrived with slaves from that continent. The particular case of Latin and South American music points to <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean music</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> among other native musical styles (such as Caribbean<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> and pampean), Iberian music of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a>, and generally speaking <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> tribal music, the three of which fused together evolving in differentiated musical forms in Central and South America. <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean music</a> comes from the region of the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymaras</a>, and other peoples that inhabit the general area of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> prior to European contact.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> It includes folklore music of parts of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Chile, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Canci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Canción">Nueva Canción</a> movement of the 1970s revived the genre across Latin America and brought it to places where it was unknown or forgotten. <a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">Nueva canción</a> (Spanish for 'new song') is a movement and genre within <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberian</a> folk music, folk-inspired music, and socially committed music. In some respects its development and role is similar to the second folk music revival in North America. This includes evolution of this new genre from traditional folk music, essentially contemporary folk music except that that English genre term is not commonly applied to it. Nueva cancion is recognized as having played a powerful role in the social upheavals in Portugal, Spain and Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s. Nueva cancion first surfaced during the 1960s as "The Chilean New Song" in Chile. The musical style emerged shortly afterwards in Spain and areas of Latin America where it came to be known under similar names. Nueva canción renewed traditional Latin American folk music, and with its political lyrics it was soon associated with revolutionary movements, the Latin American <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> and human rights movements. It would gain great popularity throughout Latin America, and it is regarded as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Rock_en_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Rock en español">Rock en español</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a> is a family of musical styles and associated dances from Chile, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trova" title="Trova">Trova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Son_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Son (music)">Son</a> are styles of traditional <a href="/wiki/Cuban_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban music">Cuban music</a> originating in the province of Oriente that includes influences from Spanish song and dance, such as <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">contradanza</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban">Afro-Cuban</a> rhythm and percussion elements. <a href="/wiki/Moda_de_viola" class="mw-redirect" title="Moda de viola">Moda de viola</a> is the name designated to Brazilian folk music. It is often performed with a 6-string nylon acoustic guitar, but the most traditional instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Viola_caipira" title="Viola caipira">viola caipira</a>. The songs basically detailed the difficulties of life of those who work in the country. The themes are usually associated with the land, animals, folklore, impossible love and separation. Although there are some upbeat songs, most of them are nostalgic and melancholic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America_2">North America</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada">Canada</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg/220px-Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg/220px-Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg/330px-Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg/440px-Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">lumberjacks</a> playing the fiddle, with sticks for percussion, in a lumber camp in 1943.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canadian_cultures" title="Music of Canadian cultures">music of Canadian cultures</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_folk_music" title="Canadian folk music">Canadian folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_music" title="French-Canadian music">French-Canadian music</a></div> Canada's traditional folk music is particularly diverse.<a href="#cite_note-Canada1-289">[289]</a> Even prior to liberalizing its immigration laws in the 1960s, Canada was ethnically diverse with dozens of different Indigenous and European groups present. In terms of music, academics do not speak of a Canadian tradition, but rather ethnic traditions (<a href="/wiki/Acadian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian music">Acadian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish-Canadian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-Canadian music">Irish-Canadian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot music">Blackfoot music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innu_music" title="Innu music">Innu music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Inuit music</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a>, etc.) and later in Eastern Canada regional traditions (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebecois_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecois music">Quebecois music</a>, etc.) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Traditional folk music of European origin has been present in Canada since the arrival of the first French and British settlers in the 16th and 17th centuries....They fished the coastal waters and farmed the shores of what became Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and the St Lawrence River valley of Quebec. The fur trade and its <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> brought this farther north and west into Canada; later lumbering operations and lumberjacks continued this process. Agrarian settlement in eastern and southern Ontario and western Quebec in the early 19th century established a favorable milieu for the survival of many Anglo-Canadian folksongs and broadside ballads from Great Britain and the US. Despite massive industrialization, folk music traditions have persisted in many areas until today. In the north of Ontario, a large Franco-Ontarian population kept folk music of French origin alive. Populous Acadian communities in the Atlantic provinces contributed their song variants to the huge corpus of folk music of French origin centred in the province of Quebec. A rich source of Anglo-Canadian folk music can be found in the Atlantic region, especially Newfoundland. Completing this mosaic of musical folklore is the Gaelic music of Scottish settlements, particularly in Cape Breton, and the hundreds of Irish songs whose presence in eastern Canada dates from the Irish famine of the 1840s, which forced the large migrations of Irish to North America.<a href="#cite_note-Canada1-289">[289]</a></blockquote> "Knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">history of Canada</a>", wrote Isabelle Mills in 1974, "is essential in understanding the mosaic of Canadian folk song. Part of this mosaic is supplied by the folk songs of Canada brought by European and Anglo-Saxon settlers to the new land."<a href="#cite_note-Mills-12">[12]</a> She describes how the French colony at Québec brought French immigrants, followed before long by waves of immigrants from Great Britain, Germany, and other European countries, all bringing music from their homelands, some of which survives into the present day. Ethnographer and folklorist <a href="/wiki/Marius_Barbeau" title="Marius Barbeau">Marius Barbeau</a> estimated that well over ten thousand French folk songs and their variants had been collected in Canada. Many of the older ones had by then died out in France. Music as professionalized paid entertainment grew relatively slowly in Canada, especially remote rural areas, through the 19th and early 20th centuries. While in urban music clubs of the <a href="/wiki/Dance_hall" title="Dance hall">dance hall</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> variety became popular, followed by jazz, rural Canada remained mostly a land of traditional music. Yet when American radio networks began broadcasting into Canada in the 1920s and 1930s, the audience for Canadian traditional music progressively declined in favour of <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">American Nashville-style country music</a> and urban styles like jazz. The <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> of Canadian music led the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio_League" title="Canadian Radio League">Canadian Radio League</a> to lobby for a national public broadcaster in the 1930s, eventually leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) in 1936. The CBC promoted Canadian music, including traditional music, on its radio and later television services, but the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">mid-century craze for all things "modern"</a> led to the decline of folk music relative to rock and pop. Canada was however influenced by the folk music revival of the 1960s, when local venues such as the Montreal Folk Workshop, and other folk clubs and coffee houses across the country, became crucibles for emerging songwriters and performers as well as for interchange with artists visiting from abroad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States">United States</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></div> American traditional music is also called roots music. Roots music is a broad category of music including <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_time_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Old time music">old time music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">jug bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian folk music">Appalachian folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American music</a>. The music is considered American either because it is native to the United States or because it developed there, out of foreign origins, to such a degree that it struck <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologists</a> as something distinctly new. It is considered "roots music" because it served as the basis of music later developed in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, contemporary folk music, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Some of these genres are considered to be traditional folk music. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun music</a>, an emblematic <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">music of Louisiana</a>, is rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballads">ballads</a> of the French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadians</a> of Canada. Cajun music is often mentioned in tandem with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a>-based, <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a> form, both of <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a> origin. These <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana#Modern_French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French Louisiana</a> sounds have influenced <a href="/wiki/American_popular_music" title="American popular music">American popular music</a> for many decades, especially <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, and have influenced pop culture through mass media, such as television commercials.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a> is the traditional music of the region of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> in the Eastern United States. It derives from various European and African influences, including English <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>, Irish and Scottish traditional music (especially <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> music), hymns, and African-American <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>. First recorded in the 1920s, Appalachian musicians were a key influence on the early development of <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, and were an important part of the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">American folk music revival</a>. Instruments typically used to perform Appalachian music include the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_fiddle" title="American fiddle">American fiddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer" title="Appalachian dulcimer">fretted dulcimer</a>, and guitar.<a href="#cite_note-olson-290">[290]</a> Early recorded Appalachian musicians include <a href="/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson" title="Fiddlin' John Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitter" title="Henry Whitter">Henry Whitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bascom_Lamar_Lunsford" title="Bascom Lamar Lunsford">Bascom Lamar Lunsford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Ashley" title="Clarence Ashley">Clarence Ashley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Proffitt" title="Frank Proffitt">Frank Proffitt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dock_Boggs" title="Dock Boggs">Dock Boggs</a>, all of whom were initially recorded in the 1920s and 1930s. Several Appalachian musicians obtained renown during the folk revival of the 1950s and 1960s, including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ritchie" title="Jean Ritchie">Jean Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Holcomb" title="Roscoe Holcomb">Roscoe Holcomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ola_Belle_Reed" title="Ola Belle Reed">Ola Belle Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily_May_Ledford" title="Lily May Ledford">Lily May Ledford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a>. Country and bluegrass artists such as <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Don_Reno" title="Don Reno">Don Reno</a> were heavily influenced by traditional Appalachian music.<a href="#cite_note-olson-290">[290]</a> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Van_Ronk" title="Dave Van Ronk">Dave Van Ronk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Garcia" title="Jerry Garcia">Jerry Garcia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> have performed Appalachian songs or rewritten versions of Appalachian songs.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a> was a <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">traditional American folk music</a> group that recorded between 1927 and 1956. Their music had a profound impact on <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">Southern gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">pop</a> and rock musicians. They were the first vocal group to become country music stars; a beginning of the divergence of country music from traditional folk music. Their recordings of such songs as "<a href="/wiki/Wabash_Cannonball" title="Wabash Cannonball">Wabash Cannonball</a>" (1932), "<a href="/wiki/Can_the_Circle_Be_Unbroken_(By_and_By)" title="Can the Circle Be Unbroken (By and By)">Will the Circle Be Unbroken</a>" (1935), "<a href="/wiki/Wildwood_Flower" title="Wildwood Flower">Wildwood Flower</a>" (1928), and "<a href="/wiki/Keep_On_the_Sunny_Side" class="mw-redirect" title="Keep On the Sunny Side">Keep On the Sunny Side</a>" (1928) made them country standards.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and southern US plains: Before recorded history <a href="/wiki/American_Indians_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indians (U.S. Census)">American Indians</a> in this area used songs and instrumentation; music and dance remain the core of ceremonial and social activities.<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a>" remains at its core, a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> form; instrumentation is provided by <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_beater)" title="Rattle (percussion beater)">rattles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">shackles</a> worn on the legs of women.<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> "Other southeastern nations have their own complexes of sacred and social songs, including those for <a href="/wiki/Animal_dance" title="Animal dance">animal dances</a> and friendship dances, and songs that accompany <a href="/wiki/Stickball" title="Stickball">stickball</a> games. Central to the music of the southern <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> is the drum, which has been called the heartbeat of Plains Indian music. Most of that genre can be traced back to activities of hunting and warfare, upon which plains culture was based."<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> The drum is central to the music of the southern plains Indians. During the reservation period, they used music to relieve boredom. Neighbors gathered, exchanged and created songs and dances; this is a part of the roots of the modern intertribal <a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">powwow</a>. Another common instrument is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Courting_flute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Courting flute (page does not exist)">courting flute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a></li> <li>African-American folk music in the area has roots in <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and emancipation. <a href="/wiki/Sacred_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred music">Sacred music</a>—<a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a capella</a> and instrumentally-accompanied—is at the heart of the tradition. Early spirituals framed Christian beliefs within native practices and were heavily influenced by the music and rhythms of Africa."<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a> are prominent, and often use a call and response pattern.<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a> developed after the Civil War (1861–1865). It relied on biblical text for much of its direction, and the use of metaphors and imagery was common. Gospel is a "joyful noise", sometimes accompanied by instrumentation and almost always punctuated by hand clapping, toe tapping, and body movement."<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">Shape-note</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a> singing developed in the early 19th century as a way for itinerant singing instructors to teach church songs in rural communities. They taught using song books in which <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notations</a> of tones were represented by <a href="/wiki/Geometric_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric shape">geometric shapes</a> that were designed to associate a shape with its pitch. Sacred harp singing became popular in many Oklahoma rural communities, regardless of ethnicity."<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> Later the blues tradition developed, with roots in and parallels to sacred music.<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> Then jazz developed, born from a "blend of ragtime, gospel, and blues"<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a></li> <li>Anglo-Scots-Irish music traditions gained a place in Oklahoma after the <a href="/wiki/Land_Rush_of_1889" title="Land Rush of 1889">Land Run of 1889</a>. Because of its size and portability, the <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> was the core of early Oklahoma <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo</a> music, but other instruments such as the guitar, <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a> were added later. Various Oklahoma music traditions trace their roots to the British Isles, including <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboy Music">cowboy ballads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a>, and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Country_and_western" class="mw-redirect" title="Country and western">country and western</a>."<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> Mexican immigrants began to reach Oklahoma in the 1870s, bringing beautiful <a href="/wiki/Canci%C3%B3n" title="Canción">canciones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">corridos</a> love songs, waltzes, and ballads along with them. Like American Indian communities, each <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> in Hispanic communities is accompanied by traditional music. The acoustic guitar, <a href="/wiki/String_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="String bass">string bass</a>, and violin provide the basic instrumentation for Mexican music, with <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a>, flute, <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horns</a>, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> filling out the sound.<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> Other Europeans (such as <a href="/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)" title="Bohemians (tribe)">Bohemians</a> and Germans) settled in the late 19th century. Their social activities centered on community halls, "where local musicians played <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polkas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltzes</a> on the accordion, piano, and <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>".<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a> Later, Asians contributed to the musical mix. "Ancient music and dance traditions from the temples and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_court_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese court music">courts of China</a>, India, and Indonesia are preserved in Asian communities throughout the state, and popular song genres are continually layered on to these classical music forms"<a href="#cite_note-OklahomaFolk-292">[292]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Folk_music_revivals">Folk music revivals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Folk music revivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">Roots revival</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "It's self-perpetuating, regenerative. It's what you'd call a perennial American song. I don't think it needs a revival, resuscitation. It lives and flourishes. It really just needs people who are 18 years old to get exposed to it. But it will go on with or without them. The folk song is more powerful than anything on the radio, than anything that's released...It's that distillation of the voices that goes on for a long, long time, and that's what makes them strong."<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow_Medicine_Show" title="Old Crow Medicine Show">Ketch Secor</a></cite> </div> "Folk music revival" refers to either a period of renewed interest in traditional folk music, or to an event or period which transforms it; the latter usually includes a social activism component. A prominent example of the former is the British folk revival of approximately 1890–1920. The most prominent and influential example of the latter (to the extent that it is usually called "the folk music revival") is the folk revival of the mid 20th century, centered in the English-speaking world which gave birth to contemporary folk music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_18%E2%80%9319-294">[294]</a> See the "<a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">Contemporary folk music</a>" article for a description of this revival. One earlier revival influenced western classical music. Such composers as <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> made field recordings or transcriptions of folk singers and musicians. In Spain, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Isaac Albéniz">Isaac Albéniz</a> (1860–1909) produced piano works reflect his Spanish heritage, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_Iberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suite Iberia (page does not exist)">Suite Iberia</a> (1906–1909). <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Granados" title="Enrique Granados">Enrique Granados</a> (1867–1918) composed <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a>, Spanish light opera, and Danzas Españolas – Spanish Dances. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a> (1876–1946) became interested in the <a href="/wiki/Cante_jondo" title="Cante jondo">cante jondo</a> of Andalusian <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a>, the influence of which can be strongly felt in many of his works, which include <a href="/wiki/Nights_in_the_Gardens_of_Spain" title="Nights in the Gardens of Spain">Nights in the Gardens of Spain</a> and Siete canciones populares españolas ("Seven Spanish Folksongs", for voice and piano). Composers such as <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Fernando Sor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Tarrega" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Tarrega">Francisco Tarrega</a> established the guitar as Spain's national instrument. Modern Spanish folk artists abound (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mil_i_Maria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mil i Maria (page does not exist)">Mil i Maria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Red" title="Russian Red">Russian Red</a>, et al.) modernizing while respecting the traditions of their forebears. Flamenco grew in popularity through the 20th century, as did northern styles such as the Celtic music of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. French classical composers, from <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a>, also drew upon Spanish themes, and distinctive Spanish genres became universally recognized. Folk music revivals or <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revivals</a> also encompass a range of phenomena around the world where there is a renewed interest in traditional music. This is often by the young, often in the traditional music of their own country, and often included new incorporation of social awareness, causes, and evolutions of new music in the same style. <a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">Nueva canción</a>, a similar evolution of a new form of socially committed music occurred in several Spanish-speaking countries. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Contemporary_folk_music">Contemporary folk music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Contemporary folk music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">Contemporary folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music_(worldwide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary folk music (worldwide)">contemporary folk music (worldwide)</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">List of folk festivals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It is sometimes claimed that the earliest United States folk music festival was the Mountain Dance and Folk Festival,<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> 1928, in <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Bascom_Lamar_Lunsford" title="Bascom Lamar Lunsford">Bascom Lamar Lunsford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Folk_Festival_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Folk Festival (USA)">National Folk Festival (USA)</a> is an itinerant folk festival in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Since 1934, it has been run by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Traditional_Arts" title="National Council for the Traditional Arts">National Council for the Traditional Arts</a> (NCTA) and has been presented in 26 communities around the nation.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> After leaving some of these communities, the National Folk Festival has <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-off (media)">spun off</a> several locally run folk festivals in its wake including the <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Folk_Festival" title="Lowell Folk Festival">Lowell Folk Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> the Richmond Folk Festival,<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Folk_Festival" title="American Folk Festival">American Folk Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> and, most recently, the Montana Folk Festival.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival" title="Newport Folk Festival">Newport Folk Festival</a> is an annual folk festival held near Newport, Rhode Island.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> It ran most years from 1959 to 1970 and from 1985 to the present, with an attendance of approximately 10,000 people each year.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> The four-day <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Folk_Festival" title="Philadelphia Folk Festival">Philadelphia Folk Festival</a> began in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> It is sponsored by the non-profit Philadelphia Folksong Society.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> The event hosts contemporary and traditional artists in genres including World/Fusion, Celtic, Singer-Songwriter, Folk Rock, Country, Klezmer, and Dance.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> It is held annually on the third weekend in August.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> The event now hosts approximately 12,000 visitors, presenting bands on 6 stages.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Hunters%27_Moon" title="Feast of the Hunters' Moon">Feast of the Hunters' Moon</a> in Indiana draws approximately 60,000 visitors per year.<a href="#cite_note-Gisler-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sidmouth Festival began in 1954,<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> and Cambridge Folk Festival began in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Folk_Festival" title="Cambridge Folk Festival">Cambridge Folk Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England is noted for having a very wide definition of who can be invited as folk musicians.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> The "club tents" allow attendees to discover large numbers of unknown artists, who, for ten or 15 minutes each, present their work to the festival audience.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Folk_Festival_(Australia)" title="National Folk Festival (Australia)">National Folk Festival</a> is Australia's premier folk festival event and is attended by over 50,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Woodford_Folk_Festival" title="Woodford Folk Festival">Woodford Folk Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Fairy_Folk_Festival" title="Port Fairy Folk Festival">Port Fairy Folk Festival</a> are similarly amongst Australia's largest major annual events, attracting top international folk performers as well as many local artists.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Stan Rogers is a lasting fixture of the Canadian folk festival <a href="/wiki/Summerfolk_Music_and_Crafts_Festival" title="Summerfolk Music and Crafts Festival">Summerfolk</a>, held annually in <a href="/wiki/Owen_Sound,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Sound, Ontario">Owen Sound, Ontario</a>, where the main stage and amphitheater are dedicated as the "Stan Rogers Memorial Canopy".<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> The festival is firmly fixed in tradition, with Rogers' song "<a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Ellen_Carter" title="The Mary Ellen Carter">The Mary Ellen Carter</a>" being sung by all involved, including the audience and a medley of acts at the festival.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canmore_Folk_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canmore Folk Music Festival">The Canmore Folk Music Festival</a> is Alberta's longest running folk music festival.<a href="#cite_note-Canmore-324">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Urkult Näsåker, Ångermanland held August each year is purportedly Sweden's largest world-music festival.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="10" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">Contemporary folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_American_Folk_Music" title="Anthology of American Folk Music">Anthology of American Folk Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Folk_Music_Awards" title="Canadian Folk Music Awards">Canadian Folk Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">List of classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">List of folk festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roud_Folk_Song_Index" title="Roud Folk Song Index">Roud Folk Song Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_People" title="The Voice of the People">The Voice of the People</a> anthology of UK folk songs</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AboutDefinition-1"><a href="#cite_ref-AboutDefinition_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRuehl" class="citation web cs1">Ruehl, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122200209/http://folkmusic.about.com/od/glossary/g/FolkMusic.htm">"Folk Music"</a>. About.com definition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folkmusic.about.com/od/glossary/g/FolkMusic.htm">the original</a> on November 22, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Folk+Music&rft.pub=About.com+definition&rft.aulast=Ruehl&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolkmusic.about.com%2Fod%2Fglossary%2Fg%2FFolkMusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Percy_Scholes_1977-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Percy_Scholes_1977_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Percy_Scholes_1977_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Percy_Scholes_1977_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Percy_Scholes_1977_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Percy_Scholes_1977_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Percy_Scholes_1977_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Percy_Scholes_1977_2-6">g</a> Percy Scholes, The Oxford Companion to Music, OUP 1977, article "Folk Song". </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1969" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, A.L. (1969). Folk Song in England. Panther Arts. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-02716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-02716-5"><bdi>978-0-586-02716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Song+in+England&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Panther+Arts&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-586-02716-5&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NERevival-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NERevival_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NERevival_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NERevival_4-2">c</a> The Never-Ending Revival by Michael F. Scully University of Illinois Press Urbana and Chicago 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03333-9">978-0-252-03333-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Middleton_(musicologist)" title="Richard Middleton (musicologist)">Middleton, Richard</a>, Studying Popular Music, Philadelphia: Open University Press (1990/2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15275-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15275-9">978-0-335-15275-9</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronald_D._Cohen_2006_pp._1-2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_D._Cohen_2006_pp._1-2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_D._Cohen_2006_pp._1-2_6-1">b</a> Ronald D. Cohen Folk music: the basics (CRC Press, 2006), pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd_1969-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_1969_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_1969_7-1">b</a> International Folk Music Council definition (1954/5), given in Lloyd (1969) and Scholes (1977). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seeger" title="Charles Seeger">Charles Seeger</a> (1980), citing the approach of Redfield (1947) and Dundes (1965), quoted in Middleton (1990) p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Donaldson,_2011_page_13-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donaldson,_2011_page_13_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donaldson,_2011_page_13_9-1">b</a> Donaldson, 2011 p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-A.L.Lloyd,_1969,_pp._14-5-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A.L.Lloyd,_1969,_pp._14-5_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A.L.Lloyd,_1969,_pp._14-5_10-1">b</a> A. L. Lloyd, Folk Song in England, Panther Arts, 1969, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Middleton, Richard 1990, p. 127. Studying Popular Music. Milton Keynes; Philadelphia: Open University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15276-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15276-6">978-0-335-15276-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9">0-335-15275-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1974" class="citation journal cs1">Mills, Isabelle (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjtm.icaap.org/content/2/v2art5.html">"The Heart of the Folk Song"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_for_Traditional_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Journal for Traditional Music">Canadian Journal for Traditional Music</a>. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+for+Traditional+Music&rft.atitle=The+Heart+of+the+Folk+Song&rft.volume=2&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcjtm.icaap.org%2Fcontent%2F2%2Fv2art5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Seeger_1980_p.127-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Seeger_1980_p.127_13-0">^</a> Charles Seeger (1980) quoted in Middleton (1990) p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/recording-academy/announcement/explanation-for-category-restructuring">"Explanation For Category Restructuring"</a>. GRAMMY.com. April 5, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GRAMMY.com&rft.atitle=Explanation+For+Category+Restructuring&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Frecording-academy%2Fannouncement%2Fexplanation-for-category-restructuring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbron" class="citation web cs1">Harbron, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.efdss.org/resourcebank/docs/RB054FolkDanceTuneSets-RobHarbron.pdf">"Folk Music: A resource for creative music-making Key Stages 3 & 4"</a> (PDF). media.efdss.org. Retrieved October 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=media.efdss.org&rft.atitle=Folk+Music%3A+A+resource+for+creative+music-making+Key+Stages+3+%26+4&rft.aulast=Harbron&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.efdss.org%2Fresourcebank%2Fdocs%2FRB054FolkDanceTuneSets-RobHarbron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1993" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Richard (1993). The American musical landscape. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92545-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92545-8"><bdi>978-0-520-92545-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44954569">44954569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+musical+landscape&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44954569&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92545-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbron" class="citation web cs1">Harbron, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.efdss.org/resourcebank/docs/RB054FolkDanceTuneSets-RobHarbron.pdf">"Folk Dance Tune Sets"</a> (PDF). media.efdss.org. Retrieved October 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=media.efdss.org&rft.atitle=Folk+Dance+Tune+Sets&rft.aulast=Harbron&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.efdss.org%2Fresourcebank%2Fdocs%2FRB054FolkDanceTuneSets-RobHarbron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2000" class="citation book cs1">Day, Timothy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300094015/century-recorded-music">A century of recorded music : listening to musical history</a>. 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3174-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3174-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-3174-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g77s">10.7591/j.ctt207g77s</a>. 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Retrieved October 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CambridgeshireLive&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+The+Cambridge+Folk+Festival+2017&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Rabbett&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge-news.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fcambridge-folk-festival-line-up--13381034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primary-music.com/folk-music/">"Folk Music"</a>. Primary Music. Retrieved January 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Music&rft.atitle=Folk+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimary-music.com%2Ffolk-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/growing-a-perfect-world-with-the-national-folk-festival/">"Growing a perfect world with the National Folk Festival"</a>. Greening Australia. May 28, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greening+Australia&rft.atitle=Growing+a+perfect+world+with+the+National+Folk+Festival&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greeningaustralia.org.au%2Fgrowing-a-perfect-world-with-the-national-folk-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2019" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Emily (March 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hercanberra.com.au/city/national-folk-festival-gears-another-huge-year/">"The National Folk Festival gears up for another huge year"</a>. HerCanberra. Retrieved October 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HerCanberra&rft.atitle=The+National+Folk+Festival+gears+up+for+another+huge+year&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhercanberra.com.au%2Fcity%2Fnational-folk-festival-gears-another-huge-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woodfordfolkfestival.com/about/">"About"</a>. Woodford Folk Festival. Retrieved October 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodford+Folk+Festival&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoodfordfolkfestival.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022004420/https://www.portfairyfolkfestival.com/about-2/">"About – Port Fairy Folk Festival"</a>. portfairyfolkfestival. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portfairyfolkfestival.com/about-2/">the original</a> on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portfairyfolkfestival&rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+Port+Fairy+Folk+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portfairyfolkfestival.com%2Fabout-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://summerfolk.org/history/">"History"</a>. SUMMERFOLK. Retrieved October 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SUMMERFOLK&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsummerfolk.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer" class="citation web cs1">Farmer, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://summerfolk.org/2016/06/keeping-the-magic-alive/">"Keeping the Magic (A)live"</a>. SUMMERFOLK. Retrieved October 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SUMMERFOLK&rft.atitle=Keeping+the+Magic+%28A%29live&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsummerfolk.org%2F2016%2F06%2Fkeeping-the-magic-alive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2020" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Nelson (August 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rrampt.com/a-virtual-night-at-summerfolk-2020-25574">"A Virtual Night at Summerfolk 2020"</a>. Rrampt. Retrieved October 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rrampt.&rft.atitle=A+Virtual+Night+at+Summerfolk+2020&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rrampt.com%2Fa-virtual-night-at-summerfolk-2020-25574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canmore-324"><a href="#cite_ref-Canmore_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724072148/https://canmorefolkfestival.com/about/">"Our Story"</a>. Canmore Folk Music Festival. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canmorefolkfestival.com/about/">the original</a> on July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Story&rft.pub=Canmore+Folk+Music+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanmorefolkfestival.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urkult.se/en/about-urkult/">"About"</a>. Urkult Festival. Retrieved July 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Urkult+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urkult.se%2Fen%2Fabout-urkult%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <dl><dd>These sources are cited above with multiple abbreviated cites with varying locations.</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Donaldson, Rachel Clare, 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-03232011-085825/unrestricted/FINALDISSERTATION.pdf">Music for the People: the Folk Music Revival And American Identity, 1930–1970</a>, PhD Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, May 2011, Nashville, TN</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=17">"Blowin' in the Wind: Pop discovers folk music"</a> (audio). <a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Blowin%27+in+the+Wind%3A+Pop+discovers+folk+music&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> (does not include those used as references) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bayard, Samuel P. (1950). "Prolegomena to a Study of the Principal Melodic Families of British-American Folk Song". The Journal of American Folklore. 63 (247): 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F537347">10.2307/537347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/537347">537347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Prolegomena+to+a+Study+of+the+Principal+Melodic+Families+of+British-American+Folk+Song&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=247&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F537347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F537347%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bayard&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"> Reprinted in McAllester, David Park (ed.) (1971) Readings in <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a> New York: Johnson Reprint. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2780256">2780256</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bearman, C. J. (2000). "Who Were the Folk? The Demography of Cecil Sharp's Somerset Folk Singers". The Historical Journal. 43 (3): 751–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x99001338">10.1017/s0018246x99001338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020977">3020977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162191258">162191258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+Folk%3F+The+Demography+of+Cecil+Sharp%27s+Somerset+Folk+Singers&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=751-75&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162191258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x99001338&rft.aulast=Bearman&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bevil, Jack Marshall (1984). Centonization and Concordance in the American Southern Uplands Folksong Melody: A Study of the Musical Generative and Transmittive Processes of an Oral Tradition. PhD Thesis, North Texas University, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12903203">12903203</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bevil, J. Marshall (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://symposium.music.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2005:scale-in-southern-appalachian-folksong-a-reexamination&Itemid=124">"Scale in Southern Appalachian Folksong: A Reexamination"</a>. College Music Symposium. 26: 77–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40373824">40373824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Music+Symposium&rft.atitle=Scale+in+Southern+Appalachian+Folksong%3A+A+Reexamination&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=77-91&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40373824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bevil&rft.aufirst=J.+Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsymposium.music.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D2005%3Ascale-in-southern-appalachian-folksong-a-reexamination%26Itemid%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bevil, Jack Marshall (1987). "A Paradigm of Folktune Preservation and Change Within the Oral Tradition of a Southern Appalachian Community, 1916–1986." Unpublished. Read at the 1987 National Convention of the American Musicological Society, New Orleans.</li> <li>Bronson, Bertrand Harris. The Ballad As Song (Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1969).</li> <li>Bronson, Bertrand Harris. The Singing Tradition of Child's Popular Ballads (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976).</li> <li>Bronson, Bertrand Harris. The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads, with Their Texts, According to the Extant Records of Great Britain and North America, 4 volumes (Princeton and Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University</a> and University of California Presses, 1959, ff.).</li> <li>Cartwright, Garth (2005). Princes Amongst Men: Journeys with Gypsy Musicians. London: Serpent's Tail. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85242-877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85242-877-8">978-1-85242-877-8</a></li> <li>Carson, Ciaran (1997). Last Night's Fun: In and Out of Time with Irish Music. North Point Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-515-1">978-0-86547-515-1</a></li> <li>Cole, Ross. The Folk: Music, Modernism, and the Political Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2021. 275. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520383746" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520383746">978-0520383746</a>.</li> <li>Cooley, Timothy J. Making Music in the Polish Tatras: Tourists, Ethnographers, and Mountain Musicians. Indiana University Press, 2005 (Hardcover with CD). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34489-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34489-2">978-0-253-34489-2</a></li> <li>Cowdery, James R. (1990). The Melodic Tradition of Ireland. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-407-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-407-0">978-0-87338-407-0</a></li> <li>Czekanowska, Anna. Polish Folk Music: Slavonic Heritage – Polish Tradition – Contemporary Trends. Cambridge Studies in Ethnomusicology, Reissue 2006 (Paperback). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02797-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02797-7">978-0-521-02797-7</a></li> <li>Farsani, Mohsen (2003) Lamentations chez les nomades bakhtiari d'Iran. Paris: Université Sorbonne Nouvelle.</li> <li>Harker, David (1985). Fakesong: The Manufacture of British 'Folksong', 1700 to the Present Day. Milton Keynes [Buckinghamshire]; Philadelphia: Open University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15066-3">978-0-335-15066-3</a></li> <li>Jackson, George Pullen (1933). White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands: The Story of the Fasola Folk, Their Songs, Singings, and "Buckwheat Notes". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/33003792">33-3792</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/885331">885331</a> Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4366-9044-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4366-9044-7">978-1-4366-9044-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Scott (August 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18737%2FM74W3W">"John Cohen in Eastern Kentucky: Documentary Expression and the Image of Roscoe Halcomb During the Folk Revival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Spaces" title="Southern Spaces">Southern Spaces</a>. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18737%2FM74W3W">10.18737/M74W3W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Spaces&rft.atitle=John+Cohen+in+Eastern+Kentucky%3A+Documentary+Expression+and+the+Image+of+Roscoe+Halcomb+During+the+Folk+Revival&rft.volume=2008&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18737%2FM74W3W&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18737%252FM74W3W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Karpeles, Maud. An Introduction to English Folk Song. 1973. Oxford. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Nelson, David Taylor (2012) "Béla Bartók: The Father of Ethnomusicology", Musical Offerings: vol. 3: no. 2, article 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss2/2">Béla Bartók: The Father of Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li>Pegg, Carole (2001). "Folk Music". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Poladian, Sirvart (1951). "Melodic Contour in Traditional Music". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 3: 30–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F835769">10.2307/835769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/835769">835769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Folk+Music+Council&rft.atitle=Melodic+Contour+in+Traditional+Music&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=30-35&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F835769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F835769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Poladian&rft.aufirst=Sirvart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Poladian, Sirvart (1942). "The Problem of Melodic Variation in Folk Song". The Journal of American Folklore. 55 (218): 204–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F535862">10.2307/535862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/535862">535862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Melodic+Variation+in+Folk+Song&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=218&rft.pages=204-11&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F535862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F535862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Poladian&rft.aufirst=Sirvart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rooksby, Rikky, Dr Vic Gammon et al. The Folk Handbook. (2007). Backbeat</li> <li>Sorce Keller, Marcello (2014) "What Can Be Old and What Can Be New in 'Folk Music'", in Thomas Nussbaumer (Ed.), Das Neue in der Volksmusik in der Alpen. Innsbruck: Universitätsverlag Wagner, 2014.</li> <li>Sorce Keller, Marcello (1984). "The Problem of Classification in Folksong Research: A Short History". Folklore. 95 (1): 100–04. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587x.1984.9716300">10.1080/0015587x.1984.9716300</a>. JSTOR 1259763</li> <li>Sharp, Cecil. Folk Song: Some Conclusions. 1907. Charles River Books</li> <li>Sharp, Cecil English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians. Collected by Cecil J. Sharp. Ed. Maud Karpeles. 1932. London. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Warren-Findley, Jannelle (1980). "Journal of a Field Representative : Charles Seeger and Margaret Valiant". Ethnomusicology. 24 (2): 169–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F851111">10.2307/851111</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/851111">851111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Journal+of+a+Field+Representative+%3A+Charles+Seeger+and+Margaret+Valiant&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-210&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F851111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F851111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Warren-Findley&rft.aufirst=Jannelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_der_Merwe_(musicologist)" title="Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)">van der Merwe, Peter</a> (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-316121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-316121-4">978-0-19-316121-4</a>.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Folk music <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=folk+music">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=folk+music&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Folk_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Folk music">Folk music</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkalliance.org/">Folk Alliance International</a> Prominent folk music organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html">Performing Arts Encyclopedia: Traditional Music and Spoken Word Catalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/BalladIndexTOC.html">The Traditional Ballad Index: : An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English-Speaking World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182457/https://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/BalladIndexTOC.html">Archived</a> February 5, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fresno" title="California State University, Fresno">California State University, Fresno</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410114851/http://libluna.colorado.edu/SoundModel/index.htm">Ben Gray Lumpkin Digital Folk Music Collection</a> Howard B. Waltz Music Library, University of Colorado Boulder</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Traditional" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Traditional">Free scores of Folk music</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/to_hear_your_banjo_play">"To Hear Your Banjo Play (1947)"</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/wtm">The Traditional Music in England project, World and Traditional Music section at the British Library Sound Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103065036/http://www.bl.uk/wtm">Archived</a> January 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklib.net/folkfile/">The Folk File: A Folkie's Dictionary</a> by Bill Markwick (1945–2017) – musical definitions and short biographies for American and U.K. Folk musicians and groups. Retrieved September 21, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&oldid=1259183307">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&oldid=1259183307</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_music&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 20:51 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى شعبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى شعبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_folk" title="Musica folk – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Musica folk" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="লোক-সংগীত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লোক-সংগীত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalq_musiqisi" title="Xalq musiqisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xalq musiqisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="লোকসঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোকসঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фолк-музыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фолк-музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantang_banwaan" title="Kantang banwaan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kantang banwaan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фолклорна музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фолклорна музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="དམངས་ཁྲོད་རོལ་དབྱངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དམངས་ཁྲོད་རོལ་དབྱངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonerezh_folk" title="Sonerezh folk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sonerezh folk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_folcl%C3%B3rica" title="Música folclórica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música folclórica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkmuziko" title="Folkmuziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Folkmuziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_musika" title="Folk musika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Folk musika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="موسیقی فولک معاصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی فولک معاصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Folk music" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_folk" title="Musique folk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique folk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol_t%C3%ADre" title="Ceol tíre – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceol tíre" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_folk" title="Música folk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música folk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A4" title="લોકગીત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોકગીત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="포크 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포크 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ֆոլկ երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոլկ երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="लोक संगीत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोक संगीत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_glazba" title="Narodna glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Narodna glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagu_daerah" title="Lagu daerah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lagu daerah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_folk" title="Musica folk – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Musica folk" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Адæмон музыкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адæмон музыкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0lagat%C3%B3nlist" title="Þjóðlagatónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðlagatónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="מוזיקת פולק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת פולק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagu_dha%C3%A8rah" title="Lagu dhaèrah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lagu dhaèrah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4" title="ಜಾನಪದ ಸಂಗೀತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನಪದ ಸಂಗೀತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ხალხური მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხალხური მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_vulgaris" title="Musica vulgaris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica vulgaris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABsdienu_tautas_m%C5%ABzika" title="Mūsdienu tautas mūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūsdienu tautas mūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="लोकसंगीत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोकसंगीत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مزيكا فلكلوريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزيكا فلكلوريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagu_rakyat" title="Lagu rakyat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lagu rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="लोक संगीत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लोक संगीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkmusiik" title="Folkmusiik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Folkmusiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkemusikk" title="Folkemusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkemusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4" title="ਲੋਕ ਸੰਗੀਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕ ਸੰਗੀਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="لوک موسیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک موسیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuok_myuuzik" title="Fuok myuuzik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fuok myuuzik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Фолк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фолк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_popullore" title="Muzika popullore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzika popullore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_pupulari" title="Musica pupulari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Musica pupulari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Folk music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1" title="مۆسیقای فۆلکلۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای فۆلکلۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фолк музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фолк музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugtuging_pambayan" title="Tugtuging pambayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tugtuging pambayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="கிராமிய இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிராமிய இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="జానపద సంగీతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జానపద సంగీతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ดนตรีโฟล์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดนตรีโฟล์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_m%C3%BCzik" title="Folk müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Folk müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Національна музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="لوک موسیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوک موسیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ca" title="Dân ca – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân ca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E6%B0%91%E8%B0%A3%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="当代民谣音乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="当代民谣音乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%8C" title="民歌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民歌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="民間音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民間音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was 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